System.Data.SQLite

<p>The following syntax documentation topics are available:</p>

<table width="100%" cellpadding="5" border="0">
<tr><td valign="top"><ul>

<style>
#listtab29 tr td {vertical-align:top;}
</style>
<table id='listtab29' width='100%'></table>
<script>
var listitems29 = [{"u":"lang_aggfunc.html","x":"aggregate functions","s":0},
{"u":"lang_altertable.html","x":"ALTER TABLE","s":0},
{"u":"lang_analyze.html","x":"ANALYZE","s":0},
{"u":"lang_attach.html","x":"ATTACH DATABASE","s":0},
{"u":"lang_transaction.html","x":"BEGIN TRANSACTION","s":0},
{"u":"lang_comment.html","x":"comment","s":0},
{"u":"lang_transaction.html","x":"COMMIT TRANSACTION","s":0},
{"u":"lang_corefunc.html","x":"core functions","s":0},

{"u":"lang_update.html","x":"UPDATE","s":0},
{"u":"lang_vacuum.html","x":"VACUUM","s":0},
{"u":"lang_with.html","x":"WITH clause","s":0}];
var j = 0;
var w = Math.max(document.documentElement.clientWidth,  window.innerWidth || 0);
var nCol = Math.floor(w/340);
if(nCol<=0) nCol=1;
var nRow = Math.ceil((listitems29.length+1)/nCol);
var h="<tr><td><ul class='multicol_list'>"
var ea
for(var i=0; i<listitems29.length; i++){
  if( (++j)>nRow ){
    h += "</ul></td>\n<td><ul class='multicol_list'>\n";
    j = 1;
  }
  if(listitems29[i].u=="" || listitems29[i].s==2){
    h += "<li>"
    ea = ""
  }else{
    h += "<li><a href='";
    h += listitems29[i].u;
    h += "'>";
    ea = "</a>"
  }
  if(listitems29[i].s==2 || listitems29[i].s==3) h += "<s>"
  h += listitems29[i].x;
  if(listitems29[i].s==2 || listitems29[i].s==3) h += "</s>"
  h += ea
  if(listitems29[i].s==1) h += "<small><i>(exp)</i></small>\n";
  if(listitems29[i].s==3) h += "&sup1\n";
  if(listitems29[i].s==4) h += "&sup2\n";
  if(listitems29[i].s==5) h += "&sup3\n";
}
document.getElementById("listtab29").innerHTML = h;
</script>

</ul></td></tr></table>

<p>The routines <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a>, <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a>,
<a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare16()</a>, <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare16_v2()</a>, 
<a href="c3ref/exec.html">sqlite3_exec()</a>, and <a href="c3ref/free_table.html">sqlite3_get_table()</a> accept

elements are filtered before being passed into the aggregate function.
For example, the function "count(distinct X)" will return the number
of distinct values of column X instead of the total number of non-null
values in column X.
</p>

<style>
#listtab31 tr td {vertical-align:top;}
</style>
<table id='listtab31' width='100%'></table>
<script>
var listitems31 = [{"u":"lang_aggfunc.html#avg","x":"avg(X)","s":0},
{"u":"lang_aggfunc.html#count","x":"count(*)","s":0},
{"u":"lang_aggfunc.html#count","x":"count(X)","s":0},
{"u":"lang_aggfunc.html#groupconcat","x":"group_concat(X)","s":0},
{"u":"lang_aggfunc.html#groupconcat","x":"group_concat(X,Y)","s":0},
{"u":"lang_corefunc.html#maxoreunc","x":"max(X)","s":0},
{"u":"lang_corefunc.html#minoreunc","x":"min(X)","s":0},
{"u":"lang_aggfunc.html#sumunc","x":"sum(X)","s":0},
{"u":"lang_aggfunc.html#sumunc","x":"total(X)","s":0}];
var j = 0;
var w = Math.max(document.documentElement.clientWidth,  window.innerWidth || 0);
var nCol = Math.floor(w/225);
if(nCol<=0) nCol=1;
var nRow = Math.ceil((listitems31.length+1)/nCol);
var h="<tr><td><ul class='multicol_list'>"
var ea
for(var i=0; i<listitems31.length; i++){
  if( (++j)>nRow ){
    h += "</ul></td>\n<td><ul class='multicol_list'>\n";
    j = 1;
  }
  if(listitems31[i].u=="" || listitems31[i].s==2){
    h += "<li>"
    ea = ""
  }else{
    h += "<li><a href='";
    h += listitems31[i].u;
    h += "'>";
    ea = "</a>"
  }
  if(listitems31[i].s==2 || listitems31[i].s==3) h += "<s>"
  h += listitems31[i].x;
  if(listitems31[i].s==2 || listitems31[i].s==3) h += "</s>"
  h += ea
  if(listitems31[i].s==1) h += "<small><i>(exp)</i></small>\n";
  if(listitems31[i].s==3) h += "&sup1\n";
  if(listitems31[i].s==4) h += "&sup2\n";
  if(listitems31[i].s==5) h += "&sup3\n";
}
document.getElementById("listtab31").innerHTML = h;
</script>
<hr class='xhr'>
<dl>
<a name="avg"></a>
<dt><p><b>avg(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The avg() function
  returns the average value of all non-NULL <i>X</i> within a

<a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate functions</a>, and
<a href="json1.html">JSON functions</a> are documented separately.  An
application may define additional
functions written in C and added to the database engine using
the <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> API.</p>

<style>
#listtab30 tr td {vertical-align:top;}
</style>
<table id='listtab30' width='100%'></table>
<script>
var listitems30 = [{"u":"lang_corefunc.html#abs","x":"abs(X)","s":0},
{"u":"lang_corefunc.html#changes","x":"changes()","s":0},
{"u":"lang_corefunc.html#char","x":"char(X1,X2,...,XN)","s":0},
{"u":"lang_corefunc.html#coalesce","x":"coalesce(X,Y,...)","s":0},
{"u":"lang_corefunc.html#glob","x":"glob(X,Y)","s":0},
{"u":"lang_corefunc.html#hex","x":"hex(X)","s":0},
{"u":"lang_corefunc.html#ifnull","x":"ifnull(X,Y)","s":0},
{"u":"lang_corefunc.html#instr","x":"instr(X,Y)","s":0},

{"u":"lang_corefunc.html#unlikely","x":"unlikely(X)","s":0},
{"u":"lang_corefunc.html#upper","x":"upper(X)","s":0},
{"u":"lang_corefunc.html#zeroblob","x":"zeroblob(N)","s":0}];
var j = 0;
var w = Math.max(document.documentElement.clientWidth,  window.innerWidth || 0);
var nCol = Math.floor(w/225);
if(nCol<=0) nCol=1;
var nRow = Math.ceil((listitems30.length+1)/nCol);
var h="<tr><td><ul class='multicol_list'>"
var ea
for(var i=0; i<listitems30.length; i++){
  if( (++j)>nRow ){
    h += "</ul></td>\n<td><ul class='multicol_list'>\n";
    j = 1;
  }
  if(listitems30[i].u=="" || listitems30[i].s==2){
    h += "<li>"
    ea = ""
  }else{
    h += "<li><a href='";
    h += listitems30[i].u;
    h += "'>";
    ea = "</a>"
  }
  if(listitems30[i].s==2 || listitems30[i].s==3) h += "<s>"
  h += listitems30[i].x;
  if(listitems30[i].s==2 || listitems30[i].s==3) h += "</s>"
  h += ea
  if(listitems30[i].s==1) h += "<small><i>(exp)</i></small>\n";
  if(listitems30[i].s==3) h += "&sup1\n";
  if(listitems30[i].s==4) h += "&sup2\n";
  if(listitems30[i].s==5) h += "&sup3\n";
}
document.getElementById("listtab30").innerHTML = h;
</script>
<hr class='xhr'>
<dl>
<a name="abs"></a>
<dt><p><b>abs(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The abs(X) function returns the absolute value of the numeric
  argument X.  Abs(X) returns NULL if X is NULL. 

  function and the printf() function from the standard C library.
  The first argument is a format string that specifies how to construct the output
  string using values taken from subsequent arguments.  If the FORMAT argument is
  missing or NULL then the result is NULL.  The %n format is silently ignored and
  does not consume an argument.  The %p format is an alias for %X.  The %z format
  is interchangeable with %s.  If there are too few arguments in the argument list,
  missing arguments are assumed to have a NULL value, which is translated into
  0 or 0.0 for numeric formats or an empty string for %s.  See the
  <a href="printf.html">built-in printf()</a> documentation for additional information.
</dd>
<a name="quote"></a>
<dt><p><b>quote(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The quote(X) function returns the text of an SQL literal which
  is the value of its argument suitable for inclusion into an SQL statement.
  Strings are surrounded by single-quotes with escapes on interior quotes
  as needed.  BLOBs are encoded as hexadecimal literals.

  <td> When casting a BLOB value to INTEGER, the value is first converted to
        TEXT.
       <p>When casting a TEXT value to INTEGER, the longest possible prefix of
        the value that can be interpreted as an integer number is extracted from
        the TEXT value and the remainder ignored. Any leading spaces in the
        TEXT value when converting from TEXT to INTEGER are ignored. If there
        is no prefix that can be interpreted as an integer number, the result
        of the conversion is 0.  If the prefix integer is greater than
        +9223372036854775807 then the result of the cast is exactly
        +9223372036854775807.  Similarly, if the prefix integer is
        less than -9223372036854775808 then the result of the cast is
        exactly -9223372036854775808.

        <p>When casting to INTEGER, if the text looks like a floating point
        value with an exponent, the exponent will be ignored because it is
        no part of the integer prefix.  For example,
        "(CAST '123e+5' AS INTEGER)" results in 123, not in 12300000.

        <p> The CAST operator understands decimal
        integers only &mdash; conversion of <a href="lang_expr.html#hexint">hexadecimal integers</a> stops 
        at the "x" in the "0x" prefix of the hexadecimal integer string 
        and thus result of the CAST is always zero.

      <p>A cast of a REAL value into an INTEGER results in the integer
      between the REAL value and zero that is closest to the REAL value.
      If a REAL is greater than the greatest possible signed

<a href="lang_expr.html#castexpr">CAST expression</a>. A numeric zero value (integer value 0 or real 
value 0.0) is considered to be false.  A NULL value is still NULL.
All other values are considered true.

<p>For example, the values NULL, 0.0, 0, 'english' and '0' are all considered
to be false. Values 1, 1.0, 0.1, -0.1 and '1english' are considered to 
be true.

<p>Beginning with SQLite 3.23.0 (2018-04-02), SQLite recognizes the
identifiers "TRUE" and "FALSE" as boolean literals, if and only if those
identifiers are not already used for some other meaning.  If there already
exists columns or tables or other objects named TRUE or FALSE, then for
the sake of backwards compatibility, the TRUE and FALSE identifiers refer
to those other objects, not to the boolean values.

<p>The boolean identifiers TRUE and FALSE are usually just aliases for
the integer values 1 and 0, respectively.  However, if TRUE or FALSE
occur on the right-hand side of an IS operator, then they form new
unary postfix operators "IS TRUE" and "IS FALSE" which test the boolean
value of the operand on the left.

<h3>Functions</h3>
<p>SQLite supports many <a href="lang_corefunc.html">simple</a> and <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate</a>
SQL functions.  For presentation purposes, simple functions are further
subdivided into <a href="lang_corefunc.html">core functions</a> and <a href="lang_datefunc.html">date-time functions</a>.
Applications can add new functions, written in C/C++, using the
<a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> interface.

cannot use this feature.
</ul>


<hr /><a name="toc"></a>
<h2>List Of PRAGMAs</h2>
<style>
#listtab32 tr td {vertical-align:top;}
</style>
<table id='listtab32' width='100%'></table>
<script>
var listitems32 = [{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_application_id","x":"application_id","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum","x":"auto_vacuum","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_automatic_index","x":"automatic_index","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_busy_timeout","x":"busy_timeout","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_cache_size","x":"cache_size","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_cache_spill","x":"cache_spill","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_case_sensitive_like","x":"case_sensitive_like","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_cell_size_check","x":"cell_size_check","s":0},

{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_wal_autocheckpoint","x":"wal_autocheckpoint","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_wal_checkpoint","x":"wal_checkpoint","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema","x":"writable_schema","s":5}];
var j = 0;
var w = Math.max(document.documentElement.clientWidth,  window.innerWidth || 0);
var nCol = Math.floor(w/250);
if(nCol<=0) nCol=1;
var nRow = Math.ceil((listitems32.length+1)/nCol);
var h="<tr><td><ul class='multicol_list'>"
var ea
for(var i=0; i<listitems32.length; i++){
  if( (++j)>nRow ){
    h += "</ul></td>\n<td><ul class='multicol_list'>\n";
    j = 1;
  }
  if(listitems32[i].u=="" || listitems32[i].s==2){
    h += "<li>"
    ea = ""
  }else{
    h += "<li><a href='";
    h += listitems32[i].u;
    h += "'>";
    ea = "</a>"
  }
  if(listitems32[i].s==2 || listitems32[i].s==3) h += "<s>"
  h += listitems32[i].x;
  if(listitems32[i].s==2 || listitems32[i].s==3) h += "</s>"
  h += ea
  if(listitems32[i].s==1) h += "<small><i>(exp)</i></small>\n";
  if(listitems32[i].s==3) h += "&sup1\n";
  if(listitems32[i].s==4) h += "&sup2\n";
  if(listitems32[i].s==5) h += "&sup3\n";
}
document.getElementById("listtab32").innerHTML = h;
</script>

<p>Notes:
<ol>
<li>Pragmas whose names are <s>struck through</s>
are deprecated. Do not use them. They exist
for historical compatibility.

    The extra WAL sync following each transaction help ensure that 
    transactions are durable across a power loss.  Transactions are
    consistent with or without the extra syncs provided by
    synchronous=FULL.
    If durability is not a concern, then synchronous=NORMAL is normally
    all one needs in WAL mode.</p>





    <p>The TEMP schema always has synchronous=OFF since the content of
    of TEMP is ephemeral and is not expected to survive a power outage.
    Attempts to change the synchronous setting for TEMP are
    silently ignored.

    <p>See also the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_fullfsync">fullfsync</a> and <a href="pragma.html#pragma_checkpoint_fullfsync">checkpoint_fullfsync</a> pragmas.</p>
<a name="pragma_table_info"></a>

</script>
</div>


<h1 align="center">List of SQLite Syntax Diagrams</h1>

<style>
#listtab40 tr td {vertical-align:top;}
</style>
<table id='listtab40' width='100%'></table>
<script>
var listitems40 = [{"u":"syntax/alter-table-stmt.html","x":"alter-table-stmt","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/analyze-stmt.html","x":"analyze-stmt","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/attach-stmt.html","x":"attach-stmt","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/begin-stmt.html","x":"begin-stmt","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/column-constraint.html","x":"column-constraint","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/column-def.html","x":"column-def","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/column-name-list.html","x":"column-name-list","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/comment-syntax.html","x":"comment-syntax","s":0},

{"u":"syntax/update-stmt-limited.html","x":"update-stmt-limited","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/vacuum-stmt.html","x":"vacuum-stmt","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/with-clause.html","x":"with-clause","s":0}];
var j = 0;
var w = Math.max(document.documentElement.clientWidth,  window.innerWidth || 0);
var nCol = Math.floor(w/300);
if(nCol<=0) nCol=1;
var nRow = Math.ceil((listitems40.length+1)/nCol);
var h="<tr><td><ul class='multicol_list'>"
var ea
for(var i=0; i<listitems40.length; i++){
  if( (++j)>nRow ){
    h += "</ul></td>\n<td><ul class='multicol_list'>\n";
    j = 1;
  }
  if(listitems40[i].u=="" || listitems40[i].s==2){
    h += "<li>"
    ea = ""
  }else{
    h += "<li><a href='";
    h += listitems40[i].u;
    h += "'>";
    ea = "</a>"
  }
  if(listitems40[i].s==2 || listitems40[i].s==3) h += "<s>"
  h += listitems40[i].x;
  if(listitems40[i].s==2 || listitems40[i].s==3) h += "</s>"
  h += ea
  if(listitems40[i].s==1) h += "<small><i>(exp)</i></small>\n";
  if(listitems40[i].s==3) h += "&sup1\n";
  if(listitems40[i].s==4) h += "&sup2\n";
  if(listitems40[i].s==5) h += "&sup3\n";
}
document.getElementById("listtab40").innerHTML = h;
</script>