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Comment:Pickup the SQLite core library 3.14.2 docs from upstream.
Downloads: Tarball | ZIP archive
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SHA1: 0d2c14e945fc4ac180a78b33bf5ddca5d285c5b2
User & Date: mistachkin 2016-09-12 21:28:18.780
Context
2016-09-12
21:35
Further enhance backward compatibility of the 'vtab.tcl' doc tool. check-in: 5a46d020f4 user: mistachkin tags: trunk
21:28
Pickup the SQLite core library 3.14.2 docs from upstream. check-in: 0d2c14e945 user: mistachkin tags: trunk
21:18
Even more updates to the 'vtab.tcl' doc tool. check-in: dfedc189bf user: mistachkin tags: trunk
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<h1 align=center>SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1>

<p>SQLite understands most of the standard SQL
language.  But it does <a href="omitted.html">omit some features</a>
while at the same time
adding a few features of its own.  This document attempts to
describe precisely what parts of the SQL language SQLite does
and does not support.  A list of <a href="lang_keywords.html">SQL keywords</a> is 
also provided.  The SQL language syntax is described by
<a href="syntaxdiagrams.html">syntax diagrams</a>.

<p>The following syntax documentation topics are available:</p>

<table width="100%" cellpadding="5" border="0">
<tr><td valign="top"><ul>

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{"u":"lang_comment.html","x":"comment","s":0},
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<li><a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate functions</a></li><li><a href="lang_altertable.html">ALTER TABLE</a></li><li><a href="lang_analyze.html">ANALYZE</a></li><li><a href="lang_attach.html">ATTACH DATABASE</a></li><li><a href="lang_transaction.html">BEGIN TRANSACTION</a></li><li><a href="lang_comment.html">comment</a></li><li><a href="lang_transaction.html">COMMIT TRANSACTION</a></li><li><a href="lang_corefunc.html">core functions</a></li><li><a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a></li><li><a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a></li><li><a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a></li><li><a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a></li><li><a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a></li></ul></td><td valign="top"><ul><li><a href="lang_datefunc.html">date and time functions</a></li><li><a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a></li><li><a href="lang_detach.html">DETACH DATABASE</a></li><li><a href="lang_dropindex.html">DROP INDEX</a></li><li><a href="lang_droptable.html">DROP TABLE</a></li><li><a href="lang_droptrigger.html">DROP TRIGGER</a></li><li><a href="lang_dropview.html">DROP VIEW</a></li><li><a href="lang_transaction.html">END TRANSACTION</a></li><li><a href="lang_explain.html">EXPLAIN</a></li><li><a href="lang_expr.html">expression</a></li><li><a href="lang_indexedby.html">INDEXED BY</a></li><li><a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a></li><li><a href="lang_keywords.html">keywords</a></li></ul></td><td valign="top"><ul><li><a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT clause</a></li><li><a href="pragma.html#syntax">PRAGMA</a></li><li><a href="lang_reindex.html">REINDEX</a></li><li><a href="lang_savepoint.html">RELEASE SAVEPOINT</a></li><li><a href="lang_replace.html">REPLACE</a></li><li><a href="lang_transaction.html">ROLLBACK TRANSACTION</a></li><li><a href="lang_savepoint.html">SAVEPOINT</a></li><li><a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a></li><li><a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a></li><li><a href="lang_vacuum.html">VACUUM</a></li><li><a href="lang_with.html">WITH clause</a></li>

</ul></td></tr></table>

<p>The routines <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a>, <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a>,
<a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare16()</a>, <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare16_v2()</a>, 
<a href="c3ref/exec.html">sqlite3_exec()</a>, and <a href="c3ref/free_table.html">sqlite3_get_table()</a> accept
an SQL statement list (sql-stmt-list) which is a semicolon-separated
list of statements.</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/sql-stmt-list.html">sql-stmt-list:</a></b></p><blockquote>
<p><b><a href="syntax/sql-stmt-list.html">sql-stmt-list:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram sql-stmt-list" src="images/syntax/sql-stmt-list.gif"></img>
 </blockquote>
 </div>


<p>Each SQL statement in the statement list is an instance of the
following:</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/sql-stmt.html">sql-stmt:</a></b></p><blockquote>
<p><b><a href="syntax/sql-stmt.html">sql-stmt:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram sql-stmt" src="images/syntax/sql-stmt.gif"></img>
 </blockquote>
 </div>



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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>Aggregate Functions</h2></div>
<div class=startsearch></div>
  

<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>Aggregate Functions</h2>

<p>
The aggregate functions shown below are available by default.  Additional
aggregate functions written in C may be added using the 
<a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a></a>
API.</p>

<p>
In any aggregate function that takes a single argument, that argument
can be preceded by the keyword DISTINCT.  In such cases, duplicate
elements are filtered before being passed into the aggregate function.
For example, the function "count(distinct X)" will return the number
of distinct values of column X instead of the total number of non-null
values in column X.
</p>

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<hr class='xhr'>
<dl>
<a name="avg"></a>
<dt><p><b>avg(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The avg() function
  returns the average value of all non-NULL <i>X</i> within a
  group.  String and BLOB values that do not look like numbers are
  interpreted as 0.
  The result of avg() is always a floating point value as long as
  at there is at least one non-NULL input even if all
  inputs are integers.  The result of avg() is NULL if and only if
  there are no non-NULL inputs.  
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="count"></a>
count(<i>X</i>)<br />count(*)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="count"></a>
<dt><p><b>count(<i>X</i>)<br />count(*)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The count(X) function returns
  a count of the number of times
  that <i>X</i> is not NULL in a group.  The count(*) function
  (with no arguments) returns the total number of rows in the group.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="groupconcat"></a>
group_concat(<i>X</i>)<br />group_concat(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="groupconcat"></a>
<dt><p><b>group_concat(<i>X</i>)<br />group_concat(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The group_concat() function returns
  a string which is the concatenation of
  all non-NULL values of <i>X</i>.  If parameter <i>Y</i> is present then
  it is used as the separator
  between instances of <i>X</i>.  A comma (",") is used as the separator
  if <i>Y</i> is omitted.  The order of the concatenated elements is
  arbitrary.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="maxggunc"></a>
max(<i>X</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="maxggunc"></a>
<dt><p><b>max(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The max() aggregate function
  returns the maximum value of all values in the group.
  The maximum value is the value that would be returned last in an
  ORDER BY on the same column.  Aggregate max() returns NULL 
  if and only if there are no non-NULL values in the group.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="minggunc"></a>
min(<i>X</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="minggunc"></a>
<dt><p><b>min(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The min() aggregate function
  returns the minimum non-NULL value of all values in the group.
  The minimum value is the first non-NULL value that would appear
  in an ORDER BY of the column.
  Aggregate min() returns NULL if and only if there are no non-NULL
  values in the group.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="sumunc"></a>
sum(<i>X</i>)<br />total(<i>X</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="sumunc"></a>
<dt><p><b>sum(<i>X</i>)<br />total(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The sum() and total() aggregate functions
  return sum of all non-NULL values in the group.
  If there are no non-NULL input rows then sum() returns
  NULL but total() returns 0.0.
  NULL is not normally a helpful result for the sum of no rows
  but the SQL standard requires it and most other
  SQL database engines implement sum() that way so SQLite does it in the
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  which might be an approximation to the true sum.</p>

  <p>Sum() will throw an "integer overflow" exception if all inputs
  are integers or NULL
  and an integer overflow occurs at any point during the computation.
  Total() never throws an integer overflow.
</td></tr>
</table>

</dd>
</dl>

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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>ALTER TABLE</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/alter-table-stmt.html">alter-table-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>ALTER TABLE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/alter-table-stmt.html">alter-table-stmt:</a></b>
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 <div id='x740' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram alter-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/alter-table-stmt.gif" />
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<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
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</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>SQLite supports a limited subset of ALTER TABLE.
The ALTER TABLE command in SQLite allows the user to rename a table
or to add a new column to an existing table.
</p>

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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>ANALYZE</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/analyze-stmt.html">analyze-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>ANALYZE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/analyze-stmt.html">analyze-stmt:</a></b>
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 <blockquote id='x780'>
 <div id='x780' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram analyze-stmt" src="images/syntax/analyze-stmt.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>


<p> The ANALYZE command gathers statistics about tables and
indices and stores the collected information
in <a href="fileformat2.html#intschema">internal tables</a> of the database where the query optimizer can
access the information and use it to help make better query planning choices.
If no arguments are given, all attached databases are
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>ATTACH DATABASE</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/attach-stmt.html">attach-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>ATTACH DATABASE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/attach-stmt.html">attach-stmt:</a></b>
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<p> The ATTACH DATABASE statement adds another database 
file to the current <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a>. 
Database files that were previously attached can be removed using
the <a href="lang_detach.html">DETACH DATABASE</a> command.

Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_comment.html.
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<html><head>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
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<div class=startsearch></div>
  
<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>comment</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/comment-syntax.html">comment-syntax:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>comment</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/comment-syntax.html">comment-syntax:</a></b>
<button id='x823' onclick='hideorshow("x823","x824")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x824'>
 <div id='x824' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram comment-syntax" src="images/syntax/comment-syntax.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>


<p>Comments are not SQL commands, but can occur within the text of
SQL queries passed to <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a> and related interfaces.
Comments are treated as whitespace by the parser.
Comments can begin anywhere whitespace 
can be found, including inside expressions that span multiple lines.
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_conflict.html.
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
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<style type="text/css">
body {
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}

a { color: #044a64 }
a:visited { color: #734559 }

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.yyterm {
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  border: 1px solid #000;
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<div class=startsearch></div>
  
<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>ON CONFLICT clause</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>ON CONFLICT clause</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1135' onclick='hideorshow("x1135","x1136")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1136'>
 <div id='x1136' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram conflict-clause" src="images/syntax/conflict-clause.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>


<p>The ON CONFLICT clause is not a separate SQL command.  It is a
non-standard clause that can appear in many other SQL commands.
It is given its own section in this document because it is not
part of standard SQL and therefore might not be familiar.</p>

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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>Core Functions</h2>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>Core Functions</h2></div>

<p>The core functions shown below are available by default. 
<a href="lang_datefunc.html">Date &amp; Time functions</a>,
<a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate functions</a>, and
<a href="json1.html">JSON functions</a> are documented separately.  An
application may define additional
functions written in C and added to the database engine using
the <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> API.</p>

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<dl>
<a name="abs"></a>
<dt><p><b>abs(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The abs(X) function returns the absolute value of the numeric
  argument X.  Abs(X) returns NULL if X is NULL. 
  Abs(X) returns 0.0 if X is a string or blob
  that cannot be converted to a numeric value.  If X is the 
  integer -9223372036854775808 then abs(X) throws an integer overflow
  error since there is no equivalent positive 64-bit two complement value.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="changes"></a>
changes()</td><td valign="top">
<a name="changes"></a>
<dt><p><b>changes()</b></dt><dd><p>
  The changes() function returns the number of database rows that were changed
  or inserted or deleted by the most recently completed INSERT, DELETE,
  or UPDATE statement, exclusive of statements in lower-level triggers.
  The changes() SQL function is a wrapper around the <a href="c3ref/changes.html">sqlite3_changes()</a>
  C/C++ function and hence follows the same rules for counting changes.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="char"></a>
char(<i>X1</i>,<i>X2</i>,...,<i>XN</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="char"></a>
<dt><p><b>char(<i>X1</i>,<i>X2</i>,...,<i>XN</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The char(X1,X2,...,XN) function returns a string composed of characters having the
   unicode code point values of integers X1 through XN, respectively.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="coalesce"></a>
coalesce(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>,...)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="coalesce"></a>
<dt><p><b>coalesce(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>,...)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The coalesce() function returns a copy of its first non-NULL argument, or
  NULL if all arguments are NULL.  Coalesce() must have at least 
  2 arguments.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="glob"></a>
glob(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="glob"></a>
<dt><p><b>glob(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The glob(X,Y) function is equivalent to the
  expression "<b>Y GLOB X</b>".
  Note that the X and Y arguments are reversed in the glob() function
  relative to the infix <a href="lang_expr.html#glob">GLOB</a> operator.
  If the <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> interface is used to
  override the glob(X,Y) function with an alternative implementation then
  the <a href="lang_expr.html#glob">GLOB</a> operator will invoke the alternative implementation.
</dd>
<a name="hex"></a>
<dt><p><b>hex(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The hex() function interprets its argument as a BLOB and returns
  a string which is the upper-case hexadecimal rendering of the content of
  that blob.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="ifnull"></a>
ifnull(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="ifnull"></a>
<dt><p><b>ifnull(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The ifnull() function returns a copy of its first non-NULL argument, or
  NULL if both arguments are NULL.  Ifnull() must have exactly 2 arguments.
  The ifnull() function is equivalent to <a href="lang_corefunc.html#coalesce">coalesce()</a> with two arguments.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="instr"></a>
instr(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="instr"></a>
<dt><p><b>instr(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The instr(X,Y) function finds the first occurrence of string Y within 
  string X and returns the number of prior characters plus 1, or 0 if
  Y is nowhere found within X.
  Or, if X and Y are both BLOBs, then instr(X,Y) returns one
  more than the number bytes prior to the first occurrence of Y, or 0 if
  Y does not occur anywhere within X.
  If both arguments X and Y to instr(X,Y) are non-NULL and are not BLOBs
  then both are interpreted as strings.
  If either X or Y are NULL in instr(X,Y) then the result is NULL.
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="hex"></a>
hex(<i>X</i>)</td><td valign="top">
</dd>
  The hex() function interprets its argument as a BLOB and returns
  a string which is the upper-case hexadecimal rendering of the content of
  that blob.
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="last_insert_rowid"></a>
last_insert_rowid()</td><td valign="top">
<a name="last_insert_rowid"></a>
<dt><p><b>last_insert_rowid()</b></dt><dd><p>
  The last_insert_rowid() function returns the <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">ROWID</a>
  of the last row insert from the database connection which invoked the
  function.
  The last_insert_rowid() SQL function is a wrapper around the
  <a href="c3ref/last_insert_rowid.html">sqlite3_last_insert_rowid()</a> C/C++ interface function.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="length"></a>
length(<i>X</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="length"></a>
<dt><p><b>length(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  For a string value X, the length(X) function returns the number of 
  characters (not bytes) in X prior to the first NUL character.
  Since SQLite strings do not normally contain NUL characters, the length(X)
  function will usually return the total number of characters in the string X.
  For a blob value X, length(X) returns the number of bytes in the blob.
  If X is NULL then length(X) is NULL.
  If X is numeric then length(X) returns the length of a string
  representation of X.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="like"></a>
like(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)<br />like(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>,<i>Z</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="like"></a>
<dt><p><b>like(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)<br />like(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>,<i>Z</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The like() function is used to implement the
  "<b>Y LIKE X &#91;ESCAPE Z&#93;</b>" expression. 
  If the optional ESCAPE clause is present, then the
  like() function is invoked with three arguments.  Otherwise, it is
  invoked with two arguments only. Note that the X and Y parameters are
  reversed in the like() function relative to the infix <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator.
  The <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> interface can be used to override the
  like() function and thereby change the operation of the
  <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator.  When overriding the like() function, it may be important
  to override both the two and three argument versions of the like() 
  function. Otherwise, different code may be called to implement the
  <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator depending on whether or not an ESCAPE clause was 
  specified.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="likelihood"></a>
likelihood(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="likelihood"></a>
<dt><p><b>likelihood(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The likelihood(X,Y) function returns argument X unchanged.
  The value Y in likelihood(X,Y) must be a floating point constant
  between 0.0 and 1.0, inclusive.
  The likelihood(X) function is a no-op that the code generator
  optimizes away so that it consumes no CPU cycles during run-time
  (that is, during calls to <a href="c3ref/step.html">sqlite3_step()</a>).
  The purpose of the likelihood(X,Y) function is to provide a hint
  to the query planner that the argument X is a boolean that is
  true with a probability of approximately Y.
  The <a href="lang_corefunc.html#unlikely">unlikely(X)</a> function is short-hand for likelihood(X,0.0625).
  The <a href="lang_corefunc.html#likely">likely(X)</a> function is short-hand for likelihood(X,0.9375).
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="likely"></a>
likely(<i>X</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="likely"></a>
<dt><p><b>likely(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The likely(X) function returns the argument X unchanged.
  The likely(X) function is a no-op that the code generator
  optimizes away so that it consumes no CPU cycles at
  run-time (that is, during calls to <a href="c3ref/step.html">sqlite3_step()</a>).
  The purpose of the likely(X) function is to provide a hint
  to the query planner that the argument X is a boolean value
  that is usually true. The likely(X) function is equivalent
  to <a href="lang_corefunc.html#likelihood">likelihood</a>(X,0.9375). See also: <a href="lang_corefunc.html#unlikely">unlikely(X)</a>.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="load_extension"></a>
load_extension(<i>X</i>)<br />load_extension(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="load_extension"></a>
<dt><p><b>load_extension(<i>X</i>)<br />load_extension(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The load_extension(X,Y) function loads <a href="loadext.html">SQLite extensions</a> out of the shared
  library file named X using the entry point Y.  The result of load_extension()
  is always a NULL.  If Y is omitted then the default entry point name is used.
  The load_extension() function raises an exception if the extension fails to
  load or initialize correctly.

  <p>The load_extension() function will fail if the extension attempts to 
  modify or delete an SQL function or collating sequence.  The
  extension can add new functions or collating sequences, but cannot
  modify or delete existing functions or collating sequences because
  those functions and/or collating sequences might be used elsewhere
  in the currently running SQL statement.  To load an extension that
  changes or deletes functions or collating sequences, use the
  <a href="c3ref/load_extension.html">sqlite3_load_extension()</a> C-language API.</p>

  <p>For security reasons, extension loaded is turned off by default and must
  be enabled by a prior call to <a href="c3ref/enable_load_extension.html">sqlite3_enable_load_extension()</a>.</p>
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="lower"></a>
lower(<i>X</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="lower"></a>
<dt><p><b>lower(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The lower(X) function returns a copy of string X with all ASCII characters
  converted to lower case.  The default built-in lower() function works
  for ASCII characters only.  To do case conversions on non-ASCII
  characters, load the ICU extension.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="ltrim"></a>
ltrim(<i>X</i>)<br />ltrim(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="ltrim"></a>
<dt><p><b>ltrim(<i>X</i>)<br />ltrim(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The ltrim(X,Y) function returns a string formed by removing any and all
  characters that appear in Y from the left side of X.
  If the Y argument is omitted, ltrim(X) removes spaces from the left side
  of X.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="maxoreunc"></a>
max(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>,...)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="maxoreunc"></a>
<dt><p><b>max(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>,...)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The multi-argument max() function returns the argument with the 
  maximum value, or return NULL if any argument is NULL. 
  The multi-argument max() function searches its arguments from left to right
  for an argument that defines a collating function and uses that collating
  function for all string comparisons.  If none of the arguments to max()
  define a collating function, then the BINARY collating function is used.
  Note that <b>max()</b> is a simple function when
  it has 2 or more arguments but operates as an
  <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#maxggunc">aggregate function</a> if given only a single argument.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="minoreunc"></a>
min(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>,...)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="minoreunc"></a>
<dt><p><b>min(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>,...)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The multi-argument min() function returns the argument with the
  minimum value.
  The multi-argument min() function searches its arguments from left to right
  for an argument that defines a collating function and uses that collating
  function for all string comparisons.  If none of the arguments to min()
  define a collating function, then the BINARY collating function is used.
  Note that <b>min()</b> is a simple function when
  it has 2 or more arguments but operates as an 
  <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#minggunc">aggregate function</a> if given
  only a single argument.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="nullif"></a>
nullif(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="nullif"></a>
<dt><p><b>nullif(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The nullif(X,Y) function returns its first argument if the arguments are
  different and NULL if the arguments are the same.  The nullif(X,Y) function
  searches its arguments from left to right for an argument that defines a
  collating function and uses that collating function for all string
  comparisons.  If neither argument to nullif() defines a collating function
  then the BINARY is used.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="printf"></a>
printf(<i>FORMAT</i>,...)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="printf"></a>
<dt><p><b>printf(<i>FORMAT</i>,...)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The printf(FORMAT,...) SQL function works like the <a href="c3ref/mprintf.html">sqlite3_mprintf()</a> C-language
  function and the printf() function from the standard C library.
  The first argument is a format string that specifies how to construct the output
  string using values taken from subsequent arguments.  If the FORMAT argument is
  missing or NULL then the result is NULL.  The %n format is silently ignored and
  does not consume an argument.  The %p format is an alias for %X.  The %z format
  is interchangeable with %s.  If there are too few arguments in the argument list,
  missing arguments are assumed to have a NULL value, which is translated into
  0 or 0.0 for numeric formats or an empty string for %s.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="quote"></a>
quote(<i>X</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="quote"></a>
<dt><p><b>quote(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The quote(X) function returns the text of an SQL literal which
  is the value of its argument suitable for inclusion into an SQL statement.
  Strings are surrounded by single-quotes with escapes on interior quotes
  as needed.  BLOBs are encoded as hexadecimal literals.
  Strings with embedded NUL characters cannot be represented as string
  literals in SQL and hence the returned string literal is truncated prior
  to the first NUL.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="random"></a>
random()</td><td valign="top">
<a name="random"></a>
<dt><p><b>random()</b></dt><dd><p>
  The random() function returns a pseudo-random integer
  between -9223372036854775808 and +9223372036854775807.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="randomblob"></a>
randomblob(<i>N</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="randomblob"></a>
<dt><p><b>randomblob(<i>N</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The randomblob(N) function return an N-byte blob containing pseudo-random
  bytes. If N is less than 1 then a 1-byte random blob is returned.

  <p>Hint:  applications can generate globally unique identifiers
  using this function together with <a href="lang_corefunc.html#hex">hex()</a> and/or
  <a href="lang_corefunc.html#lower">lower()</a> like this:</p>

  <blockquote>
  hex(randomblob(16))<br></br>
  lower(hex(randomblob(16)))
  </blockquote>
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="replace"></a>
replace(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>,<i>Z</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="replace"></a>
<dt><p><b>replace(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>,<i>Z</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The replace(X,Y,Z) function returns a string formed by substituting
  string Z for every occurrence of string Y in string X.  The <a href="datatype3.html#collation">BINARY</a>
  collating sequence is used for comparisons.  If Y is an empty
  string then return X unchanged.  If Z is not initially
  a string, it is cast to a UTF-8 string prior to processing.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="round"></a>
round(<i>X</i>)<br />round(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="round"></a>
<dt><p><b>round(<i>X</i>)<br />round(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The round(X,Y) function returns a floating-point
  value X rounded to Y digits to the right of the decimal point.
  If the Y argument is omitted, it is assumed to be 0.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="rtrim"></a>
rtrim(<i>X</i>)<br />rtrim(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="rtrim"></a>
<dt><p><b>rtrim(<i>X</i>)<br />rtrim(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The rtrim(X,Y) function returns a string formed by removing any and all
  characters that appear in Y from the right side of X.
  If the Y argument is omitted, rtrim(X) removes spaces from the right
  side of X.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="soundex"></a>
soundex(<i>X</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="soundex"></a>
<dt><p><b>soundex(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The soundex(X) function returns a string that is the soundex encoding 
  of the string X.
  The string "?000" is returned if the argument is NULL or contains
  no ASCII alphabetic characters.
  This function is omitted from SQLite by default.
  It is only available if the <a href="compile.html#soundex">SQLITE_SOUNDEX</a> compile-time option
  is used when SQLite is built.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="sqlite_compileoption_get"></a>
sqlite_compileoption_get(<i>N</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="sqlite_compileoption_get"></a>
<dt><p><b>sqlite_compileoption_get(<i>N</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The sqlite_compileoption_get() SQL function is a wrapper around the
  <a href="c3ref/compileoption_get.html">sqlite3_compileoption_get()</a> C/C++ function.
  This routine returns the N-th compile-time option used to build SQLite
  or NULL if N is out of range.  See also the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_compile_options">compile_options pragma</a>.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="sqlite_compileoption_used"></a>
sqlite_compileoption_used(<i>X</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="sqlite_compileoption_used"></a>
<dt><p><b>sqlite_compileoption_used(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The sqlite_compileoption_used() SQL function is a wrapper around the
  <a href="c3ref/compileoption_get.html">sqlite3_compileoption_used()</a> C/C++ function.
  When the argument X to sqlite_compileoption_used(X) is a string which
  is the name of a compile-time option, this routine returns true (1) or
  false (0) depending on whether or not that option was used during the
  build.
</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="sqlite_source_id"></a>
sqlite_source_id()</td><td valign="top">
<a name="sqlite_source_id"></a>
<dt><p><b>sqlite_source_id()</b></dt><dd><p>
  The sqlite_source_id() function returns a string that identifies the
  specific version of the source code that was used to build the SQLite
  library.  The string returned by sqlite_source_id() is
  the date and time that the source code was checked in followed by
  the SHA1 hash for that check-in.  This function is
  an SQL wrapper around the <a href="c3ref/libversion.html">sqlite3_sourceid()</a> C interface.
</dd>
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<a name="sqlite_version"></a>
<dt><p><b>sqlite_version()</b></dt><dd><p>
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</dd>
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<a name="substr"></a>
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</dd>
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total_changes()</td><td valign="top">
<a name="total_changes"></a>
<dt><p><b>total_changes()</b></dt><dd><p>
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  caused by INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE
  statements since the current database connection was opened.
  This function is a wrapper around the <a href="c3ref/total_changes.html">sqlite3_total_changes()</a>
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</dd>
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trim(<i>X</i>)<br />trim(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="trim"></a>
<dt><p><b>trim(<i>X</i>)<br />trim(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
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</dd>
</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="typeof"></a>
typeof(<i>X</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="typeof"></a>
<dt><p><b>typeof(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
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</dd>
<a name="unicode"></a>
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</dd>
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unlikely(<i>X</i>)</td><td valign="top">
<a name="unlikely"></a>
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</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><a name="unicode"></a>
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  This SQL function is implemented using the <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_zeroblob()</a>
  routine from the C/C++ interface.
</td></tr>
</table>

</dd>
</dl>

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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE INDEX</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/create-index-stmt.html">create-index-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE INDEX</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/create-index-stmt.html">create-index-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x825' onclick='hideorshow("x825","x826")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x826'>
 <div id='x826' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-index-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-index-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x827' onclick='hideorshow("x827","x828")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x828' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x828' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x829' onclick='hideorshow("x829","x830")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x830' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x830' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
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 <blockquote id='x832' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x832' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
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 <blockquote id='x834' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x834' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
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 <blockquote id='x836' style='display:none;'>
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 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</blockquote>
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 <blockquote id='x838' style='display:none;'>
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 <blockquote id='x840' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x840' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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 <blockquote id='x842' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x842' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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 <blockquote id='x844' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x844' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
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 <blockquote id='x846' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x846' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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 <blockquote id='x848' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x848' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
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 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
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</blockquote>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b>
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</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>


<p>The CREATE INDEX command consists of the keywords "CREATE INDEX" followed
by the name of the new index, the keyword "ON", the name of a previously
created table that is to be indexed, and a parenthesized list of table column
names and/or expressions that are used for the index key.
If the optional WHERE clause is included, then the index is a "<a href="partialindex.html">partial index</a>".
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_createtable.html.
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE TABLE</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/create-table-stmt.html">create-table-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE TABLE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/create-table-stmt.html">create-table-stmt:</a></b>
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<button id='x909' onclick='hideorshow("x909","x910")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x910' style='display:none;'>
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 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x915' onclick='hideorshow("x915","x916")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x916' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x916' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x917' onclick='hideorshow("x917","x918")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x918' style='display:none;'>
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</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>The "CREATE TABLE" command is used to create a new table in an SQLite 
database. A CREATE TABLE command specifies the following attributes of the
new table:

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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE TRIGGER</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/create-trigger-stmt.html">create-trigger-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE TRIGGER</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/create-trigger-stmt.html">create-trigger-stmt:</a></b>
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</blockquote>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x939' onclick='hideorshow("x939","x940")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x940' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x940' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</blockquote>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x941' onclick='hideorshow("x941","x942")'>show</button></p>
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<button id='x943' onclick='hideorshow("x943","x944")'>show</button></p>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x949' onclick='hideorshow("x949","x950")'>show</button></p>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x951' onclick='hideorshow("x951","x952")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x952' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x952' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x953' onclick='hideorshow("x953","x954")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x954' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x954' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
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<button id='x957' onclick='hideorshow("x957","x958")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x958' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x958' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
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 <blockquote id='x960' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x960' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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</blockquote>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x963' onclick='hideorshow("x963","x964")'>show</button></p>
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<p>The CREATE TRIGGER statement is used to add triggers to the 
database schema. Triggers are database operations 
that are automatically performed when a specified database event
occurs.  </p>

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<a name="raise"></a>

<h3>The RAISE() function</h3>

<p>A special SQL function RAISE() may be used within a trigger-program,
with the following syntax</p> 

<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b></p><blockquote>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif"></img>
 </blockquote>
 </div>


<p>When one of RAISE(ROLLBACK,...), RAISE(ABORT,...) or RAISE(FAIL,...)
is called during trigger-program
execution, the specified <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> processing is performed
the current query terminates.
An error code of <a href="rescode.html#constraint">SQLITE_CONSTRAINT</a> is returned to the application,
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_createview.html.
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE VIEW</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/create-view-stmt.html">create-view-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE VIEW</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/create-view-stmt.html">create-view-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x977' onclick='hideorshow("x977","x978")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x978'>
 <div id='x978' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-view-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-view-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x979' onclick='hideorshow("x979","x980")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x980' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x980' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
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 <blockquote id='x1002' style='display:none;'>
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<p>The CREATE VIEW command assigns a name to a pre-packaged 
<a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement. 
Once the view is created, it can be used in the FROM clause
of another <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> in place of a table name.
</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_createvtab.html.
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/create-virtual-table-stmt.html">create-virtual-table-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/create-virtual-table-stmt.html">create-virtual-table-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1007' onclick='hideorshow("x1007","x1008")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1008'>
 <div id='x1008' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-virtual-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-virtual-table-stmt.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>


<p>A <a href="vtab.html">virtual table</a> is an interface to an external storage or computation
engine that appears to be a table but does not actually store information
in the database file.</p>

<p>In general, you can do anything with a <a href="vtab.html">virtual table</a> that can be done
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_datefunc.html.
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>Date And Time Functions</h2>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>Date And Time Functions</h2></div>

<p>
SQLite supports five date and time functions as follows:
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<ol>
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 <blockquote id='x1034' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1034' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1035' onclick='hideorshow("x1035","x1036")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1036' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1036' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1037' onclick='hideorshow("x1037","x1038")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1038' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1038' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1039' onclick='hideorshow("x1039","x1040")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1040' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1040' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1041' onclick='hideorshow("x1041","x1042")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1042' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1042' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1043' onclick='hideorshow("x1043","x1044")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1044' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1044' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1045' onclick='hideorshow("x1045","x1046")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1046' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1046' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1047' onclick='hideorshow("x1047","x1048")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1048' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1048' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1049' onclick='hideorshow("x1049","x1050")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1050' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1050' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1051' onclick='hideorshow("x1051","x1052")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1052' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1052' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1053' onclick='hideorshow("x1053","x1054")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1054' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1054' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1055' onclick='hideorshow("x1055","x1056")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1056' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1056' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1057' onclick='hideorshow("x1057","x1058")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1058' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1058' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1059' onclick='hideorshow("x1059","x1060")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1060' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1060' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1061' onclick='hideorshow("x1061","x1062")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1062' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1062' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>The DELETE command removes records from the table identified by the
   <a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name</a>.

<p>If the WHERE clause is not present, all records in the table are deleted.
   If a WHERE clause is supplied, then only those rows for which the
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<h3>Optional LIMIT and ORDER BY clauses</h3>

<p>If SQLite is compiled with the <a href="compile.html#enable_update_delete_limit">SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT</a>
compile-time option, then the syntax of the DELETE statement is
extended by the addition of optional ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses:</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/delete-stmt-limited.html">delete-stmt-limited:</a></b></p><blockquote>
<p><b><a href="syntax/delete-stmt-limited.html">delete-stmt-limited:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram delete-stmt-limited" src="images/syntax/delete-stmt-limited.gif"></img>
 </blockquote>
 </div>


<p>If a DELETE statement has a LIMIT clause, the maximum number of rows that
will be deleted is found by evaluating the accompanying expression and casting
it to an integer value. If the result of the evaluating the LIMIT clause
cannot be losslessly converted to an integer value, it is an error. A 
negative LIMIT value is interpreted as "no limit". If the DELETE statement 
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_detach.html.
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DETACH DATABASE</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/detach-stmt.html">detach-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DETACH DATABASE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/detach-stmt.html">detach-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1063' onclick='hideorshow("x1063","x1064")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1064'>
 <div id='x1064' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram detach-stmt" src="images/syntax/detach-stmt.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>


<p>This statement detaches an additional database connection previously 
attached using the <a href="lang_attach.html">ATTACH</a> statement.  
When not in <a href="sharedcache.html">shared cache mode</a>, 
it is possible to have the same database file attached multiple times using 
different names, and detaching one connection to a file will leave the 
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_dropindex.html.
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DROP INDEX</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/drop-index-stmt.html">drop-index-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DROP INDEX</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/drop-index-stmt.html">drop-index-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1065' onclick='hideorshow("x1065","x1066")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1066'>
 <div id='x1066' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram drop-index-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-index-stmt.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>


<p>The DROP INDEX statement removes an index added
with the <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a> statement.  The index is completely removed from
the disk.  The only way to recover the index is to reenter the
appropriate <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a> command.</p>

Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_droptable.html.
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DROP TABLE</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/drop-table-stmt.html">drop-table-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DROP TABLE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/drop-table-stmt.html">drop-table-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1067' onclick='hideorshow("x1067","x1068")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1068'>
 <div id='x1068' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram drop-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-table-stmt.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>


<p>The DROP TABLE statement removes a table added with the
<a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement.  The name specified is the
table name.  The dropped table is completely removed from the database 
schema and the disk file.  The table can not be recovered.  
All indices and triggers
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_droptrigger.html.
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DROP TRIGGER</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/drop-trigger-stmt.html">drop-trigger-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DROP TRIGGER</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/drop-trigger-stmt.html">drop-trigger-stmt:</a></b>
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 <img alt="syntax diagram drop-trigger-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-trigger-stmt.gif" />
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<p>The DROP TRIGGER statement removes a trigger created by the 
<a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a> statement. Once removed, the trigger definition is no
longer present in the sqlite_master (or sqlite_temp_master) table and is
not fired by any subsequent INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statements.

Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_dropview.html.
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DROP VIEW</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/drop-view-stmt.html">drop-view-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DROP VIEW</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/drop-view-stmt.html">drop-view-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1071' onclick='hideorshow("x1071","x1072")'>hide</button></p>
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 <div id='x1072' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram drop-view-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-view-stmt.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>


<p>The DROP VIEW statement removes a view created by the <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a> 
  statement. The view definition is removed from the database schema, but 
  no actual data in the underlying base tables is modified.

<p>The view to drop is identified by the view-name and optional 
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_explain.html.
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>EXPLAIN</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/sql-stmt.html">sql-stmt:</a></b></p><blockquote>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>EXPLAIN</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/sql-stmt.html">sql-stmt:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
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<p>An SQL statement can be preceded by the keyword "EXPLAIN" or
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SQL statement to behave as a query and to return information about
how the SQL statement would have operated if the EXPLAIN keyword or
phrase had been omitted.</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_expr.html.
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>expression</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>expression</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
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</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1083' onclick='hideorshow("x1083","x1084")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1084' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1084' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1085' onclick='hideorshow("x1085","x1086")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1086' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1086' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1087' onclick='hideorshow("x1087","x1088")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1088' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1088' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1089' onclick='hideorshow("x1089","x1090")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1090' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1090' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1091' onclick='hideorshow("x1091","x1092")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1092' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1092' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1093' onclick='hideorshow("x1093","x1094")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1094' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1094' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1095' onclick='hideorshow("x1095","x1096")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1096' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1096' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1097' onclick='hideorshow("x1097","x1098")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1098' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1098' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1099' onclick='hideorshow("x1099","x1100")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1100' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1100' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>This section is different from the others.  Most other sections of
this document talks about a particular SQL command.  This section does
not talk about a standalone command but about "expressions" which are 
subcomponents of most other commands.</p>

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A literal value represents a constant.
Literal values may be integers, floating point numbers, strings,
BLOBs, or NULLs.
<p>
The syntax for integer and floating point literals (collectively
"numeric literals") is shown by the following diagram:</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/numeric-literal.html">numeric-literal:</a></b></p><blockquote>
<p><b><a href="syntax/numeric-literal.html">numeric-literal:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram numeric-literal" src="images/syntax/numeric-literal.gif"></img>
 </blockquote>
 </div>


<p>
If a numeric literal has a decimal point or an exponentiation
clause or if its magnitude is less than -9223372036854775808 or
greater than 9223372036854775807, then it is a floating point literal.
Otherwise is it is an  integer literal.
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<div class=startsearch></div>
  
<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>INDEXED BY</h2>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>INDEXED BY</h2></div>
<p>The INDEXED BY phrase forces the <a href="optoverview.html">SQLite query planner</a> to use a
particular named index on a <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a>, or <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statement.
The INDEXED BY phrase is an SQLite extension and
is not portable to other SQL database engines.</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1435' onclick='hideorshow("x1435","x1436")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1436'>
 <div id='x1436' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>


<p>The "INDEXED BY <span class='yyterm'>index-name</span>" phrase specifies 
that the named index
must be used in order to look up values on the preceding table.
If <span class='yyterm'>index-name</span> does not exist or cannot be used 
for the query, then the preparation of the SQL statement fails.
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_insert.html.
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: INSERT</title>
<style type="text/css">
body {
    margin: auto;
    font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;
    padding: 8px 1%;
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>INSERT</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/insert-stmt.html">insert-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>INSERT</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/insert-stmt.html">insert-stmt:</a></b>
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<p>The INSERT statement comes in three basic forms.  
<ul>
<li><p>The first form (with the "VALUES" keyword) creates one or more
new rows in
an existing table. If the <span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> list after
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<div class=startsearch></div>
  
<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>SQLite Keywords</h2></DIV>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>SQLite Keywords</h2></div></DIV>

<p>The SQL standard specifies a huge number of keywords which may not
be used as the names of tables, indices, columns, databases, user-defined
functions, collations, virtual table modules, or any other named object.
The list of keywords is so long that few people can remember them all.
For most SQL code, your safest bet is to never use any English language
word as the name of a user-defined object.</p>
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but some keywords may be omitted when SQL language features are
disabled.
Regardless of the compile-time configuration, any identifier that is not on
the following 124 element
list is not a keyword to the SQL parser in SQLite:
</p>

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<table width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" width="20%">
ABORT<br>
ACTION<br>
ADD<br>
AFTER<br>
ALL<br>
ALTER<br>
ANALYZE<br>
AND<br>
AS<br>
ASC<br>
ATTACH<br>
AUTOINCREMENT<br>
BEFORE<br>
BEGIN<br>
BETWEEN<br>
BY<br>
CASCADE<br>
CASE<br>
CAST<br>
CHECK<br>
COLLATE<br>
COLUMN<br>
COMMIT<br>
CONFLICT<br>
CONSTRAINT<br>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="20%">CREATE<br>
CROSS<br>
CURRENT_DATE<br>
CURRENT_TIME<br>
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP<br>
DATABASE<br>
DEFAULT<br>
DEFERRABLE<br>
DEFERRED<br>
DELETE<br>
DESC<br>
DETACH<br>
DISTINCT<br>
DROP<br>
EACH<br>
ELSE<br>
END<br>
ESCAPE<br>
EXCEPT<br>
EXCLUSIVE<br>
EXISTS<br>
EXPLAIN<br>
FAIL<br>
FOR<br>
FOREIGN<br>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="20%">FROM<br>
FULL<br>
GLOB<br>
GROUP<br>
HAVING<br>
IF<br>
IGNORE<br>
IMMEDIATE<br>
IN<br>
INDEX<br>
INDEXED<br>
INITIALLY<br>
INNER<br>
INSERT<br>
INSTEAD<br>
INTERSECT<br>
INTO<br>
IS<br>
ISNULL<br>
JOIN<br>
KEY<br>
LEFT<br>
LIKE<br>
LIMIT<br>
MATCH<br>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="20%">NATURAL<br>
NO<br>
NOT<br>
NOTNULL<br>
NULL<br>
OF<br>
OFFSET<br>
ON<br>
OR<br>
ORDER<br>
OUTER<br>
PLAN<br>
PRAGMA<br>
PRIMARY<br>
QUERY<br>
RAISE<br>
RECURSIVE<br>
REFERENCES<br>
REGEXP<br>
REINDEX<br>
RELEASE<br>
RENAME<br>
REPLACE<br>
RESTRICT<br>
RIGHT<br>
</td><td valign="top" align="left" width="20%">ROLLBACK<br>
ROW<br>
SAVEPOINT<br>
SELECT<br>
SET<br>
TABLE<br>
TEMP<br>
TEMPORARY<br>
THEN<br>
TO<br>
TRANSACTION<br>
TRIGGER<br>
UNION<br>
UNIQUE<br>
UPDATE<br>
USING<br>
VACUUM<br>
VALUES<br>
VIEW<br>
VIRTUAL<br>
WHEN<br>
WHERE<br>
WITH<br>
WITHOUT<br>

</td></tr></table></blockquote>

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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>Database Object Name Resolution</h2>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>Database Object Name Resolution</h2></div>

<p>
  In SQLite, a database object (a table, index, trigger or view) is identified
  by the name of the object and the name of the database that it resides in. 
  Database objects may reside in the main database, the temp database, or in
  an <a href="lang_attach.html">attached database</a>.

Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_reindex.html.
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>REINDEX</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/reindex-stmt.html">reindex-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>REINDEX</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/reindex-stmt.html">reindex-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1137' onclick='hideorshow("x1137","x1138")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1138'>
 <div id='x1138' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram reindex-stmt" src="images/syntax/reindex-stmt.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>


<p>The REINDEX command is used to delete and recreate indices from scratch.
This is useful when the definition of a collation sequence has changed.
</p>

<p>If the REINDEX keyword is not followed by a collation-sequence or database 
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_replace.html.
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<title>SQLite Query Language: REPLACE</title>
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>REPLACE</h2>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>REPLACE</h2></div>

<p>The REPLACE command is an alias for the "<a href="lang_conflict.html">INSERT OR REPLACE</a>"
variant of the <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> command.  
This alias is provided for compatibility other SQL database engines.  See the 
<a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> command documentation for additional information.</p>  


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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>SAVEPOINT</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/savepoint-stmt.html">savepoint-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>SAVEPOINT</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/savepoint-stmt.html">savepoint-stmt:</a></b>
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<p> SAVEPOINTs are a method of creating transactions, similar to
<a href="lang_transaction.html">BEGIN</a> and <a href="lang_transaction.html">COMMIT</a>, except that the SAVEPOINT and RELEASE commands
are named and may be nested.</p>

<p> The SAVEPOINT command starts a new transaction with a name.
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>SELECT</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>SELECT</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1175' onclick='hideorshow("x1175","x1176")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1176'>
 <div id='x1176' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1177' onclick='hideorshow("x1177","x1178")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1178' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1178' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1179' onclick='hideorshow("x1179","x1180")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1180' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1180' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1181' onclick='hideorshow("x1181","x1182")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1182' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1182' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1183' onclick='hideorshow("x1183","x1184")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1184' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1184' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1185' onclick='hideorshow("x1185","x1186")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1186' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1186' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1187' onclick='hideorshow("x1187","x1188")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1188' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1188' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1189' onclick='hideorshow("x1189","x1190")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1190' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1190' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1191' onclick='hideorshow("x1191","x1192")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1192' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1192' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1193' onclick='hideorshow("x1193","x1194")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1194' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1194' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1195' onclick='hideorshow("x1195","x1196")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1196' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1196' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1197' onclick='hideorshow("x1197","x1198")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1198' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1198' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1199' onclick='hideorshow("x1199","x1200")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1200' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1200' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1201' onclick='hideorshow("x1201","x1202")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1202' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1202' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>



<p>The SELECT statement is used to query the database.  The
result of a SELECT is zero or more rows of data where each row
has a fixed number of columns.  A SELECT statement does not make
any changes to the database.

<p>The "<a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt</a>" syntax diagram above attempts to show as much of the
SELECT statement syntax as possible in a single diagram, because some readers
find that helpful.  The following "<a href="syntax/factored-select-stmt.html">factored-select-stmt</a>" is an alternative
syntax diagrams that expresses the same syntax but tries to break the syntax 
down into smaller chunks.

<p><b><a href="syntax/factored-select-stmt.html">factored-select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1203' onclick='hideorshow("x1203","x1204")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1204' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1204' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram factored-select-stmt" src="images/syntax/factored-select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1205' onclick='hideorshow("x1205","x1206")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1206' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1206' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1207' onclick='hideorshow("x1207","x1208")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1208' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1208' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1209' onclick='hideorshow("x1209","x1210")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1210' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1210' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1211' onclick='hideorshow("x1211","x1212")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1212' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1212' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1213' onclick='hideorshow("x1213","x1214")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1214' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1214' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1215' onclick='hideorshow("x1215","x1216")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1216' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1216' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1217' onclick='hideorshow("x1217","x1218")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1218' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1218' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1219' onclick='hideorshow("x1219","x1220")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1220' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1220' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1221' onclick='hideorshow("x1221","x1222")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1222' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1222' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1223' onclick='hideorshow("x1223","x1224")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1224' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1224' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1225' onclick='hideorshow("x1225","x1226")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1226' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1226' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1227' onclick='hideorshow("x1227","x1228")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1228' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1228' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1229' onclick='hideorshow("x1229","x1230")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1230' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1230' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1231' onclick='hideorshow("x1231","x1232")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1232' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1232' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1233' onclick='hideorshow("x1233","x1234")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1234' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1234' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1235' onclick='hideorshow("x1235","x1236")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1236' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1236' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1237' onclick='hideorshow("x1237","x1238")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1238' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1238' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1239' onclick='hideorshow("x1239","x1240")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1240' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1240' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1241' onclick='hideorshow("x1241","x1242")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1242' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1242' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1243' onclick='hideorshow("x1243","x1244")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1244' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1244' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core:</a></b>
<button id='x1245' onclick='hideorshow("x1245","x1246")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1246' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1246' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-core" src="images/syntax/select-core.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1247' onclick='hideorshow("x1247","x1248")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1248' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1248' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1249' onclick='hideorshow("x1249","x1250")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1250' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1250' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1251' onclick='hideorshow("x1251","x1252")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1252' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1252' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1253' onclick='hideorshow("x1253","x1254")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1254' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1254' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1255' onclick='hideorshow("x1255","x1256")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1256' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1256' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1257' onclick='hideorshow("x1257","x1258")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1258' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1258' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>Note that there are paths through the syntax diagrams that
are not allowed in practice.  Some examples:
<ul>
<li>A <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES</a> clause can be the first element in a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a>
    that uses a <a href="lang_with.html">WITH</a> clause, but a <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> that consists of
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<p>The core of a SELECT statement is a "simple SELECT" shown by the
<a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core</a> and <a href="syntax/simple-select-stmt.html">simple-select-stmt</a> syntax diagrams below.  
In practice, most SELECT statements are simple SELECT statements.

<p><b><a href="syntax/simple-select-stmt.html">simple-select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1259' onclick='hideorshow("x1259","x1260")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1260'>
 <div id='x1260' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram simple-select-stmt" src="images/syntax/simple-select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1261' onclick='hideorshow("x1261","x1262")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1262' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1262' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1263' onclick='hideorshow("x1263","x1264")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1264' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1264' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1265' onclick='hideorshow("x1265","x1266")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1266' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1266' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1267' onclick='hideorshow("x1267","x1268")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1268' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1268' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1269' onclick='hideorshow("x1269","x1270")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1270' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1270' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1271' onclick='hideorshow("x1271","x1272")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1272' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1272' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1273' onclick='hideorshow("x1273","x1274")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1274' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1274' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1275' onclick='hideorshow("x1275","x1276")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1276' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1276' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1277' onclick='hideorshow("x1277","x1278")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1278' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1278' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1279' onclick='hideorshow("x1279","x1280")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1280' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1280' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1281' onclick='hideorshow("x1281","x1282")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1282' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1282' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1283' onclick='hideorshow("x1283","x1284")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1284' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1284' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1285' onclick='hideorshow("x1285","x1286")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1286' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1286' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1287' onclick='hideorshow("x1287","x1288")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1288' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1288' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1289' onclick='hideorshow("x1289","x1290")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1290' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1290' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1291' onclick='hideorshow("x1291","x1292")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1292' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1292' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1293' onclick='hideorshow("x1293","x1294")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1294' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1294' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1295' onclick='hideorshow("x1295","x1296")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1296' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1296' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1297' onclick='hideorshow("x1297","x1298")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1298' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1298' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1299' onclick='hideorshow("x1299","x1300")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1300' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1300' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1301' onclick='hideorshow("x1301","x1302")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1302' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1302' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core:</a></b>
<button id='x1303' onclick='hideorshow("x1303","x1304")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1304'>
 <div id='x1304' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-core" src="images/syntax/select-core.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1305' onclick='hideorshow("x1305","x1306")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1306' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1306' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1307' onclick='hideorshow("x1307","x1308")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1308' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1308' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1309' onclick='hideorshow("x1309","x1310")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1310' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1310' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1311' onclick='hideorshow("x1311","x1312")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1312' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1312' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1313' onclick='hideorshow("x1313","x1314")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1314' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1314' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1315' onclick='hideorshow("x1315","x1316")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1316' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1316' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1317' onclick='hideorshow("x1317","x1318")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1318' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1318' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>Generating the results of a simple SELECT
statement is presented as a four step process in the description below:

<ol>
  <li> <p><a href="lang_select.html#fromclause">FROM clause</a> processing: The input data for the simple SELECT is
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<p>Two or more <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> statements may be connected together to form
a compound SELECT using the UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT or EXCEPT operator,
as shown by the following diagram:

<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-select-stmt.html">compound-select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1319' onclick='hideorshow("x1319","x1320")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1320'>
 <div id='x1320' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-select-stmt" src="images/syntax/compound-select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1321' onclick='hideorshow("x1321","x1322")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1322' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1322' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1323' onclick='hideorshow("x1323","x1324")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1324' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1324' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1325' onclick='hideorshow("x1325","x1326")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1326' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1326' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1327' onclick='hideorshow("x1327","x1328")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1328' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1328' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1329' onclick='hideorshow("x1329","x1330")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1330' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1330' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1331' onclick='hideorshow("x1331","x1332")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1332' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1332' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1333' onclick='hideorshow("x1333","x1334")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1334' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1334' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1335' onclick='hideorshow("x1335","x1336")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1336' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1336' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1337' onclick='hideorshow("x1337","x1338")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1338' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1338' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1339' onclick='hideorshow("x1339","x1340")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1340' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1340' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1341' onclick='hideorshow("x1341","x1342")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1342' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1342' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1343' onclick='hideorshow("x1343","x1344")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1344' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1344' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1345' onclick='hideorshow("x1345","x1346")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1346' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1346' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1347' onclick='hideorshow("x1347","x1348")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1348' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1348' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1349' onclick='hideorshow("x1349","x1350")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1350' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1350' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1351' onclick='hideorshow("x1351","x1352")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1352' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1352' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1353' onclick='hideorshow("x1353","x1354")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1354' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1354' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1355' onclick='hideorshow("x1355","x1356")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1356' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1356' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1357' onclick='hideorshow("x1357","x1358")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1358' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1358' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1359' onclick='hideorshow("x1359","x1360")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1360' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1360' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1361' onclick='hideorshow("x1361","x1362")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1362' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1362' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core:</a></b>
<button id='x1363' onclick='hideorshow("x1363","x1364")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1364' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1364' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-core" src="images/syntax/select-core.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1365' onclick='hideorshow("x1365","x1366")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1366' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1366' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1367' onclick='hideorshow("x1367","x1368")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1368' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1368' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1369' onclick='hideorshow("x1369","x1370")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1370' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1370' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1371' onclick='hideorshow("x1371","x1372")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1372' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1372' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1373' onclick='hideorshow("x1373","x1374")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1374' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1374' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1375' onclick='hideorshow("x1375","x1376")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1376' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1376' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1377' onclick='hideorshow("x1377","x1378")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1378' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1378' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>In a compound SELECT, all the constituent SELECTs must return the same 
number of result columns. As the components of a compound SELECT must
be simple SELECT statements, they may not contain <a href="lang_select.html#orderby">ORDER BY</a> or <a href="lang_select.html#limitoffset">LIMIT</a> clauses.
<a href="lang_select.html#orderby">ORDER BY</a> and <a href="lang_select.html#limitoffset">LIMIT</a> clauses may only occur at the end of the entire compound
SELECT, and then only if the final element of the compound is not a <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES</a> clause.
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_transaction.html.
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>BEGIN TRANSACTION</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/begin-stmt.html">begin-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>BEGIN TRANSACTION</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/begin-stmt.html">begin-stmt:</a></b>
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<p>
No changes can be made to the database except within a transaction.
Any command that changes the database (basically, any SQL command
other than <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a>) will automatically start a transaction if
one is not already in effect.  Automatically started transactions
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_update.html.
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>UPDATE</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/update-stmt.html">update-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>UPDATE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/update-stmt.html">update-stmt:</a></b>
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</blockquote>
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</div>


<p>An UPDATE statement is used to modify a subset of the values stored in 
zero or more rows of the database table identified by the 
<a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name</a> specified as part of the UPDATE statement.

<p>If the UPDATE statement does not have a WHERE clause, all rows in the
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<h3>Optional LIMIT and ORDER BY Clauses</h3>

<p>If SQLite is built with the <a href="compile.html#enable_update_delete_limit">SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT</a>
compile-time option then the syntax of the UPDATE statement is extended
with optional ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses as follows:</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/update-stmt-limited.html">update-stmt-limited:</a></b></p><blockquote>
<p><b><a href="syntax/update-stmt-limited.html">update-stmt-limited:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram update-stmt-limited" src="images/syntax/update-stmt-limited.gif"></img>
 </blockquote>
 </div>


<p>If an UPDATE statement has a LIMIT clause, the maximum number of rows that
will be updated is found by evaluating the accompanying expression and casting
it to an integer value. A negative value is interpreted as "no limit".

<p>If the LIMIT expression evaluates to non-negative value <i>N</i> and the
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>VACUUM</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/vacuum-stmt.html">vacuum-stmt:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>VACUUM</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/vacuum-stmt.html">vacuum-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1433' onclick='hideorshow("x1433","x1434")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1434'>
 <div id='x1434' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram vacuum-stmt" src="images/syntax/vacuum-stmt.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>


<p>
  The VACUUM command rebuilds the entire database. There are several 
  reasons an application might do this:

<ul>
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<h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>WITH clause</h2><p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>WITH clause</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1139' onclick='hideorshow("x1139","x1140")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1140'>
 <div id='x1140' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1141' onclick='hideorshow("x1141","x1142")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1142' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1142' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1143' onclick='hideorshow("x1143","x1144")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1144' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1144' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1145' onclick='hideorshow("x1145","x1146")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1146' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1146' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
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 <blockquote id='x1148' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1148' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>
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 <blockquote id='x1150' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1150' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
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 <blockquote id='x1162' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1162' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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 <blockquote id='x1164' style='display:none;'>
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 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
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</blockquote>
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 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
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</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
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<p>Common Table Expressions or CTEs act like temporary <a href="lang_createview.html">views</a> that exist
only for the duration of a single SQL statement.  There are two kinds of
common table expressions: "ordinary" and "recursive". Ordinary 
common table expressions are helpful for making
queries easier to understand by factoring
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<p>To put it another way, a recursive common table expression must
look like the following:

<p><b><a href="syntax/recursive-cte.html">recursive-cte:</a></b>
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 <blockquote id='x1172'>
 <div id='x1172' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram recursive-cte" src="images/syntax/recursive-cte.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
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 <blockquote id='x1174' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1174' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<p>Call the table named by the <a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name</a> in a recursive
common table expression the "recursive table".
In the <a href="syntax/recursive-cte.html">recursive-cte</a> bubble diagram above, the recursive
table must appear exactly once in the FROM clause of the 
<span class='yyterm'>recursive-select</span>
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<div class=startsearch></div>
  

<h1 align="center">PRAGMA Statements</h1>



<p>The PRAGMA statement is an SQL extension specific to SQLite and used to 
modify the operation of the SQLite library or to query the SQLite library for 
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built-in PRAGMA statements.</p>


<hr /><a name="syntax"></a>
<h2>PRAGMA command syntax</h2>
<p><b><a href="syntax/pragma-stmt.html">pragma-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1469' onclick='hideorshow("x1469","x1470")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1470'>
 <div id='x1470' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram pragma-stmt" src="images/syntax/pragma-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/pragma-value.html">pragma-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1471' onclick='hideorshow("x1471","x1472")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1472'>
 <div id='x1472' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram pragma-value" src="images/syntax/pragma-value.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1473' onclick='hideorshow("x1473","x1474")'>show</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1474' style='display:none;'>
 <div id='x1474' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>
A pragma can take either zero or one argument.  The argument is may be either
in parentheses or it may be separated from the pragma name by an equal sign.
The two syntaxes yield identical results.
In many pragmas, the argument is a boolean.  The boolean can be one of:
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"<i>schema.</i>" prefix.</p>




<hr /><a name="toc"></a>
<h2>List Of PRAGMAs</h2>

<table border=0 width="100%" cellpadding=10>
<tr><td valign="top" align="left"><ul>
<li><a href="#pragma_application_id">application_id</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_automatic_index">automatic_index</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_busy_timeout">busy_timeout</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_cache_size">cache_size</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_cache_spill">cache_spill</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_case_sensitive_like">case_sensitive_like</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_cell_size_check">cell_size_check</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_checkpoint_fullfsync">checkpoint_fullfsync</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_collation_list">collation_list</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_compile_options">compile_options</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_count_changes"><s>count_changes</s></a>&sup1;
<li><a href="#pragma_data_store_directory"><s>data_store_directory</s></a>&sup1;
<li><a href="#pragma_data_version">data_version</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_database_list">database_list</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_default_cache_size"><s>default_cache_size</s></a>&sup1;
<li><a href="#pragma_defer_foreign_keys">defer_foreign_keys</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_empty_result_callbacks"><s>empty_result_callbacks</s></a>&sup1;
<li><a href="#pragma_encoding">encoding</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_foreign_key_check">foreign_key_check</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_foreign_key_list">foreign_key_list</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_foreign_keys">foreign_keys</a>
<style>
#listtab30 tr td {vertical-align:top;}
</style>
<table id='listtab30' width='100%'></table>
<script>
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{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum","x":"auto_vacuum","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_automatic_index","x":"automatic_index","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_busy_timeout","x":"busy_timeout","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_cache_size","x":"cache_size","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_cache_spill","x":"cache_spill","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_case_sensitive_like","x":"case_sensitive_like","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_cell_size_check","x":"cell_size_check","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_checkpoint_fullfsync","x":"checkpoint_fullfsync","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_collation_list","x":"collation_list","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_compile_options","x":"compile_options","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_count_changes","x":"count_changes","s":3},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_data_store_directory","x":"data_store_directory","s":3},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_data_version","x":"data_version","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_database_list","x":"database_list","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_default_cache_size","x":"default_cache_size","s":3},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_defer_foreign_keys","x":"defer_foreign_keys","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_empty_result_callbacks","x":"empty_result_callbacks","s":3},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_encoding","x":"encoding","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_foreign_key_check","x":"foreign_key_check","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_foreign_key_list","x":"foreign_key_list","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys","x":"foreign_keys","s":0},
</ul></td><td valign="top" align="left"><ul>
<li><a href="#pragma_freelist_count">freelist_count</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_full_column_names"><s>full_column_names</s></a>&sup1;
<li><a href="#pragma_fullfsync">fullfsync</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_ignore_check_constraints">ignore_check_constraints</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_incremental_vacuum">incremental_vacuum</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_index_info">index_info</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_index_list">index_list</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_index_xinfo">index_xinfo</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_integrity_check">integrity_check</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_journal_mode">journal_mode</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_journal_size_limit">journal_size_limit</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_legacy_file_format">legacy_file_format</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_locking_mode">locking_mode</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_max_page_count">max_page_count</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_mmap_size">mmap_size</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_page_count">page_count</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_page_size">page_size</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_parser_trace"><i>parser_trace</i></a>&sup2;
<li><a href="#pragma_query_only">query_only</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_quick_check">quick_check</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_read_uncommitted">read_uncommitted</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_recursive_triggers">recursive_triggers</a>
</ul></td><td valign="top" align="left"><ul>
<li><a href="#pragma_reverse_unordered_selects">reverse_unordered_selects</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_schema_version">schema_version</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_secure_delete">secure_delete</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_short_column_names"><s>short_column_names</s></a>&sup1;
<li><a href="#pragma_shrink_memory">shrink_memory</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_soft_heap_limit">soft_heap_limit</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_stats"><i>stats</i></a>&sup3;
<li><a href="#pragma_synchronous">synchronous</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_table_info">table_info</a>
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_freelist_count","x":"freelist_count","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_full_column_names","x":"full_column_names","s":3},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_fullfsync","x":"fullfsync","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_ignore_check_constraints","x":"ignore_check_constraints","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_incremental_vacuum","x":"incremental_vacuum","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_index_info","x":"index_info","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_index_list","x":"index_list","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_index_xinfo","x":"index_xinfo","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_integrity_check","x":"integrity_check","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_journal_mode","x":"journal_mode","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_journal_size_limit","x":"journal_size_limit","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_legacy_file_format","x":"legacy_file_format","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_locking_mode","x":"locking_mode","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_max_page_count","x":"max_page_count","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_mmap_size","x":"mmap_size","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_page_count","x":"page_count","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_page_size","x":"page_size","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_parser_trace","x":"parser_trace","s":4},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_query_only","x":"query_only","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_quick_check","x":"quick_check","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_read_uncommitted","x":"read_uncommitted","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_recursive_triggers","x":"recursive_triggers","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_reverse_unordered_selects","x":"reverse_unordered_selects","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_schema_version","x":"schema_version","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_secure_delete","x":"secure_delete","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_short_column_names","x":"short_column_names","s":3},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_shrink_memory","x":"shrink_memory","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_soft_heap_limit","x":"soft_heap_limit","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_stats","x":"stats","s":5},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_synchronous","x":"synchronous","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_table_info","x":"table_info","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_temp_store","x":"temp_store","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_temp_store_directory","x":"temp_store_directory","s":3},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_threads","x":"threads","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_schema_version","x":"user_version","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_vdbe_addoptrace","x":"vdbe_addoptrace","s":4},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_vdbe_debug","x":"vdbe_debug","s":4},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_vdbe_listing","x":"vdbe_listing","s":4},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_vdbe_trace","x":"vdbe_trace","s":4},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_wal_autocheckpoint","x":"wal_autocheckpoint","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_wal_checkpoint","x":"wal_checkpoint","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema","x":"writable_schema","s":0}];
var j = 0;
var w = Math.max(document.documentElement.clientWidth,  window.innerWidth || 0);
var nCol = Math.floor(w/250);
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  if(listitems30[i].u=="" || listitems30[i].s==2){
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<li><a href="#pragma_temp_store">temp_store</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_temp_store_directory"><s>temp_store_directory</s></a>&sup1;
<li><a href="#pragma_threads">threads</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_schema_version">user_version</a>
    ea = ""
  }else{
<li><a href="#pragma_vdbe_addoptrace"><i>vdbe_addoptrace</i></a>&sup2;
<li><a href="#pragma_vdbe_debug"><i>vdbe_debug</i></a>&sup2;
<li><a href="#pragma_vdbe_listing"><i>vdbe_listing</i></a>&sup2;
<li><a href="#pragma_vdbe_trace"><i>vdbe_trace</i></a>&sup2;
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    h += listitems30[i].u;
    h += "'>";
    ea = "</a>"
<li><a href="#pragma_wal_autocheckpoint">wal_autocheckpoint</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_wal_checkpoint">wal_checkpoint</a>
<li><a href="#pragma_writable_schema">writable_schema</a>

</ul></td></tr></table>
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  if(listitems30[i].s==3) h += "&sup1\n";
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  if(listitems30[i].s==5) h += "&sup3\n";
}
document.getElementById("listtab30").innerHTML = h;
</script>

<p>Notes:
<ol>
<li>Pragmas whose names are marked through in the list above
are deprecated.  They are not maintained.  They continue to exist
for historical compatibility only.
<li>Pragmas whose names are <s>struck through</s>
are deprecated. Do not use them. They exist
for historical compatibility.
Do not use the deprecated pragmas in new applications.
Remove deprecated pragmas
from existing applications at your earliest opportunity.</blockquote>
<li>These pragmas are used for debugging SQLite and
are only available when SQLite is compiled using <a href="compile.html#debug">SQLITE_DEBUG</a>.
<li>These pragmas are used for testing SQLite and are not recommended
for use in application programs.</ol></p>
<a name="pragma_application_id"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_application_id style="display:none"> PRAGMA application_id</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>application_id;
     <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>application_id = </b><i>integer </i><b>;</b>
  
<p>    The application_id PRAGMA is used to query or set the 32-bit
       unsigned big-endian "Application ID" integer located at offset
       68 into the <a href="fileformat2.html#database_header">database header</a>.  Applications that use SQLite as their
       <a href="appfileformat.html">application file-format</a> should set the Application ID integer to
       a unique integer so that utilities such as 
       <a href="http://www.darwinsys.com/file/">file(1)</a> can determine the specific
       file type rather than just reporting "SQLite3 Database".  A list of
       assigned application IDs can be seen by consulting the
       <a href="http://www.sqlite.org/src/artifact?ci=trunk&filename=magic.txt">magic.txt</a> file in the SQLite source repository.
<a name="pragma_auto_vacuum"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_auto_vacuum style="display:none"> PRAGMA auto_vacuum</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>auto_vacuum;<br>
          PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>auto_vacuum = </b>
           <i>0 | NONE | 1 | FULL | 2 | INCREMENTAL</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>Query or set the auto-vacuum status in the database.</p>

    <p>The default setting for auto-vacuum is 0 or "none",
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    "incremental" back to "none" always requires running <a href="lang_vacuum.html">VACUUM</a> even
    on an empty database.
    </p>

    <p>When the auto_vacuum pragma is invoked with no arguments, it
    returns the current auto_vacuum mode.</p>
<a name="pragma_automatic_index"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_automatic_index style="display:none"> PRAGMA automatic_index</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA automatic_index;
     <br>PRAGMA automatic_index = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>Query, set, or clear the <a href="optoverview.html#autoindex">automatic indexing</a> capability.
    <p><a href="optoverview.html#autoindex">Automatic indexing</a> is enabled by default as of version 3.7.17,
    but this might change in future releases of SQLite.
<a name="pragma_busy_timeout"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_busy_timeout style="display:none"> PRAGMA busy_timeout</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA busy_timeout;
         <br>PRAGMA busy_timeout = </b><i>milliseconds</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the setting of the
    <a href="c3ref/busy_timeout.html">busy timeout</a>.
    This pragma is an alternative to the <a href="c3ref/busy_timeout.html">sqlite3_busy_timeout()</a> C-language
    interface which is made available as a pragma for use with language
    bindings that do not provide direct access to <a href="c3ref/busy_timeout.html">sqlite3_busy_timeout()</a>.

    <p>Each database connection can only have a single
    <a href="c3ref/busy_handler.html">busy handler</a>.  This PRAGMA sets the busy handler
    for the process, possibly overwriting any previously set busy handler.
<a name="pragma_cache_size"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_cache_size style="display:none"> PRAGMA cache_size</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>cache_size;
       <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>cache_size = </b><i>pages</i><b>;
       <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>cache_size = -</b><i>kibibytes</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the suggested maximum number of database disk pages
    that SQLite will hold in memory at once per open database file.  Whether
    or not this suggestion is honored is at the discretion of the
    <a href="c3ref/pcache_methods2.html">Application Defined Page Cache</a>.
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    <p>When you change the cache size using the cache_size pragma, the
    change only endures for the current session.  The cache size reverts
    to the default value when the database is closed and reopened.</p>


<a name="pragma_cache_spill"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_cache_spill style="display:none"> PRAGMA cache_spill</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA cache_spill;
         <br>PRAGMA cache_spill=</b><i>boolean</i><b>;
         <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>cache_spill=<i>N</i>;</b></p>

    <p>The cache_spill pragma enables or disables the ability of the pager
    to spill dirty cache pages to the database file in the middle of a 
    transaction.  Cache_spill is enabled by default and most applications
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    occur.
    <p>The "PRAGMA cache_spill=<i>boolean</i>" form of this pragma applies
    across all databases attached to the database connection.  But the
    "PRAGMA cache_spill=<i>N</i>" form of this statement only applies to
    the "main" schema or whatever other schema is specified as part of the
    statement.
<a name="pragma_case_sensitive_like"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_case_sensitive_like style="display:none"> PRAGMA case_sensitive_like</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA case_sensitive_like = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>The default behavior of the <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator is to ignore case
    for ASCII characters. Hence, by default <b>'a' LIKE 'A'</b> is
    true.  The case_sensitive_like pragma installs a new application-defined
    LIKE function that is either case sensitive or insensitive depending
    on the value of the case_sensitive_like pragma.
    When case_sensitive_like is disabled, the default LIKE behavior is
    expressed.  When case_sensitive_like is enabled, case becomes
    significant.  So, for example,
    <b>'a' LIKE 'A'</b> is false but <b>'a' LIKE 'a'</b> is still true.</p>

    <p>This pragma uses <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> to overload the
    LIKE and GLOB functions, which may override previous implementations
    of LIKE and GLOB registered by the application.  This pragma
    only changes the behavior of the SQL <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator.  It does not
    change the behavior of the <a href="c3ref/strlike.html">sqlite3_strlike()</a> C-language interface,
    which is always case insensitive.</p>
<a name="pragma_cell_size_check"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_cell_size_check style="display:none"> PRAGMA cell_size_check</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA cell_size_check
       <br>PRAGMA cell_size_check = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>The cell_size_check pragma enables or disables additional sanity
    checking on database b-tree pages as they are initially read from disk.
    With cell size checking enabled, database corruption is detected earlier
    and is less likely to "spread".  However, there is a small performance
    hit for doing the extra checks and so cell size checking is turned off
    by default.
<a name="pragma_checkpoint_fullfsync"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_checkpoint_fullfsync style="display:none"> PRAGMA checkpoint_fullfsync</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA checkpoint_fullfsync
       <br>PRAGMA checkpoint_fullfsync = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the fullfsync flag for <a href="wal.html#ckpt">checkpoint</a> operations.
    If this flag is set, then the F_FULLFSYNC syncing method is used
    during checkpoint operations on systems that support F_FULLFSYNC. 
    The default value of the checkpoint_fullfsync flag
    is off.  Only Mac OS-X supports F_FULLFSYNC.</p>

    <p>If the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_fullfsync">fullfsync</a> flag is set, then the F_FULLFSYNC syncing
    method is used for all sync operations and the checkpoint_fullfsync
    setting is irrelevant.</p>
<a name="pragma_collation_list"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_collation_list style="display:none"> PRAGMA collation_list</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA collation_list;</b></p>
    <p>Return a list of the collating sequences defined for the current
    database connection.</p>
<a name="pragma_compile_options"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_compile_options style="display:none"> PRAGMA compile_options</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA compile_options;</b></p>
    <p>This pragma returns the names of <a href="compile.html">compile-time options</a> used when
    building SQLite, one option per row.  The "SQLITE_" prefix is omitted
    from the returned option names.  See also the
    <a href="c3ref/compileoption_get.html">sqlite3_compileoption_get()</a> C/C++ interface and the
    <a href="lang_corefunc.html#sqlite_compileoption_get">sqlite_compileoption_get()</a> SQL functions.</p>
<a name="pragma_count_changes"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_count_changes style="display:none"> PRAGMA count_changes</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA count_changes;
       <br>PRAGMA count_changes = </b>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>Query or change the count-changes flag. Normally, when the
    count-changes flag is not set, <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>, <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> and <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a> statements
    return no data. When count-changes is set, each of these commands 
    returns a single row of data consisting of one integer value - the
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    for backwards compatibility only.  New applications
    should avoid using this pragma.  Older applications should discontinue
    use of this pragma at the earliest opportunity.  This pragma may be omitted
    from the build when SQLite is compiled using <a href="compile.html#omit_deprecated">SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED</a>.
    </p>
  
<a name="pragma_data_store_directory"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_data_store_directory style="display:none"> PRAGMA data_store_directory</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA data_store_directory;
      <br>PRAGMA data_store_directory = '</b><i>directory-name</i><b>';</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the value of the <a href="c3ref/data_directory.html">sqlite3_data_directory</a> global
    variable, which windows operating-system interface backends use to
    determine where to store database files specified using a relative
    pathname.</p>

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    for backwards compatibility only.  New applications
    should avoid using this pragma.  Older applications should discontinue
    use of this pragma at the earliest opportunity.  This pragma may be omitted
    from the build when SQLite is compiled using <a href="compile.html#omit_deprecated">SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED</a>.
    </p>
  
<a name="pragma_data_version"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_data_version style="display:none"> PRAGMA data_version</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>data_version;</b></p>
    <p>The "PRAGMA data_version" command provides an indication that the
    database file has been modified.
    Interactive programs that hold database content in memory or that
    display database content on-screen can use the PRAGMA data_version
    command to determine if they need to flush and reload their memory
    or update the screen display.</p>
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    database connection and so values returned by two concurrent invocations
    of "PRAGMA data_version" on separate database connections are 
    often different even though the underlying database is identical.
    It is only meaningful to compare the "PRAGMA data_version" values
    returned by the same database connection at two different points in
    time.
<a name="pragma_database_list"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_database_list style="display:none"> PRAGMA database_list</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA database_list;</b></p>
    <p>This pragma works like a query to return one row for each database
    attached to the current database connection.
    The second column is the "main" for the main database file, "temp"
    for the database file used to store TEMP objects, or the name of the
    ATTACHed database for other database files.
    The third column is the name of the database file itself, or an empty
    string if the database is not associated with a file.</p>
<a name="pragma_default_cache_size"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_default_cache_size style="display:none"> PRAGMA default_cache_size</h><hr>
    <b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>default_cache_size;
       <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>default_cache_size
            = </b><i>Number-of-pages</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>This pragma queries or sets the suggested maximum number of pages
    of disk cache that will be allocated per open database file.
    The difference between this pragma and <a href="pragma.html#pragma_cache_size">cache_size</a> is that the
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    for backwards compatibility only.  New applications
    should avoid using this pragma.  Older applications should discontinue
    use of this pragma at the earliest opportunity.  This pragma may be omitted
    from the build when SQLite is compiled using <a href="compile.html#omit_deprecated">SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED</a>.
    </p>
  
<a name="pragma_defer_foreign_keys"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_defer_foreign_keys style="display:none"> PRAGMA defer_foreign_keys</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA defer_foreign_keys
       <br>PRAGMA defer_foreign_keys = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>When the defer_foreign_keys <a href="pragma.html#syntax">PRAGMA</a> is on,
    enforcement of all <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraints</a> is delayed until the
    outermost transaction is committed.  The defer_foreign_keys pragma
    defaults to OFF so that foreign key constraints are only deferred if
    they are created as "DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED".  The 
    defer_foreign_keys pragma is automatically switched off at each
    COMMIT or ROLLBACK.  Hence, the defer_foreign_keys pragma must be
    separately enabled for each transaction.  This pragma is
    only meaningful if foreign key constraints are enabled, of course.</p>

    <p>The <a href="c3ref/db_status.html">sqlite3_db_status</a>(db,<a href="c3ref/c_dbstatus_options.html#sqlitedbstatusdeferredfks">SQLITE_DBSTATUS_DEFERRED_FKS</a>,...)
    C-language interface can be used during a transaction to determine 
    if there are deferred and unresolved foreign key constraints.</p>
<a name="pragma_empty_result_callbacks"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_empty_result_callbacks style="display:none"> PRAGMA empty_result_callbacks</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA empty_result_callbacks;
       <br>PRAGMA empty_result_callbacks = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>Query or change the empty-result-callbacks flag.</p>

    <p>The empty-result-callbacks flag affects the <a href="c3ref/exec.html">sqlite3_exec()</a> API only.
    Normally, when the empty-result-callbacks flag is cleared, the
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    for backwards compatibility only.  New applications
    should avoid using this pragma.  Older applications should discontinue
    use of this pragma at the earliest opportunity.  This pragma may be omitted
    from the build when SQLite is compiled using <a href="compile.html#omit_deprecated">SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED</a>.
    </p>
  
<a name="pragma_encoding"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_encoding style="display:none"> PRAGMA encoding</h><hr>
   <p><b>PRAGMA encoding;
       <br>PRAGMA encoding = "UTF-8";
       <br>PRAGMA encoding = "UTF-16";
       <br>PRAGMA encoding = "UTF-16le";
       <br>PRAGMA encoding = "UTF-16be";</b></p>
    <p>In first form, if the main database has already been
    created, then this pragma returns the text encoding used by the
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    <p>Once an encoding has been set for a database, it cannot be changed.</p>

    <p>Databases created by the <a href="lang_attach.html">ATTACH</a> command always use the same encoding
    as the main database.  An attempt to <a href="lang_attach.html">ATTACH</a> a database with a different
    text encoding from the "main" database will fail.</p>
<a name="pragma_foreign_key_check"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_foreign_key_check style="display:none"> PRAGMA foreign_key_check</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>foreign_key_check;
        <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>foreign_key_check(</b><i>table-name</i><b>);</b></b></p>

    <p>The foreign_key_check pragma checks the database, or the table
    called "<i>table-name</i>", for 
    <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraints</a> that are violated and returns one row of
    output for each violation.  There are four columns in each result row.
    The first column is the name of the table that contains the REFERENCES
    clause.  The second column is the <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">rowid</a> of the row that
    contains the invalid REFERENCES clause.  The third column is the name
    of the table that is referred to. The fourth column is the index of
    the specific foreign key constraint that failed.  The fourth column
    in the output of the foreign_key_check pragma is the same integer as
    the first column in the output of the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_key_list">foreign_key_list pragma</a>.
    When a "<i>table-name</i>" is specified, the only foreign key constraints
    checked are those created by REFERENCES clauses in the
    CREATE TABLE statement for <i>table-name</i>.</p>
<a name="pragma_foreign_key_list"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_foreign_key_list style="display:none"> PRAGMA foreign_key_list</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA foreign_key_list(</b><i>table-name</i><b>);</b></p>

    <p>This pragma returns one row for each <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraint</a>
    created by a REFERENCES clause in the CREATE TABLE statement of
    table "<i>table-name</i>".
<a name="pragma_foreign_keys"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_foreign_keys style="display:none"> PRAGMA foreign_keys</h><hr>
     <p><b>PRAGMA foreign_keys;
       <br>PRAGMA foreign_keys = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query, set, or clear the enforcement of <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraints</a>.

    <p>This pragma is a no-op within a transaction; foreign key constraint
       enforcement may only be enabled or disabled when there is no pending
       <a href="lang_transaction.html">BEGIN</a> or <a href="lang_savepoint.html">SAVEPOINT</a>.
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       release of SQLite.  The default setting for foreign key enforcement
       can be specified at compile-time using the <a href="compile.html#default_foreign_keys">SQLITE_DEFAULT_FOREIGN_KEYS</a>
       preprocessor macro.  To minimize future problems, applications should
       set the foreign key enforcement flag as required by the application
       and not depend on the default setting.
<a name="pragma_freelist_count"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_freelist_count style="display:none"> PRAGMA freelist_count</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>freelist_count;</b></p>
    <p>Return the number of unused pages in the database file.</p>
<a name="pragma_full_column_names"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_full_column_names style="display:none"> PRAGMA full_column_names</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA full_column_names;
       <br>PRAGMA full_column_names = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>Query or change the full_column_names flag. This flag together 
    with the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_short_column_names">short_column_names</a> flag determine
    the way SQLite assigns names to result columns of <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statements.
    Result columns are named by applying the following rules in order:
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    for backwards compatibility only.  New applications
    should avoid using this pragma.  Older applications should discontinue
    use of this pragma at the earliest opportunity.  This pragma may be omitted
    from the build when SQLite is compiled using <a href="compile.html#omit_deprecated">SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED</a>.
    </p>
  
<a name="pragma_fullfsync"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_fullfsync style="display:none"> PRAGMA fullfsync</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA fullfsync
       <br>PRAGMA fullfsync = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the fullfsync flag. This flag
    determines whether or not the F_FULLFSYNC syncing method is used
    on systems that support it.  The default value of the fullfsync flag
    is off.  Only Mac OS X supports F_FULLFSYNC.</p>

    <p>See also <a href="pragma.html#pragma_checkpoint_fullfsync">checkpoint_fullfsync</a>.</p>
<a name="pragma_ignore_check_constraints"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_ignore_check_constraints style="display:none"> PRAGMA ignore_check_constraints</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA ignore_check_constraints  = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>This pragma enables or disables the enforcement of CHECK constraints.
    The default setting is off, meaning that CHECK constraints are
    enforced by default.</p>
<a name="pragma_incremental_vacuum"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_incremental_vacuum style="display:none"> PRAGMA incremental_vacuum</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>incremental_vacuum</b><i>(N)</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>The incremental_vacuum pragma causes up to <i>N</i> pages to
    be removed from the <a href="fileformat2.html#freelist">freelist</a>.  The database file is truncated by
    the same amount.  The incremental_vacuum pragma has no effect if
    the database is not in
    <a href="#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum=incremental</a> mode
    or if there are no pages on the freelist.  If there are fewer than
    <i>N</i> pages on the freelist, or if <i>N</i> is less than 1, or
    if <i>N</i> is omitted entirely, then the entire freelist is cleared.</p>
<a name="pragma_index_info"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_index_info style="display:none"> PRAGMA index_info</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>index_info(</b><i>index-name</i><b>);</b></p>
    <p>This pragma returns one row for each key column in the named index.
    A key column is a column that is actually named in the <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a>
    index statement or <a href="lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst">UNIQUE constraint</a> or <a href="lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst">PRIMARY KEY constraint</a> that
    created the index.  Index entries also usually contain auxiliary
    columns that point back to the table row being indexed.  The auxiliary
    index-columns are not shown by the index_info pragma, but they are
    listed by the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_index_xinfo">index_xinfo pragma</a>.</p>

    <p>Output columns from the index_info pragma are as follows:
    <ol>
    <li>The rank of the column within the index.  (0 means left-most.)
    <li>The rank of the column within the table being indexed.
    <li>The name of the column being indexed.
    </ol>
<a name="pragma_index_list"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_index_list style="display:none"> PRAGMA index_list</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>index_list(</b><i>table-name</i><b>);</b></p>
    <p>This pragma returns one row for each index associated with the
    given table.
    <p>Output columns from the index_list pragma are as follows:
    <ol>
    <li>A sequence number assigned to each index for internal tracking
          purposes.
    <li>The name of the index.
    <li>"1" if the index is UNIQUE and "0" if not.
    <li>"c" if the index was created by a <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a> statement,
          "u" if the index was created by a <a href="lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst">UNIQUE constraint</a>, or
          "pk" if the index was created by a <a href="lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst">PRIMARY KEY constraint</a>.
    <li>"1" if the index is a <a href="partialindex.html">partial index</a> and "0" if not.
    </ol>
    </p>
<a name="pragma_index_xinfo"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_index_xinfo style="display:none"> PRAGMA index_xinfo</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>index_xinfo(</b><i>index-name</i><b>);</b></p>
    <p>This pragma returns information about every column in an index.
    Unlike this <a href="pragma.html#pragma_index_info">index_info pragma</a>, this pragma returns information about
    every column in the index, not just the key columns.
    (A key column is a column that is actually named in the <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a>
    index statement or <a href="lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst">UNIQUE constraint</a> or <a href="lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst">PRIMARY KEY constraint</a> that
    created the index.  Auxiliary columns are additional columns needed to
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         index and 0 otherwise.
    <li>The name for the <a href="datatype3.html#collation">collating sequence</a>
         used to compare values in the index-column.
    <li>1 if the index-column is a key column and 0 if the index-column
         is an auxiliary column.
    </ol>
<a name="pragma_integrity_check"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_integrity_check style="display:none"> PRAGMA integrity_check</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>integrity_check;
      <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>integrity_check(</b><i>N</i><b>)</b></p>
    <p>This pragma does an integrity check of the entire database.  The
    integrity_check pragma
    looks for out-of-order records, missing pages, malformed records, missing
    index entries, and UNIQUE and NOT NULL constraint errors.
    If the integrity_check pragma finds problems, strings are returned
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    <a href="foreignkeys.html">FOREIGN KEY</a> errors.  
    Use the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_key_check">PRAGMA foreign_key_check</a> command for to find errors in
    FOREIGN KEY constraints.</p>

    <p>See also the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_quick_check">PRAGMA quick_check</a> command which does most of the
    checking of PRAGMA integrity_check but runs much faster.</p>
<a name="pragma_journal_mode"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_journal_mode style="display:none"> PRAGMA journal_mode</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>journal_mode;
        <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>journal_mode
              = <i>DELETE | TRUNCATE | PERSIST | MEMORY | WAL | OFF</i></b></p>

    <p>This pragma queries or sets the journal mode for databases
    associated with the current <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a>.</p>

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    <p>Note that the journal_mode for an <a href="inmemorydb.html">in-memory database</a>
    is either MEMORY or OFF and can not be changed to a different value.
    An attempt to change the journal_mode of an <a href="inmemorydb.html">in-memory database</a> to
    any setting other than MEMORY or OFF is ignored.  Note also that
    the journal_mode cannot be changed while a transaction is active.</p>
<a name="pragma_journal_size_limit"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_journal_size_limit style="display:none"> PRAGMA journal_size_limit</h><hr>
    <p><b>
    PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>journal_size_limit<br>
    PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>journal_size_limit = </b><i>N</i> <b>;</b>

  <p>If a database connection is operating in
  <a href="pragma.html#pragma_locking_mode">exclusive locking mode</a> or in
  <a href="pragma.html#pragma_journal_mode">persistent journal mode</a> 
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  <p>This pragma only operates on the single database specified prior
  to the pragma name (or on the "main" database if no database is specified.)
  There is no way to change the journal size limit on all attached databases
  using a single PRAGMA statement.  The size limit must be set separately for
  each attached database.
<a name="pragma_legacy_file_format"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_legacy_file_format style="display:none"> PRAGMA legacy_file_format</h><hr>
   <p><b>PRAGMA legacy_file_format;
       <br>PRAGMA legacy_file_format = <i>boolean</i></b></p>
    <p>This pragma sets or queries the value of the legacy_file_format
    flag.  When this flag is on, new SQLite databases are created in
    a file format that is readable and writable by all versions of
    SQLite going back to 3.0.0.  When the flag is off, new databases
    are created using the latest file format which might not be
    readable or writable by versions of SQLite prior to 3.3.0.</p>

    <p>When the legacy_file_format pragma is issued with no argument,
    it returns the setting of the flag.  This pragma does <u>not</u> tell
    which file format the current database is using; it tells what format
    will be used by any newly created databases.</p>

    <p>The legacy_file_format pragma is initialized to OFF when an existing
    database in the newer file format is first opened.</p>

    <p>The default file format is set by the
    <a href="compile.html#default_file_format">SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_FORMAT</a> compile-time option.</p>
<a name="pragma_locking_mode"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_locking_mode style="display:none"> PRAGMA locking_mode</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>locking_mode;
    <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>locking_mode
                = <i>NORMAL | EXCLUSIVE</i></b></p>
    <p>This pragma sets or queries the database connection locking-mode. 
    The locking-mode is either NORMAL or EXCLUSIVE.

    <p>In NORMAL locking-mode (the default unless overridden at compile-time
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   <a href="wal.html">WAL journal mode</a>, then the locking mode cannot be changed to
   NORMAL until after exiting WAL journal mode. 
   If the locking mode is NORMAL when first entering WAL
   journal mode, then the locking mode can be changed between NORMAL and
   EXCLUSIVE and back again at any time and without needing to exit
   WAL journal mode.</p>
<a name="pragma_max_page_count"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_max_page_count style="display:none"> PRAGMA max_page_count</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>max_page_count;
        <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>max_page_count = </b><i>N</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or set the maximum number of pages in the database file.
    Both forms of the pragma return the maximum page count.  The second
    form attempts to modify the maximum page count.  The maximum page
    count cannot be reduced below the current database size.
    </p>
<a name="pragma_mmap_size"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_mmap_size style="display:none"> PRAGMA mmap_size</h><hr>
    <p><br><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>mmap_size;
         <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>mmap_size=</b><i>N</i></p>

    <p>Query or change the maximum number of bytes that are set
       aside for memory-mapped I/O on a single database.  The first form
       (without an argument) queries the current limit.  The second
       form (with a numeric argument) sets the limit for the specified
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    <p>The size of the memory-mapped I/O region cannot be changed while
       the memory-mapped I/O region is in active use, to avoid unmapping
       memory out from under running SQL statements.  For this reason,
       the mmap_size pragma may be a no-op if the prior mmap_size is non-zero
       and there are other SQL statements running concurrently on the same
       <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a>.</p>
<a name="pragma_page_count"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_page_count style="display:none"> PRAGMA page_count</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>page_count;</b></p>
    <p>Return the total number of pages in the database file.</p>
<a name="pragma_page_size"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_page_size style="display:none"> PRAGMA page_size</h><hr>
   <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>page_size;
       <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>page_size = </b><i>bytes</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or set the page size of the database. The page
    size must be a power of two between 512 and 65536 inclusive.
    </p>

    <p>When a new database is created, SQLite assigned a page size to
    the database based on platform and filesystem.  For many years,
    the default page size was almost always 1024 bytes, but beginning
    with SQLite <a href="releaselog/3_12_0.html">version 3.12.0</a> in 2016, the default page size increased
    to 4096.

    <p>The page_size pragma will only cause an immediate change in the
    page size if it is issued while the database is still empty (prior 
    to the first CREATE statement) and if the database is not in
    <a href="wal.html">WAL mode</a>.  If the page_size pragma is
    <p>The page_size pragma will only set in the
    page size if it is issued before any other SQL statements that
    cause I/O against the database file.
    SQL statements that cause I/O against the database file include
    "CREATE", "SELECT", "BEGIN IMMEDIATE", and "PRAGMA journal_mode=WAL".
    If the page_size pragma is
    used to specify a new page size just prior to
    running the <a href="lang_vacuum.html">VACUUM</a> command and if the database is not in
    <a href="wal.html">WAL journal mode</a> then <a href="lang_vacuum.html">VACUUM</a> will change the page
    size to the new value.</p>

    <p>The <a href="compile.html#default_page_size">SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE</a> compile-time option can be used
    to change the default page size assigned to new databases.
<a name="pragma_parser_trace"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_parser_trace style="display:none"> PRAGMA parser_trace</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA parser_trace = </b><i>boolean</i><b>; </b></p>

    <p>If SQLite has been compiled with the <a href="compile.html#debug">SQLITE_DEBUG</a> compile-time
    option, then the parser_trace pragma can be used to turn on tracing
    for the SQL parser used internally by SQLite.
    This feature is used for debugging SQLite itself.</p>

    
    <p style='background-color: #f0e0ff;'>
    This pragma is intended for use when debugging SQLite itself.  It
    is only available when the <a href="compile.html#debug">SQLITE_DEBUG</a> compile-time option
    is used.</p>
  
<a name="pragma_query_only"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_query_only style="display:none"> PRAGMA query_only</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA query_only;
      <br>PRAGMA query_only = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>The query_only pragma prevents all changes to database files when
    enabled.</p>
<a name="pragma_quick_check"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_quick_check style="display:none"> PRAGMA quick_check</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>quick_check;
      <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>quick_check(</b><i>N</i><b>)</b></p>
    <p>The pragma is like <a href="pragma.html#pragma_integrity_check">integrity_check</a> except that it does not verify
    UNIQUE and NOT NULL constraints and does not verify
    that index content matches table content.  By skipping UNIQUE and NOT NULL
    and index consistency checks, quick_check is able to run much faster than
    integrity_check.  Otherwise the two pragmas are the same.
    </p>
<a name="pragma_read_uncommitted"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_read_uncommitted style="display:none"> PRAGMA read_uncommitted</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA read_uncommitted;
       <br>PRAGMA read_uncommitted = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query, set, or clear READ UNCOMMITTED isolation. The default isolation
    level for SQLite is SERIALIZABLE.  Any process or thread can select
    READ UNCOMMITTED isolation, but SERIALIZABLE will still be used except
    between connections that share a common page and schema cache.
    Cache sharing is enabled using the <a href="c3ref/enable_shared_cache.html">sqlite3_enable_shared_cache()</a> API.
    Cache sharing is disabled by default.
    </p>

    <p>See <a href="sharedcache.html">SQLite Shared-Cache Mode</a> for additional information.</p>
<a name="pragma_recursive_triggers"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_recursive_triggers style="display:none"> PRAGMA recursive_triggers</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA recursive_triggers;
       <br>PRAGMA recursive_triggers = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query, set, or clear the recursive trigger capability.

    <p>Changing the recursive_triggers setting affects the execution of
       all statements prepared
       using the database connection, including those prepared before the
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    triggers may be turned on by default in future versions of SQLite.
    </p>

    <p>The depth of recursion for triggers has a hard upper limit set by
    the <a href="limits.html#max_trigger_depth">SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH</a> compile-time option and a run-time
    limit set by <a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit</a>(db,<a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimittriggerdepth">SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH</a>,...).</p>
<a name="pragma_reverse_unordered_selects"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_reverse_unordered_selects style="display:none"> PRAGMA reverse_unordered_selects</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA reverse_unordered_selects;
       <br>PRAGMA reverse_unordered_selects = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>When enabled, this PRAGMA causes many <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statements without
    an ORDER BY clause to emit their results in the reverse order from what
    they normally would.  This can help debug applications that are
    making invalid assumptions about the result order.  
    The reverse_unordered_selects pragma works for most SELECT statements,
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    output order might malfunction.  By running the application multiple
    times with this pragma both disabled and enabled, cases where the
    application makes faulty assumptions about output order can be
    identified and fixed early, reducing problems
    that might be caused by linking against a different version of SQLite.
    </p>
<a name="pragma_schema_version"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_schema_version style="display:none"> PRAGMA schema_version, user_version</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>schema_version; 
      <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>schema_version = </b><i>integer </i><b>;
      <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>user_version;
      <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>user_version = </b><i>integer </i><b>;</b>

  
<p>    The pragmas schema_version and user_version are used to set or get
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       executed.  Subverting this mechanism by using "PRAGMA schema_version" 
       to modify the schema-version is potentially dangerous and may lead 
       to program crashes or database corruption. Use with caution!</p>
  
<p>    The user-version is not used internally by SQLite. It may be used by
       applications for any purpose.</p>
<a name="pragma_secure_delete"></a>
<hr>
    <p>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>secure_delete;
<h _id=pragma_secure_delete style="display:none"> PRAGMA secure_delete</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>secure_delete;
     <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>secure_delete = </b><i>boolean</i></p>
    <p>Query or change the secure-delete setting. When secure-delete
    <p>Query or change the secure-delete setting. When secure_delete is
    on, SQLite overwrites deleted content with zeros.  The default
    setting is determined by the <a href="compile.html#secure_delete">SQLITE_SECURE_DELETE</a>
    compile-time option.
    setting for secure_delete is determined by the <a href="compile.html#secure_delete">SQLITE_SECURE_DELETE</a>
    compile-time option and is normally off.  The off setting for
    secure_delete improves performance by reducing the
    amount of disk I/O.  Applications that wish to avoid leaving
    forensic traces after content is deleted or updated should enable the
    secure_delete pragma prior to performing the delete or update, or else
    run <a href="lang_vacuum.html">VACUUM</a> after the delete or update.

    <p>
    When there are <a href="lang_attach.html">attached databases</a> and no database
    is specified in the pragma, all databases have their secure-delete
    setting altered.
    The secure-delete setting for newly attached databases is the setting
    of the main database at the time the ATTACH command is evaluated.

    <p>
    When multiple database connections share the same cache, changing
    the secure-delete flag on one database connection changes it for them
    all.
    </p>
<a name="pragma_short_column_names"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_short_column_names style="display:none"> PRAGMA short_column_names</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA short_column_names;
       <br>PRAGMA short_column_names = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>Query or change the short-column-names flag. This flag affects
    the way SQLite names columns of data returned by <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statements.
    See the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_full_column_names">full_column_names</a> pragma for full details.
    </p>

    
    <p style='background-color: #ffd0d0;'>
    <b>This pragma is deprecated</b> and exists
    for backwards compatibility only.  New applications
    should avoid using this pragma.  Older applications should discontinue
    use of this pragma at the earliest opportunity.  This pragma may be omitted
    from the build when SQLite is compiled using <a href="compile.html#omit_deprecated">SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED</a>.
    </p>
  
<a name="pragma_shrink_memory"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_shrink_memory style="display:none"> PRAGMA shrink_memory</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA shrink_memory</b></p>

    <p>This pragma causes the database connection on which it is invoked
    to free up as much memory as it can, by calling
    <a href="c3ref/db_release_memory.html">sqlite3_db_release_memory()</a>.
    </p>
<a name="pragma_soft_heap_limit"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_soft_heap_limit style="display:none"> PRAGMA soft_heap_limit</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA soft_heap_limit<br>
          PRAGMA soft_heap_limit=</b><i>N</i></p>

    <p>This pragma invokes the <a href="c3ref/soft_heap_limit64.html">sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64()</a> interface with
    the argument N, if N is specified and is a non-negative integer.
    The soft_heap_limit pragma always returns the same integer
    that would be returned by the <a href="c3ref/soft_heap_limit64.html">sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64</a>(-1) C-language
    function.
    </p>
<a name="pragma_stats"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_stats style="display:none"> PRAGMA stats</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA stats;</b> </p>
    <p>This pragma returns auxiliary information about tables and
    indices.  The returned information is used during testing to help
    verify that the query planner is operating correctly.  The format
    and meaning of this pragma will likely change from one release
    to the next. Because of its volatility, the behavior and output
    format of this pragma are deliberately undocumented.</p>

    
    <p style='background-color: #f0e0ff;'>
    The intended use of this pragma is only for testing and validation of
    SQLite.  This pragma is subject to change without notice and is not
    recommended for use by application programs.</p>
  
<a name="pragma_synchronous"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_synchronous style="display:none"> PRAGMA synchronous</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>synchronous;
        <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>synchronous = </b>
          <i>0 | OFF | 1 | NORMAL | 2 | FULL | 3 | EXTRA</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>Query or change the setting of the "synchronous" flag.
    The first (query) form will return the synchronous setting as an 
    integer.  The second form changes the synchronous setting.
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    <p>The default setting is usually synchronous=FULL.
    The <a href="compile.html#extra_durable">SQLITE_EXTRA_DURABLE</a> compile-time option changes the
    default to synchronous=EXTRA.</p>

    <p>See also the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_fullfsync">fullfsync</a> and <a href="pragma.html#pragma_checkpoint_fullfsync">checkpoint_fullfsync</a> pragmas.</p>
<a name="pragma_table_info"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_table_info style="display:none"> PRAGMA table_info</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>table_info(</b><i>table-name</i><b>);</b></p>
    <p>This pragma returns one row for each column in the named table.
    Columns in the result set include the column name,
    data type, whether or not the column can be NULL, and the default
    value for the column.  The "pk" column in the result set is zero
    for columns that are not part of the primary key, and is the index of
    the column in the primary key for columns that are part of the primary
    key.</p>
    <p>The table named in the table_info pragma can also be a view.</p>
<a name="pragma_temp_store"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_temp_store style="display:none"> PRAGMA temp_store</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA temp_store;
        <br>PRAGMA temp_store = </b>
            <i>0 | DEFAULT | 1 | FILE | 2 | MEMORY</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>Query or change the setting of the "<b>temp_store</b>" parameter.
    When temp_store is DEFAULT (0), the compile-time C preprocessor macro
    <a href="compile.html#temp_store">SQLITE_TEMP_STORE</a> is used to determine where temporary tables and indices
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    <tr><td align="center">3</td>
        <td align="center"><em>any</em></td>
        <td align="center">memory</td></tr>
    </table>
    </blockquote>
<a name="pragma_temp_store_directory"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_temp_store_directory style="display:none"> PRAGMA temp_store_directory</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA temp_store_directory;
      <br>PRAGMA temp_store_directory = '</b><i>directory-name</i><b>';</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the value of the <a href="c3ref/temp_directory.html">sqlite3_temp_directory</a> global
    variable, which many operating-system interface backends use to
    determine where to store <a href="inmemorydb.html#temp_db">temporary tables</a> and indices.</p>

    <p>When the temp_store_directory setting is changed, all existing temporary
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    for backwards compatibility only.  New applications
    should avoid using this pragma.  Older applications should discontinue
    use of this pragma at the earliest opportunity.  This pragma may be omitted
    from the build when SQLite is compiled using <a href="compile.html#omit_deprecated">SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED</a>.
    </p>
  
<a name="pragma_threads"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_threads style="display:none"> PRAGMA threads</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA threads;
      <br>PRAGMA threads = </b><i>N</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>Query or change the value of the 
    <a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit</a>(db,<a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimitworkerthreads">SQLITE_LIMIT_WORKER_THREADS</a>,...) limit for
    the current database connection.  This limit sets an upper bound
    on the number of auxiliary threads that a <a href="c3ref/stmt.html">prepared statement</a> is
    allowed to launch to assist with a query.  The default limit is 0
    unless it is changed using the <a href="compile.html#default_worker_threads">SQLITE_DEFAULT_WORKER_THREADS</a>
    compile-time option.  When the limit is zero, that means no
    auxiliary threads will be launched.</p>

    <p>This pragma is a thin wrapper around the
    <a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit</a>(db,<a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimitworkerthreads">SQLITE_LIMIT_WORKER_THREADS</a>,...) interface.
    </p>
<a name="pragma_vdbe_addoptrace"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_vdbe_addoptrace style="display:none"> PRAGMA vdbe_addoptrace</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA vdbe_addoptrace = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>If SQLite has been compiled with the <a href="compile.html#debug">SQLITE_DEBUG</a> compile-time
    option, then the vdbe_addoptrace pragma can be used to cause a complete
    VDBE opcodes to be displayed as they are created during code generation.
    This feature is used for debugging SQLite itself.  See the 
    <a href="vdbe.html#trace">VDBE documentation</a> for more 
    information.</p>

    
    <p style='background-color: #f0e0ff;'>
    This pragma is intended for use when debugging SQLite itself.  It
    is only available when the <a href="compile.html#debug">SQLITE_DEBUG</a> compile-time option
    is used.</p>
  
<a name="pragma_vdbe_debug"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_vdbe_debug style="display:none"> PRAGMA vdbe_debug</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA vdbe_debug = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>If SQLite has been compiled with the <a href="compile.html#debug">SQLITE_DEBUG</a> compile-time
    option, then the vdbe_debug pragma is a shorthand for three other
    debug-only pragmas: vdbe_addoptrace, vdbe_listing, and vdbe_trace.
    This feature is used for debugging SQLite itself.  See the 
    <a href="vdbe.html#trace">VDBE documentation</a> for more 
    information.</p>

    
    <p style='background-color: #f0e0ff;'>
    This pragma is intended for use when debugging SQLite itself.  It
    is only available when the <a href="compile.html#debug">SQLITE_DEBUG</a> compile-time option
    is used.</p>
  
<a name="pragma_vdbe_listing"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_vdbe_listing style="display:none"> PRAGMA vdbe_listing</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA vdbe_listing = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>If SQLite has been compiled with the <a href="compile.html#debug">SQLITE_DEBUG</a> compile-time
    option, then the vdbe_listing pragma can be used to cause a complete
    listing of the virtual machine opcodes to appear on standard output
    as each statement is evaluated.
    With listing is on, the entire content of a program is printed
    just prior to beginning execution.  The statement
    executes normally after the listing is printed.
    This feature is used for debugging SQLite itself.  See the 
    <a href="vdbe.html#trace">VDBE documentation</a> for more 
    information.</p>

    
    <p style='background-color: #f0e0ff;'>
    This pragma is intended for use when debugging SQLite itself.  It
    is only available when the <a href="compile.html#debug">SQLITE_DEBUG</a> compile-time option
    is used.</p>
  
<a name="pragma_vdbe_trace"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_vdbe_trace style="display:none"> PRAGMA vdbe_trace</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA vdbe_trace = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>If SQLite has been compiled with the <a href="compile.html#debug">SQLITE_DEBUG</a> compile-time
    option, then the vdbe_trace pragma can be used to cause virtual machine
    opcodes to be printed on standard output as they are evaluated.
    This feature is used for debugging SQLite.  See the 
    <a href="vdbe.html#trace">VDBE documentation</a> for more 
    information.</p>

    
    <p style='background-color: #f0e0ff;'>
    This pragma is intended for use when debugging SQLite itself.  It
    is only available when the <a href="compile.html#debug">SQLITE_DEBUG</a> compile-time option
    is used.</p>
  
<a name="pragma_wal_autocheckpoint"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_wal_autocheckpoint style="display:none"> PRAGMA wal_autocheckpoint</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA wal_autocheckpoint;<br>
          PRAGMA wal_autocheckpoint=</b><i>N</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>This pragma queries or sets the <a href="wal.html">write-ahead log</a> 
    <a href="wal.html#ckpt">auto-checkpoint</a> interval.
    When the <a href="wal.html">write-ahead log</a> is enabled (via the
    <a href="pragma.html#pragma_journal_mode">journal_mode pragma</a>) a checkpoint will be run automatically whenever
    the write-ahead log equals or exceeds <i>N</i> pages in length.
    Setting the auto-checkpoint size to zero or a negative value
    turns auto-checkpointing off.</p>
    
    <p>This pragma is a wrapper around the
    <a href="c3ref/wal_autocheckpoint.html">sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint()</a> C interface.
    All automatic checkpoints are <a href="c3ref/wal_checkpoint_v2.html">PASSIVE</a>.</p>

    <p>Autocheckpointing is enabled by default with an interval
    of 1000 or <a href="compile.html#default_wal_autocheckpoint">SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT</a>.</p>

<a name="pragma_wal_checkpoint"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_wal_checkpoint style="display:none"> PRAGMA wal_checkpoint</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>wal_checkpoint;</b><br>
       <b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>wal_checkpoint(PASSIVE);</b><br>
       <b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>wal_checkpoint(FULL);</b><br>
       <b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>wal_checkpoint(RESTART);</b><br>
       <b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>wal_checkpoint(TRUNCATE);</b>
   </p>

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    The third column is the number of pages in the write-ahead log file
    that have been successfully moved back into the database file at
    the conclusion of the checkpoint.
   The second and third column are -1 if there is no
    write-ahead log, for example if this pragma is invoked on a database
    connection that is not in <a href="wal.html">WAL mode</a>.</p>
<a name="pragma_writable_schema"></a>
<hr>
<h _id=pragma_writable_schema style="display:none"> PRAGMA writable_schema</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA writable_schema  = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>

    <p>When this pragma is on, the SQLITE_MASTER tables in which database
    can be changed using ordinary <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a>, <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>, and <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>
    statements.  Warning:  misuse of this pragma can easily result in
    a corrupt database file.</p>

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<h1 align="center">List of SQLite Syntax Diagrams</h1>

<table border=0 cellspacing=25 width="100%"><tr>
<td valign='top' width='33%'>
<ul>
<li><a href='syntax/alter-table-stmt.html'>alter-table-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/analyze-stmt.html'>analyze-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/attach-stmt.html'>attach-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/begin-stmt.html'>begin-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/column-def.html'>column-def</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/comment-syntax.html'>comment-syntax</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/commit-stmt.html'>commit-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/common-table-expression.html'>common-table-expression</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/compound-operator.html'>compound-operator</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/conflict-clause.html'>conflict-clause</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/create-index-stmt.html'>create-index-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/create-table-stmt.html'>create-table-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a></li>
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<h1 align='center'>alter-table-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram alter-table-stmt" src="../images/syntax/alter-table-stmt.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-def.html'>column-def</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>analyze-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_analyze.html'>lang_analyze.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>attach-stmt</h1>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>begin-stmt</h1>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_transaction.html'>lang_transaction.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>column-constraint</h1>
<blockquote>
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<img alt="syntax diagram column-constraint" src="../images/syntax/column-constraint.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-def.html'>column-def</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./conflict-clause.html'>conflict-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./foreign-key-clause.html'>foreign-key-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./literal-value.html'>literal-value</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./signed-number.html'>signed-number</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>column-def</h1>
<blockquote>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./alter-table-stmt.html'>alter-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-table-stmt.html'>create-table-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./type-name.html'>type-name</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>comment-syntax</h1>
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<h1 align='center'>commit-stmt</h1>
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<h1 align='center'>common-table-expression</h1>
<blockquote>
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<img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="../images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
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<h1 align='center'>compound-operator</h1>
<blockquote>
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<img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="../images/syntax/compound-operator.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>compound-select-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
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<br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./common-table-expression.html'>common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>
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</div>


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<h1 align='center'>conflict-clause</h1>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-constraint.html'>table-constraint</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_conflict.html'>lang_conflict.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>create-index-stmt</h1>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./indexed-column.html'>indexed-column</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>create-table-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
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<img alt="syntax diagram create-table-stmt" src="../images/syntax/create-table-stmt.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-def.html'>column-def</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-constraint.html'>table-constraint</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>create-trigger-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
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<img alt="syntax diagram create-trigger-stmt" src="../images/syntax/create-trigger-stmt.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt.html'>delete-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./insert-stmt.html'>insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt.html'>update-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>create-view-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
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<img alt="syntax diagram create-view-stmt" src="../images/syntax/create-view-stmt.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>
</blockquote>
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<h1 align='center'>create-virtual-table-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createvtab.html'>lang_createvtab.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>cte-table-name</h1>
<blockquote>
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<img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="../images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./recursive-cte.html'>recursive-cte</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./with-clause.html'>with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>delete-stmt-limited</h1>
<blockquote>
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<img alt="syntax diagram delete-stmt-limited" src="../images/syntax/delete-stmt-limited.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./qualified-table-name.html'>qualified-table-name</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./with-clause.html'>with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>delete-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram delete-stmt" src="../images/syntax/delete-stmt.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./qualified-table-name.html'>qualified-table-name</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./with-clause.html'>with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>detach-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
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<img alt="syntax diagram detach-stmt" src="../images/syntax/detach-stmt.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_detach.html'>lang_detach.html</a>
</blockquote>
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<h1 align='center'>drop-index-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram drop-index-stmt" src="../images/syntax/drop-index-stmt.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_dropindex.html'>lang_dropindex.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>drop-table-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_droptable.html'>lang_droptable.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>drop-trigger-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
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<img alt="syntax diagram drop-trigger-stmt" src="../images/syntax/drop-trigger-stmt.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_droptrigger.html'>lang_droptrigger.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>drop-view-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_dropview.html'>lang_dropview.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>expr</h1>
<blockquote>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="../images/syntax/expr.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./attach-stmt.html'>attach-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-index-stmt.html'>create-index-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt.html'>delete-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt-limited.html'>delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./indexed-column.html'>indexed-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./insert-stmt.html'>insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-constraint.html'>join-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./result-column.html'>result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-constraint.html'>table-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt.html'>update-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./literal-value.html'>literal-value</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./raise-function.html'>raise-function</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./type-name.html'>type-name</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>factored-select-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram factored-select-stmt" src="../images/syntax/factored-select-stmt.gif"></img><br>
<br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./common-table-expression.html'>common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./compound-operator.html'>compound-operator</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>foreign-key-clause</h1>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-constraint.html'>table-constraint</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>indexed-column</h1>
<blockquote>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-index-stmt.html'>create-index-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-constraint.html'>table-constraint</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>insert-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
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<img alt="syntax diagram insert-stmt" src="../images/syntax/insert-stmt.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./with-clause.html'>with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>join-clause</h1>
<blockquote>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="../images/syntax/join-clause.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-constraint.html'>join-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-operator.html'>join-operator</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>join-constraint</h1>
<blockquote>
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<img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="../images/syntax/join-constraint.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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<div class=startsearch></div>
  
<h1 align='center'>join-operator</h1>
<blockquote>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="../images/syntax/join-operator.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>literal-value</h1>
<blockquote>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
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<div class=startsearch></div>
  
<h1 align='center'>numeric-literal</h1>
<blockquote>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram numeric-literal" src="../images/syntax/numeric-literal.gif"></img><br>
<br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>ordering-term</h1>
<blockquote>
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<img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="../images/syntax/ordering-term.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt-limited.html'>delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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</div>


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<h1 align='center'>pragma-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./pragma-value.html'>pragma-value</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../pragma.html'>pragma.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>pragma-value</h1>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./pragma-stmt.html'>pragma-stmt</a><br></br>
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<h1 align='center'>qualified-table-name</h1>
<blockquote>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt.html'>delete-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt-limited.html'>delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt.html'>update-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_indexedby.html'>lang_indexedby.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>raise-function</h1>
<blockquote>
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<img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="../images/syntax/raise-function.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>recursive-cte</h1>
<blockquote>
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<br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./cte-table-name.html'>cte-table-name</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>reindex-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
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<h1 align='center'>release-stmt</h1>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_savepoint.html'>lang_savepoint.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>result-column</h1>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
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<h1 align='center'>rollback-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_savepoint.html'>lang_savepoint.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_transaction.html'>lang_transaction.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>savepoint-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_savepoint.html'>lang_savepoint.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>select-core</h1>
<blockquote>
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<img alt="syntax diagram select-core" src="../images/syntax/select-core.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./result-column.html'>result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>select-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
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<img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="../images/syntax/select-stmt.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./common-table-expression.html'>common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-table-stmt.html'>create-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-view-stmt.html'>create-view-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./insert-stmt.html'>insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./with-clause.html'>with-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./common-table-expression.html'>common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./compound-operator.html'>compound-operator</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./result-column.html'>result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>signed-number</h1>
<blockquote>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="../images/syntax/signed-number.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./pragma-value.html'>pragma-value</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./type-name.html'>type-name</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../pragma.html'>pragma.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>simple-select-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
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<img alt="syntax diagram simple-select-stmt" src="../images/syntax/simple-select-stmt.gif"></img><br>
<br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./common-table-expression.html'>common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang.html'>lang.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>sql-stmt</h1>
<blockquote>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram sql-stmt" src="../images/syntax/sql-stmt.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt-list.html'>sql-stmt-list</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./alter-table-stmt.html'>alter-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./analyze-stmt.html'>analyze-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./attach-stmt.html'>attach-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./begin-stmt.html'>begin-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./commit-stmt.html'>commit-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-index-stmt.html'>create-index-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-table-stmt.html'>create-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-view-stmt.html'>create-view-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-virtual-table-stmt.html'>create-virtual-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt.html'>delete-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt-limited.html'>delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./detach-stmt.html'>detach-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./drop-index-stmt.html'>drop-index-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./drop-table-stmt.html'>drop-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./drop-trigger-stmt.html'>drop-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./drop-view-stmt.html'>drop-view-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./insert-stmt.html'>insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./pragma-stmt.html'>pragma-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./reindex-stmt.html'>reindex-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./release-stmt.html'>release-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./rollback-stmt.html'>rollback-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./savepoint-stmt.html'>savepoint-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt.html'>update-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./vacuum-stmt.html'>vacuum-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang.html'>lang.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_explain.html'>lang_explain.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>table-constraint</h1>
<blockquote>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram table-constraint" src="../images/syntax/table-constraint.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-table-stmt.html'>create-table-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./conflict-clause.html'>conflict-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./foreign-key-clause.html'>foreign-key-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./indexed-column.html'>indexed-column</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>table-or-subquery</h1>
<blockquote>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="../images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
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<h1 align='center'>type-name</h1>
<blockquote>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-def.html'>column-def</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./signed-number.html'>signed-number</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>update-stmt-limited</h1>
<blockquote>
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<img alt="syntax diagram update-stmt-limited" src="../images/syntax/update-stmt-limited.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./qualified-table-name.html'>qualified-table-name</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./with-clause.html'>with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align='center'>update-stmt</h1>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./qualified-table-name.html'>qualified-table-name</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./with-clause.html'>with-clause</a><br></br>
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<h1 align='center'>vacuum-stmt</h1>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_vacuum.html'>lang_vacuum.html</a>
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<div class=startsearch></div>
  
<h1 align='center'>with-clause</h1>
<blockquote>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="../images/syntax/with-clause.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt.html'>delete-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt-limited.html'>delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./insert-stmt.html'>insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt.html'>update-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./cte-table-name.html'>cte-table-name</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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<h1 align=center>Syntax Diagrams For SQLite</h1>

<a name="sql-stmt-list"></a><h4>sql-stmt-list:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="sql-stmt-list"></a><h4>sql-stmt-list:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/sql-stmt-list.gif"></img><br></br><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang.html">lang.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="sql-stmt"></a><h4>sql-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="sql-stmt"></a><h4>sql-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/sql-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt-list">sql-stmt-list</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#alter-table-stmt">alter-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#analyze-stmt">analyze-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#attach-stmt">attach-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#begin-stmt">begin-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#commit-stmt">commit-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-index-stmt">create-index-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-table-stmt">create-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-view-stmt">create-view-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-virtual-table-stmt">create-virtual-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt">delete-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt-limited">delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#detach-stmt">detach-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#drop-index-stmt">drop-index-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#drop-table-stmt">drop-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#drop-trigger-stmt">drop-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#drop-view-stmt">drop-view-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#insert-stmt">insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#pragma-stmt">pragma-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#reindex-stmt">reindex-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#release-stmt">release-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#rollback-stmt">rollback-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#savepoint-stmt">savepoint-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt">update-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt-limited">update-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#vacuum-stmt">vacuum-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang.html">lang.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_explain.html">lang_explain.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="alter-table-stmt"></a><h4>alter-table-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="alter-table-stmt"></a><h4>alter-table-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/alter-table-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-def">column-def</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="analyze-stmt"></a><h4>analyze-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="analyze-stmt"></a><h4>analyze-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/analyze-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_analyze.html">lang_analyze.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="attach-stmt"></a><h4>attach-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="attach-stmt"></a><h4>attach-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/attach-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="begin-stmt"></a><h4>begin-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="begin-stmt"></a><h4>begin-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/begin-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_transaction.html">lang_transaction.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="commit-stmt"></a><h4>commit-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="commit-stmt"></a><h4>commit-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/commit-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_transaction.html">lang_transaction.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="rollback-stmt"></a><h4>rollback-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="rollback-stmt"></a><h4>rollback-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/rollback-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_savepoint.html">lang_savepoint.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_transaction.html">lang_transaction.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="savepoint-stmt"></a><h4>savepoint-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="savepoint-stmt"></a><h4>savepoint-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/savepoint-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_savepoint.html">lang_savepoint.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="release-stmt"></a><h4>release-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="release-stmt"></a><h4>release-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/release-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_savepoint.html">lang_savepoint.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="create-index-stmt"></a><h4>create-index-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="create-index-stmt"></a><h4>create-index-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/create-index-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#indexed-column">indexed-column</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="indexed-column"></a><h4>indexed-column:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="indexed-column"></a><h4>indexed-column:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-index-stmt">create-index-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-constraint">table-constraint</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst">lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst">lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="create-table-stmt"></a><h4>create-table-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="create-table-stmt"></a><h4>create-table-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/create-table-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-def">column-def</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-constraint">table-constraint</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="column-def"></a><h4>column-def:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="column-def"></a><h4>column-def:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/column-def.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#alter-table-stmt">alter-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-table-stmt">create-table-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#type-name">type-name</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef">lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="type-name"></a><h4>type-name:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="type-name"></a><h4>type-name:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/type-name.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-def">column-def</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#signed-number">signed-number</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="column-constraint"></a><h4>column-constraint:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="column-constraint"></a><h4>column-constraint:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/column-constraint.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-def">column-def</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#conflict-clause">conflict-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#foreign-key-clause">foreign-key-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#literal-value">literal-value</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#signed-number">signed-number</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef">lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="signed-number"></a><h4>signed-number:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="signed-number"></a><h4>signed-number:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#pragma-value">pragma-value</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#type-name">type-name</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="pragma.html#syntax">pragma.html#syntax</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="table-constraint"></a><h4>table-constraint:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="table-constraint"></a><h4>table-constraint:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/table-constraint.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-table-stmt">create-table-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#conflict-clause">conflict-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#foreign-key-clause">foreign-key-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#indexed-column">indexed-column</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst">lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef">lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst">lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="foreign-key-clause"></a><h4>foreign-key-clause:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="foreign-key-clause"></a><h4>foreign-key-clause:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/foreign-key-clause.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-constraint">table-constraint</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="conflict-clause"></a><h4>conflict-clause:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="conflict-clause"></a><h4>conflict-clause:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/conflict-clause.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-constraint">table-constraint</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_conflict.html">lang_conflict.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#notnullconst">lang_createtable.html#notnullconst</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="create-trigger-stmt"></a><h4>create-trigger-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="create-trigger-stmt"></a><h4>create-trigger-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/create-trigger-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt">delete-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#insert-stmt">insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt">update-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="create-view-stmt"></a><h4>create-view-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="create-view-stmt"></a><h4>create-view-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/create-view-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="create-virtual-table-stmt"></a><h4>create-virtual-table-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="create-virtual-table-stmt"></a><h4>create-virtual-table-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/create-virtual-table-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createvtab.html">lang_createvtab.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="with-clause"></a><h4>with-clause:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="with-clause"></a><h4>with-clause:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt">delete-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt-limited">delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#insert-stmt">insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt">update-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt-limited">update-stmt-limited</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#cte-table-name">cte-table-name</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="cte-table-name"></a><h4>cte-table-name:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="cte-table-name"></a><h4>cte-table-name:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#recursive-cte">recursive-cte</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html#recursivecte">lang_with.html#recursivecte</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="recursive-cte"></a><h4>recursive-cte:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="recursive-cte"></a><h4>recursive-cte:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/recursive-cte.gif"></img><br></br><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#cte-table-name">cte-table-name</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html#recursivecte">lang_with.html#recursivecte</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="common-table-expression"></a><h4>common-table-expression:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="common-table-expression"></a><h4>common-table-expression:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="delete-stmt"></a><h4>delete-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="delete-stmt"></a><h4>delete-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/delete-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#qualified-table-name">qualified-table-name</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="delete-stmt-limited"></a><h4>delete-stmt-limited:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="delete-stmt-limited"></a><h4>delete-stmt-limited:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/delete-stmt-limited.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#qualified-table-name">qualified-table-name</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="detach-stmt"></a><h4>detach-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="detach-stmt"></a><h4>detach-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/detach-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_detach.html">lang_detach.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="drop-index-stmt"></a><h4>drop-index-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="drop-index-stmt"></a><h4>drop-index-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/drop-index-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_dropindex.html">lang_dropindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="drop-table-stmt"></a><h4>drop-table-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="drop-table-stmt"></a><h4>drop-table-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/drop-table-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_droptable.html">lang_droptable.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="drop-trigger-stmt"></a><h4>drop-trigger-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="drop-trigger-stmt"></a><h4>drop-trigger-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/drop-trigger-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_droptrigger.html">lang_droptrigger.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="drop-view-stmt"></a><h4>drop-view-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="drop-view-stmt"></a><h4>drop-view-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/drop-view-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_dropview.html">lang_dropview.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="expr"></a><h4>expr:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="expr"></a><h4>expr:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/expr.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#attach-stmt">attach-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-index-stmt">create-index-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt">delete-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt-limited">delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#indexed-column">indexed-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#insert-stmt">insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-constraint">join-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#result-column">result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-constraint">table-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt">update-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt-limited">update-stmt-limited</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#literal-value">literal-value</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#raise-function">raise-function</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#type-name">type-name</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="raise-function"></a><h4>raise-function:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="raise-function"></a><h4>raise-function:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html#raise">lang_createtrigger.html#raise</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="literal-value"></a><h4>literal-value:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="literal-value"></a><h4>literal-value:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="numeric-literal"></a><h4>numeric-literal:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="numeric-literal"></a><h4>numeric-literal:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/numeric-literal.gif"></img><br></br><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html#litvalue">lang_expr.html#litvalue</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="insert-stmt"></a><h4>insert-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="insert-stmt"></a><h4>insert-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/insert-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="pragma-stmt"></a><h4>pragma-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="pragma-stmt"></a><h4>pragma-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/pragma-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#pragma-value">pragma-value</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="pragma.html#syntax">pragma.html#syntax</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="pragma-value"></a><h4>pragma-value:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="pragma-value"></a><h4>pragma-value:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/pragma-value.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#pragma-stmt">pragma-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#signed-number">signed-number</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="pragma.html#syntax">pragma.html#syntax</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="reindex-stmt"></a><h4>reindex-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="reindex-stmt"></a><h4>reindex-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/reindex-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_reindex.html">lang_reindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="select-stmt"></a><h4>select-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="select-stmt"></a><h4>select-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#common-table-expression">common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-table-stmt">create-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-view-stmt">create-view-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#insert-stmt">insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#common-table-expression">common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-operator">compound-operator</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#result-column">result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html#recursivecte">lang_with.html#recursivecte</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="join-clause"></a><h4>join-clause:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="join-clause"></a><h4>join-clause:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-constraint">join-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-operator">join-operator</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="select-core"></a><h4>select-core:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="select-core"></a><h4>select-core:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/select-core.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#result-column">result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="factored-select-stmt"></a><h4>factored-select-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="factored-select-stmt"></a><h4>factored-select-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/factored-select-stmt.gif"></img><br></br><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#common-table-expression">common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-operator">compound-operator</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="simple-select-stmt"></a><h4>simple-select-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="simple-select-stmt"></a><h4>simple-select-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/simple-select-stmt.gif"></img><br></br><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#common-table-expression">common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="compound-select-stmt"></a><h4>compound-select-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="compound-select-stmt"></a><h4>compound-select-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/compound-select-stmt.gif"></img><br></br><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#common-table-expression">common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="table-or-subquery"></a><h4>table-or-subquery:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="table-or-subquery"></a><h4>table-or-subquery:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="result-column"></a><h4>result-column:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="result-column"></a><h4>result-column:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/result-column.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="join-operator"></a><h4>join-operator:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="join-operator"></a><h4>join-operator:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#fromclause">lang_select.html#fromclause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="join-constraint"></a><h4>join-constraint:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="join-constraint"></a><h4>join-constraint:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#fromclause">lang_select.html#fromclause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="ordering-term"></a><h4>ordering-term:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="ordering-term"></a><h4>ordering-term:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt-limited">delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt-limited">update-stmt-limited</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="compound-operator"></a><h4>compound-operator:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="compound-operator"></a><h4>compound-operator:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html#recursivecte">lang_with.html#recursivecte</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="update-stmt"></a><h4>update-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="update-stmt"></a><h4>update-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/update-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#qualified-table-name">qualified-table-name</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="update-stmt-limited"></a><h4>update-stmt-limited:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="update-stmt-limited"></a><h4>update-stmt-limited:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/update-stmt-limited.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#qualified-table-name">qualified-table-name</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="qualified-table-name"></a><h4>qualified-table-name:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="qualified-table-name"></a><h4>qualified-table-name:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt">delete-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt-limited">delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt">update-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt-limited">update-stmt-limited</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_indexedby.html">lang_indexedby.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="vacuum-stmt"></a><h4>vacuum-stmt:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="vacuum-stmt"></a><h4>vacuum-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/vacuum-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_vacuum.html">lang_vacuum.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>

<a name="comment-syntax"></a><h4>comment-syntax:</h4><blockquote>
<a name="comment-syntax"></a><h4>comment-syntax:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/comment-syntax.gif"></img><br></br><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_comment.html">lang_comment.html</a>
</blockquote>
</div>


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    </div>
    <div id="mainSection">
    <div id="mainBody">
    <h1 class="heading">Version History</h1>
    <p><b>1.0.103.0 - September XX, 2016 <font color="red">(release scheduled)</font></b></p>
    <ul>
      <li>Updated to <a href="https://www.sqlite.org/draft/releaselog/3_14_2.html">SQLite 3.14.2</a>.</li>
      <li>Updated to <a href="https://www.sqlite.org/releaselog/3_14_2.html">SQLite 3.14.2</a>.</li>
      <li>Add preliminary support for the .NET Framework 4.6.2.</li>
      <li>Change the SQLiteReadValueCallback delegate &quot;eventArgs&quot; parameter to be of type SQLiteReadEventArgs.&nbsp;<b>** Potentially Incompatible Change **</b></li>
      <li>Make SQLiteReadValueEventArgs and SQLiteReadArrayEventArgs derive from SQLiteReadEventArgs.&nbsp;<b>** Potentially Incompatible Change **</b></li>
      <li>Rename SQLiteReadValueEventArgs.ArrayEventArgs property to ExtraEventArgs.&nbsp;<b>** Potentially Incompatible Change **</b></li>
      <li>Add No_SQLiteGetSettingValue and No_SQLiteXmlConfigFile environment variables.</li>
      <li>Reduce the number of calls to GetSettingValue from SQLiteConnection. Pursuant to <a href="https://system.data.sqlite.org/index.html/info/25d53b48f6">[25d53b48f6]</a>.&nbsp;<b>** Potentially Incompatible Change **</b></li>
      <li>Add NoVerifyTypeAffinity connection flag to disable all type affinity checking.</li>
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Core\syntax.html
Core\syntaxdiagrams.html
Core\syntax\alter-table-stmt.html
Core\syntax\analyze-stmt.html
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The Virtual Table Mechanism Of SQLite
</div>
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Table Of Contents
</a>
<div id="toc_sub"><div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#introduction">1. Introduction</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#usage">1.1. Usage</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc3"><a href="#temporary_virtual_tables">1.1.1. Temporary virtual tables</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc3"><a href="#eponymous_virtual_tables">1.1.2. Eponymous virtual tables</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc3"><a href="#eponymous_only_virtual_tables">1.1.3. Eponymous-only virtual tables</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#implementation">1.2. Implementation</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#virtual_tables_and_shared_cache">1.3. Virtual Tables And Shared Cache</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#creating_new_virtual_table_implementations">1.4. Creating New Virtual Table Implementations</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#virtual_table_methods">2. Virtual Table Methods</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xcreate_method">2.1. The xCreate Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc3"><a href="#hidden_columns_in_virtual_tables">2.1.1. Hidden columns in virtual tables</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc3"><a href="#table_valued_functions">2.1.2. Table-valued functions</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc3"><a href="#_without_rowid_virtual_tables_">2.1.3.  WITHOUT ROWID Virtual Tables </a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xconnect_method">2.2. The xConnect Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xbestindex_method">2.3. The xBestIndex Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc3"><a href="#inputs">2.3.1. Inputs</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc3"><a href="#outputs">2.3.2. Outputs</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xdisconnect_method">2.4. The xDisconnect Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xdestroy_method">2.5. The xDestroy Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xopen_method">2.6. The xOpen Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xclose_method">2.7. The xClose Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xeof_method">2.8. The xEof Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xfilter_method">2.9. The xFilter Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xnext_method">2.10. The xNext Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xcolumn_method">2.11. The xColumn Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xrowid_method">2.12. The xRowid Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xupdate_method">2.13. The xUpdate Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xfindfunction_method">2.14. The xFindFunction Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xbegin_method">2.15. The xBegin Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xsync_method">2.16. The xSync Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xcommit_method">2.17. The xCommit Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xrollback_method">2.18. The xRollback Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xrename_method">2.19. The xRename Method</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_xsavepoint_xrelease_and_xrollbackto_methods">2.20. The xSavepoint, xRelease, and xRollbackTo Methods</a></div>
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      The Virtual Table Mechanism Of SQLite
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    <div style="font-size:1.5em;margin:1em;color:#044a64">
      Table Of Contents</div>
    <div id=toc> <div style="margin-left:6ex"><a href="#section_1">1. Introduction</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_1_1">1.1. Usage</a></div><div style="margin-left:18ex"><a href="#section_1_1_1">1.1.1. Temporary virtual tables</a></div><div style="margin-left:18ex"><a href="#section_1_1_2">1.1.2. Eponymous virtual tables</a></div><div style="margin-left:18ex"><a href="#section_1_1_3">1.1.3. Eponymous-only virtual tables</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_1_2">1.2. Implementation</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_1_3">1.3. Virtual Tables And Shared Cache</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_1_4">1.4. Creating New Virtual Table Implementations</a></div><div style="margin-left:6ex"><a href="#section_2">2. Virtual Table Methods</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_1">2.1. The xCreate Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:18ex"><a href="#section_2_1_1">2.1.1. Hidden columns in virtual tables</a></div><div style="margin-left:18ex"><a href="#section_2_1_2">2.1.2. Table-valued functions</a></div><div style="margin-left:18ex"><a href="#section_2_1_3">2.1.3.  WITHOUT ROWID Virtual Tables </a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_2">2.2. The xConnect Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_3">2.3. The xBestIndex Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:18ex"><a href="#section_2_3_1">2.3.1. Inputs</a></div><div style="margin-left:18ex"><a href="#section_2_3_2">2.3.2. Outputs</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_4">2.4. The xDisconnect Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_5">2.5. The xDestroy Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_6">2.6. The xOpen Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_7">2.7. The xClose Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_8">2.8. The xEof Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_9">2.9. The xFilter Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_10">2.10. The xNext Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_11">2.11. The xColumn Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_12">2.12. The xRowid Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_13">2.13. The xUpdate Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_14">2.14. The xFindFunction Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_15">2.15. The xBegin Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_16">2.16. The xSync Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_17">2.17. The xCommit Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_18">2.18. The xRollback Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_19">2.19. The xRename Method</a></div><div style="margin-left:12ex"><a href="#section_2_20">2.20. The xSavepoint, xRelease, and xRollbackTo Methods</a></div> </div>
    <div class=startsearch></div>
  


<h1 id="section_1">1. Introduction</h1>
<h1 id="introduction"><span>1. </span>Introduction</h1>

<p>A virtual table is an object that is registered with an open SQLite
<a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a>. From the perspective of an SQL statement,
the virtual table object looks like any other table or view. 
But behind the scenes, queries and updates on a virtual table
invoke callback methods of the virtual table object instead of
reading and writing on the database file.

<p>The virtual table mechanism allows an application to publish
</p><p>The virtual table mechanism allows an application to publish
interfaces that are accessible from SQL statements as if they were
tables. SQL statements can do almost anything to a
virtual table that they can do to a real table, with the following
exceptions:

<p>
<ul>
</p><p>
</p><ul>
<li> One cannot create a trigger on a virtual table.
<li> One cannot create additional indices on a virtual table. 
</li><li> One cannot create additional indices on a virtual table. 
     (Virtual tables can have indices but that must be built into
     the virtual table implementation.  Indices cannot be added
     separately using <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a> statements.)
<li> One cannot run <a href="lang_altertable.html">ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN</a>
</li><li> One cannot run <a href="lang_altertable.html">ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN</a>
     commands against a virtual table.
</ul>
</li></ul>

<p>Individual virtual table implementations might impose additional
constraints. For example, some virtual implementations might provide
read-only tables. Or some virtual table implementations might allow
<a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> or <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a> but not <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a>.  Or some virtual table implementations
might limit the kinds of UPDATEs that can be made.

<p>A virtual table might represent an in-memory data structures. 
</p><p>A virtual table might represent an in-memory data structures. 
Or it might represent a view of data on disk that is not in the
SQLite format. Or the application might compute the content of the 
virtual table on demand.

<p>Here are some existing and postulated uses for virtual tables:
</p><p>Here are some existing and postulated uses for virtual tables:

<ul>
</p><ul>
<li> A <a href="fts3.html">full-text search</a> interface
<li> Spatial indices using <a href="rtree.html">R-Trees</a>
<li> Introspect the disk content of an SQLite database file
</li><li> Spatial indices using <a href="rtree.html">R-Trees</a>
</li><li> Introspect the disk content of an SQLite database file
     (the <a href="dbstat.html">dbstat virtual table</a>)
<li> Read and/or write the content of a comma-separated value (CSV)
</li><li> Read and/or write the content of a comma-separated value (CSV)
     file
<li> Access the filesystem of the host computer as if it were a database table
<li> Enabling SQL manipulation of data in statistics packages like R
</ul>
</li><li> Access the filesystem of the host computer as if it were a database table
</li><li> Enabling SQL manipulation of data in statistics packages like R
</li></ul>


<h2 id="section_1_1">1.1. Usage</h2>
<h2 id="usage"><span>1.1. </span>Usage</h2>

<p>A virtual table is created using a <a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a> statement.

<p><b><a href="syntax/create-virtual-table-stmt.html">create-virtual-table-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1475' onclick='hideorshow("x1475","x1476")'>hide</button></p>
 <blockquote id='x1476'>
 <div id='x1476' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-virtual-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-virtual-table-stmt.gif" />
</blockquote>
</div>


<p>The CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE statement creates a new table
</p><p>The CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE statement creates a new table
called <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span> derived from the class
class <span class='yyterm'>module-name</span>.  The <span class='yyterm'>module-name</span>
is the name that is registered for the virtual table by
the <a href="c3ref/create_module.html">sqlite3_create_module()</a> interface.

<blockquote><pre>
   CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE tablename USING modulename;
</pre></blockquote>
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE tablename USING modulename;
</pre></div>

<p>One can also provide comma-separated arguments to the module following 
the module name:

<blockquote><pre>
   CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE tablename USING modulename(arg1, arg2, ...);
</pre></blockquote>
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE tablename USING modulename(arg1, arg2, ...);
</pre></div>

<p>The format of the arguments to the module is very general. Each 
<span class='yyterm'>module-argument</span>
may contain keywords, string literals, identifiers, numbers, and 
punctuation. Each <span class='yyterm'>module-argument</span> is passed as 
written (as text) into the
<a href="vtab.html#xcreate">constructor method</a> of the virtual table implementation 
when the virtual 
table is created and that constructor is responsible for parsing and 
interpreting the arguments. The argument syntax is sufficiently general 
that a virtual table implementation can, if it wants to, interpret its
arguments as <a href="lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef">column definitions</a> in an ordinary <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement. 
The implementation could also impose some other interpretation on the 
arguments.

<p>Once a virtual table has been created, it can be used like any other 
</p><p>Once a virtual table has been created, it can be used like any other 
table with the exceptions noted above and imposed by specific virtual
table implementations. A virtual table is destroyed using the ordinary
<a href="lang_droptable.html">DROP TABLE</a> syntax.

<h3 id="section_1_1_1">1.1.1. Temporary virtual tables</h3>
</p><h3 id="temporary_virtual_tables"><span>1.1.1. </span>Temporary virtual tables</h3>

<p>There is no "CREATE TEMP VIRTUAL TABLE" statement.  To create a
temporary virtual table, add the "temp" schema
before the virtual table name.

<blockcuqote><pre>
   CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE <b>temp.</b>tablename USING module(arg1, ...);
</pre></blockquote>
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE <b>temp.</b>tablename USING module(arg1, ...);
</pre></div>

<a name="epovtab"></a>

<h3 id="section_1_1_2">1.1.2. Eponymous virtual tables</h3>
<h3 id="eponymous_virtual_tables"><span>1.1.2. </span>Eponymous virtual tables</h3>

<p>Some virtual tables exist automatically in the "main" schema of
every database connection in which their
module is registered, even without a <a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a> statement.
Such virtual tables are called "eponymous virtual tables".
To use an eponymous virtual table, simply use the 
module name as if it were a table.
Eponymous virtual tables exist in the "main" schema only, so they will
not work if prefixed with a different schema name.

<p>An example of an eponymous virtual table is the <a href="dbstat.html">dbstat virtual table</a>.
</p><p>An example of an eponymous virtual table is the <a href="dbstat.html">dbstat virtual table</a>.
To use the dbstat virtual table as an eponymous virtual table, 
simply query against the "dbstat"
module name, as if it were an ordinary table.  (Note that SQLite
must be compiled with the <a href="compile.html#enable_dbstat_vtab">SQLITE_ENABLE_DBSTAT_VTAB</a> option to include
the dbstat virtual table in the build.)

<blockquote><pre>
   SELECT * FROM dbstat;
</pre></blockquote>
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>SELECT * FROM dbstat;
</pre></div>

<p>A virtual table is eponymous if its <a href="vtab.html#xcreate">xCreate</a> method is the exact same
function as the <a href="vtab.html#xconnect">xConnect</a> method, or if the <a href="vtab.html#xcreate">xCreate</a> method is NULL.
The <a href="vtab.html#xcreate">xCreate</a> method is called when a virtual table is first created
using the <a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a> statement.  The <a href="vtab.html#xconnect">xConnect</a> method whenever
a database connection attaches to or reparses a schema. When these two methods
are the same, that indicates that the virtual table has no persistent
state that needs to be created and destroyed.

<a name="epoonlyvtab"></a>

<h3 id="section_1_1_3">1.1.3. Eponymous-only virtual tables</h3>
</p><h3 id="eponymous_only_virtual_tables"><span>1.1.3. </span>Eponymous-only virtual tables</h3>
<p>If the <a href="vtab.html#xcreate">xCreate</a> method is NULL, then
<a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a> statements are prohibited for that virtual table,
and the virtual table is an "eponymous-only virtual table".
Eponymous-only virtual tables are useful as 
<a href="vtab.html#tabfunc2">table-valued functions</a>.

<p>
</p><p>
Note that SQLite versions prior to 3.9.0 did not check the xCreate method
for NULL before invoking it.  So if an eponymous-only virtual table is
registered with SQLite version 3.8.11.1 or earlier and a <a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a>
command is attempted against that virtual table module, a jump to a NULL
pointer will occur, resulting in a crash.

<h2 id="section_1_2">1.2. Implementation</h2>
</p><h2 id="implementation"><span>1.2. </span>Implementation</h2>

<p>Several new C-level objects are used by the virtual table implementation:

<blockquote><pre>
  typedef struct sqlite3_vtab sqlite3_vtab;
  typedef struct sqlite3_index_info sqlite3_index_info;
  typedef struct sqlite3_vtab_cursor sqlite3_vtab_cursor;
  typedef struct sqlite3_module sqlite3_module;
</pre></blockquote>
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>typedef struct sqlite3_vtab sqlite3_vtab;
typedef struct sqlite3_index_info sqlite3_index_info;
typedef struct sqlite3_vtab_cursor sqlite3_vtab_cursor;
typedef struct sqlite3_module sqlite3_module;
</pre></div>

<p>The <a href="c3ref/module.html">sqlite3_module</a> structure defines a module object used to implement
a virtual table. Think of a module as a class from which one can 
construct multiple virtual tables having similar properties. For example,
one might have a module that provides read-only access to 
comma-separated-value (CSV) files on disk. That one module can then be
used to create several virtual tables where each virtual table refers
to a different CSV file.

<p>The module structure contains methods that are invoked by SQLite to
</p><p>The module structure contains methods that are invoked by SQLite to
perform various actions on the virtual table such as creating new
instances of a virtual table or destroying old ones, reading and
writing data, searching for and deleting, updating, or inserting rows. 
The module structure is explained in more detail below.

<p>Each virtual table instance is represented by an <a href="c3ref/vtab.html">sqlite3_vtab</a> structure. 
</p><p>Each virtual table instance is represented by an <a href="c3ref/vtab.html">sqlite3_vtab</a> structure. 
The sqlite3_vtab structure looks like this:

<blockquote><pre>
  struct sqlite3_vtab {
    const sqlite3_module *pModule;
    int nRef;
    char *zErrMsg;
  };
</pre></blockquote>
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>struct sqlite3_vtab {
  const sqlite3_module *pModule;
  int nRef;
  char *zErrMsg;
};
</pre></div>

<p>Virtual table implementations will normally subclass this structure 
to add additional private and implementation-specific fields. 
The nRef field is used internally by the SQLite core and should not 
be altered by the virtual table implementation. The virtual table 
implementation may pass error message text to the core by putting 
an error message string in zErrMsg.
Space to hold this error message string must be obtained from an
SQLite memory allocation function such as <a href="c3ref/mprintf.html">sqlite3_mprintf()</a> or
<a href="c3ref/free.html">sqlite3_malloc()</a>.
Prior to assigning a new value to zErrMsg, the virtual table 
implementation must free any preexisting content of zErrMsg using 
<a href="c3ref/free.html">sqlite3_free()</a>. Failure to do this will result in a memory leak. 
The SQLite core will free and zero the content of zErrMsg when it 
delivers the error message text to the client application or when 
it destroys the virtual table. The virtual table implementation only 
needs to worry about freeing the zErrMsg content when it overwrites 
the content with a new, different error message.

<p>The <a href="c3ref/vtab_cursor.html">sqlite3_vtab_cursor</a> structure represents a pointer to a specific
</p><p>The <a href="c3ref/vtab_cursor.html">sqlite3_vtab_cursor</a> structure represents a pointer to a specific
row of a virtual table. This is what an sqlite3_vtab_cursor looks like:

<blockquote><pre>
  struct sqlite3_vtab_cursor {
    sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
  };
</pre></blockquote>
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>struct sqlite3_vtab_cursor {
  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
};
</pre></div>

<p>Once again, practical implementations will likely subclass this 
structure to add additional private fields.

<p>The <a href="c3ref/index_info.html">sqlite3_index_info</a> structure is used to pass information into
</p><p>The <a href="c3ref/index_info.html">sqlite3_index_info</a> structure is used to pass information into
and out of the xBestIndex method of the module that implements a 
virtual table.

<p>Before a <a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a> statement can be run, the module 
</p><p>Before a <a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a> statement can be run, the module 
specified in that statement must be registered with the database 
connection. This is accomplished using either of the <a href="c3ref/create_module.html">sqlite3_create_module()</a>
or <a href="c3ref/create_module.html">sqlite3_create_module_v2()</a> interfaces:

<blockquote><pre>
  int sqlite3_create_module(
    sqlite3 *db,               /* SQLite connection to register module with */
    const char *zName,         /* Name of the module */
    const sqlite3_module *,    /* Methods for the module */
    void *                     /* Client data for xCreate/xConnect */
  );
  int sqlite3_create_module_v2(
    sqlite3 *db,               /* SQLite connection to register module with */
    const char *zName,         /* Name of the module */
    const sqlite3_module *,    /* Methods for the module */
    void *,                    /* Client data for xCreate/xConnect */
    void(*xDestroy)(void*)     /* Client data destructor function */
  );
</pre></blockquote>
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>int sqlite3_create_module(
  sqlite3 *db,               /* SQLite connection to register module with */
  const char *zName,         /* Name of the module */
  const sqlite3_module *,    /* Methods for the module */
  void *                     /* Client data for xCreate/xConnect */
);
int sqlite3_create_module_v2(
  sqlite3 *db,               /* SQLite connection to register module with */
  const char *zName,         /* Name of the module */
  const sqlite3_module *,    /* Methods for the module */
  void *,                    /* Client data for xCreate/xConnect */
  void(*xDestroy)(void*)     /* Client data destructor function */
);
</pre></div>

<p>The <a href="c3ref/create_module.html">sqlite3_create_module()</a> and <a href="c3ref/create_module.html">sqlite3_create_module_v2()</a>
routines associates a module name with 
an <a href="c3ref/module.html">sqlite3_module</a> structure and a separate client data that is specific 
to each module.  The only difference between the two create_module methods
is that the _v2 method includes an extra parameter that specifies a
destructor for client data pointer.  The module structure is what defines
the behavior of a virtual table.  The module structure looks like this:

<blockquote><pre>  
  struct sqlite3_module {
    int iVersion;
    int (*xCreate)(sqlite3*, void *pAux,
                 int argc, char **argv,
                 sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab,
                 char **pzErr);
    int (*xConnect)(sqlite3*, void *pAux,
                 int argc, char **argv,
                 sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab,
                 char **pzErr);
    int (*xBestIndex)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_index_info*);
    int (*xDisconnect)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
    int (*xDestroy)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
    int (*xOpen)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_vtab_cursor **ppCursor);
    int (*xClose)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
    int (*xFilter)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, int idxNum, const char *idxStr,
                  int argc, sqlite3_value **argv);
    int (*xNext)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
    int (*xEof)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
    int (*xColumn)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, sqlite3_context*, int);
    int (*xRowid)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, sqlite_int64 *pRowid);
    int (*xUpdate)(sqlite3_vtab *, int, sqlite3_value **, sqlite_int64 *);
    int (*xBegin)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
    int (*xSync)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
    int (*xCommit)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
    int (*xRollback)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
    int (*xFindFunction)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int nArg, const char *zName,
                       void (**pxFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
                       void **ppArg);
    int (*Rename)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, const char *zNew);
    /* The methods above are in version 1 of the sqlite_module object. Those 
    ** below are for version 2 and greater. */
    int (*xSavepoint)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, int);
    int (*xRelease)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, int);
    int (*xRollbackTo)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, int);
  };
</pre></blockquote>
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>
struct sqlite3_module {
  int iVersion;
  int (*xCreate)(sqlite3*, void *pAux,
               int argc, char **argv,
               sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab,
               char **pzErr);
  int (*xConnect)(sqlite3*, void *pAux,
               int argc, char **argv,
               sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab,
               char **pzErr);
  int (*xBestIndex)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_index_info*);
  int (*xDisconnect)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
  int (*xDestroy)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
  int (*xOpen)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_vtab_cursor **ppCursor);
  int (*xClose)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
  int (*xFilter)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, int idxNum, const char *idxStr,
                int argc, sqlite3_value **argv);
  int (*xNext)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
  int (*xEof)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
  int (*xColumn)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, sqlite3_context*, int);
  int (*xRowid)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, sqlite_int64 *pRowid);
  int (*xUpdate)(sqlite3_vtab *, int, sqlite3_value **, sqlite_int64 *);
  int (*xBegin)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
  int (*xSync)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
  int (*xCommit)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
  int (*xRollback)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
  int (*xFindFunction)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int nArg, const char *zName,
                     void (**pxFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
                     void **ppArg);
  int (*Rename)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, const char *zNew);
  /* The methods above are in version 1 of the sqlite_module object. Those 
  ** below are for version 2 and greater. */
  int (*xSavepoint)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, int);
  int (*xRelease)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, int);
  int (*xRollbackTo)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, int);
};
</pre></div>

<p>The module structure defines all of the methods for each virtual 
table object. The module structure also contains the iVersion field which
defines the particular edition of the module table structure. Currently, 
iVersion is always 1, but in future releases of SQLite the module structure 
definition might be extended with additional methods and in that case 
the iVersion value will be increased.

<p>The rest of the module structure consists of methods used to implement
</p><p>The rest of the module structure consists of methods used to implement
various features of the virtual table. Details on what each of these 
methods do are provided in the sequel.

<h2 id="section_1_3">1.3. Virtual Tables And Shared Cache</h2>
</p><h2 id="virtual_tables_and_shared_cache"><span>1.3. </span>Virtual Tables And Shared Cache</h2>

<p>Prior to SQLite <a href="releaselog/3_6_17.html">version 3.6.17</a>, the virtual table mechanism assumes 
that each <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a> kept
its own copy of the database schema. Hence, the virtual table mechanism
could not be used in a database that has <a href="sharedcache.html">shared cache mode</a> enabled. 
The <a href="c3ref/create_module.html">sqlite3_create_module()</a> interface would return an error if 
<a href="sharedcache.html">shared cache mode</a> is enabled.  That restriction was relaxed
beginning with SQLite <a href="releaselog/3_6_17.html">version 3.6.17</a>.

<h2 id="section_1_4">1.4. Creating New Virtual Table Implementations</h2>
</p><h2 id="creating_new_virtual_table_implementations"><span>1.4. </span>Creating New Virtual Table Implementations</h2>

<p>Follow these steps to create your own virtual table:

<p>
<ol>
</p><p>
</p><ol>
<li> Write all necessary methods.
<li> Create an instance of the <a href="c3ref/module.html">sqlite3_module</a> structure containing pointers
</li><li> Create an instance of the <a href="c3ref/module.html">sqlite3_module</a> structure containing pointers
     to all the methods from step 1.
<li> Register your <a href="c3ref/module.html">sqlite3_module</a> structure using one of the
</li><li> Register your <a href="c3ref/module.html">sqlite3_module</a> structure using one of the
     <a href="c3ref/create_module.html">sqlite3_create_module()</a> or <a href="c3ref/create_module.html">sqlite3_create_module_v2()</a> interfaces.
<li> Run a <a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a> command that specifies the new module in 
</li><li> Run a <a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a> command that specifies the new module in 
     the USING clause. 
</ol>
</li></ol>

<p>The only really hard part is step 1. You might want to start with an 
existing virtual table implementation and modify it to suit your needs.
There are several virtual table implementations in the SQLite source tree 
(for testing purposes). You might use one of those as a guide. Locate 
these test virtual table implementations by searching 
for "sqlite3_create_module".

<p>You might also want to implement your new virtual table as a 
</p><p>You might also want to implement your new virtual table as a 
<a href="c3ref/load_extension.html">loadable extension</a>.

<h1 id="section_2">2. Virtual Table Methods</h1>
</p><h1 id="virtual_table_methods"><span>2. </span>Virtual Table Methods</h1>

<a name="xcreate"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_1">2.1. The xCreate Method</h2>
<h2 id="the_xcreate_method"><span>2.1. </span>The xCreate Method</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xCreate)(sqlite3 *db, void *pAux,
               int argc, char **argv,
               sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab,
               char **pzErr);
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xCreate)(sqlite3 *db, void *pAux,
             int argc, char **argv,
             sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab,
             char **pzErr);
</pre></div>

<p>The xCreate method is called to create a new instance of a virtual table 
in response to a <a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a> statement.
If the xCreate method is the same pointer as the <a href="vtab.html#xconnect">xConnect</a> method, then the
virtual table is an <a href="vtab.html#epovtab">eponymous virtual table</a>.
If the xCreate method is omitted (if it is a NULL pointer) then the virtual 
table is an <a href="vtab.html#epoonlyvtab">eponymous-only virtual table</a>.


<p>The db parameter is a pointer to the SQLite <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a> that 
</p><p>The db parameter is a pointer to the SQLite <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a> that 
is executing the <a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a> statement. 
The pAux argument is the copy of the client data pointer that was the 
fourth argument to the <a href="c3ref/create_module.html">sqlite3_create_module()</a> or
<a href="c3ref/create_module.html">sqlite3_create_module_v2()</a> call that registered the 
<a href="c3ref/module.html">virtual table module</a>. 
The argv parameter is an array of argc pointers to null terminated strings. 
The first string, argv[0], is the name of the module being invoked.   The
module name is the name provided as the second argument to 
<a href="c3ref/create_module.html">sqlite3_create_module()</a> and as the argument to the USING clause of the
<a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a> statement that is running.
The second, argv[1], is the name of the database in which the new virtual table is being created. The database name is "main" for the primary database, or
"temp" for TEMP database, or the name given at the end of the <a href="lang_attach.html">ATTACH</a>
statement for attached databases.  The third element of the array, argv[2], 
is the name of the new virtual table, as specified following the TABLE
keyword in the <a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a> statement.
If present, the fourth and subsequent strings in the argv[] array report 
the arguments to the module name in the <a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a> statement.

<p>The job of this method is to construct the new virtual table object
</p><p>The job of this method is to construct the new virtual table object
(an <a href="c3ref/vtab.html">sqlite3_vtab</a> object) and return a pointer to it in *ppVTab.

<p>As part of the task of creating a new <a href="c3ref/vtab.html">sqlite3_vtab</a> structure, this 
</p><p>As part of the task of creating a new <a href="c3ref/vtab.html">sqlite3_vtab</a> structure, this 
method <u>must</u> invoke <a href="c3ref/declare_vtab.html">sqlite3_declare_vtab()</a> to tell the SQLite 
core about the columns and datatypes in the virtual table. 
The <a href="c3ref/declare_vtab.html">sqlite3_declare_vtab()</a> API has the following prototype:

<blockquote><pre>
    int sqlite3_declare_vtab(sqlite3 *db, const char *zCreateTable)
</pre></blockquote>
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>int sqlite3_declare_vtab(sqlite3 *db, const char *zCreateTable)
</pre></div>

<p>The first argument to <a href="c3ref/declare_vtab.html">sqlite3_declare_vtab()</a> must be the same 
<a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a> pointer as the first parameter to this method.
The second argument to <a href="c3ref/declare_vtab.html">sqlite3_declare_vtab()</a> must a zero-terminated 
UTF-8 string that contains a well-formed <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement that 
defines the columns in the virtual table and their data types. 
The name of the table in this CREATE TABLE statement is ignored, 
as are all constraints. Only the column names and datatypes matter.
The CREATE TABLE statement string need not to be 
held in persistent memory.  The string can be
deallocated and/or reused as soon as the <a href="c3ref/declare_vtab.html">sqlite3_declare_vtab()</a>
routine returns.

<p>The xCreate method need not initialize the pModule, nRef, and zErrMsg
</p><p>The xCreate method need not initialize the pModule, nRef, and zErrMsg
fields of the <a href="c3ref/vtab.html">sqlite3_vtab</a> object.  The SQLite core will take care of 
that chore.

<p>The xCreate should return <a href="rescode.html#ok">SQLITE_OK</a> if it is successful in 
</p><p>The xCreate should return <a href="rescode.html#ok">SQLITE_OK</a> if it is successful in 
creating the new virtual table, or <a href="rescode.html#error">SQLITE_ERROR</a> if it is not successful.
If not successful, the <a href="c3ref/vtab.html">sqlite3_vtab</a> structure must not be allocated. 
An error message may optionally be returned in *pzErr if unsuccessful.
Space to hold the error message string must be allocated using
an SQLite memory allocation function like 
<a href="c3ref/free.html">sqlite3_malloc()</a> or <a href="c3ref/mprintf.html">sqlite3_mprintf()</a> as the SQLite core will
attempt to free the space using <a href="c3ref/free.html">sqlite3_free()</a> after the error has
been reported up to the application.

<p>
</p><p>
If the xCreate method is omitted (left as a NULL pointer) then the
virtual table is an <a href="vtab.html#epoonlyvtab">eponymous-only virtual table</a>.  New instances of
the virtual table cannot be created using <a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a> and the
virtual table can only be used via its module name.
Note that SQLite versions prior to 3.9.0 do not understand
eponymous-only virtual tables and will segfault if an attempt is made
to <a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a> on an eponymous-only virtual table because
the xCreate method was not checked for null.

<p>
</p><p>
If the xCreate method is the exact same pointer as the <a href="vtab.html#xconnect">xConnect</a> method,
that indicates that the virtual table does not need to initialize backing
store.  Such a virtual table can be used as an <a href="vtab.html#epovtab">eponymous virtual table</a>
or as a named virtual table using <a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a> or both.

<a name="hiddencol"></a>

<h3 id="section_2_1_1">2.1.1. Hidden columns in virtual tables</h3>
</p><h3 id="hidden_columns_in_virtual_tables"><span>2.1.1. </span>Hidden columns in virtual tables</h3>
<p>If a column datatype contains the special keyword "HIDDEN"
(in any combination of upper and lower case letters) then that keyword
it is omitted from the column datatype name and the column is marked 
as a hidden column internally. 
A hidden column differs from a normal column in three respects:

<p>
<ul>
</p><p>
</p><ul>
<li> Hidden columns are not listed in the dataset returned by 
     "<a href="pragma.html#pragma_table_info">PRAGMA table_info</a>",
<li> Hidden columns are not included in the expansion of a "*"
</li><li> Hidden columns are not included in the expansion of a "*"
     expression in the result set of a <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a>, and
<li> Hidden columns are not included in the implicit column-list 
</li><li> Hidden columns are not included in the implicit column-list 
     used by an <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> statement that lacks an explicit column-list. 
</ul>
</li></ul>

<p>For example, if the following SQL is passed to <a href="c3ref/declare_vtab.html">sqlite3_declare_vtab()</a>:

<blockquote><pre>
   CREATE TABLE x(a HIDDEN VARCHAR(12), b INTEGER, c INTEGER Hidden);
</pre></blockquote>
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>CREATE TABLE x(a HIDDEN VARCHAR(12), b INTEGER, c INTEGER Hidden);
</pre></div>

<p>Then the virtual table would be created with two hidden columns,
and with datatypes of "VARCHAR(12)" and "INTEGER".

<p>An example use of hidden columns can be seen in the <a href="fts3.html">FTS3</a> virtual 
</p><p>An example use of hidden columns can be seen in the <a href="fts3.html">FTS3</a> virtual 
table implementation, where every FTS virtual table
contains an <a href="fts3.html#hiddencol">FTS hidden column</a> that is used to pass information from the
virtual table into <a href="fts3.html#snippet">FTS auxiliary functions</a> and to the <a href="fts3.html#section_3">FTS MATCH</a> operator.
virtual table into <a href="fts3.html#snippet">FTS auxiliary functions</a> and to the <a href="fts3.html#full_text_index_queries">FTS MATCH</a> operator.

<a name="tabfunc2"></a>

<h3 id="section_2_1_2">2.1.2. Table-valued functions</h3>
</p><h3 id="table_valued_functions"><span>2.1.2. </span>Table-valued functions</h3>

<p>A <a href="vtab.html">virtual table</a> that contains <a href="vtab.html#hiddencol">hidden columns</a> can be used like
a table-valued function in the FROM clause of a <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement.
The arguments to the table-valued function become constraints on 
the HIDDEN columns of the virtual table.

<p>For example, the "generate_series" extension (located in the
</p><p>For example, the "generate_series" extension (located in the
<a href="http://www.sqlite.org/src/artifact?ci=trunk&filename=ext/misc/series.c">ext/misc/series.c</a>
file in the <a href="http://www.sqlite.org/src/tree?ci=trunk">source tree</a>)
implements an <a href="vtab.html#epovtab">eponymous virtual table</a> with the following schema:

<blockquote><pre>
CREATE TABLE generate_series(
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>CREATE TABLE generate_series(
  value,
  start HIDDEN,
  stop HIDDEN,
  step HIDDEN
);
</pre></blockquote>
</pre></div>

<p>The <a href="vtab.html#xbestindex">sqlite3_module.xBestIndex</a> method in the implementation of this
table checks for equality constraints against the HIDDEN columns, and uses
those as input parameters to determine the range of integer "value" outputs
to generate.  Reasonable defaults are used for any unconstrained columns.
For example, to list all integers between 5 and 50:

<blockquote><pre>
SELECT value FROM generate_series(5,50);
</pre></blockquote>
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>SELECT value FROM generate_series(5,50);
</pre></div>

<p>The previous query is equivalent to the following:

<blockquote><pre>
SELECT value FROM generate_series WHERE start=5 AND stop=50;
</pre></blockquote>
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>SELECT value FROM generate_series WHERE start=5 AND stop=50;
</pre></div>

<p>Arguments on the virtual table name are matched to <a href="vtab.html#hiddencol">hidden columns</a>
in order.  The number of arguments can be less than the
number of hidden columns, in which case the latter hidden columns are
unconstrained.  However, an error results if there are more arguments
than there are hidden columns in the virtual table.

<a name="worid"></a>

<h3 id="section_2_1_3">2.1.3.  WITHOUT ROWID Virtual Tables </h3>
</p><h3 id="_without_rowid_virtual_tables_"><span>2.1.3. </span> WITHOUT ROWID Virtual Tables </h3>

<p>Beginning with SQLite <a href="releaselog/3_14.html">version 3.14.0</a>, the CREATE TABLE statement that
is passed into <a href="c3ref/declare_vtab.html">sqlite3_declare_vtab()</a> may contain a <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> clause.
This is useful for cases where the virtual table rows 
cannot easily be mapped into unique integers.  A CREATE TABLE
statement that includes WITHOUT ROWID must define one or more columns as
the PRIMARY KEY.  Every column of the PRIMARY KEY must individually be
NOT NULL and all columns for each row must be collectively unique.

<p>Note that SQLite does not enforce the PRIMARY KEY for a WITHOUT ROWID
</p><p>Note that SQLite does not enforce the PRIMARY KEY for a WITHOUT ROWID
virtual table.  Enforcement is the responsibility of the underlying
virtual table implementation.  But SQLite does assume that the PRIMARY KEY
constraint is valid - that the identified columns really are UNIQUE and
NOT NULL - and it uses that assumption to optimize queries against the
virtual table.

<p>The rowid column is not accessible on a
</p><p>The rowid column is not accessible on a
WITHOUT ROWID virtual table (of course).  Furthermore, since the
<a href="vtab.html#xupdate">xUpdate</a> method depends on having a valid rowid, the <a href="vtab.html#xupdate">xUpdate</a> method 
must be NULL for a WITHOUT ROWID virtual table.  That in turn means that
WITHOUT ROWID virtual tables must be read-only.


<a name="xconnect"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_2">2.2. The xConnect Method</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xconnect_method"><span>2.2. </span>The xConnect Method</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xConnect)(sqlite3*, void *pAux,
               int argc, char **argv,
               sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab,
               char **pzErr);
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xConnect)(sqlite3*, void *pAux,
             int argc, char **argv,
             sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab,
             char **pzErr);
</pre></div>

<p>The xConnect method is very similar to <a href="vtab.html#xcreate">xCreate</a>. 
It has the same parameters and constructs a new <a href="c3ref/vtab.html">sqlite3_vtab</a> structure 
just like xCreate. 
And it must also call <a href="c3ref/declare_vtab.html">sqlite3_declare_vtab()</a> like xCreate.

<p>The difference is that xConnect is called to establish a new 
</p><p>The difference is that xConnect is called to establish a new 
connection to an existing virtual table whereas xCreate is called 
to create a new virtual table from scratch.

<p>The xCreate and xConnect methods are only different when the
</p><p>The xCreate and xConnect methods are only different when the
virtual table has some kind of backing store that must be initialized 
the first time the virtual table is created. The xCreate method creates 
and initializes the backing store. The xConnect method just connects 
to an existing backing store.  When xCreate and xConnect are the same,
the table is an <a href="vtab.html#epovtab">eponymous virtual table</a>.

<p>As an example, consider a virtual table implementation that 
</p><p>As an example, consider a virtual table implementation that 
provides read-only access to existing comma-separated-value (CSV)
files on disk. There is no backing store that needs to be created 
or initialized for such a virtual table (since the CSV files already 
exist on disk) so the xCreate and xConnect methods will be identical 
for that module.

<p>Another example is a virtual table that implements a full-text index. 
</p><p>Another example is a virtual table that implements a full-text index. 
The xCreate method must create and initialize data structures to hold 
the dictionary and posting lists for that index. The xConnect method,
on the other hand, only has to locate and use an existing dictionary 
and posting lists that were created by a prior xCreate call.

<p>The xConnect method must return <a href="rescode.html#ok">SQLITE_OK</a> if it is successful 
</p><p>The xConnect method must return <a href="rescode.html#ok">SQLITE_OK</a> if it is successful 
in creating the new virtual table, or <a href="rescode.html#error">SQLITE_ERROR</a> if it is not 
successful. If not successful, the <a href="c3ref/vtab.html">sqlite3_vtab</a> structure must not be 
allocated. An error message may optionally be returned in *pzErr if 
unsuccessful. 
Space to hold the error message string must be allocated using
an SQLite memory allocation function like 
<a href="c3ref/free.html">sqlite3_malloc()</a> or <a href="c3ref/mprintf.html">sqlite3_mprintf()</a> as the SQLite core will
attempt to free the space using <a href="c3ref/free.html">sqlite3_free()</a> after the error has
been reported up to the application.

<p>The xConnect method is required for every virtual table implementation, 
</p><p>The xConnect method is required for every virtual table implementation, 
though the <a href="vtab.html#xcreate">xCreate</a> and xConnect pointers of the <a href="c3ref/module.html">sqlite3_module</a> object
may point to the same function if the virtual table does not need to
initialize backing store.

<a name="xbestindex"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_3">2.3. The xBestIndex Method</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xbestindex_method"><span>2.3. </span>The xBestIndex Method</h2>

<p>SQLite uses the xBestIndex method of a virtual table module to determine
the best way to access the virtual table. 
The xBestIndex method has a prototype like this:

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xBestIndex)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_index_info*);
</pre></blockquote>
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xBestIndex)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_index_info*);
</pre></div>

<p>The SQLite core communicates with the xBestIndex method by filling 
in certain fields of the <a href="c3ref/index_info.html">sqlite3_index_info</a> structure and passing a 
pointer to that structure into xBestIndex as the second parameter. 
The xBestIndex method fills out other fields of this structure which
forms the reply. The <a href="c3ref/index_info.html">sqlite3_index_info</a> structure looks like this:

<blockquote><pre>
  struct sqlite3_index_info {
    /* Inputs */
    const int nConstraint;     /* Number of entries in aConstraint */
    const struct sqlite3_index_constraint {
       int iColumn;              /* Column constrained.  -1 for ROWID */
       unsigned char op;         /* Constraint operator */
       unsigned char usable;     /* True if this constraint is usable */
       int iTermOffset;          /* Used internally - xBestIndex should ignore */
    } *const aConstraint;      /* Table of WHERE clause constraints */
    const int nOrderBy;        /* Number of terms in the ORDER BY clause */
    const struct sqlite3_index_orderby {
       int iColumn;              /* Column number */
       unsigned char desc;       /* True for DESC.  False for ASC. */
    } *const aOrderBy;         /* The ORDER BY clause */
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>struct sqlite3_index_info {
  /* Inputs */
  const int nConstraint;     /* Number of entries in aConstraint */
  const struct sqlite3_index_constraint {
     int iColumn;              /* Column constrained.  -1 for ROWID */
     unsigned char op;         /* Constraint operator */
     unsigned char usable;     /* True if this constraint is usable */
     int iTermOffset;          /* Used internally - xBestIndex should ignore */
  } *const aConstraint;      /* Table of WHERE clause constraints */
  const int nOrderBy;        /* Number of terms in the ORDER BY clause */
  const struct sqlite3_index_orderby {
     int iColumn;              /* Column number */
     unsigned char desc;       /* True for DESC.  False for ASC. */
  } *const aOrderBy;         /* The ORDER BY clause */

    /* Outputs */
    struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage {
      int argvIndex;           /* if >0, constraint is part of argv to xFilter */
      unsigned char omit;      /* Do not code a test for this constraint */
    } *const aConstraintUsage;
    int idxNum;                /* Number used to identify the index */
    char *idxStr;              /* String, possibly obtained from sqlite3_malloc */
    int needToFreeIdxStr;      /* Free idxStr using sqlite3_free() if true */
    int orderByConsumed;       /* True if output is already ordered */
    double estimatedCost;      /* Estimated cost of using this index */
    <b>/* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.8.2 and later */</b>
    sqlite3_int64 estimatedRows;    /* Estimated number of rows returned */
    <b>/* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.9.0 and later */</b>
    int idxFlags;              /* Mask of SQLITE_INDEX_SCAN_* flags */
    <b>/* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.10.0 and later */</b>
    sqlite3_uint64 colUsed;    /* Input: Mask of columns used by statement */
  };
</pre></blockquote>
  /* Outputs */
  struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage {
    int argvIndex;           /* if >0, constraint is part of argv to xFilter */
    unsigned char omit;      /* Do not code a test for this constraint */
  } *const aConstraintUsage;
  int idxNum;                /* Number used to identify the index */
  char *idxStr;              /* String, possibly obtained from sqlite3_malloc */
  int needToFreeIdxStr;      /* Free idxStr using sqlite3_free() if true */
  int orderByConsumed;       /* True if output is already ordered */
  double estimatedCost;      /* Estimated cost of using this index */
  <b>/* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.8.2 and later */</b>
  sqlite3_int64 estimatedRows;    /* Estimated number of rows returned */
  <b>/* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.9.0 and later */</b>
  int idxFlags;              /* Mask of SQLITE_INDEX_SCAN_* flags */
  <b>/* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.10.0 and later */</b>
  sqlite3_uint64 colUsed;    /* Input: Mask of columns used by statement */
};
</pre></div>

<p>Note the warnings on the "estimatedRows", "idxFlags", and colUsed fields.
These fields were added with SQLite versions 3.8.2, 3.9.0, and 3.10.0, respectively. 
Any extension that reads or writes these fields must first check that the 
version of the SQLite library in use is greater than or equal to appropriate
version - perhaps comparing the value returned from <a href="c3ref/libversion.html">sqlite3_libversion_number()</a>
against constants 3008002, 3009000, and/or 3010000. The result of attempting 
to access these fields in an sqlite3_index_info structure created by an 
older version of SQLite are undefined.

<p>In addition, there are some defined constants:
</p><p>In addition, there are some defined constants:

<blockquote><pre>
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ      2
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT      4
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE      8
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT     16
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE     32
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_MATCH  64
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LIKE   65     /* 3.10.0 and later only */
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GLOB   66     /* 3.10.0 and later only */
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_REGEXP 67     /* 3.10.0 and later only */
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_SCAN_UNIQUE        1     /* Scan visits at most 1 row */
</pre></blockquote>
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ      2
#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT      4
#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE      8
#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT     16
#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE     32
#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_MATCH  64
#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LIKE   65     /* 3.10.0 and later only */
#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GLOB   66     /* 3.10.0 and later only */
#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_REGEXP 67     /* 3.10.0 and later only */
#define SQLITE_INDEX_SCAN_UNIQUE        1     /* Scan visits at most 1 row */
</pre></div>

<p>The SQLite core calls the xBestIndex method when it is compiling a query
that involves a virtual table. In other words, SQLite calls this method 
when it is running <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a> or the equivalent. 
By calling this method, the 
SQLite core is saying to the virtual table that it needs to access 
some subset of the rows in the virtual table and it wants to know the
most efficient way to do that access. The xBestIndex method replies 
with information that the SQLite core can then use to conduct an 
efficient search of the virtual table.

<p>While compiling a single SQL query, the SQLite core might call 
</p><p>While compiling a single SQL query, the SQLite core might call 
xBestIndex multiple times with different settings in <a href="c3ref/index_info.html">sqlite3_index_info</a>.
The SQLite core will then select the combination that appears to 
give the best performance.

<p>Before calling this method, the SQLite core initializes an instance 
</p><p>Before calling this method, the SQLite core initializes an instance 
of the <a href="c3ref/index_info.html">sqlite3_index_info</a> structure with information about the
query that it is currently trying to process. This information 
derives mainly from the WHERE clause and ORDER BY or GROUP BY clauses 
of the query, but also from any ON or USING clauses if the query is a 
join. The information that the SQLite core provides to the xBestIndex 
method is held in the part of the structure that is marked as "Inputs". 
The "Outputs" section is initialized to zero.

<p>The information in the <a href="c3ref/index_info.html">sqlite3_index_info</a> structure is ephemeral
</p><p>The information in the <a href="c3ref/index_info.html">sqlite3_index_info</a> structure is ephemeral
and may be overwritten or deallocated as soon as the xBestIndex method
returns.  If the xBestIndex method needs to remember any part of the
<a href="c3ref/index_info.html">sqlite3_index_info</a> structure, it should make a copy.  Care must be
take to store the copy in a place where it will be deallocated, such
as in the idxStr field with needToFreeIdxStr set to 1.

<p>Note that xBestIndex will always be called before <a href="vtab.html#xfilter">xFilter</a>, since
</p><p>Note that xBestIndex will always be called before <a href="vtab.html#xfilter">xFilter</a>, since
the idxNum and idxStr outputs from xBestIndex are required inputs to
xFilter.  However, there is no guarantee that xFilter will be called
following a successful xBestIndex.  

<p>The xBestIndex method is required for every virtual table implementation.
</p><p>The xBestIndex method is required for every virtual table implementation.

<h3 id="section_2_3_1">2.3.1. Inputs</h3>
</p><h3 id="inputs"><span>2.3.1. </span>Inputs</h3>

<p>The main thing that the SQLite core is trying to communicate to 
the virtual table is the constraints that are available to limit 
the number of rows that need to be searched. The aConstraint[] array 
contains one entry for each constraint. There will be exactly 
nConstraint entries in that array.

<p>Each constraint will correspond to a term in the WHERE clause
</p><p>Each constraint will correspond to a term in the WHERE clause
or in a USING or ON clause that is of the form

<blockquote>
</p><blockquote>
     column  OP  EXPR
</blockquote>

<p>Where "column" is a column in the virtual table, OP is an operator 
like "=" or "&lt;", and EXPR is an arbitrary expression. So, for example,
if the WHERE clause contained a term like this:

<blockquote><pre>
     a = 5
</pre></blockquote>
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>a = 5
</pre></div>

<p>Then one of the constraints would be on the "a" column with 
operator "=" and an expression of "5". Constraints need not have a
literal representation of the WHERE clause. The query optimizer might
make transformations to the 
WHERE clause in order to extract as many constraints 
as it can. So, for example, if the WHERE clause contained something 
like this:

<blockquote><pre>
     x BETWEEN 10 AND 100 AND 999&gt;y
</pre></blockquote>
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>x BETWEEN 10 AND 100 AND 999&gt;y
</pre></div>

<p>The query optimizer might translate this into three separate constraints:

<blockquote><pre>
     x &gt;= 10
     x &lt;= 100
     y &lt; 999
</pre></blockquote>
</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>x &gt;= 10
x &lt;= 100
y &lt; 999
</pre></div>

<p>For each constraint, the aConstraint[].iColumn field indicates which 
column appears on the left-hand side of the constraint.
The first column of the virtual table is column 0. 
The rowid of the virtual table is column -1. 
The aConstraint[].op field indicates which operator is used. 
The SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_* constants map integer constants 
into operator values.
Columns occur in the order they were defined by the call to
<a href="c3ref/declare_vtab.html">sqlite3_declare_vtab()</a> in the <a href="vtab.html#xcreate">xCreate</a> or <a href="vtab.html#xconnect">xConnect</a> method.
Hidden columns are counted when determining the column index.

<p>The aConstraint[] array contains information about all constraints 
</p><p>The aConstraint[] array contains information about all constraints 
that apply to the virtual table. But some of the constraints might
not be usable because of the way tables are ordered in a join. 
The xBestIndex method must therefore only consider constraints 
that have an aConstraint[].usable flag which is true.

<p>In addition to WHERE clause constraints, the SQLite core also 
</p><p>In addition to WHERE clause constraints, the SQLite core also 
tells the xBestIndex method about the ORDER BY clause. 
(In an aggregate query, the SQLite core might put in GROUP BY clause 
information in place of the ORDER BY clause information, but this fact
should not make any difference to the xBestIndex method.) 
If all terms of the ORDER BY clause are columns in the virtual table, 
then nOrderBy will be the number of terms in the ORDER BY clause 
and the aOrderBy[] array will identify the column for each term 
in the order by clause and whether or not that column is ASC or DESC.

<a name="colUsed"></a>

<p>In SQLite version 3.10.0 and later, the colUsed field is available
</p><p>In SQLite version 3.10.0 and later, the colUsed field is available
to indicate which fields of the virtual table are actually used by the
statement being prepared.  If the lowest bit of colUsed is set, that
means that the first column is used.  The second lowest bit corresponds
to the second column.  And so forth.  If the most significant bit of
colUsed is set, that means that one or more columns other than the 
first 63 columns are used.  If column usage information is needed by the
<a href="vtab.html#xfilter">xFilter</a> method, then the required bits must be encoded into either
the idxNum or idxStr output fields.

<h3 id="section_2_3_2">2.3.2. Outputs</h3>
</p><h3 id="outputs"><span>2.3.2. </span>Outputs</h3>

<p>Given all of the information above, the job of the xBestIndex 
method it to figure out the best way to search the virtual table.

<p>The xBestIndex method fills the idxNum and idxStr fields with 
</p><p>The xBestIndex method fills the idxNum and idxStr fields with 
information that communicates an indexing strategy to the <a href="vtab.html#xfilter">xFilter</a> 
method. The information in idxNum and idxStr is arbitrary as far 
as the SQLite core is concerned. The SQLite core just copies the 
information through to the <a href="vtab.html#xfilter">xFilter</a> method. Any desired meaning can 
be assigned to idxNum and idxStr as long as xBestIndex and xFilter 
agree on what that meaning is.

<p>The idxStr value may be a string obtained from an SQLite
</p><p>The idxStr value may be a string obtained from an SQLite
memory allocation function such as <a href="c3ref/mprintf.html">sqlite3_mprintf()</a>. 
If this is the case, then the needToFreeIdxStr flag must be set to 
true so that the SQLite core will know to call <a href="c3ref/free.html">sqlite3_free()</a> on 
that string when it has finished with it, and thus avoid a memory leak.

<p>If the virtual table will output rows in the order specified by 
</p><p>If the virtual table will output rows in the order specified by 
the ORDER BY clause, then the orderByConsumed flag may be set to 
true. If the output is not automatically in the correct order 
then orderByConsumed must be left in its default false setting. 
This will indicate to the SQLite core that it will need to do a 
separate sorting pass over the data after it comes out of the virtual table.

<p>The estimatedCost field should be set to the estimated number
</p><p>The estimatedCost field should be set to the estimated number
of disk access operations required to execute this query against 
the virtual table. The SQLite core will often call xBestIndex 
multiple times with different constraints, obtain multiple cost
estimates, then choose the query plan that gives the lowest estimate.

<p>If the current version of SQLite is 3.8.2 or greater, the estimatedRows
</p><p>If the current version of SQLite is 3.8.2 or greater, the estimatedRows
field may be set to an estimate of the number of rows returned by the
proposed query plan. If this value is not explicitly set, the default 
estimate of 25 rows is used.

<p>If the current version of SQLite is 3.9.0 or greater, the idxFlags field
</p><p>If the current version of SQLite is 3.9.0 or greater, the idxFlags field
may be set to SQLITE_INDEX_SCAN_UNIQUE to indicate that the virtual table
will return only zero or one rows given the input constraints.  Additional
bits of the idxFlags field might be understood in later versions of SQLite.

<p>The aConstraintUsage[] array contains one element for each of 
</p><p>The aConstraintUsage[] array contains one element for each of 
the nConstraint constraints in the inputs section of the 
<a href="c3ref/index_info.html">sqlite3_index_info</a> structure. 
The aConstraintUsage[] array is used by xBestIndex to tell the 
core how it is using the constraints.

<p>The xBestIndex method may set aConstraintUsage[].argvIndex 
</p><p>The xBestIndex method may set aConstraintUsage[].argvIndex 
entries to values greater than zero. 
Exactly one entry should be set to 1, another to 2, another to 3, 
and so forth up to as many or as few as the xBestIndex method wants. 
The EXPR of the corresponding constraints will then be passed 
in as the argv[] parameters to xFilter.

<p>For example, if the aConstraint[3].argvIndex is set to 1, then 
</p><p>For example, if the aConstraint[3].argvIndex is set to 1, then 
when xFilter is called, the argv[0] passed to xFilter will have 
the EXPR value of the aConstraint[3] constraint.

<p>By default, the SQLite core double checks all constraints on 
</p><p>By default, the SQLite core double checks all constraints on 
each row of the virtual table that it receives. If such a check 
is redundant, the xBestFilter method can suppress that double-check by 
setting aConstraintUsage[].omit.

<a name="xdisconnect"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_4">2.4. The xDisconnect Method</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xdisconnect_method"><span>2.4. </span>The xDisconnect Method</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xDisconnect)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xDisconnect)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
</pre></div>

<p>This method releases a connection to a virtual table. 
Only the <a href="c3ref/vtab.html">sqlite3_vtab</a> object is destroyed.
The virtual table is not destroyed and any backing store 
associated with the virtual table persists. 

This method undoes the work of <a href="vtab.html#xconnect">xConnect</a>.

<p>This method is a destructor for a connection to the virtual table.
</p><p>This method is a destructor for a connection to the virtual table.
Contrast this method with <a href="vtab.html#sqlite3_module.xDestroy">xDestroy</a>.  The xDestroy is a destructor
for the entire virtual table.

<p>The xDisconnect method is required for every virtual table implementation,
</p><p>The xDisconnect method is required for every virtual table implementation,
though it is acceptable for the xDisconnect and <a href="vtab.html#sqlite3_module.xDestroy">xDestroy</a> methods to be
the same function if that makes sense for the particular virtual table.

<a name="sqlite3_module.xDestroy"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_5">2.5. The xDestroy Method</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xdestroy_method"><span>2.5. </span>The xDestroy Method</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xDestroy)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xDestroy)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
</pre></div>

<p>This method releases a connection to a virtual table, just like 
the <a href="vtab.html#xdisconnect">xDisconnect</a> method, and it also destroys the underlying 
table implementation. This method undoes the work of <a href="vtab.html#xcreate">xCreate</a>.

<p>The <a href="vtab.html#xdisconnect">xDisconnect</a> method is called whenever a database connection
</p><p>The <a href="vtab.html#xdisconnect">xDisconnect</a> method is called whenever a database connection
that uses a virtual table is closed. The xDestroy method is only 
called when a <a href="lang_droptable.html">DROP TABLE</a> statement is executed against the virtual table.

<p>The xDestroy method is required for every virtual table implementation,
</p><p>The xDestroy method is required for every virtual table implementation,
though it is acceptable for the <a href="vtab.html#xdisconnect">xDisconnect</a> and xDestroy methods to be
the same function if that makes sense for the particular virtual table.

<a name="xopen"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_6">2.6. The xOpen Method</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xopen_method"><span>2.6. </span>The xOpen Method</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xOpen)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_vtab_cursor **ppCursor);
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xOpen)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_vtab_cursor **ppCursor);
</pre></div>

<p>The xOpen method creates a new cursor used for accessing (read and/or
writing) a virtual table.  A successful invocation of this method 
will allocate the memory for the <a href="c3ref/vtab_cursor.html">sqlite3_vtab_cursor</a> (or a subclass),
initialize the new object, and make *ppCursor point to the new object.
The successful call then returns <a href="rescode.html#ok">SQLITE_OK</a>.

<p>For every successful call to this method, the SQLite core will
</p><p>For every successful call to this method, the SQLite core will
later invoke the <a href="vtab.html#xclose">xClose</a> method to destroy 
the allocated cursor.

<p>The xOpen method need not initialize the pVtab field of the
</p><p>The xOpen method need not initialize the pVtab field of the
<a href="c3ref/vtab_cursor.html">sqlite3_vtab_cursor</a> structure.  The SQLite core will take care
of that chore automatically.

<p>A virtual table implementation must be able to support an arbitrary
</p><p>A virtual table implementation must be able to support an arbitrary
number of simultaneously open cursors.

<p>When initially opened, the cursor is in an undefined state.
</p><p>When initially opened, the cursor is in an undefined state.
The SQLite core will invoke the <a href="vtab.html#xfilter">xFilter</a> method
on the cursor prior to any attempt to position or read from the cursor.

<p>The xOpen method is required for every virtual table implementation.
</p><p>The xOpen method is required for every virtual table implementation.

<a name="xclose"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_7">2.7. The xClose Method</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xclose_method"><span>2.7. </span>The xClose Method</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xClose)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xClose)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
</pre></div>

<p>The xClose method closes a cursor previously opened by 
<a href="vtab.html#xopen">xOpen</a>. 
The SQLite core will always call xClose once for each cursor opened 
using xOpen.

<p>This method must release all resources allocated by the
</p><p>This method must release all resources allocated by the
corresponding xOpen call. The routine will not be called again even if it
returns an error.  The SQLite core will not use the
<a href="c3ref/vtab_cursor.html">sqlite3_vtab_cursor</a> again after it has been closed.

<p>The xClose method is required for every virtual table implementation.
</p><p>The xClose method is required for every virtual table implementation.

<a name="xeof"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_8">2.8. The xEof Method</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xeof_method"><span>2.8. </span>The xEof Method</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xEof)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xEof)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
</pre></div>

<p>The xEof method must return false (zero) if the specified cursor 
currently points to a valid row of data, or true (non-zero) otherwise. 
This method is called by the SQL engine immediately after each 
<a href="vtab.html#xfilter">xFilter</a> and <a href="vtab.html#xnext">xNext</a> invocation.

<p>The xEof method is required for every virtual table implementation.
</p><p>The xEof method is required for every virtual table implementation.

<a name="xfilter"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_9">2.9. The xFilter Method</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xfilter_method"><span>2.9. </span>The xFilter Method</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xFilter)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, int idxNum, const char *idxStr,
                int argc, sqlite3_value **argv);
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xFilter)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, int idxNum, const char *idxStr,
              int argc, sqlite3_value **argv);
</pre></div>

<p>This method begins a search of a virtual table. 
The first argument is a cursor opened by <a href="vtab.html#xopen">xOpen</a>. 
The next two arguments define a particular search index previously 
chosen by <a href="vtab.html#xbestindex">xBestIndex</a>. The specific meanings of idxNum and idxStr 
are unimportant as long as xFilter and xBestIndex agree on what 
that meaning is.

<p>The xBestIndex function may have requested the values of 
</p><p>The xBestIndex function may have requested the values of 
certain expressions using the aConstraintUsage[].argvIndex values 
of the <a href="c3ref/index_info.html">sqlite3_index_info</a> structure. 
Those values are passed to xFilter using the argc and argv parameters.

<p>If the virtual table contains one or more rows that match the
</p><p>If the virtual table contains one or more rows that match the
search criteria, then the cursor must be left point at the first row.
Subsequent calls to <a href="vtab.html#xeof">xEof</a> must return false (zero).
If there are no rows match, then the cursor must be left in a state 
that will cause the <a href="vtab.html#xeof">xEof</a> to return true (non-zero).
The SQLite engine will use
the <a href="vtab.html#xcolumn">xColumn</a> and <a href="vtab.html#xrowid">xRowid</a> methods to access that row content.
The <a href="vtab.html#xnext">xNext</a> method will be used to advance to the next row.

<p>This method must return <a href="rescode.html#ok">SQLITE_OK</a> if successful, or an sqlite 
</p><p>This method must return <a href="rescode.html#ok">SQLITE_OK</a> if successful, or an sqlite 
<a href="rescode.html">error code</a> if an error occurs.

<p>The xFilter method is required for every virtual table implementation.
</p><p>The xFilter method is required for every virtual table implementation.

<a name="xnext"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_10">2.10. The xNext Method</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xnext_method"><span>2.10. </span>The xNext Method</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xNext)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xNext)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
</pre></div>

<p>The xNext method advances a <a href="c3ref/vtab_cursor.html">virtual table cursor</a>
to the next row of a result set initiated by <a href="vtab.html#xfilter">xFilter</a>. 
If the cursor is already pointing at the last row when this 
routine is called, then the cursor no longer points to valid 
data and a subsequent call to the <a href="vtab.html#xeof">xEof</a> method must return true (non-zero). 
If the cursor is successfully advanced to another row of content, then
subsequent calls to <a href="vtab.html#xeof">xEof</a> must return false (zero).

<p>This method must return <a href="rescode.html#ok">SQLITE_OK</a> if successful, or an sqlite 
</p><p>This method must return <a href="rescode.html#ok">SQLITE_OK</a> if successful, or an sqlite 
<a href="rescode.html">error code</a> if an error occurs.

<p>The xNext method is required for every virtual table implementation.
</p><p>The xNext method is required for every virtual table implementation.

<a name="xcolumn"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_11">2.11. The xColumn Method</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xcolumn_method"><span>2.11. </span>The xColumn Method</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xColumn)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, sqlite3_context*, int N);
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xColumn)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, sqlite3_context*, int N);
</pre></div>

<p>The SQLite core invokes this method in order to find the value for 
the N-th column of the current row. N is zero-based so the first column 
is numbered 0. 
The xColumn method may return its result back to SQLite using one of the
following interface:

<p>
<ul>
</p><p>
</p><ul>
<li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_blob()</a>
<li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_double()</a>
<li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_int()</a>
<li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_int64()</a>
<li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_null()</a>
<li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_text()</a>
<li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_text16()</a>
<li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_text16le()</a>
<li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_text16be()</a>
<li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_zeroblob()</a>
</ul>
</p>
</li><li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_double()</a>
</li><li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_int()</a>
</li><li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_int64()</a>
</li><li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_null()</a>
</li><li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_text()</a>
</li><li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_text16()</a>
</li><li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_text16le()</a>
</li><li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_text16be()</a>
</li><li> <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_zeroblob()</a>
</li></ul>


<p>If the xColumn method implementation calls none of the functions above,
then the value of the column defaults to an SQL NULL.

<p>To raise an error, the xColumn method should use one of the result_text() 
</p><p>To raise an error, the xColumn method should use one of the result_text() 
methods to set the error message text, then return an appropriate
<a href="rescode.html">error code</a>.  The xColumn method must return <a href="rescode.html#ok">SQLITE_OK</a> on success.

<p>The xColumn method is required for every virtual table implementation.
</p><p>The xColumn method is required for every virtual table implementation.

<a name="xrowid"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_12">2.12. The xRowid Method</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xrowid_method"><span>2.12. </span>The xRowid Method</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xRowid)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCur, sqlite_int64 *pRowid);
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xRowid)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCur, sqlite_int64 *pRowid);
</pre></div>

<p>A successful invocation of this method will cause *pRowid to be
filled with the <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">rowid</a> of row that the
<a href="c3ref/vtab_cursor.html">virtual table cursor</a> pCur is currently pointing at.
This method returns <a href="rescode.html#ok">SQLITE_OK</a> on success.
It returns an appropriate <a href="rescode.html">error code</a> on failure.</p>

<p>The xRowid method is required for every virtual table implementation.

<a name="xupdate"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_13">2.13. The xUpdate Method</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xupdate_method"><span>2.13. </span>The xUpdate Method</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xUpdate)(
    sqlite3_vtab *pVTab,
    int argc,
    sqlite3_value **argv,
    sqlite_int64 *pRowid
  );
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xUpdate)(
  sqlite3_vtab *pVTab,
  int argc,
  sqlite3_value **argv,
  sqlite_int64 *pRowid
);
</pre></div>

<p>All changes to a virtual table are made using the xUpdate method.
This one method can be used to insert, delete, or update.

<p>The argc parameter specifies the number of entries in the argv array. 
</p><p>The argc parameter specifies the number of entries in the argv array. 
The value of argc will be 1 for a pure delete operation or N+2 for an insert
or replace or update where N is the number of columns in the table.  
In the previous sentence, N includes any hidden columns.

<p>Every argv entry will have a non-NULL value in C but may contain the 
</p><p>Every argv entry will have a non-NULL value in C but may contain the 
SQL value NULL.  In other words, it is always true that
<tt>argv&#91;i&#93;!=0</tt> for <b>i</b> between 0 and <tt>argc-1</tt>.
However, it might be the case that
<tt>sqlite3_value_type(argv&#91;i&#93;)==SQLITE_NULL</tt>.

<p>The argv[0] parameter is the <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">rowid</a> of a row in the virtual table 
</p><p>The argv[0] parameter is the <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">rowid</a> of a row in the virtual table 
to be deleted. If argv[0] is an SQL NULL, then no deletion occurs.

<p>The argv[1] parameter is the rowid of a new row to be inserted 
</p><p>The argv[1] parameter is the rowid of a new row to be inserted 
into the virtual table. If argv[1] is an SQL NULL, then the implementation 
must choose a rowid for the newly inserted row. Subsequent argv[] 
entries contain values of the columns of the virtual table, in the 
order that the columns were declared. The number of columns will
match the table declaration that the <a href="vtab.html#xconnect">xConnect</a> or <a href="vtab.html#xcreate">xCreate</a> method made 
using the <a href="c3ref/declare_vtab.html">sqlite3_declare_vtab()</a> call.  All hidden columns are included.

<p>When doing an insert without a rowid (argc>1, argv[1] is an SQL NULL), the 
</p><p>When doing an insert without a rowid (argc>1, argv[1] is an SQL NULL), the 
implementation must set *pRowid to the rowid of the newly inserted row; 
this will become the value returned by the <a href="c3ref/last_insert_rowid.html">sqlite3_last_insert_rowid()</a>
function. Setting this value in all the other cases is a harmless no-op;
the SQLite engine ignores the *pRowid return value if argc==1 or 
argv[1] is not an SQL NULL.

<p>Each call to xUpdate will fall into one of cases shown below.
</p><p>Each call to xUpdate will fall into one of cases shown below.
Not that references to <b>argv&#91;i&#93</b> mean the SQL value
held within the argv&#91;i&#93; object, not the argv&#91;i&#93;
object itself.

<blockquote>
</p><blockquote>
<dl>
<dt><b>argc = 1</b>
<dd><p>The single row with rowid equal to argv[0] is deleted. No insert occurs.
</dt><dd><p>The single row with rowid equal to argv[0] is deleted. No insert occurs.

<dt><b>argc > 1 <br> argv[0] = NULL</b>
<dd><p>A new row is inserted with a rowid argv[1] and column values in
</p></dd><dt><b>argc > 1 <br> argv[0] = NULL</br></b>
</dt><dd><p>A new row is inserted with a rowid argv[1] and column values in
       argv[2] and following.  If argv[1] is an SQL NULL,
       the a new unique rowid is generated automatically.

<dt><b>argc > 1 <br> argv[0] &ne; NULL <br> argv[0] = argv[1]</b>
<dd><p>The row with rowid argv[0] is updated with new values 
</p></dd><dt><b>argc > 1 <br> argv[0] &ne; NULL </br><br> argv[0] = argv[1]</br></b>
</dt><dd><p>The row with rowid argv[0] is updated with new values 
       in argv[2] and following parameters.

<dt><b>argc > 1 <br> argv[0] &ne; NULL <br> argv[0] &ne; argv[1]</b>
<dd><p> The row with rowid argv[0] is updated with rowid argv[1] 
</p></dd><dt><b>argc > 1 <br> argv[0] &ne; NULL </br><br> argv[0] &ne; argv[1]</br></b>
</dt><dd><p> The row with rowid argv[0] is updated with rowid argv[1] 
and new values in argv[2] and following parameters. This will occur 
when an SQL statement updates a rowid, as in the statement:
<blockquote>
</p><blockquote>
   <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> table SET rowid=rowid+1 WHERE ...; 
</blockquote>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
</blockquote>

<p>The xUpdate method must return <a href="rescode.html#ok">SQLITE_OK</a> if and only if it is
successful.  If a failure occurs, the xUpdate must return an appropriate
<a href="rescode.html">error code</a>.  On a failure, the pVTab->zErrMsg element may optionally
be replaced with error message text stored in memory allocated from SQLite 
using functions such as <a href="c3ref/mprintf.html">sqlite3_mprintf()</a> or <a href="c3ref/free.html">sqlite3_malloc()</a>.

<p>If the xUpdate method violates some constraint of the virtual table
</p><p>If the xUpdate method violates some constraint of the virtual table
(including, but not limited to, attempting to store a value of the wrong 
datatype, attempting to store a value that is too
large or too small, or attempting to change a read-only value) then the
xUpdate must fail with an appropriate <a href="rescode.html">error code</a>.

<p>There might be one or more <a href="c3ref/vtab_cursor.html">sqlite3_vtab_cursor</a> objects open and in use 
</p><p>There might be one or more <a href="c3ref/vtab_cursor.html">sqlite3_vtab_cursor</a> objects open and in use 
on the virtual table instance and perhaps even on the row of the virtual
table when the xUpdate method is invoked.  The implementation of
xUpdate must be prepared for attempts to delete or modify rows of the table
out from other existing cursors.  If the virtual table cannot accommodate
such changes, the xUpdate method must return an <a href="rescode.html">error code</a>.

<p>The xUpdate method is optional.
</p><p>The xUpdate method is optional.
If the xUpdate pointer in the <a href="c3ref/module.html">sqlite3_module</a> for a virtual table
is a NULL pointer, then the virtual table is read-only.


<a name="xfindfunction"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_14">2.14. The xFindFunction Method</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xfindfunction_method"><span>2.14. </span>The xFindFunction Method</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xFindFunction)(
    sqlite3_vtab *pVtab,
    int nArg,
    const char *zName,
    void (**pxFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
    void **ppArg
  );
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xFindFunction)(
  sqlite3_vtab *pVtab,
  int nArg,
  const char *zName,
  void (**pxFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
  void **ppArg
);
</pre></div>

<p>This method is called during <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a> to give the virtual
table implementation an opportunity to overload functions. 
This method may be set to NULL in which case no overloading occurs.

<p>When a function uses a column from a virtual table as its first 
</p><p>When a function uses a column from a virtual table as its first 
argument, this method is called to see if the virtual table would 
like to overload the function. The first three parameters are inputs: 
the virtual table, the number of arguments to the function, and the 
name of the function. If no overloading is desired, this method
returns 0. To overload the function, this method writes the new 
function implementation into *pxFunc and writes user data into *ppArg 
and returns 1.

<p>Note that infix functions (<a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a>, <a href="lang_expr.html#glob">GLOB</a>, <a href="lang_expr.html#regexp">REGEXP</a>, and <a href="lang_expr.html#match">MATCH</a>) reverse 
</p><p>Note that infix functions (<a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a>, <a href="lang_expr.html#glob">GLOB</a>, <a href="lang_expr.html#regexp">REGEXP</a>, and <a href="lang_expr.html#match">MATCH</a>) reverse 
the order of their arguments. So "like(A,B)" is equivalent to "B like A". 
For the form "B like A" the B term is considered the first argument 
to the function. But for "like(A,B)" the A term is considered the 
first argument.

<p>The function pointer returned by this routine must be valid for
</p><p>The function pointer returned by this routine must be valid for
the lifetime of the <a href="c3ref/vtab.html">sqlite3_vtab</a> object given in the first parameter.

<a name="xBegin"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_15">2.15. The xBegin Method</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xbegin_method"><span>2.15. </span>The xBegin Method</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xBegin)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xBegin)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
</pre></div>

<p>This method begins a transaction on a virtual table.
This is method is optional.  The xBegin pointer of <a href="c3ref/module.html">sqlite3_module</a>
may be NULL.

<p>This method is always followed by one call to either the
</p><p>This method is always followed by one call to either the
<a href="vtab.html#xcommit">xCommit</a> or <a href="vtab.html#xrollback">xRollback</a> method.  Virtual table transactions do
not nest, so the xBegin method will not be invoked more than once
on a single virtual table
without an intervening call to either <a href="vtab.html#xcommit">xCommit</a> or <a href="vtab.html#xrollback">xRollback</a>.
Multiple calls to other methods can and likely will occur in between
the xBegin and the corresponding <a href="vtab.html#xcommit">xCommit</a> or <a href="vtab.html#xrollback">xRollback</a>.

<a name="xsync"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_16">2.16. The xSync Method</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xsync_method"><span>2.16. </span>The xSync Method</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xSync)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xSync)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
</pre></div>


<p>This method signals the start of a two-phase commit on a virtual
table.
This is method is optional.  The xSync pointer of <a href="c3ref/module.html">sqlite3_module</a>
may be NULL.

<p>This method is only invoked after call to the <a href="vtab.html#xBegin">xBegin</a> method and
</p><p>This method is only invoked after call to the <a href="vtab.html#xBegin">xBegin</a> method and
prior to an <a href="vtab.html#xcommit">xCommit</a> or <a href="vtab.html#xrollback">xRollback</a>.  In order to implement two-phase
commit, the xSync method on all virtual tables is invoked prior to
invoking the <a href="vtab.html#xcommit">xCommit</a> method on any virtual table.  If any of the 
xSync methods fail, the entire transaction is rolled back.

<a name="xcommit"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_17">2.17. The xCommit Method</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xcommit_method"><span>2.17. </span>The xCommit Method</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xCommit)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xCommit)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
</pre></div>

<p>This method causes a virtual table transaction to commit.
This is method is optional.  The xCommit pointer of <a href="c3ref/module.html">sqlite3_module</a>
may be NULL.

<p>A call to this method always follows a prior call to <a href="vtab.html#xBegin">xBegin</a> and
</p><p>A call to this method always follows a prior call to <a href="vtab.html#xBegin">xBegin</a> and
<a href="vtab.html#xsync">xSync</a>.


<a name="xrollback"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_18">2.18. The xRollback Method</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xrollback_method"><span>2.18. </span>The xRollback Method</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xRollback)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xRollback)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
</pre></div>

<p>This method causes a virtual table transaction to rollback.
This is method is optional.  The xRollback pointer of <a href="c3ref/module.html">sqlite3_module</a>
may be NULL.

<p>A call to this method always follows a prior call to <a href="vtab.html#xBegin">xBegin</a>.
</p><p>A call to this method always follows a prior call to <a href="vtab.html#xBegin">xBegin</a>.


<a name="xrename"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_19">2.19. The xRename Method</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xrename_method"><span>2.19. </span>The xRename Method</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xRename)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, const char *zNew);
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xRename)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, const char *zNew);
</pre></div>

<p>This method provides notification that the virtual table implementation
that the virtual table will be given a new name. 
If this method returns <a href="rescode.html#ok">SQLITE_OK</a> then SQLite renames the table.
If this method returns an <a href="rescode.html">error code</a> then the renaming is prevented.

<p>The xRename method is required for every virtual table implementation.
</p><p>The xRename method is required for every virtual table implementation.

<a name="xsavepoint"></a>

<h2 id="section_2_20">2.20. The xSavepoint, xRelease, and xRollbackTo Methods</h2>
</p><h2 id="the_xsavepoint_xrelease_and_xrollbackto_methods"><span>2.20. </span>The xSavepoint, xRelease, and xRollbackTo Methods</h2>

<blockquote><pre>
  int (*xSavepoint)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
  int (*xRelease)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
  int (*xRollbackTo)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xSavepoint)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
int (*xRelease)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
int (*xRollbackTo)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
</pre></div>

<p>
These methods provide the virtual table implementation an opportunity to
implement nested transactions.  They are always optional and will only be
called in SQLite <a href="releaselog/3_7_7.html">version 3.7.7</a> and later.
</p>

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    [file join lang_savepoint.html] \
    [file join lang_select.html] \
    [file join lang_transaction.html] \
    [file join lang_update.html] \
    [file join lang_vacuum.html] \
    [file join lang_with.html] \
    [file join pragma.html] \
    [file join sqlite.css] \
    [file join syntax.html] \
    [file join syntaxdiagrams.html] \
    [file join vtab.html] \
    [file join images sqlite370_banner.gif] \
    [file join images syntax alter-table-stmt.gif] \
    [file join images syntax analyze-stmt.gif] \
    [file join images syntax attach-stmt.gif] \
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      [file join $directory [file tail $fileName]]]

  if {$verbose} then {
    puts -nonewline stdout [appendArgs \
        "Downloading \"" $uri "\" to \"" $fileName "\"... "]
  }

  file delete $fileName
  catch {file delete $fileName}
  uri download $uri $fileName

  if {$verbose} then {
    puts stdout <Ok>
  }
}
Changes to Setup/data/verify.lst.
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  Doc/Extra/Core/lang_savepoint.html
  Doc/Extra/Core/lang_select.html
  Doc/Extra/Core/lang_transaction.html
  Doc/Extra/Core/lang_update.html
  Doc/Extra/Core/lang_vacuum.html
  Doc/Extra/Core/lang_with.html
  Doc/Extra/Core/pragma.html
  Doc/Extra/Core/sqlite.css
  Doc/Extra/Core/syntax.html
  Doc/Extra/Core/syntax/
  Doc/Extra/Core/syntax/alter-table-stmt.html
  Doc/Extra/Core/syntax/analyze-stmt.html
  Doc/Extra/Core/syntax/attach-stmt.html
  Doc/Extra/Core/syntax/begin-stmt.html
  Doc/Extra/Core/syntax/column-constraint.html
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    /// This interface represents a virtual table implementation written in
    /// native code.
    /// </summary>
    public interface ISQLiteNativeModule
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xCreate)(sqlite3 *db, void *pAux,
        ///                int argc, char **argv,
        ///                sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab,
        ///                char **pzErr);
        /// int (*xCreate)(sqlite3 *db, void *pAux,
        ///              int argc, char **argv,
        ///              sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab,
        ///              char **pzErr);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// The xCreate method is called to create a new instance of a virtual table 
        /// in response to a CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE statement.
        /// If the xCreate method is the same pointer as the xConnect method, then the
        /// virtual table is an eponymous virtual table.
        /// If the xCreate method is omitted (if it is a NULL pointer) then the virtual 
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        /// <para>
        /// As part of the task of creating a new sqlite3_vtab structure, this 
        /// method <u>must</u> invoke sqlite3_declare_vtab() to tell the SQLite 
        /// core about the columns and datatypes in the virtual table. 
        /// The sqlite3_declare_vtab() API has the following prototype:
        /// </para>
        /// <para><code>
        ///     int sqlite3_declare_vtab(sqlite3 *db, const char *zCreateTable)
        /// int sqlite3_declare_vtab(sqlite3 *db, const char *zCreateTable)
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// The first argument to sqlite3_declare_vtab() must be the same 
        /// database connection pointer as the first parameter to this method.
        /// The second argument to sqlite3_declare_vtab() must a zero-terminated 
        /// UTF-8 string that contains a well-formed CREATE TABLE statement that 
        /// defines the columns in the virtual table and their data types. 
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        /// as a hidden column internally. 
        /// A hidden column differs from a normal column in three respects:
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// <![CDATA[<ul>]]>
        /// <![CDATA[<li>]]> Hidden columns are not listed in the dataset returned by 
        ///      "PRAGMA table_info",
        /// <![CDATA[<li>]]> Hidden columns are not included in the expansion of a "*"
        /// <![CDATA[</li>]]><![CDATA[<li>]]> Hidden columns are not included in the expansion of a "*"
        ///      expression in the result set of a SELECT, and
        /// <![CDATA[<li>]]> Hidden columns are not included in the implicit column-list 
        /// <![CDATA[</li>]]><![CDATA[<li>]]> Hidden columns are not included in the implicit column-list 
        ///      used by an INSERT statement that lacks an explicit column-list. 
        /// <![CDATA[</ul>]]>
        /// <![CDATA[</li>]]><![CDATA[</ul>]]>
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// For example, if the following SQL is passed to sqlite3_declare_vtab():
        /// </para>
        /// <para><code>
        ///    CREATE TABLE x(a HIDDEN VARCHAR(12), b INTEGER, c INTEGER Hidden);
        /// CREATE TABLE x(a HIDDEN VARCHAR(12), b INTEGER, c INTEGER Hidden);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// Then the virtual table would be created with two hidden columns,
        /// and with datatypes of "VARCHAR(12)" and "INTEGER".
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// An example use of hidden columns can be seen in the FTS3 virtual 
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            ref IntPtr pError
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xConnect)(sqlite3*, void *pAux,
        ///                int argc, char **argv,
        ///                sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab,
        ///                char **pzErr);
        /// int (*xConnect)(sqlite3*, void *pAux,
        ///              int argc, char **argv,
        ///              sqlite3_vtab **ppVTab,
        ///              char **pzErr);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// The xConnect method is very similar to xCreate. 
        /// It has the same parameters and constructs a new sqlite3_vtab structure 
        /// just like xCreate. 
        /// And it must also call sqlite3_declare_vtab() like xCreate.
        /// </para>
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        /// <summary>
        /// <para>
        /// SQLite uses the xBestIndex method of a virtual table module to determine
        /// the best way to access the virtual table. 
        /// The xBestIndex method has a prototype like this:
        /// </para>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xBestIndex)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_index_info*);
        /// int (*xBestIndex)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_index_info*);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// The SQLite core communicates with the xBestIndex method by filling 
        /// in certain fields of the sqlite3_index_info structure and passing a 
        /// pointer to that structure into xBestIndex as the second parameter. 
        /// The xBestIndex method fills out other fields of this structure which
        /// forms the reply. The sqlite3_index_info structure looks like this:
        /// </para>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   struct sqlite3_index_info {
        ///     /* Inputs */
        ///     const int nConstraint;     /* Number of entries in aConstraint */
        ///     const struct sqlite3_index_constraint {
        ///        int iColumn;              /* Column constrained.  -1 for ROWID */
        ///        unsigned char op;         /* Constraint operator */
        ///        unsigned char usable;     /* True if this constraint is usable */
        ///        int iTermOffset;          /* Used internally - xBestIndex should ignore */
        ///     } *const aConstraint;      /* Table of WHERE clause constraints */
        ///     const int nOrderBy;        /* Number of terms in the ORDER BY clause */
        ///     const struct sqlite3_index_orderby {
        ///        int iColumn;              /* Column number */
        ///        unsigned char desc;       /* True for DESC.  False for ASC. */
        ///     } *const aOrderBy;         /* The ORDER BY clause */
        ///     /* Outputs */
        ///     struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage {
        ///       int argvIndex;           /* if &gt;0, constraint is part of argv to xFilter */
        ///       unsigned char omit;      /* Do not code a test for this constraint */
        ///     } *const aConstraintUsage;
        ///     int idxNum;                /* Number used to identify the index */
        ///     char *idxStr;              /* String, possibly obtained from sqlite3_malloc */
        ///     int needToFreeIdxStr;      /* Free idxStr using sqlite3_free() if true */
        ///     int orderByConsumed;       /* True if output is already ordered */
        ///     double estimatedCost;      /* Estimated cost of using this index */
        ///     <![CDATA[<b>]]>/* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.8.2 and later */<![CDATA[</b>]]>
        ///     sqlite3_int64 estimatedRows;    /* Estimated number of rows returned */
        ///     <![CDATA[<b>]]>/* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.9.0 and later */<![CDATA[</b>]]>
        ///     int idxFlags;              /* Mask of SQLITE_INDEX_SCAN_* flags */
        ///     <![CDATA[<b>]]>/* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.10.0 and later */<![CDATA[</b>]]>
        ///     sqlite3_uint64 colUsed;    /* Input: Mask of columns used by statement */
        ///   };
        /// struct sqlite3_index_info {
        ///   /* Inputs */
        ///   const int nConstraint;     /* Number of entries in aConstraint */
        ///   const struct sqlite3_index_constraint {
        ///      int iColumn;              /* Column constrained.  -1 for ROWID */
        ///      unsigned char op;         /* Constraint operator */
        ///      unsigned char usable;     /* True if this constraint is usable */
        ///      int iTermOffset;          /* Used internally - xBestIndex should ignore */
        ///   } *const aConstraint;      /* Table of WHERE clause constraints */
        ///   const int nOrderBy;        /* Number of terms in the ORDER BY clause */
        ///   const struct sqlite3_index_orderby {
        ///      int iColumn;              /* Column number */
        ///      unsigned char desc;       /* True for DESC.  False for ASC. */
        ///   } *const aOrderBy;         /* The ORDER BY clause */
        ///   /* Outputs */
        ///   struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage {
        ///     int argvIndex;           /* if >0, constraint is part of argv to xFilter */
        ///     unsigned char omit;      /* Do not code a test for this constraint */
        ///   } *const aConstraintUsage;
        ///   int idxNum;                /* Number used to identify the index */
        ///   char *idxStr;              /* String, possibly obtained from sqlite3_malloc */
        ///   int needToFreeIdxStr;      /* Free idxStr using sqlite3_free() if true */
        ///   int orderByConsumed;       /* True if output is already ordered */
        ///   double estimatedCost;      /* Estimated cost of using this index */
        ///   <![CDATA[<b>]]>/* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.8.2 and later */<![CDATA[</b>]]>
        ///   sqlite3_int64 estimatedRows;    /* Estimated number of rows returned */
        ///   <![CDATA[<b>]]>/* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.9.0 and later */<![CDATA[</b>]]>
        ///   int idxFlags;              /* Mask of SQLITE_INDEX_SCAN_* flags */
        ///   <![CDATA[<b>]]>/* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.10.0 and later */<![CDATA[</b>]]>
        ///   sqlite3_uint64 colUsed;    /* Input: Mask of columns used by statement */
        /// };
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// Note the warnings on the "estimatedRows", "idxFlags", and colUsed fields.
        /// These fields were added with SQLite versions 3.8.2, 3.9.0, and 3.10.0, respectively. 
        /// Any extension that reads or writes these fields must first check that the 
        /// version of the SQLite library in use is greater than or equal to appropriate
        /// version - perhaps comparing the value returned from sqlite3_libversion_number()
        /// against constants 3008002, 3009000, and/or 3010000. The result of attempting 
        /// to access these fields in an sqlite3_index_info structure created by an 
        /// older version of SQLite are undefined.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// In addition, there are some defined constants:
        /// </para>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ      2
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT      4
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE      8
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT     16
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE     32
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_MATCH  64
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LIKE   65     /* 3.10.0 and later only */
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GLOB   66     /* 3.10.0 and later only */
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_REGEXP 67     /* 3.10.0 and later only */
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_SCAN_UNIQUE        1     /* Scan visits at most 1 row */
        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ      2
        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT      4
        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE      8
        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT     16
        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE     32
        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_MATCH  64
        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LIKE   65     /* 3.10.0 and later only */
        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GLOB   66     /* 3.10.0 and later only */
        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_REGEXP 67     /* 3.10.0 and later only */
        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_SCAN_UNIQUE        1     /* Scan visits at most 1 row */
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// The SQLite core calls the xBestIndex method when it is compiling a query
        /// that involves a virtual table. In other words, SQLite calls this method 
        /// when it is running sqlite3_prepare() or the equivalent. 
        /// By calling this method, the 
        /// SQLite core is saying to the virtual table that it needs to access 
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        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// Where "column" is a column in the virtual table, OP is an operator 
        /// like "=" or "&lt;", and EXPR is an arbitrary expression. So, for example,
        /// if the WHERE clause contained a term like this:
        /// </para>
        /// <para><code>
        ///      a = 5
        /// a = 5
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// Then one of the constraints would be on the "a" column with 
        /// operator "=" and an expression of "5". Constraints need not have a
        /// literal representation of the WHERE clause. The query optimizer might
        /// make transformations to the 
        /// WHERE clause in order to extract as many constraints 
        /// as it can. So, for example, if the WHERE clause contained something 
        /// like this:
        /// </para>
        /// <para><code>
        ///      x BETWEEN 10 AND 100 AND 999&gt;y
        /// x BETWEEN 10 AND 100 AND 999&gt;y
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// The query optimizer might translate this into three separate constraints:
        /// </para>
        /// <para><code>
        ///      x &gt;= 10
        ///      x &lt;= 100
        ///      y &lt; 999
        /// x &gt;= 10
        /// x &lt;= 100
        /// y &lt; 999
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// For each constraint, the aConstraint[].iColumn field indicates which 
        /// column appears on the left-hand side of the constraint.
        /// The first column of the virtual table is column 0. 
        /// The rowid of the virtual table is column -1. 
        /// The aConstraint[].op field indicates which operator is used. 
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            IntPtr pIndex
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xDisconnect)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
        /// int (*xDisconnect)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// This method releases a connection to a virtual table. 
        /// Only the sqlite3_vtab object is destroyed.
        /// The virtual table is not destroyed and any backing store 
        /// associated with the virtual table persists. 
        /// </para>
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            IntPtr pVtab
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xDestroy)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
        /// int (*xDestroy)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// This method releases a connection to a virtual table, just like 
        /// the xDisconnect method, and it also destroys the underlying 
        /// table implementation. This method undoes the work of xCreate.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
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            IntPtr pVtab
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xOpen)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_vtab_cursor **ppCursor);
        /// int (*xOpen)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_vtab_cursor **ppCursor);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// The xOpen method creates a new cursor used for accessing (read and/or
        /// writing) a virtual table.  A successful invocation of this method 
        /// will allocate the memory for the sqlite3_vtab_cursor (or a subclass),
        /// initialize the new object, and make *ppCursor point to the new object.
        /// The successful call then returns SQLITE_OK.
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            ref IntPtr pCursor
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xClose)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
        /// int (*xClose)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// The xClose method closes a cursor previously opened by 
        /// xOpen. 
        /// The SQLite core will always call xClose once for each cursor opened 
        /// using xOpen.
        /// </para>
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            IntPtr pCursor
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xFilter)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, int idxNum, const char *idxStr,
        ///                 int argc, sqlite3_value **argv);
        /// int (*xFilter)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, int idxNum, const char *idxStr,
        ///               int argc, sqlite3_value **argv);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// This method begins a search of a virtual table. 
        /// The first argument is a cursor opened by xOpen. 
        /// The next two arguments define a particular search index previously 
        /// chosen by xBestIndex. The specific meanings of idxNum and idxStr 
        /// are unimportant as long as xFilter and xBestIndex agree on what 
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            IntPtr argv
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xNext)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
        /// int (*xNext)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// The xNext method advances a virtual table cursor
        /// to the next row of a result set initiated by xFilter. 
        /// If the cursor is already pointing at the last row when this 
        /// routine is called, then the cursor no longer points to valid 
        /// data and a subsequent call to the xEof method must return true (non-zero). 
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            IntPtr pCursor
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xEof)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
        /// int (*xEof)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// The xEof method must return false (zero) if the specified cursor 
        /// currently points to a valid row of data, or true (non-zero) otherwise. 
        /// This method is called by the SQL engine immediately after each 
        /// xFilter and xNext invocation.
        /// </para>
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            IntPtr pCursor
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xColumn)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, sqlite3_context*, int N);
        /// int (*xColumn)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor*, sqlite3_context*, int N);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// The SQLite core invokes this method in order to find the value for 
        /// the N-th column of the current row. N is zero-based so the first column 
        /// is numbered 0. 
        /// The xColumn method may return its result back to SQLite using one of the
        /// following interface:
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// <![CDATA[<ul>]]>
        /// <![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_blob()
        /// <![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_double()
        /// <![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_int()
        /// <![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_int64()
        /// <![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_null()
        /// <![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_text()
        /// <![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_text16()
        /// <![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_text16le()
        /// <![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_text16be()
        /// <![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_zeroblob()
        /// <![CDATA[</ul>]]>
        /// <![CDATA[</li>]]><![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_double()
        /// <![CDATA[</li>]]><![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_int()
        /// <![CDATA[</li>]]><![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_int64()
        /// <![CDATA[</li>]]><![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_null()
        /// <![CDATA[</li>]]><![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_text()
        /// <![CDATA[</li>]]><![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_text16()
        /// <![CDATA[</li>]]><![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_text16le()
        /// <![CDATA[</li>]]><![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_text16be()
        /// <![CDATA[</li>]]><![CDATA[<li>]]> sqlite3_result_zeroblob()
        /// <![CDATA[</li>]]><![CDATA[</ul>]]>
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// If the xColumn method implementation calls none of the functions above,
        /// then the value of the column defaults to an SQL NULL.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// To raise an error, the xColumn method should use one of the result_text() 
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            int index
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xRowid)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCur, sqlite_int64 *pRowid);
        /// int (*xRowid)(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCur, sqlite_int64 *pRowid);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// A successful invocation of this method will cause *pRowid to be
        /// filled with the rowid of row that the
        /// virtual table cursor pCur is currently pointing at.
        /// This method returns SQLITE_OK on success.
        /// It returns an appropriate error code on failure.
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            ref long rowId
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xUpdate)(
        ///     sqlite3_vtab *pVTab,
        ///     int argc,
        ///     sqlite3_value **argv,
        ///     sqlite_int64 *pRowid
        ///   );
        /// int (*xUpdate)(
        ///   sqlite3_vtab *pVTab,
        ///   int argc,
        ///   sqlite3_value **argv,
        ///   sqlite_int64 *pRowid
        /// );
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// All changes to a virtual table are made using the xUpdate method.
        /// This one method can be used to insert, delete, or update.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// The argc parameter specifies the number of entries in the argv array. 
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        /// Not that references to <![CDATA[<b>]]>argv[i]<![CDATA[</b>]]> mean the SQL value
        /// held within the argv[i] object, not the argv[i]
        /// object itself.
        /// </para>
        /// <para><code>
        /// <![CDATA[<dl>]]>
        /// <![CDATA[<dt>]]><![CDATA[<b>]]>argc = 1<![CDATA[</b>]]>
        /// <![CDATA[<dd>]]>The single row with rowid equal to argv[0] is deleted. No insert occurs.
        /// <![CDATA[<dt>]]><![CDATA[<b>]]>argc &gt; 1 <![CDATA[<br>]]> argv[0] = NULL<![CDATA[</b>]]>
        /// <![CDATA[<dd>]]>A new row is inserted with a rowid argv[1] and column values in
        /// <![CDATA[</dt>]]><![CDATA[<dd>]]>The single row with rowid equal to argv[0] is deleted. No insert occurs.
        /// <![CDATA[</dd>]]><![CDATA[<dt>]]><![CDATA[<b>]]>argc > 1 <![CDATA[<br>]]> argv[0] = NULL</br><![CDATA[</b>]]>
        /// <![CDATA[</dt>]]><![CDATA[<dd>]]>A new row is inserted with a rowid argv[1] and column values in
        ///        argv[2] and following.  If argv[1] is an SQL NULL,
        ///        the a new unique rowid is generated automatically.
        /// <![CDATA[<dt>]]><![CDATA[<b>]]>argc &gt; 1 <![CDATA[<br>]]> argv[0] &#8800; NULL <![CDATA[<br>]]> argv[0] = argv[1]<![CDATA[</b>]]>
        /// <![CDATA[<dd>]]>The row with rowid argv[0] is updated with new values 
        /// <![CDATA[</dd>]]><![CDATA[<dt>]]><![CDATA[<b>]]>argc > 1 <![CDATA[<br>]]> argv[0] &#8800; NULL </br><![CDATA[<br>]]> argv[0] = argv[1]</br><![CDATA[</b>]]>
        /// <![CDATA[</dt>]]><![CDATA[<dd>]]>The row with rowid argv[0] is updated with new values 
        ///        in argv[2] and following parameters.
        /// <![CDATA[<dt>]]><![CDATA[<b>]]>argc &gt; 1 <![CDATA[<br>]]> argv[0] &#8800; NULL <![CDATA[<br>]]> argv[0] &#8800; argv[1]<![CDATA[</b>]]>
        /// <![CDATA[<dd>]]> The row with rowid argv[0] is updated with rowid argv[1] 
        /// <![CDATA[</dd>]]><![CDATA[<dt>]]><![CDATA[<b>]]>argc > 1 <![CDATA[<br>]]> argv[0] &#8800; NULL </br><![CDATA[<br>]]> argv[0] &#8800; argv[1]</br><![CDATA[</b>]]>
        /// <![CDATA[</dt>]]><![CDATA[<dd>]]> The row with rowid argv[0] is updated with rowid argv[1] 
        /// and new values in argv[2] and following parameters. This will occur 
        /// when an SQL statement updates a rowid, as in the statement:
        /// <para><code>
        ///    UPDATE table SET rowid=rowid+1 WHERE ...; 
        /// </code></para>
        /// <![CDATA[</dl>]]>
        /// <![CDATA[</dd>]]><![CDATA[</dl>]]>
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// The xUpdate method must return SQLITE_OK if and only if it is
        /// successful.  If a failure occurs, the xUpdate must return an appropriate
        /// error code.  On a failure, the pVTab->zErrMsg element may optionally
        /// be replaced with error message text stored in memory allocated from SQLite 
        /// using functions such as sqlite3_mprintf() or sqlite3_malloc().
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            ref long rowId
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xBegin)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
        /// int (*xBegin)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// This method begins a transaction on a virtual table.
        /// This is method is optional.  The xBegin pointer of sqlite3_module
        /// may be NULL.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
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            IntPtr pVtab
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xSync)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
        /// int (*xSync)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// This method signals the start of a two-phase commit on a virtual
        /// table.
        /// This is method is optional.  The xSync pointer of sqlite3_module
        /// may be NULL.
        /// </para>
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            IntPtr pVtab
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xCommit)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
        /// int (*xCommit)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// This method causes a virtual table transaction to commit.
        /// This is method is optional.  The xCommit pointer of sqlite3_module
        /// may be NULL.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
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            IntPtr pVtab
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xRollback)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
        /// int (*xRollback)(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// This method causes a virtual table transaction to rollback.
        /// This is method is optional.  The xRollback pointer of sqlite3_module
        /// may be NULL.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
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            IntPtr pVtab
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xFindFunction)(
        ///     sqlite3_vtab *pVtab,
        ///     int nArg,
        ///     const char *zName,
        ///     void (**pxFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
        ///     void **ppArg
        ///   );
        /// int (*xFindFunction)(
        ///   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab,
        ///   int nArg,
        ///   const char *zName,
        ///   void (**pxFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
        ///   void **ppArg
        /// );
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// This method is called during sqlite3_prepare() to give the virtual
        /// table implementation an opportunity to overload functions. 
        /// This method may be set to NULL in which case no overloading occurs.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
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            ref IntPtr pClientData
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xRename)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, const char *zNew);
        /// int (*xRename)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, const char *zNew);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// This method provides notification that the virtual table implementation
        /// that the virtual table will be given a new name. 
        /// If this method returns SQLITE_OK then SQLite renames the table.
        /// If this method returns an error code then the renaming is prevented.
        /// </para>
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            IntPtr zNew
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xSavepoint)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
        ///   int (*xRelease)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
        ///   int (*xRollbackTo)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
        /// int (*xSavepoint)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
        /// int (*xRelease)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
        /// int (*xRollbackTo)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// These methods provide the virtual table implementation an opportunity to
        /// implement nested transactions.  They are always optional and will only be
        /// called in SQLite version 3.7.7 and later.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
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            int iSavepoint
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xSavepoint)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
        ///   int (*xRelease)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
        ///   int (*xRollbackTo)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
        /// int (*xSavepoint)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
        /// int (*xRelease)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
        /// int (*xRollbackTo)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// These methods provide the virtual table implementation an opportunity to
        /// implement nested transactions.  They are always optional and will only be
        /// called in SQLite version 3.7.7 and later.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
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            int iSavepoint
            );

        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        /// <summary>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   int (*xSavepoint)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
        ///   int (*xRelease)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
        ///   int (*xRollbackTo)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
        /// int (*xSavepoint)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
        /// int (*xRelease)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
        /// int (*xRollbackTo)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// These methods provide the virtual table implementation an opportunity to
        /// implement nested transactions.  They are always optional and will only be
        /// called in SQLite version 3.7.7 and later.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
ADO.NET SQLite Data Provider<br />
Version 1.0.103.0 - September XX, 2016 <font color="red">(release scheduled)</font><br />
Using <a href="https://www.sqlite.org/draft/releaselog/3_14_2.html">SQLite 3.14.2</a><br />
Using <a href="https://www.sqlite.org/releaselog/3_14_2.html">SQLite 3.14.2</a><br />
Originally written by Robert Simpson<br />
Released to the public domain, use at your own risk!<br />
Official provider website:&nbsp;<a href="https://system.data.sqlite.org/">https://system.data.sqlite.org/</a><br />
Legacy versions:&nbsp;<a href="http://sqlite.phxsoftware.com/">http://sqlite.phxsoftware.com/</a><br />
<br />
The current development version can be downloaded from <a href="https://system.data.sqlite.org/index.html/timeline?y=ci">
https://system.data.sqlite.org/index.html/timeline?y=ci</a>
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<h2><b>Version History</b></h2>

<p>
    <b>1.0.103.0 - September XX, 2016 <font color="red">(release scheduled)</font></b>
</p>
<ul>
    <li>Updated to <a href="https://www.sqlite.org/draft/releaselog/3_14_2.html">SQLite 3.14.2</a>.</li>
    <li>Updated to <a href="https://www.sqlite.org/releaselog/3_14_2.html">SQLite 3.14.2</a>.</li>
    <li>Add preliminary support for the .NET Framework 4.6.2.</li>
    <li>Change the SQLiteReadValueCallback delegate &quot;eventArgs&quot; parameter to be of type SQLiteReadEventArgs.&nbsp;<b>** Potentially Incompatible Change **</b></li>
    <li>Make SQLiteReadValueEventArgs and SQLiteReadArrayEventArgs derive from SQLiteReadEventArgs.&nbsp;<b>** Potentially Incompatible Change **</b></li>
    <li>Rename SQLiteReadValueEventArgs.ArrayEventArgs property to ExtraEventArgs.&nbsp;<b>** Potentially Incompatible Change **</b></li>
    <li>Add No_SQLiteGetSettingValue and No_SQLiteXmlConfigFile environment variables.</li>
    <li>Reduce the number of calls to GetSettingValue from SQLiteConnection. Pursuant to [25d53b48f6].&nbsp;<b>** Potentially Incompatible Change **</b></li>
    <li>Add NoVerifyTypeAffinity connection flag to disable all type affinity checking.</li>
Changes to www/news.wiki.
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<title>News</title>

<b>Version History</b>

<p>
    <b>1.0.103.0 - September XX, 2016 <font color="red">(release scheduled)</font></b>
</p>
<ul>
    <li>Updated to [https://www.sqlite.org/draft/releaselog/3_14_2.html|SQLite 3.14.2].</li>
    <li>Updated to [https://www.sqlite.org/releaselog/3_14_2.html|SQLite 3.14.2].</li>
    <li>Add preliminary support for the .NET Framework 4.6.2.</li>
    <li>Change the SQLiteReadValueCallback delegate &quot;eventArgs&quot; parameter to be of type SQLiteReadEventArgs.&nbsp;<b>** Potentially Incompatible Change **</b></li>
    <li>Make SQLiteReadValueEventArgs and SQLiteReadArrayEventArgs derive from SQLiteReadEventArgs.&nbsp;<b>** Potentially Incompatible Change **</b></li>
    <li>Rename SQLiteReadValueEventArgs.ArrayEventArgs property to ExtraEventArgs.&nbsp;<b>** Potentially Incompatible Change **</b></li>
    <li>Add No_SQLiteGetSettingValue and No_SQLiteXmlConfigFile environment variables.</li>
    <li>Reduce the number of calls to GetSettingValue from SQLiteConnection. Pursuant to [25d53b48f6].&nbsp;<b>** Potentially Incompatible Change **</b></li>
    <li>Add NoVerifyTypeAffinity connection flag to disable all type affinity checking.</li>