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Overview
Comment:Merge all changes needed for the SQLite core library 3.32.0 release.
Downloads: Tarball | ZIP archive
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SHA1: 56170d1316782f1ba7b1813138919bdf242b54ec
User & Date: mistachkin 2020-05-25 02:35:03.418
Context
2020-05-25
22:39
Update SQLite core library to the 3.32.1 release. check-in: fa6a9c03e2 user: mistachkin tags: trunk
02:35
Merge all changes needed for the SQLite core library 3.32.0 release. check-in: 56170d1316 user: mistachkin tags: trunk
2020-05-24
23:07
Update the expected results for the [71bedaca19] ticket test case. Closed-Leaf check-in: 5ae8a13833 user: mistachkin tags: core-3.32.0
00:46
Fix typos. check-in: 87a6f7b650 user: mistachkin tags: trunk
Changes
Unified Diff Ignore Whitespace Patch
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/images/syntax/insert-stmt.gif.

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Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang.html.
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<a href="syntaxdiagrams.html">syntax diagrams</a>.

<p>The following syntax documentation topics are available:</p>

<table width="100%" cellpadding="5" border="0">
<tr><td valign="top"><ul>

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{"u":"lang_attach.html","x":"ATTACH DATABASE","s":0},
{"u":"lang_transaction.html","x":"BEGIN TRANSACTION","s":0},
{"u":"lang_comment.html","x":"comment","s":0},
{"u":"lang_transaction.html","x":"COMMIT TRANSACTION","s":0},
{"u":"lang_corefunc.html","x":"core functions","s":0},
{"u":"lang_createindex.html","x":"CREATE INDEX","s":0},
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{"u":"lang_transaction.html","x":"END TRANSACTION","s":0},
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{"u":"lang_indexedby.html","x":"INDEXED BY","s":0},
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{"u":"lang_conflict.html","x":"ON CONFLICT clause","s":0},
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{"u":"lang_transaction.html","x":"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION","s":0},



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{"u":"lang_update.html","x":"UPDATE","s":0},
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</ul></td></tr></table>

<p>The routines <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a>, <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a>,
<a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare16()</a>, <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare16_v2()</a>, 
<a href="c3ref/exec.html">sqlite3_exec()</a>, and <a href="c3ref/free_table.html">sqlite3_get_table()</a> accept
an SQL statement list (sql-stmt-list) which is a semicolon-separated
list of statements.</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/sql-stmt-list.html">sql-stmt-list:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram sql-stmt-list" src="images/syntax/sql-stmt-list.gif"></img>
 </div>


<p>Each SQL statement in the statement list is an instance of the
following:</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/sql-stmt.html">sql-stmt:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram sql-stmt" src="images/syntax/sql-stmt.gif"></img>
 </div>











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<a href="syntaxdiagrams.html">syntax diagrams</a>.

<p>The following syntax documentation topics are available:</p>

<table width="100%" cellpadding="5" border="0">
<tr><td valign="top"><ul>

<div class='columns' style='columns: 17em auto;'>

<ul style='padding-top:0;'>


<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html'>aggregate functions</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_altertable.html'>ALTER TABLE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_analyze.html'>ANALYZE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_attach.html'>ATTACH DATABASE</a></li>
<li><a href=''>BEGIN TRANSACTION</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_comment.html'>comment</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_transaction.html'>COMMIT TRANSACTION</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html'>core functions</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_createindex.html'>CREATE INDEX</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_createtable.html'>CREATE TABLE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_createtrigger.html'>CREATE TRIGGER</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_createview.html'>CREATE VIEW</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_createvtab.html'>CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_datefunc.html'>date and time functions</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_delete.html'>DELETE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_detach.html'>DETACH DATABASE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_dropindex.html'>DROP INDEX</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_droptable.html'>DROP TABLE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_droptrigger.html'>DROP TRIGGER</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_dropview.html'>DROP VIEW</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_transaction.html'>END TRANSACTION</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_explain.html'>EXPLAIN</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_expr.html'>expression</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_indexedby.html'>INDEXED BY</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_insert.html'>INSERT</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_keywords.html'>keywords</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_conflict.html'>ON CONFLICT clause</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#syntax'>PRAGMA</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_reindex.html'>REINDEX</a></li>



<li><a href='lang_savepoint.html'>RELEASE SAVEPOINT</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_replace.html'>REPLACE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_transaction.html'>ROLLBACK TRANSACTION</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_savepoint.html'>SAVEPOINT</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_select.html'>SELECT</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_update.html'>UPDATE</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_upsert.html'>UPSERT</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_vacuum.html'>VACUUM</a></li>

















<li><a href='lang_with.html'>WITH clause</a></li>


</ul>











</div>

</ul></td></tr></table>

<p>The routines <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a>, <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a>,
<a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare16()</a>, <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare16_v2()</a>, 
<a href="c3ref/exec.html">sqlite3_exec()</a>, and <a href="c3ref/free_table.html">sqlite3_get_table()</a> accept
an SQL statement list (sql-stmt-list) which is a semicolon-separated
list of statements.</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/sql-stmt-list.html">sql-stmt-list:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram sql-stmt-list" src="images/syntax/sql-stmt-list.gif"></img>
 </div>


<p>Each SQL statement in the statement list is an instance of the
following:</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/sql-stmt.html">sql-stmt:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram sql-stmt" src="images/syntax/sql-stmt.gif"></img>
 </div>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_aggfunc.html. 
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: Aggregate Functions</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>






|








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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>Built-in Aggregate Functions</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>
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}, 30);
}
}
function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
x.style.display = 'none';
b.innerHTML='show';
}else{
x.style.display = '';
b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>

<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>Aggregate Functions</h2></div>










<p><b><a href="syntax/aggregate-function-invocation.html">aggregate-function-invocation:</a></b>
<button id='x1673' onclick='hideorshow("x1673","x1674")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1674' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram aggregate-function-invocation" src="images/syntax/aggregate-function-invocation.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1675' onclick='hideorshow("x1675","x1676")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1676' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1677' onclick='hideorshow("x1677","x1678")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1678' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1679' onclick='hideorshow("x1679","x1680")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1680' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1681' onclick='hideorshow("x1681","x1682")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1682' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1683' onclick='hideorshow("x1683","x1684")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1684' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1685' onclick='hideorshow("x1685","x1686")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1686' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1687' onclick='hideorshow("x1687","x1688")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1688' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1689' onclick='hideorshow("x1689","x1690")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1690' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1691' onclick='hideorshow("x1691","x1692")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1692' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1693' onclick='hideorshow("x1693","x1694")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1694' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1695' onclick='hideorshow("x1695","x1696")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1696' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1697' onclick='hideorshow("x1697","x1698")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1698' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1699' onclick='hideorshow("x1699","x1700")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1700' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1701' onclick='hideorshow("x1701","x1702")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1702' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1703' onclick='hideorshow("x1703","x1704")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1704' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1705' onclick='hideorshow("x1705","x1706")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1706' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1707' onclick='hideorshow("x1707","x1708")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1708' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1709' onclick='hideorshow("x1709","x1710")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1710' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1711' onclick='hideorshow("x1711","x1712")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1712' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1713' onclick='hideorshow("x1713","x1714")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1714' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
</div>


<p>
The aggregate functions shown below are available by default.  Additional
aggregate functions written in C may be added using the 
<a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a></a>
API.</p>

<p>
In any aggregate function that takes a single argument, that argument
can be preceded by the keyword DISTINCT.  In such cases, duplicate
elements are filtered before being passed into the aggregate function.
For example, the function "count(distinct X)" will return the number
of distinct values of column X instead of the total number of non-null
values in column X.
</p>

<a name="aggfilter"></a>

<p>
If a FILTER clause is provided, then only rows for which the <i>expr</i> is
true are included in the aggregate.
</p>


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<hr class='xhr'>

<dl>

<a name="avg"></a>
<dt><p><b>avg(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The avg() function
  returns the average value of all non-NULL <i>X</i> within a
  group.  String and BLOB values that do not look like numbers are
  interpreted as 0.
  The result of avg() is always a floating point value as long as








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<div class=fancy>
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<div class="fancy_title">
Built-in Aggregate Functions
</div>
</div>





<h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1>
<p><b><a href="syntax/aggregate-function-invocation.html">aggregate-function-invocation:</a></b>
<button id='x1191' onclick='hideorshow("x1191","x1192")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1192' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram aggregate-function-invocation" src="images/syntax/aggregate-function-invocation.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1193' onclick='hideorshow("x1193","x1194")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1194' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1195' onclick='hideorshow("x1195","x1196")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1196' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1197' onclick='hideorshow("x1197","x1198")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1198' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1199' onclick='hideorshow("x1199","x1200")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1200' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1201' onclick='hideorshow("x1201","x1202")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1202' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1203' onclick='hideorshow("x1203","x1204")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1204' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1205' onclick='hideorshow("x1205","x1206")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1206' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1207' onclick='hideorshow("x1207","x1208")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1208' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1209' onclick='hideorshow("x1209","x1210")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1210' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1211' onclick='hideorshow("x1211","x1212")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1212' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1213' onclick='hideorshow("x1213","x1214")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1214' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1215' onclick='hideorshow("x1215","x1216")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1216' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1217' onclick='hideorshow("x1217","x1218")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1218' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1219' onclick='hideorshow("x1219","x1220")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1220' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1221' onclick='hideorshow("x1221","x1222")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1222' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1223' onclick='hideorshow("x1223","x1224")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1224' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1225' onclick='hideorshow("x1225","x1226")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1226' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1227' onclick='hideorshow("x1227","x1228")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1228' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1229' onclick='hideorshow("x1229","x1230")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1230' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1231' onclick='hideorshow("x1231","x1232")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1232' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
</div>


<p>
The aggregate functions shown below are available by default.  Additional
aggregate functions written in C may be added using the 
<a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a>
API.</p>

<p>
In any aggregate function that takes a single argument, that argument
can be preceded by the keyword DISTINCT.  In such cases, duplicate
elements are filtered before being passed into the aggregate function.
For example, the function "count(distinct X)" will return the number
of distinct values of column X instead of the total number of non-null
values in column X.
</p>

<a name="aggfilter"></a>

<p>
If a FILTER clause is provided, then only rows for which the <i>expr</i> is
true are included in the aggregate.
</p>

<a name="aggfunclist"></a>

<h1 id="list_of_built_in_aggregate_functions"><span>2. </span>List of built-in aggregate functions</h1>

<div class='columns' style='columns: 11em auto;'>
<ul style='padding-top:0;'>


<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#avg'>avg(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#count'>count(*)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#count'>count(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#groupconcat'>group_concat(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#groupconcat'>group_concat(X,Y)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#maxoreunc'>max(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#minoreunc'>min(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#sumunc'>sum(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#sumunc'>total(X)</a></li>















</ul>



</div>













<h1 id="descriptions_of_built_in_aggregate_functions"><span>3. </span>Descriptions of built-in aggregate functions</h1>
<dl>

<a name="avg"></a>
<dt><p><b>avg(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The avg() function
  returns the average value of all non-NULL <i>X</i> within a
  group.  String and BLOB values that do not look like numbers are
  interpreted as 0.
  The result of avg() is always a floating point value as long as
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  which might be an approximation to the true sum.</p>

  <p>Sum() will throw an "integer overflow" exception if all inputs
  are integers or NULL
  and an integer overflow occurs at any point during the computation.
  Total() never throws an integer overflow.
</dd>

</dl>









>



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  which might be an approximation to the true sum.</p>

  <p>Sum() will throw an "integer overflow" exception if all inputs
  are integers or NULL
  and an integer overflow occurs at any point during the computation.
  Total() never throws an integer overflow.
</dd>

</dl>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_altertable.html. 
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<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: ALTER TABLE</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>ALTER TABLE</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>
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</div>













<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>ALTER TABLE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/alter-table-stmt.html">alter-table-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1191' onclick='hideorshow("x1191","x1192")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1192' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram alter-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/alter-table-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-def.html">column-def:</a></b>
<button id='x1193' onclick='hideorshow("x1193","x1194")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1194' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-def" src="images/syntax/column-def.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-constraint.html">column-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1195' onclick='hideorshow("x1195","x1196")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1196' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-constraint" src="images/syntax/column-constraint.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1197' onclick='hideorshow("x1197","x1198")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1198' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram conflict-clause" src="images/syntax/conflict-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1199' onclick='hideorshow("x1199","x1200")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1200' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1201' onclick='hideorshow("x1201","x1202")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1202' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1203' onclick='hideorshow("x1203","x1204")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1204' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1205' onclick='hideorshow("x1205","x1206")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1206' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1207' onclick='hideorshow("x1207","x1208")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1208' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1209' onclick='hideorshow("x1209","x1210")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1210' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1211' onclick='hideorshow("x1211","x1212")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1212' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1213' onclick='hideorshow("x1213","x1214")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1214' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1215' onclick='hideorshow("x1215","x1216")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1216' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1217' onclick='hideorshow("x1217","x1218")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1218' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1219' onclick='hideorshow("x1219","x1220")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1220' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1221' onclick='hideorshow("x1221","x1222")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1222' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1223' onclick='hideorshow("x1223","x1224")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1224' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1225' onclick='hideorshow("x1225","x1226")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1226' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1227' onclick='hideorshow("x1227","x1228")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1228' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1229' onclick='hideorshow("x1229","x1230")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1230' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1231' onclick='hideorshow("x1231","x1232")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1232' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">foreign-key-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1233' onclick='hideorshow("x1233","x1234")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1234' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram foreign-key-clause" src="images/syntax/foreign-key-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1235' onclick='hideorshow("x1235","x1236")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1236' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1237' onclick='hideorshow("x1237","x1238")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1238' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1239' onclick='hideorshow("x1239","x1240")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1240' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1241' onclick='hideorshow("x1241","x1242")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1242' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>SQLite supports a limited subset of ALTER TABLE.
The ALTER TABLE command in SQLite allows the user to rename a table,
to rename a column within a table, or to add a new column to an existing table.

<a name="altertabrename"></a>

<h3>ALTER TABLE RENAME</h3>

<p> The RENAME TO syntax changes the name of <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span>
to <span class='yyterm'>new-table-name</span>.
This command 
cannot be used to move a table between attached databases, only to rename 
a table within the same database.
If the table being renamed has triggers or indices, then these remain
attached to the table after it has been renamed.

<blockquote style='background-color: #ffd0d0;'>
<b>Compatibility Note:</b>
The behavior of ALTER TABLE when renaming a table was enhanced
in versions 3.25.0 (2018-09-15) and 3.26.0 (2018-12-01)
in order to carry the rename operation forward into triggers and
views that reference the renamed table.  This is considered an
improvement. Applications that depend on the older (and
arguably buggy) behavior can use the








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}, 30);
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<div class="fancy_title">
ALTER TABLE
</div>
</div>





<h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1>

<p><b><a href="syntax/alter-table-stmt.html">alter-table-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1233' onclick='hideorshow("x1233","x1234")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1234' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram alter-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/alter-table-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-def.html">column-def:</a></b>
<button id='x1235' onclick='hideorshow("x1235","x1236")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1236' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-def" src="images/syntax/column-def.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-constraint.html">column-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1237' onclick='hideorshow("x1237","x1238")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1238' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-constraint" src="images/syntax/column-constraint.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1239' onclick='hideorshow("x1239","x1240")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1240' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram conflict-clause" src="images/syntax/conflict-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1241' onclick='hideorshow("x1241","x1242")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1242' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1243' onclick='hideorshow("x1243","x1244")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1244' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1245' onclick='hideorshow("x1245","x1246")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1246' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1247' onclick='hideorshow("x1247","x1248")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1248' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1249' onclick='hideorshow("x1249","x1250")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1250' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1251' onclick='hideorshow("x1251","x1252")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1252' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1253' onclick='hideorshow("x1253","x1254")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1254' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1255' onclick='hideorshow("x1255","x1256")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1256' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1257' onclick='hideorshow("x1257","x1258")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1258' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1259' onclick='hideorshow("x1259","x1260")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1260' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1261' onclick='hideorshow("x1261","x1262")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1262' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1263' onclick='hideorshow("x1263","x1264")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1264' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1265' onclick='hideorshow("x1265","x1266")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1266' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1267' onclick='hideorshow("x1267","x1268")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1268' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1269' onclick='hideorshow("x1269","x1270")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1270' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1271' onclick='hideorshow("x1271","x1272")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1272' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1273' onclick='hideorshow("x1273","x1274")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1274' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">foreign-key-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1275' onclick='hideorshow("x1275","x1276")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1276' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram foreign-key-clause" src="images/syntax/foreign-key-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1277' onclick='hideorshow("x1277","x1278")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1278' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1279' onclick='hideorshow("x1279","x1280")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1280' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1281' onclick='hideorshow("x1281","x1282")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1282' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1283' onclick='hideorshow("x1283","x1284")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1284' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>SQLite supports a limited subset of ALTER TABLE.
The ALTER TABLE command in SQLite allows the user to rename a table,
to rename a column within a table, or to add a new column to an existing table.

<a name="altertabrename"></a>

</p><h1 id="alter_table_rename"><span>2. </span>ALTER TABLE RENAME</h1>

<p> The RENAME TO syntax changes the name of <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span>
to <span class='yyterm'>new-table-name</span>.
This command 
cannot be used to move a table between attached databases, only to rename 
a table within the same database.
If the table being renamed has triggers or indices, then these remain
attached to the table after it has been renamed.

</p><blockquote style="'background-color:" #ffd0d0;'="1">
<b>Compatibility Note:</b>
The behavior of ALTER TABLE when renaming a table was enhanced
in versions 3.25.0 (2018-09-15) and 3.26.0 (2018-12-01)
in order to carry the rename operation forward into triggers and
views that reference the renamed table.  This is considered an
improvement. Applications that depend on the older (and
arguably buggy) behavior can use the
︙︙
269
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276
277
278
279
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281
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283
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291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328

<a href="pragma.html#pragma_legacy_alter_table">PRAGMA legacy_alter_table=ON</a> setting is engaged.  The following
table summaries the difference:</p>

<blockquote>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<th>PRAGMA foreign_keys
<th>PRAGMA legacy_alter_table
<th><a href="foreignkeys.html#parentchild">Parent Table</a>
references are updated
<th>SQLite version
<tr><td align="center">Off<td align="center">Off<td align="center">No<td align="center">&lt; 3.26.0
<tr><td align="center">Off<td align="center">Off<td align="center">Yes<td align="center">&gt;= 3.26.0
<tr><td align="center">On<td align="center">Off<td align="center">Yes<td align="center">all
<tr><td align="center">Off<td align="center">On<td align="center">No<td align="center">all
<tr><td align="center">On<td align="center">On<td align="center">Yes<td align="center">all
</table>
</blockquote>

<a name="altertabmvcol"></a>

<h3>ALTER TABLE RENAME COLUMN</h3>

<p> The RENAME COLUMN TO syntax changes the
<span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> of table <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span>
into <span class='yyterm'>new-column-name</span>.  The column name is changed both
within the table definition itself and also within all indexes, triggers,
and views that reference the column.  If the column name change would
result in a semantic ambiguity in a trigger or view, then the RENAME
COLUMN fails with an error and no changes are applied.

<a name="altertabaddcol"></a>

<h3>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN</h3>

<p> The ADD COLUMN syntax
is used to add a new column to an existing table.
The new column is always appended to the end of the list of existing columns.
The <a href="syntax/column-def.html">column-def</a> rule defines the characteristics of the new column.
The new column may take any of the forms permissible in a <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a>
statement, with the following restrictions:
<ul>
<li>The column may not have a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint.</li>
<li>The column may not have a default value of CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE, 
    CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, or an expression in parentheses.</li>
<li>If a NOT NULL constraint is specified, then the column must have a
    default value other than NULL.
<li>If <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraints</a> are <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">enabled</a> and
    a column with a <a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">REFERENCES clause</a>
    is added, the column must have a default value of NULL.
<li>The column may not be <a href="gencol.html">GENERATED ALWAYS ... STORED</a>,
though VIRTUAL columns are allowed.
</ul>

<p>Note also that when adding a <a href="lang_createtable.html#ckconst">CHECK constraint</a>, the CHECK constraint
is not tested against preexisting rows of the table.
This can result in a table that contains data that
is in violation of the CHECK constraint.  Future versions of SQLite might
change to validate CHECK constraints as they are added.</p>









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339
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<a href="pragma.html#pragma_legacy_alter_table">PRAGMA legacy_alter_table=ON</a> setting is engaged.  The following
table summaries the difference:</p>

<blockquote>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<th>PRAGMA foreign_keys
</th><th>PRAGMA legacy_alter_table
</th><th><a href="foreignkeys.html#parentchild">Parent Table</a>
references are updated
</th><th>SQLite version
</th></tr><tr><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">No</td><td align="center">&lt; 3.26.0
</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">&gt;= 3.26.0
</td></tr><tr><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">all
</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">No</td><td align="center">all
</td></tr><tr><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">all
</td></tr></table>
</blockquote>

<a name="altertabmvcol"></a>

<h1 id="alter_table_rename_column"><span>3. </span>ALTER TABLE RENAME COLUMN</h1>

<p> The RENAME COLUMN TO syntax changes the
<span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> of table <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span>
into <span class='yyterm'>new-column-name</span>.  The column name is changed both
within the table definition itself and also within all indexes, triggers,
and views that reference the column.  If the column name change would
result in a semantic ambiguity in a trigger or view, then the RENAME
COLUMN fails with an error and no changes are applied.

<a name="altertabaddcol"></a>

</p><h1 id="alter_table_add_column"><span>4. </span>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN</h1>

<p> The ADD COLUMN syntax
is used to add a new column to an existing table.
The new column is always appended to the end of the list of existing columns.
The <a href="syntax/column-def.html">column-def</a> rule defines the characteristics of the new column.
The new column may take any of the forms permissible in a <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a>
statement, with the following restrictions:
</p><ul>
<li>The column may not have a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint.</li>
<li>The column may not have a default value of CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE, 
    CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, or an expression in parentheses.</li>
<li>If a NOT NULL constraint is specified, then the column must have a
    default value other than NULL.
</li><li>If <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraints</a> are <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">enabled</a> and
    a column with a <a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">REFERENCES clause</a>
    is added, the column must have a default value of NULL.
</li><li>The column may not be <a href="gencol.html">GENERATED ALWAYS ... STORED</a>,
though VIRTUAL columns are allowed.
</li></ul>

<p>Note also that when adding a <a href="lang_createtable.html#ckconst">CHECK constraint</a>, the CHECK constraint
is not tested against preexisting rows of the table.
This can result in a table that contains data that
is in violation of the CHECK constraint.  Future versions of SQLite might
change to validate CHECK constraints as they are added.</p>
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</p>

<p>After ADD COLUMN has been run on a database, that database will not
be readable by SQLite version 3.1.3 (2005-02-20) and earlier.</p>

<a name="otheralter"></a>

<h3>Making Other Kinds Of Table Schema Changes</h3>

<p> The only schema altering commands directly supported by SQLite are the
"<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabrename">rename table</a>", "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabmvcol">rename column</a>", and "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabaddcol">add column</a>" commands shown above.  
However, applications
can make other arbitrary changes to the format of a table using a simple
sequence of operations.
The steps to make arbitrary changes to the schema design of some table X
are as follows:

<ol>
<li><p>
If foreign key constraints are enabled, disable them using <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF</a>.

<li><p>
Start a transaction.

<li><p>
Remember the format of all indexes, triggers, and views associated with table X.
This information will be needed in step 8 below.  One way to do this is
to run a query like the following:
SELECT type, sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name='X'.

<li><p>
Use <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> to construct a new table "new_X" that is in the desired
revised format of table X.  Make sure that the name "new_X" does not collide
with any existing table name, of course.

<li><p>
Transfer content from X into new_X using a statement
like: INSERT INTO new_X SELECT ... FROM X.

<li><p>
Drop the old table X:  <a href="lang_droptable.html">DROP TABLE X</a>.

<li><p>
Change the name of new_X to X using: ALTER TABLE new_X RENAME TO X.

<li><p>
Use <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a>, <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a>, and <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a>
to reconstruct indexes, triggers, and views
associated with table X.  Perhaps use the old format of the triggers,
indexes, and views saved from step 3 above as a guide, making changes
as appropriate for the alteration.

<li><p>If any views refer to table X in a way that is affected by the
schema change, then drop those views using <a href="lang_dropview.html">DROP VIEW</a> and recreate them
with whatever changes are necessary to accommodate the schema change
using <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a>.

<li><p>
If foreign key constraints were originally enabled
then run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_key_check">PRAGMA foreign_key_check</a> to verify that the schema
change did not break any foreign key constraints.


<li><p>
Commit the transaction started in step 2.

<li><p>
If foreign keys constraints were originally enabled, reenable them now.
</ol>

<a name="caution"></a>

<p>
<b>Caution:</b>
Take care to follow the procedure above precisely.  The boxes below
summarize two procedures for modifying a table definition.  At first
glance, they both appear to accomplish the same thing.  However, the
procedure on the right does not always work, especially with the
enhanced <a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabrename">rename table</a> capabilities added by versions 3.25.0 and
3.26.0.  In the procedure on the right, the initial rename of the
table to a temporary name might corrupt references to that table in
triggers, views, and foreign key constraints.  The safe procedure on
the left constructs the revised table definition using a new temporary
name, then renames the table into its final name, which does not break
links.

<center>
<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<ol>
<li>Create new table
<li>Copy data
<li>Drop old table
<li>Rename new into old
</ol>
<td valign="top">
<ol>
<li>Rename old table
<li>Create new table
<li>Copy data
<li>Drop old table
</ol>
<tr>
<th>&uarr;<br>Correct
<th>&uarr;<br>Incorrect
</table>
</center>

<p>The 12-step <a href="lang_altertable.html#otheralter">generalized ALTER TABLE procedure</a>
above will work even if the
schema change causes the information stored in the table to change.
So the full 12-step procedure above is appropriate for dropping a column,
changing the order of columns, adding or removing a UNIQUE constraint
or PRIMARY KEY, adding CHECK or FOREIGN KEY or NOT NULL constraints,
or changing the datatype for a column, for example.  However, a simpler
and faster procedure can optionally be used for
some changes that do no affect the on-disk content in any way.
The following simpler procedure is appropriate for removing
CHECK or FOREIGN KEY or NOT NULL constraints,
or adding, removing, or changing default values on
a column.

<ol>
<lI><p> Start a transaction.

<li><p> Run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_schema_version">PRAGMA schema_version</a> to determine the current schema
version number.  This number will be needed for step 6 below.

<li><p> Activate schema editing using 
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">PRAGMA writable_schema=ON</a>.

<li><p> Run an <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statement to change the definition of table X
in the <a href="fileformat2.html#sqlite_master">sqlite_master table</a>: 
UPDATE sqlite_master SET sql=... WHERE type='table' AND name='X';
<p><em>Caution:</em>  Making a change to the sqlite_master table like this will
render the database corrupt and unreadable if the change contains
a syntax error.  It is suggested that careful testing of the UPDATE
statement be done on a separate blank database prior to using it on
a database containing important data.

<li><p> If the change to table X also affects other tables or indexes or
triggers are views within schema, then run <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statements to modify
those other tables indexes and views too.  For example, if the name of
a column changes, all FOREIGN KEY constraints, triggers, indexes, and
views that refer to that column must be modified.
<p><em>Caution:</em>  Once again, making changes to the sqlite_master 
table like this will render the database corrupt and unreadable if the 
change contains an error.  Carefully test this entire procedure
on a separate test database prior to using it on
a database containing important data and/or make backup copies of
important databases prior to running this procedure.

<li><p> Increment the schema version number using
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_schema_version">PRAGMA schema_version=X</a> where X is one
more than the old schema version number found in step 2 above.

<li><p> Disable schema editing using 
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">PRAGMA writable_schema=OFF</a>.

<li><p> (Optional) Run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_integrity_check">PRAGMA integrity_check</a> to verify that the
schema changes did not damage the database.

<li><p> Commit the transaction started on step 1 above.
</ol>

<p>If some future version of SQLite adds new ALTER TABLE capabilities, 
those capabilities will very likely use one of the two procedures
outlined above.

<a name="altertableishard"></a>

<h3>Why ALTER TABLE is such a problem for SQLite</h3>

<p>Most SQL database engines store the schema already parsed into
various system tables.  On those database engines, ALTER TABLE merely 
has to make modifications to the corresponding system tables.

<p>SQLite is different in that it stores the schema
in the <a href="fileformat2.html#sqlite_master">sqlite_master</a> table as the original text of the CREATE
statements that define the schema.  Hence ALTER TABLE needs
to revise the text of the CREATE statement.  Doing
so can be tricky for certain "creative" schema designs.

<p>The SQLite approach of storing the schema as text has advantages
for an embedded relational database.  For one, it means that the
schema takes up less space in the database file.  This is important
since a common SQLite usage pattern is to have many small,
separate database files instead of putting everything in one
big global database file, which is the usual approach for client/server
database engines.
Since the schema is duplicated in each separate database file, it is
important to keep the schema representation compact.

<p>Storing the schema as text rather than as parsed tables also
give flexibility to the implementation.  Since the internal parse
of the schema is regenerated each time the database is opened, the
internal representation of the schema can change from one release
to the next.  This is important, as sometimes new features require
enhancements to the internal schema representation.  Changing the
internal schema representation would be much more difficult if the
schema representation was exposed in the database file.  So, in other
words, storing the schema as text helps maintain backwards 
compatibility, and helps ensure that older database files can be
read and written by newer versions of SQLite.

<p>Storing the schema a text also makes the 
<a href="fileformat2.html">SQLite database file format</a> easier to define, document, and 
understand. This helps make SQLite database files a
<a href="locrsf.html">recommended storage format</a> for long-term archiving of data.

<p>The downside of storing schema a text is that it can make
the schema tricky to modify.  And for that reason, the ALTER TABLE
support in SQLite has traditionally lagged behind other SQL
database engines that store their schemas as parsed system tables
that are easier to modify.















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</p>

<p>After ADD COLUMN has been run on a database, that database will not
be readable by SQLite version 3.1.3 (2005-02-20) and earlier.</p>

<a name="otheralter"></a>

<h1 id="making_other_kinds_of_table_schema_changes"><span>5. </span>Making Other Kinds Of Table Schema Changes</h1>

<p> The only schema altering commands directly supported by SQLite are the
"<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabrename">rename table</a>", "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabmvcol">rename column</a>", and "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabaddcol">add column</a>" commands shown above.  
However, applications
can make other arbitrary changes to the format of a table using a simple
sequence of operations.
The steps to make arbitrary changes to the schema design of some table X
are as follows:

</p><ol>
<li><p>
If foreign key constraints are enabled, disable them using <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF</a>.

</p></li><li><p>
Start a transaction.

</p></li><li><p>
Remember the format of all indexes, triggers, and views associated with table X.
This information will be needed in step 8 below.  One way to do this is
to run a query like the following:
SELECT type, sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name='X'.

</p></li><li><p>
Use <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> to construct a new table "new_X" that is in the desired
revised format of table X.  Make sure that the name "new_X" does not collide
with any existing table name, of course.

</p></li><li><p>
Transfer content from X into new_X using a statement
like: INSERT INTO new_X SELECT ... FROM X.

</p></li><li><p>
Drop the old table X:  <a href="lang_droptable.html">DROP TABLE X</a>.

</p></li><li><p>
Change the name of new_X to X using: ALTER TABLE new_X RENAME TO X.

</p></li><li><p>
Use <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a>, <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a>, and <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a>
to reconstruct indexes, triggers, and views
associated with table X.  Perhaps use the old format of the triggers,
indexes, and views saved from step 3 above as a guide, making changes
as appropriate for the alteration.

</p></li><li><p>If any views refer to table X in a way that is affected by the
schema change, then drop those views using <a href="lang_dropview.html">DROP VIEW</a> and recreate them
with whatever changes are necessary to accommodate the schema change
using <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a>.

</p></li><li><p>
If foreign key constraints were originally enabled
then run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_key_check">PRAGMA foreign_key_check</a> to verify that the schema
change did not break any foreign key constraints.


</p></li><li><p>
Commit the transaction started in step 2.

</p></li><li><p>
If foreign keys constraints were originally enabled, reenable them now.
</p></li></ol>

<a name="caution"></a>

<p>
<b>Caution:</b>
Take care to follow the procedure above precisely.  The boxes below
summarize two procedures for modifying a table definition.  At first
glance, they both appear to accomplish the same thing.  However, the
procedure on the right does not always work, especially with the
enhanced <a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabrename">rename table</a> capabilities added by versions 3.25.0 and
3.26.0.  In the procedure on the right, the initial rename of the
table to a temporary name might corrupt references to that table in
triggers, views, and foreign key constraints.  The safe procedure on
the left constructs the revised table definition using a new temporary
name, then renames the table into its final name, which does not break
links.

</p><center>
<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<ol>
<li>Create new table
</li><li>Copy data
</li><li>Drop old table
</li><li>Rename new into old
</li></ol>
</td><td valign="top">
<ol>
<li>Rename old table
</li><li>Create new table
</li><li>Copy data
</li><li>Drop old table
</li></ol>
</td></tr><tr>
<th>&uarr;<br>Correct
</th><th>&uarr;<br>Incorrect
</th></tr></table>
</center>

<p>The 12-step <a href="lang_altertable.html#otheralter">generalized ALTER TABLE procedure</a>
above will work even if the
schema change causes the information stored in the table to change.
So the full 12-step procedure above is appropriate for dropping a column,
changing the order of columns, adding or removing a UNIQUE constraint
or PRIMARY KEY, adding CHECK or FOREIGN KEY or NOT NULL constraints,
or changing the datatype for a column, for example.  However, a simpler
and faster procedure can optionally be used for
some changes that do no affect the on-disk content in any way.
The following simpler procedure is appropriate for removing
CHECK or FOREIGN KEY or NOT NULL constraints,
or adding, removing, or changing default values on
a column.

</p><ol>
<li><p> Start a transaction.

</p></li><li><p> Run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_schema_version">PRAGMA schema_version</a> to determine the current schema
version number.  This number will be needed for step 6 below.

</p></li><li><p> Activate schema editing using 
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">PRAGMA writable_schema=ON</a>.

</p></li><li><p> Run an <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statement to change the definition of table X
in the <a href="fileformat2.html#sqlite_master">sqlite_master table</a>: 
UPDATE sqlite_master SET sql=... WHERE type='table' AND name='X';
</p><p><em>Caution:</em>  Making a change to the sqlite_master table like this will
render the database corrupt and unreadable if the change contains
a syntax error.  It is suggested that careful testing of the UPDATE
statement be done on a separate blank database prior to using it on
a database containing important data.

</p></li><li><p> If the change to table X also affects other tables or indexes or
triggers are views within schema, then run <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statements to modify
those other tables indexes and views too.  For example, if the name of
a column changes, all FOREIGN KEY constraints, triggers, indexes, and
views that refer to that column must be modified.
</p><p><em>Caution:</em>  Once again, making changes to the sqlite_master 
table like this will render the database corrupt and unreadable if the 
change contains an error.  Carefully test this entire procedure
on a separate test database prior to using it on
a database containing important data and/or make backup copies of
important databases prior to running this procedure.

</p></li><li><p> Increment the schema version number using
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_schema_version">PRAGMA schema_version=X</a> where X is one
more than the old schema version number found in step 2 above.

</p></li><li><p> Disable schema editing using 
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">PRAGMA writable_schema=OFF</a>.

</p></li><li><p> (Optional) Run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_integrity_check">PRAGMA integrity_check</a> to verify that the
schema changes did not damage the database.

</p></li><li><p> Commit the transaction started on step 1 above.
</p></li></ol>

<p>If some future version of SQLite adds new ALTER TABLE capabilities, 
those capabilities will very likely use one of the two procedures
outlined above.

<a name="altertableishard"></a>

</p><h1 id="why_alter_table_is_such_a_problem_for_sqlite"><span>6. </span>Why ALTER TABLE is such a problem for SQLite</h1>

<p>Most SQL database engines store the schema already parsed into
various system tables.  On those database engines, ALTER TABLE merely 
has to make modifications to the corresponding system tables.

</p><p>SQLite is different in that it stores the schema
in the <a href="fileformat2.html#sqlite_master">sqlite_master</a> table as the original text of the CREATE
statements that define the schema.  Hence ALTER TABLE needs
to revise the text of the CREATE statement.  Doing
so can be tricky for certain "creative" schema designs.

</p><p>The SQLite approach of storing the schema as text has advantages
for an embedded relational database.  For one, it means that the
schema takes up less space in the database file.  This is important
since a common SQLite usage pattern is to have many small,
separate database files instead of putting everything in one
big global database file, which is the usual approach for client/server
database engines.
Since the schema is duplicated in each separate database file, it is
important to keep the schema representation compact.

</p><p>Storing the schema as text rather than as parsed tables also
give flexibility to the implementation.  Since the internal parse
of the schema is regenerated each time the database is opened, the
internal representation of the schema can change from one release
to the next.  This is important, as sometimes new features require
enhancements to the internal schema representation.  Changing the
internal schema representation would be much more difficult if the
schema representation was exposed in the database file.  So, in other
words, storing the schema as text helps maintain backwards 
compatibility, and helps ensure that older database files can be
read and written by newer versions of SQLite.

</p><p>Storing the schema a text also makes the 
<a href="fileformat2.html">SQLite database file format</a> easier to define, document, and 
understand. This helps make SQLite database files a
<a href="locrsf.html">recommended storage format</a> for long-term archiving of data.

</p><p>The downside of storing schema a text is that it can make
the schema tricky to modify.  And for that reason, the ALTER TABLE
support in SQLite has traditionally lagged behind other SQL
database engines that store their schemas as parsed system tables
that are easier to modify.




</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_analyze.html. 
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<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: ANALYZE</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>






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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>ANALYZE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/analyze-stmt.html">analyze-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1243' onclick='hideorshow("x1243","x1244")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1244' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram analyze-stmt" src="images/syntax/analyze-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p> The ANALYZE command gathers statistics about tables and
indices and stores the collected information
in <a href="fileformat2.html#intschema">internal tables</a> of the database where the query optimizer can
access the information and use it to help make better query planning choices.
If no arguments are given, all attached databases are
analyzed.  If a schema name is given as the argument, then all tables
and indices in that one database are analyzed.  
If the argument is a table name, then only that table and the
indices associated with that table are analyzed.  If the argument
is an index name, then only that one index is analyzed.</p>






















<p> The default implementation stores all statistics in a single
table named "<a href="fileformat2.html#stat1tab">sqlite_stat1</a>".  If SQLite is compiled with the
<a href="compile.html#enable_stat3">SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3</a> option and without the <a href="compile.html#enable_stat4">SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4</a>
option, then additional histogram data is
collected and stored in <a href="fileformat2.html#stat3tab">sqlite_stat3</a>.
 If SQLite is compiled with the
<a href="compile.html#enable_stat4">SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4</a> option, then additional histogram data is
collected and stored in <a href="fileformat2.html#stat4tab">sqlite_stat4</a>.
Older versions of SQLite would make use of the <a href="fileformat2.html#stat2tab">sqlite_stat2</a> table

when compiled with <a href="compile.html#enable_stat2">SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2</a> but all recent versions of

SQLite ignore the sqlite_stat2 table.
Future enhancements may create
additional <a href="fileformat2.html#intschema">internal tables</a> with the same name pattern except with
final digit larger than "4".
All of these tables are collectively referred to as "statistics tables".
</p>

<p> The content of the statistics tables can be queried using <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a>








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ANALYZE
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<h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1>

<p><b><a href="syntax/analyze-stmt.html">analyze-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1285' onclick='hideorshow("x1285","x1286")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1286' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram analyze-stmt" src="images/syntax/analyze-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p> The ANALYZE command gathers statistics about tables and
indices and stores the collected information
in <a href="fileformat2.html#intschema">internal tables</a> of the database where the query optimizer can
access the information and use it to help make better query planning choices.
If no arguments are given, all attached databases are
analyzed.  If a schema name is given as the argument, then all tables
and indices in that one database are analyzed.  
If the argument is a table name, then only that table and the
indices associated with that table are analyzed.  If the argument
is an index name, then only that one index is analyzed.</p>

<a name="req"></a>

<h2 id="recommended_usage_pattern"><span>1.1. </span>Recommended usage pattern</h2>

<p>Applications with long-lived databases that use complex
queries should consider running the following commands just prior
to closing each database connection:

</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>PRAGMA analysis_limit=400;
PRAGMA optimize;
</pre></div>

<p>The <a href="pragma.html#pragma_optimize">optimize pragma</a> is usually a no-op but it will occasionally
run ANALYZE if it seems like doing so will be useful to the query planner.
The <a href="pragma.html#pragma_analysis_limit">analysis_limit pragma</a> limits the scope of any ANALYZE command that
the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_optimize">optimize pragma</a> runs so that it does not consume too many CPU cycles.
The constant "400" can be adjusted as needed.  Values between 100 and
1000 work well for most applications.

</p><h1 id="details"><span>2. </span>Details</h1>

<p> The default implementation stores all statistics in a single
table named "<a href="fileformat2.html#stat1tab">sqlite_stat1</a>".  



 If SQLite is compiled with the
<a href="compile.html#enable_stat4">SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4</a> option, then additional histogram data is
collected and stored in <a href="fileformat2.html#stat4tab">sqlite_stat4</a>.
Older versions of SQLite would make use of the <a href="fileformat2.html#stat2tab">sqlite_stat2</a> table
or <a href="fileformat2.html#stat3tab">sqlite_stat3</a> table
when compiled with <a href="compile.html#enable_stat2">SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2</a> or <a href="compile.html#enable_stat3">SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3</a>,
but all recent versions of
SQLite ignore the sqlite_stat2 and sqlite_stat3 tables.
Future enhancements may create
additional <a href="fileformat2.html#intschema">internal tables</a> with the same name pattern except with
final digit larger than "4".
All of these tables are collectively referred to as "statistics tables".
</p>

<p> The content of the statistics tables can be queried using <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a>
︙︙
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changes the statistics tables directly, SQLite will not immediately
notice the changes. An application
can force the query planner to reread the statistics tables by running
<b>ANALYZE sqlite_master</b>. </p>

<a name="autoanalyze"></a>

<h2>Automatically Running ANALYZE</h2>

<p>The <a href="pragma.html#pragma_optimize">PRAGMA optimize</a> command will automatically run ANALYZE on individual
tables on an as-needed basis.  The recommended practice is for applications
to invoke the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_optimize">PRAGMA optimize</a> statement just before closing each database
connection.</p>

<p>Each SQLite <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a> records cases when the query planner would








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changes the statistics tables directly, SQLite will not immediately
notice the changes. An application
can force the query planner to reread the statistics tables by running
<b>ANALYZE sqlite_master</b>. </p>

<a name="autoanalyze"></a>

<h1 id="automatically_running_analyze"><span>3. </span>Automatically Running ANALYZE</h1>

<p>The <a href="pragma.html#pragma_optimize">PRAGMA optimize</a> command will automatically run ANALYZE on individual
tables on an as-needed basis.  The recommended practice is for applications
to invoke the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_optimize">PRAGMA optimize</a> statement just before closing each database
connection.</p>

<p>Each SQLite <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a> records cases when the query planner would
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to run the suggested ANALYZE commands, perhaps after prompting the user
for guidance.</p>

<p>The <a href="pragma.html#pragma_optimize">PRAGMA optimize</a> command was first introduced with 
SQLite 3.18.0 (2017-03-28) and is a no-op for all prior releases
of SQLite.</p>


<h2>Anticipated Future Enhancements</h2>








<p>All existing versions of SQLite do a full table scan for ANALYZE.  This can be


slow for multi-gigabyte and larger databases.  Future versions of SQLite might


use random sampling rather than a full table scan to obtain estimates for the









database shape, especially on larger tables.  The results would approximate, but 




will be close enough for query planning purposes.  As of 2017-03-20, this




concept has been tested in experimental branches and appears to work well, but









has not been folded into an official release.</p>





















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to run the suggested ANALYZE commands, perhaps after prompting the user
for guidance.</p>

<p>The <a href="pragma.html#pragma_optimize">PRAGMA optimize</a> command was first introduced with 
SQLite 3.18.0 (2017-03-28) and is a no-op for all prior releases
of SQLite.</p>

<a name="approx"></a>

<h1 id="approximate_analyze_for_large_databases"><span>4. </span>Approximate ANALYZE For Large Databases</h1>

<p>By default, ANALYZE does a full scan of every index.  This can be slow for
large databases.  So beginning with SQLite version 3.32.0 (2020-05-22), the
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_analysis_limit">PRAGMA analysis_limit</a> command can be used to limit the amount of
scanning performed by ANALYZE, and thus help ANALYZE to run faster,
even on very large database files.  We call this running an
"approximate ANALYZE".

</p><p>The recommended usage pattern for the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_analysis_limit">analysis_limit</a> pragma is
like this:

</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>PRAGMA analysis_limit=1000;
</pre></div>

<p>This pragma tells the ANALYZE command to start a full scan
of the index as it normally would.  But when the number of rows visited
reaches 1000 (or whatever other limit is specified by the pragma), the
ANALYZE command will begin taking actions to stop the scan.  If
the left-most column of the index has changed at least once during the
previous 1000 steps, then the analysis stops immediately.  But if the
left-most column has always been the same, then ANALYZE skips ahead to
the first entry with a different left-most column and reads an additional
1000 rows before terminating.

</p><p>The details of the effects of the analysis limit described in the previous
paragraph are subject to change in future versions of SQLite.  But the
core idea will remain the same.  An analysis limit of N will strive to
limit the number of rows visited in each index to approximately N.

</p><p>Values of N between 100 and 1000 are recommended.
Or, to disable the analysis limit, causing ANALYZE to do a
complete scan of each index, set the analysis limit to 0.  The default
value for the analysis limit is 0 for backwards compatibility.

</p><p>The values placed in the sqlite_stat1 table by an approximate ANALYZE
are not exactly the same as what would be computed by an unrestricted 
analysis.  But they are usually close enough.  The index statistics in
the sqlite_stat1 table are approximations in any case, so the fact that
the results of an approximate ANALYZE are slightly different from
a traditional full scan ANALYZE has little practical impact.  It is
possible to construct a pathological case where an approximate ANALYZE
is noticeably inferior to a full-scan ANALYZE, but such cases rare in
real-world problems.

</p><p>A good rule of thumb seems to be to always set "PRAGMA analysis_limit=N"
for N between 100 and 1000 prior to running either "ANALYZE" or
"<a href="pragma.html#pragma_optimize">PRAGMA optimize</a>".  The results are not quite as precise, but they
are precise enough, and the fact that the results are computed so much
faster means that developers are more likely to compute them.  An
approximate ANALYZE is better than not running ANALYZE at all.

</p><h2 id="limitations_of_approximate_analyze"><span>4.1. </span>Limitations of approximate ANALYZE</h2>

<p>The content in the sqlite_stat4 table cannot be computed with
anything less than a full scan.  Hence, if a non-zero analysis limit
is specified, the sqlite_stat4 table is not computed.
</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_attach.html. 
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
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<title>SQLite Query Language: ATTACH DATABASE</title>
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<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>ATTACH DATABASE</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>
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}, 30);
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>ATTACH DATABASE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/attach-stmt.html">attach-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1245' onclick='hideorshow("x1245","x1246")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1246' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram attach-stmt" src="images/syntax/attach-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1247' onclick='hideorshow("x1247","x1248")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1248' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1249' onclick='hideorshow("x1249","x1250")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1250' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1251' onclick='hideorshow("x1251","x1252")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1252' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1253' onclick='hideorshow("x1253","x1254")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1254' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1255' onclick='hideorshow("x1255","x1256")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1256' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1257' onclick='hideorshow("x1257","x1258")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1258' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1259' onclick='hideorshow("x1259","x1260")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1260' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1261' onclick='hideorshow("x1261","x1262")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1262' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1263' onclick='hideorshow("x1263","x1264")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1264' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1265' onclick='hideorshow("x1265","x1266")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1266' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1267' onclick='hideorshow("x1267","x1268")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1268' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1269' onclick='hideorshow("x1269","x1270")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1270' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1271' onclick='hideorshow("x1271","x1272")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1272' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1273' onclick='hideorshow("x1273","x1274")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1274' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1275' onclick='hideorshow("x1275","x1276")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1276' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1277' onclick='hideorshow("x1277","x1278")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1278' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1279' onclick='hideorshow("x1279","x1280")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1280' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1281' onclick='hideorshow("x1281","x1282")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1282' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1283' onclick='hideorshow("x1283","x1284")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1284' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1285' onclick='hideorshow("x1285","x1286")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1286' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p> The ATTACH DATABASE statement adds another database 
file to the current <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a>. 
Database files that were previously attached can be removed using
the <a href="lang_detach.html">DETACH DATABASE</a> command.



<p>The filename for the database to be attached is the value of
the expression that occurs before the AS keyword.
The filename of the database follows the same semantics as the
filename argument to <a href="c3ref/open.html">sqlite3_open()</a> and <a href="c3ref/open.html">sqlite3_open_v2()</a>; the
special name "<a href="inmemorydb.html">:memory:</a>" results in an <a href="inmemorydb.html">in-memory database</a> and an
empty string results in a new temporary database.
The filename argument can be a <a href="uri.html">URI filename</a> if URI filename processing
is enable on the database connection.  The default behavior is for
URI filenames to be disabled, however that might change in a future release
of SQLite, so application developers are advised to plan accordingly.

<p>The name that occurs after the AS keyword is the name of the database
used internally by SQLite.
The schema-names 'main' and 
'temp' refer to the main database and the database used for 
temporary tables.  The main and temp databases cannot be attached or
detached.</p>

<p> Tables in an attached database can be referred to using the syntax 








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function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
x.style.display = 'none';
b.innerHTML='show';
}else{
x.style.display = '';
b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=fancy>
<div class=nosearch>
<div class="fancy_title">
ATTACH DATABASE
</div>
</div>




<h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1>
<p><b><a href="syntax/attach-stmt.html">attach-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1287' onclick='hideorshow("x1287","x1288")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1288' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram attach-stmt" src="images/syntax/attach-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1289' onclick='hideorshow("x1289","x1290")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1290' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1291' onclick='hideorshow("x1291","x1292")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1292' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1293' onclick='hideorshow("x1293","x1294")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1294' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1295' onclick='hideorshow("x1295","x1296")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1296' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1297' onclick='hideorshow("x1297","x1298")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1298' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1299' onclick='hideorshow("x1299","x1300")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1300' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1301' onclick='hideorshow("x1301","x1302")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1302' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1303' onclick='hideorshow("x1303","x1304")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1304' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1305' onclick='hideorshow("x1305","x1306")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1306' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1307' onclick='hideorshow("x1307","x1308")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1308' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1309' onclick='hideorshow("x1309","x1310")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1310' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1311' onclick='hideorshow("x1311","x1312")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1312' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1313' onclick='hideorshow("x1313","x1314")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1314' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1315' onclick='hideorshow("x1315","x1316")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1316' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1317' onclick='hideorshow("x1317","x1318")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1318' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1319' onclick='hideorshow("x1319","x1320")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1320' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1321' onclick='hideorshow("x1321","x1322")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1322' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1323' onclick='hideorshow("x1323","x1324")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1324' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1325' onclick='hideorshow("x1325","x1326")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1326' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1327' onclick='hideorshow("x1327","x1328")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1328' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p> The ATTACH DATABASE statement adds another database 
file to the current <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a>. 
Database files that were previously attached can be removed using
the <a href="lang_detach.html">DETACH DATABASE</a> command.

</p><h1 id="details"><span>2. </span>Details</h1>

<p>The filename for the database to be attached is the value of
the expression that occurs before the AS keyword.
The filename of the database follows the same semantics as the
filename argument to <a href="c3ref/open.html">sqlite3_open()</a> and <a href="c3ref/open.html">sqlite3_open_v2()</a>; the
special name "<a href="inmemorydb.html">:memory:</a>" results in an <a href="inmemorydb.html">in-memory database</a> and an
empty string results in a new temporary database.
The filename argument can be a <a href="uri.html">URI filename</a> if URI filename processing
is enable on the database connection.  The default behavior is for
URI filenames to be disabled, however that might change in a future release
of SQLite, so application developers are advised to plan accordingly.

</p><p>The name that occurs after the AS keyword is the name of the database
used internally by SQLite.
The schema-names 'main' and 
'temp' refer to the main database and the database used for 
temporary tables.  The main and temp databases cannot be attached or
detached.</p>

<p> Tables in an attached database can be referred to using the syntax
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some of those files might get the changes where others
might not.
</p>

<p> There is a limit, set using <a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit()</a> and 
<a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimitattached">SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED</a>, to the number of databases that can be
simultaneously attached to a single database connection.</p>











<

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some of those files might get the changes where others
might not.
</p>

<p> There is a limit, set using <a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit()</a> and 
<a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimitattached">SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED</a>, to the number of databases that can be
simultaneously attached to a single database connection.</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_comment.html. 
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: comment</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
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<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQL Comment Syntax</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>
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}, 30);
}
}
function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
x.style.display = 'none';
b.innerHTML='show';
}else{
x.style.display = '';
b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>











<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>comment</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/comment-syntax.html">comment-syntax:</a></b>
<button id='x1299' onclick='hideorshow("x1299","x1300")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1300' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram comment-syntax" src="images/syntax/comment-syntax.gif" />
</div>


<p>Comments are not SQL commands, but can occur within the text of
SQL queries passed to <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a> and related interfaces.
Comments are treated as whitespace by the parser.








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}, 30);
}
}
function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
x.style.display = 'none';
b.innerHTML='show';
}else{
x.style.display = '';
b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=fancy>
<div class=nosearch>
<div class="fancy_title">
SQL Comment Syntax
</div>
</div>





<p><b><a href="syntax/comment-syntax.html">comment-syntax:</a></b>
<button id='x1329' onclick='hideorshow("x1329","x1330")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1330' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram comment-syntax" src="images/syntax/comment-syntax.gif" />
</div>


<p>Comments are not SQL commands, but can occur within the text of
SQL queries passed to <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a> and related interfaces.
Comments are treated as whitespace by the parser.
︙︙
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or until the end of input, whichever comes first.  C-style comments
can span multiple lines. </p>

<p>Comments can appear anywhere whitespace can occur,
including inside expressions and in the middle of other SQL statements.
Comments do not nest.
</p>












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or until the end of input, whichever comes first.  C-style comments
can span multiple lines. </p>

<p>Comments can appear anywhere whitespace can occur,
including inside expressions and in the middle of other SQL statements.
Comments do not nest.
</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_conflict.html. 
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: ON CONFLICT clause</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>






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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>The ON CONFLICT Clause</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
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}, 30);
}
}
function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
x.style.display = 'none';
b.innerHTML='show';
}else{
x.style.display = '';
b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>










<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>ON CONFLICT clause</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1813' onclick='hideorshow("x1813","x1814")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1814' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram conflict-clause" src="images/syntax/conflict-clause.gif" />
</div>


<p>The ON CONFLICT clause is a
non-standard extension specific to SQLite 
that can appear in many other SQL commands.
It is given its own section in this document because it is not
part of standard SQL and therefore might not be familiar.</p>

<p>The ON CONFLICT clause described here has been a part of
SQLite since before version 3.0.0 (2004-06-18).  The phrase
"ON&nbsp;CONFLICT" is also part of <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">UPSERT</a>, which is an extension
to <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> added in version 3.24.0 (2018-06-04).  Do not
confuse these two separate uses of the "ON&nbsp;CONFLICT" phrase.

<p>The syntax for the ON CONFLICT clause is as shown above for
the CREATE TABLE command.  For the INSERT and
UPDATE commands, the keywords "ON CONFLICT" are replaced by "OR" so that
the syntax reads more naturally.  For example, instead of
"INSERT ON CONFLICT IGNORE" we have "INSERT OR IGNORE".
The keywords change but the meaning of the clause is the same
either way.</p>









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}, 30);
}
}
function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
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var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
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b.innerHTML='show';
}else{
x.style.display = '';
b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=fancy>
<div class=nosearch>
<div class="fancy_title">
The ON CONFLICT Clause
</div>
</div>




<p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1331' onclick='hideorshow("x1331","x1332")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1332' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram conflict-clause" src="images/syntax/conflict-clause.gif" />
</div>


<p>The ON CONFLICT clause is a
non-standard extension specific to SQLite 
that can appear in many other SQL commands.
It is given its own section in this document because it is not
part of standard SQL and therefore might not be familiar.</p>

<p>The ON CONFLICT clause described here has been a part of
SQLite since before version 3.0.0 (2004-06-18).  The phrase
"ON&nbsp;CONFLICT" is also part of <a href="lang_upsert.html">UPSERT</a>, which is an extension
to <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> added in version 3.24.0 (2018-06-04).  Do not
confuse these two separate uses of the "ON&nbsp;CONFLICT" phrase.

</p><p>The syntax for the ON CONFLICT clause is as shown above for
the CREATE TABLE command.  For the INSERT and
UPDATE commands, the keywords "ON CONFLICT" are replaced by "OR" so that
the syntax reads more naturally.  For example, instead of
"INSERT ON CONFLICT IGNORE" we have "INSERT OR IGNORE".
The keywords change but the meaning of the clause is the same
either way.</p>
︙︙
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<a href="pragma.html#pragma_recursive_triggers">recursive triggers</a> are enabled.</p>

<p>The <a href="c3ref/update_hook.html">update hook</a> is not invoked for rows that
are deleted by the REPLACE conflict resolution strategy.  Nor does
REPLACE increment the <a href="c3ref/changes.html">change counter</a>.
The exceptional behaviors defined in this paragraph might change 
in a future release.</p>
</dl>

<p>The algorithm specified in the OR clause of an INSERT or UPDATE
overrides any algorithm specified in a CREATE TABLE.
If no algorithm is specified anywhere, the ABORT algorithm is used.</p>










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<a href="pragma.html#pragma_recursive_triggers">recursive triggers</a> are enabled.</p>

<p>The <a href="c3ref/update_hook.html">update hook</a> is not invoked for rows that
are deleted by the REPLACE conflict resolution strategy.  Nor does
REPLACE increment the <a href="c3ref/changes.html">change counter</a>.
The exceptional behaviors defined in this paragraph might change 
in a future release.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>The algorithm specified in the OR clause of an INSERT or UPDATE
overrides any algorithm specified in a CREATE TABLE.
If no algorithm is specified anywhere, the ABORT algorithm is used.</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_corefunc.html. 
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: Core Functions</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>






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<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>Built-In Scalar SQL Functions</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>
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}, 30);
}
}
function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
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if( !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
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function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
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if( x.style.display!='none' ){
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}else{
x.style.display = '';
b.innerHTML='hide';
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return false;
}
</script>
</div>

<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>Core Functions</h2></div>











<p>The core functions shown below are available by default. 
<a href="lang_datefunc.html">Date &amp; Time functions</a>,
<a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate functions</a>,
<a href="windowfunctions.html#biwinfunc">window functions</a>, and
<a href="json1.html">JSON functions</a> are documented separately.  An
application may define additional
functions written in C and added to the database engine using
the <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> API.</p>

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<dl>

<a name="abs"></a>
<dt><p><b>abs(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The abs(X) function returns the absolute value of the numeric
  argument X.  Abs(X) returns NULL if X is NULL. 
  Abs(X) returns 0.0 if X is a string or blob
  that cannot be converted to a numeric value.  If X is the 
  integer -9223372036854775808 then abs(X) throws an integer overflow








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}, 30);
}
}
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if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
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}else{
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}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=fancy>
<div class=nosearch>
<div class="fancy_title">
Built-In Scalar SQL Functions
</div>
</div>





<h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1>

<p>The core functions shown below are available by default. 
<a href="lang_datefunc.html">Date &amp; Time functions</a>,
<a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate functions</a>,
<a href="windowfunctions.html#biwinfunc">window functions</a>, and
<a href="json1.html">JSON functions</a> are documented separately.  An
application may define additional
functions written in C and added to the database engine using
the <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> API.</p>

<p>
<div class='columns' style='columns: 15em auto;'>
<ul style='padding-top:0;'>


<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#abs'>abs(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#changes'>changes()</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#char'>char(X1,X2,...,XN)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#coalesce'>coalesce(X,Y,...)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#glob'>glob(X,Y)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#hex'>hex(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#ifnull'>ifnull(X,Y)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#iif'>iif(X,Y,Z)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#instr'>instr(X,Y)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#last_insert_rowid'>last_insert_rowid()</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#length'>length(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#like'>like(X,Y)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#like'>like(X,Y,Z)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#likelihood'>likelihood(X,Y)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#likely'>likely(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#load_extension'>load_extension(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#load_extension'>load_extension(X,Y)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#lower'>lower(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#ltrim'>ltrim(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#ltrim'>ltrim(X,Y)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#maxoreunc'>max(X,Y,...)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#minoreunc'>min(X,Y,...)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#nullif'>nullif(X,Y)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#printf'>printf(FORMAT,...)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#quote'>quote(X)</a></li>













<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#random'>random()</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#randomblob'>randomblob(N)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#replace'>replace(X,Y,Z)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#round'>round(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#round'>round(X,Y)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#rtrim'>rtrim(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#rtrim'>rtrim(X,Y)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#soundex'>soundex(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#sqlite_compileoption_get'>sqlite_compileoption_get(N)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#sqlite_compileoption_used'>sqlite_compileoption_used(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#sqlite_offset'>sqlite_offset(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#sqlite_source_id'>sqlite_source_id()</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#sqlite_version'>sqlite_version()</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#substr'>substr(X,Y)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#substr'>substr(X,Y,Z)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#total_changes'>total_changes()</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#trim'>trim(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#trim'>trim(X,Y)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#typeof'>typeof(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#unicode'>unicode(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#unlikely'>unlikely(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#upper'>upper(X)</a></li>
<li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#zeroblob'>zeroblob(N)</a></li>















</ul>



</div>













<h1 id="descriptions_of_built_in_scalar_sql_functions"><span>2. </span>Descriptions of built-in scalar SQL functions</h1>
<dl>

<a name="abs"></a>
<dt><p><b>abs(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The abs(X) function returns the absolute value of the numeric
  argument X.  Abs(X) returns NULL if X is NULL. 
  Abs(X) returns 0.0 if X is a string or blob
  that cannot be converted to a numeric value.  If X is the 
  integer -9223372036854775808 then abs(X) throws an integer overflow
︙︙
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</dd>
<a name="ifnull"></a>
<dt><p><b>ifnull(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The ifnull() function returns a copy of its first non-NULL argument, or
  NULL if both arguments are NULL.  Ifnull() must have exactly 2 arguments.
  The ifnull() function is equivalent to <a href="lang_corefunc.html#coalesce">coalesce()</a> with two arguments.
</dd>






<a name="instr"></a>
<dt><p><b>instr(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The instr(X,Y) function finds the first occurrence of string Y within 
  string X and returns the number of prior characters plus 1, or 0 if
  Y is nowhere found within X.
  Or, if X and Y are both BLOBs, then instr(X,Y) returns one
  more than the number bytes prior to the first occurrence of Y, or 0 if








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</dd>
<a name="ifnull"></a>
<dt><p><b>ifnull(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The ifnull() function returns a copy of its first non-NULL argument, or
  NULL if both arguments are NULL.  Ifnull() must have exactly 2 arguments.
  The ifnull() function is equivalent to <a href="lang_corefunc.html#coalesce">coalesce()</a> with two arguments.
</dd>
<a name="iif"></a>
<dt><p><b>iif(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>,<i>Z</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The iif(X,Y,Z) function returns the value Y if X is true, and Z otherwise.
  The iff(X,Y,Z) function is logically equivalent to and generates the same
  <a href="opcode.html">bytecode</a> as the <a href="lang_expr.html#case">CASE expression</a> "CASE WHEN X THEN Y ELSE Z END".
</dd>
<a name="instr"></a>
<dt><p><b>instr(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The instr(X,Y) function finds the first occurrence of string Y within 
  string X and returns the number of prior characters plus 1, or 0 if
  Y is nowhere found within X.
  Or, if X and Y are both BLOBs, then instr(X,Y) returns one
  more than the number bytes prior to the first occurrence of Y, or 0 if
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  reversed in the like() function relative to the infix <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator.
  X is the pattern and Y is the string to match against that pattern.
  Hence, the following expressions are equivalent:
  <blockquote><pre>
     name LIKE '%neon%'
     like('%neon%',name)
  </pre></blockquote>
  The <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> interface can be used to override the
  like() function and thereby change the operation of the
  <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator.  When overriding the like() function, it may be important
  to override both the two and three argument versions of the like() 
  function. Otherwise, different code may be called to implement the
  <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator depending on whether or not an ESCAPE clause was 
  specified.
</dd>








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  reversed in the like() function relative to the infix <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator.
  X is the pattern and Y is the string to match against that pattern.
  Hence, the following expressions are equivalent:
  <blockquote><pre>
     name LIKE '%neon%'
     like('%neon%',name)
  </pre></blockquote>
  <p>The <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> interface can be used to override the
  like() function and thereby change the operation of the
  <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator.  When overriding the like() function, it may be important
  to override both the two and three argument versions of the like() 
  function. Otherwise, different code may be called to implement the
  <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator depending on whether or not an ESCAPE clause was 
  specified.
</dd>
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  The zeroblob(N) function returns a BLOB consisting of N bytes of 0x00.
  SQLite manages these zeroblobs very efficiently.  Zeroblobs can be used to
  reserve space for a BLOB that is later written using 
  <a href="c3ref/blob_open.html">incremental BLOB I/O</a>.
  This SQL function is implemented using the <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_zeroblob()</a>
  routine from the C/C++ interface.
</dd>

</dl>









>



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  The zeroblob(N) function returns a BLOB consisting of N bytes of 0x00.
  SQLite manages these zeroblobs very efficiently.  Zeroblobs can be used to
  reserve space for a BLOB that is later written using 
  <a href="c3ref/blob_open.html">incremental BLOB I/O</a>.
  This SQL function is implemented using the <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_zeroblob()</a>
  routine from the C/C++ interface.
</dd>

</dl>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_createindex.html. 
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<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: CREATE INDEX</title>
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</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>






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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>CREATE INDEX</title>
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<body>
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<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
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}, 30);
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE INDEX</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/create-index-stmt.html">create-index-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1301' onclick='hideorshow("x1301","x1302")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1302' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-index-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-index-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1303' onclick='hideorshow("x1303","x1304")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1304' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1305' onclick='hideorshow("x1305","x1306")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1306' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1307' onclick='hideorshow("x1307","x1308")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1308' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1309' onclick='hideorshow("x1309","x1310")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1310' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1311' onclick='hideorshow("x1311","x1312")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1312' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1313' onclick='hideorshow("x1313","x1314")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1314' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1315' onclick='hideorshow("x1315","x1316")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1316' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1317' onclick='hideorshow("x1317","x1318")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1318' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1319' onclick='hideorshow("x1319","x1320")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1320' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1321' onclick='hideorshow("x1321","x1322")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1322' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1323' onclick='hideorshow("x1323","x1324")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1324' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1325' onclick='hideorshow("x1325","x1326")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1326' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1327' onclick='hideorshow("x1327","x1328")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1328' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1329' onclick='hideorshow("x1329","x1330")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1330' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1331' onclick='hideorshow("x1331","x1332")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1332' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1333' onclick='hideorshow("x1333","x1334")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1334' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1335' onclick='hideorshow("x1335","x1336")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1336' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1337' onclick='hideorshow("x1337","x1338")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1338' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1339' onclick='hideorshow("x1339","x1340")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1340' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1341' onclick='hideorshow("x1341","x1342")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1342' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1343' onclick='hideorshow("x1343","x1344")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1344' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif" />
</div>
</div>


<p>The CREATE INDEX command consists of the keywords "CREATE INDEX" followed
by the name of the new index, the keyword "ON", the name of a previously
created table that is to be indexed, and a parenthesized list of table column
names and/or expressions that are used for the index key.
If the optional WHERE clause is included, then the index is a "<a href="partialindex.html">partial index</a>".
</p>










































<a name="descidx"></a>



<p>Each column name or expression can be followed by one
of the "ASC" or "DESC" keywords to indicate sort order.
The sort order may or may not be ignored depending
on the database file format, and in particular the <a href="fileformat2.html#schemaformat">schema format number</a>.
The "legacy" schema format (1) ignores index
sort order.  The descending index schema format (4) takes index sort order
into account.  Only versions of SQLite 3.3.0 (2006-01-11)
and later are able to understand
the descending index format. For compatibility, version of SQLite between 3.3.0
and 3.7.9 use the legacy schema format by default.  The newer schema format is
used by default in version 3.7.10 (2012-01-16) and later.
The <a href="pragma.html#pragma_legacy_file_format">legacy_file_format pragma</a> can be used to change set the specific
behavior for any version of SQLite.</p>



<p>The NULLS FIRST and NULLS LAST predicates are not supported
for indexes.  For <a href="datatype3.html#sortorder">sorting purposes</a>, SQLite considers NULL values 
to be smaller than all other values.  Hence NULL values always appear at
the beginning of an ASC index and at the end of a DESC index.</p>

<a name="collidx"></a>



<p>The COLLATE clause optionally following each column name
or expression defines a
collating sequence used for text entries in that column.
The default collating
sequence is the collating sequence defined for that column in the
<a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement.  Or if no collating sequence is otherwise defined,
the built-in BINARY collating sequence is used.</p>

<a name="indexexpr"></a>

<p>Expressions in an index may not reference other tables
and may not use subqueries nor functions whose result might
change (ex: <a href="lang_corefunc.html#random">random()</a> or <a href="lang_corefunc.html#sqlite_version">sqlite_version()</a>).
Expressions in an index may only refer to columns in the table
that is being indexed.
Indexes on expression will not work with versions of SQLite prior
to <a href="releaselog/3_9_0.html">version 3.9.0</a> (2015-10-14).
See the <a href="expridx.html">Indexes On Expressions</a> document for additional information
about using general expressions in CREATE INDEX statements.

<p>There are no arbitrary limits on the number of indices that can be
attached to a single table.  The number of columns in an index is 
limited to the value set by
<a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit</a>(<a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimitcolumn">SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN</a>,...).</p>

<a name="uniqueidx"></a>

<p>If the UNIQUE keyword appears between CREATE and INDEX then duplicate
index entries are not allowed.  Any attempt to insert a duplicate entry
will result in an error.  For the purposes of unique indices, all NULL values
are considered different from all other NULL values and are thus unique.
This is one of the two possible interpretations of the SQL-92 standard
(the language in the standard is ambiguous) and is the interpretation
followed by PostgreSQL, MySQL, Firebird, and Oracle.  Informix and
Microsoft SQL Server follow the other interpretation of the standard.</p>

<p>If the optional IF NOT EXISTS clause is present and another index
with the same name already exists, then this command becomes a no-op.</p>

<p>Indexes are removed with the <a href="lang_dropindex.html">DROP INDEX</a> command.</p>











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}, 30);
}
}
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window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
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if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
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<div class=fancy>
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<div class="fancy_title">
CREATE INDEX
</div>
</div>




<h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1>
<p><b><a href="syntax/create-index-stmt.html">create-index-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1333' onclick='hideorshow("x1333","x1334")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1334' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-index-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-index-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1335' onclick='hideorshow("x1335","x1336")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1336' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1337' onclick='hideorshow("x1337","x1338")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1338' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1339' onclick='hideorshow("x1339","x1340")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1340' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1341' onclick='hideorshow("x1341","x1342")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1342' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1343' onclick='hideorshow("x1343","x1344")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1344' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1345' onclick='hideorshow("x1345","x1346")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1346' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1347' onclick='hideorshow("x1347","x1348")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1348' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1349' onclick='hideorshow("x1349","x1350")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1350' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1351' onclick='hideorshow("x1351","x1352")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1352' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1353' onclick='hideorshow("x1353","x1354")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1354' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1355' onclick='hideorshow("x1355","x1356")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1356' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1357' onclick='hideorshow("x1357","x1358")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1358' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1359' onclick='hideorshow("x1359","x1360")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1360' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1361' onclick='hideorshow("x1361","x1362")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1362' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1363' onclick='hideorshow("x1363","x1364")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1364' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1365' onclick='hideorshow("x1365","x1366")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1366' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1367' onclick='hideorshow("x1367","x1368")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1368' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1369' onclick='hideorshow("x1369","x1370")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1370' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1371' onclick='hideorshow("x1371","x1372")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1372' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1373' onclick='hideorshow("x1373","x1374")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1374' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1375' onclick='hideorshow("x1375","x1376")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1376' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif" />
</div>
</div>


<p>The CREATE INDEX command consists of the keywords "CREATE INDEX" followed
by the name of the new index, the keyword "ON", the name of a previously
created table that is to be indexed, and a parenthesized list of table column
names and/or expressions that are used for the index key.
If the optional WHERE clause is included, then the index is a "<a href="partialindex.html">partial index</a>".
</p>

<p>If the optional IF NOT EXISTS clause is present and another index
with the same name already exists, then this command becomes a no-op.</p>

<p>There are no arbitrary limits on the number of indices that can be
attached to a single table.  The number of columns in an index is 
limited to the value set by
<a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit</a>(<a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimitcolumn">SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN</a>,...).</p>

<p>Indexes are removed with the <a href="lang_dropindex.html">DROP INDEX</a> command.</p>

<a name="uniqueidx"></a>

<h2 id="unique_indexes"><span>1.1. </span>Unique Indexes</h2>

<p>If the UNIQUE keyword appears between CREATE and INDEX then duplicate
index entries are not allowed.  Any attempt to insert a duplicate entry
will result in an error.</p>

<p>For the purposes of unique indices, all NULL values
are considered different from all other NULL values and are thus unique.
This is one of the two possible interpretations of the SQL-92 standard
(the language in the standard is ambiguous).  The interpretation used
by SQLite is the same and is the interpretation
followed by PostgreSQL, MySQL, Firebird, and Oracle.  Informix and
Microsoft SQL Server follow the other interpretation of the standard, which
is that all NULL values are equal to one another.</p>

<a name="indexexpr"></a>

<h2 id="indexes_on_expressions"><span>1.2. </span>Indexes on Expressions</h2>

<p>Expressions in an index may not reference other tables
and may not use subqueries nor functions whose result might
change (ex: <a href="lang_corefunc.html#random">random()</a> or <a href="lang_corefunc.html#sqlite_version">sqlite_version()</a>).
Expressions in an index may only refer to columns in the table
that is being indexed.
Indexes on expression will not work with versions of SQLite prior
to <a href="releaselog/3_9_0.html">version 3.9.0</a> (2015-10-14).
See the <a href="expridx.html">Indexes On Expressions</a> document for additional information
about using general expressions in CREATE INDEX statements.

<a name="descidx"></a>

</p><h2 id="descending_indexes"><span>1.3. </span>Descending Indexes</h2>

<p>Each column name or expression can be followed by one
of the "ASC" or "DESC" keywords to indicate sort order.
The sort order may or may not be ignored depending
on the database file format, and in particular the <a href="fileformat2.html#schemaformat">schema format number</a>.
The "legacy" schema format (1) ignores index
sort order.  The descending index schema format (4) takes index sort order
into account.  Only versions of SQLite 3.3.0 (2006-01-11)
and later are able to understand
the descending index format. For compatibility, version of SQLite between 3.3.0
and 3.7.9 use the legacy schema format by default.  The newer schema format is
used by default in version 3.7.10 (2012-01-16) and later.
The <a href="pragma.html#pragma_legacy_file_format">legacy_file_format pragma</a> can be used to change set the specific
behavior for any version of SQLite.</p>

<h2 id="nulls_first_and_nulls_last"><span>1.4. </span>NULLS FIRST and NULLS LAST</h2>

<p>The NULLS FIRST and NULLS LAST predicates are not supported
for indexes.  For <a href="datatype3.html#sortorder">sorting purposes</a>, SQLite considers NULL values 
to be smaller than all other values.  Hence NULL values always appear at
the beginning of an ASC index and at the end of a DESC index.</p>

<a name="collidx"></a>

<h2 id="collations"><span>1.5. </span>Collations</h2>

<p>The COLLATE clause optionally following each column name
or expression defines a
collating sequence used for text entries in that column.
The default collating
sequence is the collating sequence defined for that column in the
<a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement.  Or if no collating sequence is otherwise defined,
the built-in BINARY collating sequence is used.</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_createtable.html. 
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE TABLE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/create-table-stmt.html">create-table-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1345' onclick='hideorshow("x1345","x1346")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1346' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-table-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-def.html">column-def:</a></b>
<button id='x1347' onclick='hideorshow("x1347","x1348")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1348' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-def" src="images/syntax/column-def.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-constraint.html">column-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1349' onclick='hideorshow("x1349","x1350")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1350' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-constraint" src="images/syntax/column-constraint.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1351' onclick='hideorshow("x1351","x1352")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1352' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram conflict-clause" src="images/syntax/conflict-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1353' onclick='hideorshow("x1353","x1354")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1354' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1355' onclick='hideorshow("x1355","x1356")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1356' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1357' onclick='hideorshow("x1357","x1358")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1358' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1359' onclick='hideorshow("x1359","x1360")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1360' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1361' onclick='hideorshow("x1361","x1362")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1362' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1363' onclick='hideorshow("x1363","x1364")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1364' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">foreign-key-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1365' onclick='hideorshow("x1365","x1366")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1366' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram foreign-key-clause" src="images/syntax/foreign-key-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1367' onclick='hideorshow("x1367","x1368")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1368' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1369' onclick='hideorshow("x1369","x1370")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1370' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1371' onclick='hideorshow("x1371","x1372")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1372' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1373' onclick='hideorshow("x1373","x1374")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1374' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1375' onclick='hideorshow("x1375","x1376")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1376' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1377' onclick='hideorshow("x1377","x1378")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1378' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1379' onclick='hideorshow("x1379","x1380")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1380' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1381' onclick='hideorshow("x1381","x1382")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1382' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1383' onclick='hideorshow("x1383","x1384")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1384' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1385' onclick='hideorshow("x1385","x1386")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1386' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1387' onclick='hideorshow("x1387","x1388")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1388' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1389' onclick='hideorshow("x1389","x1390")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1390' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1391' onclick='hideorshow("x1391","x1392")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1392' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1393' onclick='hideorshow("x1393","x1394")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1394' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1395' onclick='hideorshow("x1395","x1396")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1396' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1397' onclick='hideorshow("x1397","x1398")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1398' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1399' onclick='hideorshow("x1399","x1400")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1400' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1401' onclick='hideorshow("x1401","x1402")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1402' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1403' onclick='hideorshow("x1403","x1404")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1404' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1405' onclick='hideorshow("x1405","x1406")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1406' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1407' onclick='hideorshow("x1407","x1408")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1408' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1409' onclick='hideorshow("x1409","x1410")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1410' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1411' onclick='hideorshow("x1411","x1412")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1412' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1413' onclick='hideorshow("x1413","x1414")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1414' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-constraint" src="images/syntax/table-constraint.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1415' onclick='hideorshow("x1415","x1416")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1416' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram conflict-clause" src="images/syntax/conflict-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1417' onclick='hideorshow("x1417","x1418")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1418' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1419' onclick='hideorshow("x1419","x1420")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1420' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1421' onclick='hideorshow("x1421","x1422")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1422' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1423' onclick='hideorshow("x1423","x1424")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1424' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1425' onclick='hideorshow("x1425","x1426")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1426' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1427' onclick='hideorshow("x1427","x1428")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1428' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1429' onclick='hideorshow("x1429","x1430")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1430' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1431' onclick='hideorshow("x1431","x1432")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1432' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1433' onclick='hideorshow("x1433","x1434")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1434' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">foreign-key-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1435' onclick='hideorshow("x1435","x1436")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1436' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram foreign-key-clause" src="images/syntax/foreign-key-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1437' onclick='hideorshow("x1437","x1438")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1438' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>




<p>The "CREATE TABLE" command is used to create a new table in an SQLite 
database. A CREATE TABLE command specifies the following attributes of the
new table:

<ul>
  <li><p>The name of the new table.

  <li><p> The database in which the new table is created. Tables may be 
      created in the main database, the temp database, or in any attached
      database.

  <li><p> The name of each column in the table.

  <li><p> The declared type of each column in the table.

  <li><p> A default value or expression for each column in the table.

  <li><p> A default collation sequence to use with each column.

  <li><p> Optionally, a PRIMARY KEY for the table. Both single column and
       composite (multiple column) primary keys are supported.

  <li><p> A set of SQL constraints for each table. SQLite supports UNIQUE, NOT
       NULL, CHECK and FOREIGN KEY constraints.

  <li><p> Optionally, a <a href="gencol.html">generated column</a> constraint.

  <li><p> Whether the table is a <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> table.
</ul>

<p>Every CREATE TABLE statement must specify a name for the new table.
  Table names that begin with "sqlite_" are reserved for internal use. It
  is an error to attempt to create a table with a name that starts with
  "sqlite_".

<p> If a <span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> is specified, it must be either "main", 
  "temp", or the name of an <a href="lang_attach.html">attached database</a>. In this case
  the new table is created in the named database. If the "TEMP" or "TEMPORARY"
  keyword occurs between the "CREATE" and "TABLE" then the new table is
  created in the temp database. It is an error to specify both a 
  <span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> and the TEMP or TEMPORARY keyword, unless the
  <span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> is "temp". 
  If no schema name is specified and the
  TEMP keyword is not present then the table is created in the main
  database.

<p>
  It is usually an error to attempt to create a new table in a database that
  already contains a table, index or view of the same name. However, if the
  "IF NOT EXISTS" clause is specified as part of the CREATE TABLE statement and
  a table or view of the same name already exists, the CREATE TABLE command
  simply has no effect (and no error message is returned). An error is still
  returned if the table cannot be created because of an existing index, even 
  if the "IF NOT EXISTS" clause is specified.

<p>It is not an error to create a table that has the same name as an 
  existing <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">trigger</a>.

<p>Tables are removed using the <a href="lang_droptable.html">DROP TABLE</a> statement.  </p>

<a name="createtabas"></a>

<h3>CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT Statements</h3>

<p>A "CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT" statement creates and populates a database
table based on the results of a SELECT statement. The table has the same
number of columns as the rows returned by the SELECT statement. The name of
each column is the same as the name of the corresponding column in the result
set of the SELECT statement. The declared type of each column is determined
by the <a href="datatype3.html#expraff">expression affinity</a> of the corresponding expression in the result set
of the SELECT statement, as follows:
</p>

<center><table border=1>
  <tr><th>Expression Affinity   <th>Column Declared Type
  <tr><td>TEXT                  <td>"TEXT"
  <tr><td>NUMERIC               <td>"NUM"
  <tr><td>INTEGER               <td>"INT"
  <tr><td>REAL                  <td>"REAL"
  <tr><td>BLOB (a.k.a "NONE")   <td>"" (empty string)
</table></center>

<p>A table created using CREATE TABLE AS has no PRIMARY KEY and no
constraints of any kind. The default value of each column is NULL. The default
collation sequence for each column of the new table is BINARY.

<p>Tables created using CREATE TABLE AS are initially populated with the
rows of data returned by the SELECT statement. Rows are assigned contiguously
ascending <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">rowid</a> values, starting with 1, in the <a href="lang_select.html#orderby">order</a> that they
are returned by the SELECT statement.

<a name="tablecoldef"></a>

<h3>Column Definitions</h3>

<p>Unless it is a CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT statement, a CREATE TABLE includes
one or more <a href="syntax/column-def.html">column definitions</a>, optionally followed by a list of
<a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table constraints</a>.  Each column definition consists of the
name of the column, optionally followed by the declared type of the column,
then one or more optional <a href="syntax/column-constraint.html">column constraints</a>. Included in
the definition of "column constraints" for the purposes of the previous
statement are the COLLATE and DEFAULT clauses, even though these are not really
constraints in the sense that they do not restrict the data that the table may
contain. The other constraints - NOT NULL, CHECK, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY and
FOREIGN KEY constraints - impose restrictions on the table data.

<p>The number of columns in a table is limited by the <a href="limits.html#max_column">SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN</a>
compile-time parameter. A single row of a table cannot store more than
<a href="limits.html#max_length">SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH</a> bytes of data. Both of these limits can be lowered at
runtime using the <a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit()</a> C/C++ interface.</p>

<h4>Column Data Types</h4>

<p>Unlike most SQL databases, SQLite does not restrict the type of data that
may be inserted into a column based on the columns declared type. Instead,
SQLite uses <a href="datatype3.html">dynamic typing</a>. The declared type of a column is used to
determine the <a href="datatype3.html#affinity">affinity</a> of the column only.

<a name="dfltval"></a>

<h4>The DEFAULT clause</h4>
<p>The DEFAULT clause specifies a default value to use for the column if no
value is explicitly provided by the user when doing an <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>. If there
is no explicit DEFAULT clause attached to a column definition, then the 
default value of the column is NULL. An explicit DEFAULT clause may specify
that the default value is NULL, a string constant, a blob constant, a
signed-number, or any constant expression enclosed in parentheses. A
default value may also be one of the special case-independent keywords
CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE or CURRENT_TIMESTAMP. For the purposes of the
DEFAULT clause, an expression is considered constant if it
contains no sub-queries, column or table references, <a href="lang_expr.html#varparam">bound parameters</a>,
or string literals enclosed in double-quotes instead of single-quotes.

<p>Each time a row is inserted into the table by an INSERT statement that 
does not provide explicit values for all table columns the values stored in
the new row are determined by their default values, as follows:

<ul>
  <li><p>If the default value of the column is a constant NULL, text, blob or
    signed-number value, then that value is used directly in the new row.

  <li><p>If the default value of a column is an expression in parentheses, then
    the expression is evaluated once for each row inserted and the results
    used in the new row.

  <li><p>If the default value of a column is CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE or
    CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, then the value used in the new row is a text
    representation of the current UTC date and/or time. For CURRENT_TIME, the
    format of the value is "HH:MM:SS". For CURRENT_DATE, "YYYY-MM-DD". The
    format for CURRENT_TIMESTAMP is "YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS".
</ul>

<a name="collateclause"></a>

<h4>The COLLATE clause</h4>
<p>The COLLATE clause specifies the name of a <a href="datatype3.html#collation">collating sequence</a> to use as
the default collation sequence for the column. If no COLLATE clause is
specified, the default collation sequence is <a href="datatype3.html#collation">BINARY</a>.

<h4>The GENERATED ALWAYS AS clause</h4>
<p>A column that includes a GENERATED ALWAY AS clause is a <a href="gencol.html">generated column</a>.
Generated columns are supported beginning with SQLite verison 3.31.0 (2020-01-22).
See the <a href="gencol.html">separate documentation</a> for details on the capabilities and
limitations of generated columns.

<a name="primkeyconst"></a>

<h4>The PRIMARY KEY</h4>
<p>Each table in SQLite may have at most one PRIMARY KEY. If the
  keywords PRIMARY KEY are added to a column definition, then the primary key
  for the table consists of that single column. Or, if a PRIMARY KEY clause 
  is specified as a <a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table-constraint</a>, then the primary key of the table
  consists of the list of columns specified as part of the PRIMARY KEY clause.
  The PRIMARY KEY clause must contain only column names &mdash; the use of 
  expressions in an <a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column</a> of a PRIMARY KEY is not supported.
  An error is raised if more than one PRIMARY KEY clause appears in a
  CREATE TABLE statement.  The PRIMARY KEY is optional for ordinary tables
  but is required for <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables.

<p>If a table has a single column primary key and the declared type of that
  column is "INTEGER" and the table is not a <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> table,
  then the column is known as an <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a>.
  See <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">below</a> for a description of the special properties and behaviors
  associated with an <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a>.

<p>Each row in a table with a primary key must have a unique combination
  of values in its primary key columns. For the purposes of determining
  the uniqueness of primary key values, NULL values are considered distinct from
  all other values, including other NULLs. If an <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> or <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a>
  statement attempts to modify the table content so that two or more rows
  have identical primary key values, that is a constraint violation.

<p> According to the SQL standard, PRIMARY KEY should always imply NOT NULL.
  Unfortunately, due to a bug in some early versions, this is not the
  case in SQLite. Unless the column is an <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a> or
  the table is a <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> table or the column is declared NOT NULL,
  SQLite allows NULL values in a PRIMARY KEY column.  SQLite could be fixed to
  conform to the standard, but doing so might break legacy applications.
  Hence, it has been decided to merely document the fact that SQLite
  allowing NULLs in most PRIMARY KEY columns.

<a name="uniqueconst"></a>

<h4>UNIQUE constraints</h4>
<p>A UNIQUE constraint is similar to a PRIMARY KEY constraint, except
  that a single table may have any number of UNIQUE constraints. For each
  UNIQUE constraint on the table, each row must contain a unique combination
  of values in the columns identified by the UNIQUE constraint. 
  For the purposes of UNIQUE constraints, NULL values
  are considered distinct from all other values, including other NULLs.
  As with PRIMARY KEYs, a UNIQUE <a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table-constraint</a> clause must contain
  only column names &mdash; the use of 
  expressions in an <a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column</a> of a UNIQUE <a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table-constraint</a>
  is not supported.
  

<p>In most cases, UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY
  constraints are implemented by creating a unique index in the database.
  (The exceptions are <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a> and PRIMARY KEYs on 
  <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables.)
  Hence, the following schemas are logically equivalent:

  <ol>
  <li><p>CREATE TABLE t1(a, b UNIQUE);
  <li><p>CREATE TABLE t1(a, b PRIMARY KEY);
  <li><p>CREATE TABLE t1(a, b);<br>
         CREATE UNIQUE INDEX t1b ON t1(b);
  </ol>

<a name="ckconst"></a>

<h4>CHECK constraints</h4>
<p>A CHECK constraint may be attached to a column definition or
  specified as a table constraint. In practice it makes no difference. Each
  time a new row is inserted into the table or an existing row is updated,
  the expression associated with each CHECK constraint is evaluated and
  cast to a NUMERIC value in the same way as a <a href="lang_expr.html#castexpr">CAST expression</a>. If the 
  result is zero (integer value 0 or real value 0.0), then a constraint
  violation has occurred. If the CHECK expression evaluates to NULL, or
  any other non-zero value, it is not a constraint violation.
  The expression of a CHECK constraint may not contain a subquery.

<a name="notnullconst"></a>

<h4>NOT NULL constraints</h4>
<p>A NOT NULL constraint may only be attached to a column definition,
  not specified as a table constraint.  Not surprisingly, a NOT NULL
  constraint dictates that the associated column may not contain a NULL value.
  Attempting to set the column value to NULL when inserting a new row or
  updating an existing one causes a constraint violation.


<h3>Constraint violations</h3>
<p>Exactly how a constraint violation is dealt with is determined by the
  <a href="lang_conflict.html">constraint conflict resolution algorithm</a>. Each 
  PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE, NOT NULL and CHECK constraint has a default conflict
  resolution algorithm. PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE and NOT NULL constraints may be
  explicitly assigned a default conflict resolution algorithm by including
  a <a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause</a> in their definitions. Or, if a constraint definition
  does not include a <a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause</a> or it is a CHECK constraint, the default
  conflict resolution algorithm is ABORT. Different constraints within the
  same table may have different default conflict resolution algorithms. See
  the section titled <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> for additional information.

<a name="rowid"></a>

<h3>ROWIDs and the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</h3>

<p>Except for <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables, all rows within SQLite tables
have a 64-bit signed integer key that uniquely identifies the row within its table.
This integer is usually
called the "rowid". The rowid value can be accessed using one of the special
case-independent names "rowid", "oid", or "_rowid_" in place of a column name.
If a table contains a user defined column named "rowid", "oid" or "_rowid_",
then that name always refers the explicitly declared column and cannot be used
to retrieve the integer rowid value.

<p>The rowid (and "oid" and "_rowid_") is omitted in <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables.
WITHOUT ROWID tables are only available in SQLite <a href="releaselog/3_8_2.html">version 3.8.2</a>
(2013-12-06) and later.
A table that lacks the WITHOUT ROWID clause is called a "rowid table".

<p>The data for rowid tables is stored as a B-Tree structure containing
one entry for each table row, using the rowid value as the key. This means that
retrieving or sorting records by rowid is fast. Searching for a record with a
specific rowid, or for all records with rowids within a specified range is
around twice as fast as a similar search made by specifying any other PRIMARY
KEY or indexed value.

<p> With one exception noted below, if a rowid table has a primary key that consists
of a single column and the declared type of that column is "INTEGER" in any mixture of
upper and lower case, then the column becomes an alias for the rowid. Such a
column is usually referred to as an "integer primary key". A PRIMARY KEY column
only becomes an integer primary key if the declared type name is exactly
"INTEGER".  Other integer type names like "INT" or "BIGINT" or "SHORT INTEGER"
or "UNSIGNED INTEGER" causes the primary key column to behave as an ordinary
table column with integer <a href="datatype3.html#affinity">affinity</a> and a unique index, not as an alias for
the rowid.

<p> The exception mentioned above is that if the declaration of a column with
declared type "INTEGER" includes an "PRIMARY KEY DESC" clause, it does not
become an alias for the rowid and is not classified as an integer primary key.
This quirk is not by design. It is due to a bug in early versions of SQLite.
But fixing the bug could result in backwards incompatibilities.
Hence, the original behavior has been retained (and documented) because odd
behavior in a corner case is far better than a compatibility break.  This means
that the following three table declarations all cause the column "x" to be an
alias for the rowid (an integer primary key):

<ul>
<li><tt>CREATE TABLE t(x INTEGER PRIMARY KEY ASC, y, z);</tt>
<li><tt>CREATE TABLE t(x INTEGER, y, z, PRIMARY KEY(x ASC));</tt>
<li><tt>CREATE TABLE t(x INTEGER, y, z, PRIMARY KEY(x DESC));</tt>
</ul>

<p>But the following declaration does not result in "x" being an alias for
the rowid:
<ul>
<li><tt>CREATE TABLE t(x INTEGER PRIMARY KEY DESC, y, z);</tt>
</ul>

<p>Rowid values may be modified using an UPDATE statement in the same
way as any other column value can, either using one of the built-in aliases
("rowid", "oid" or "_rowid_") or by using an alias created by an integer
primary key. Similarly, an INSERT statement may provide a value to use as the
rowid for each row inserted. Unlike normal SQLite columns, an integer primary
key or rowid column must contain integer values. Integer primary key or rowid
columns are not able to hold floating point values, strings, BLOBs, or NULLs.

<p>If an UPDATE statement attempts to set an integer primary key or rowid column
to a NULL or blob value, or to a string or real value that cannot be losslessly
converted to an integer, a "datatype mismatch" error occurs and the statement
is aborted. If an INSERT statement attempts to insert a blob value, or a string
or real value that cannot be losslessly converted to an integer into an
integer primary key or rowid column, a "datatype mismatch" error occurs and the
statement is aborted.

<p>If an INSERT statement attempts to insert a NULL value into a rowid or
integer primary key column, the system chooses an integer value to use as the
rowid automatically. A detailed description of how this is done is provided
<a href="autoinc.html">separately</a>.</p>

<p>The <a href="foreignkeys.html#parentchild">parent key</a> of a <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraint</a> is not allowed to
use the rowid.  The parent key must used named columns only.</p>










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CREATE TABLE
</div>
<div class="fancy_toc">
<a onclick="toggle_toc()">
<span class="fancy_toc_mark" id="toc_mk">&#x25ba;</span>
Table Of Contents
</a>
<div id="toc_sub"><div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#syntax">1. Syntax</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_create_table_command">2. The CREATE TABLE command</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#create_table_as_select_statements">2.1. CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT Statements</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#column_definitions">3. Column Definitions</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#column_data_types">3.1. Column Data Types</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_default_clause">3.2. The DEFAULT clause</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_collate_clause">3.3. The COLLATE clause</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_generated_always_as_clause">3.4. The GENERATED ALWAYS AS clause</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_primary_key">3.5. The PRIMARY KEY</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#unique_constraints">3.6. UNIQUE constraints</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#check_constraints">3.7. CHECK constraints</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#not_null_constraints">3.8. NOT NULL constraints</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#constraint_violations">4. Constraint violations</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#rowids_and_the_integer_primary_key">5. ROWIDs and the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a></div>
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</div>




<h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1>

<p><b><a href="syntax/create-table-stmt.html">create-table-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1377' onclick='hideorshow("x1377","x1378")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1378' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-table-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-def.html">column-def:</a></b>
<button id='x1379' onclick='hideorshow("x1379","x1380")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1380' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-def" src="images/syntax/column-def.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-constraint.html">column-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1381' onclick='hideorshow("x1381","x1382")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1382' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-constraint" src="images/syntax/column-constraint.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1383' onclick='hideorshow("x1383","x1384")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1384' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram conflict-clause" src="images/syntax/conflict-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1385' onclick='hideorshow("x1385","x1386")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1386' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1387' onclick='hideorshow("x1387","x1388")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1388' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1389' onclick='hideorshow("x1389","x1390")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1390' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1391' onclick='hideorshow("x1391","x1392")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1392' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1393' onclick='hideorshow("x1393","x1394")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1394' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1395' onclick='hideorshow("x1395","x1396")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1396' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">foreign-key-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1397' onclick='hideorshow("x1397","x1398")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1398' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram foreign-key-clause" src="images/syntax/foreign-key-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1399' onclick='hideorshow("x1399","x1400")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1400' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1401' onclick='hideorshow("x1401","x1402")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1402' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1403' onclick='hideorshow("x1403","x1404")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1404' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1405' onclick='hideorshow("x1405","x1406")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1406' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1407' onclick='hideorshow("x1407","x1408")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1408' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1409' onclick='hideorshow("x1409","x1410")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1410' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1411' onclick='hideorshow("x1411","x1412")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1412' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1413' onclick='hideorshow("x1413","x1414")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1414' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1415' onclick='hideorshow("x1415","x1416")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1416' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1417' onclick='hideorshow("x1417","x1418")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1418' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1419' onclick='hideorshow("x1419","x1420")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1420' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1421' onclick='hideorshow("x1421","x1422")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1422' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1423' onclick='hideorshow("x1423","x1424")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1424' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1425' onclick='hideorshow("x1425","x1426")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1426' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1427' onclick='hideorshow("x1427","x1428")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1428' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1429' onclick='hideorshow("x1429","x1430")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1430' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1431' onclick='hideorshow("x1431","x1432")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1432' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1433' onclick='hideorshow("x1433","x1434")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1434' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1435' onclick='hideorshow("x1435","x1436")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1436' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1437' onclick='hideorshow("x1437","x1438")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1438' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1439' onclick='hideorshow("x1439","x1440")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1440' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1441' onclick='hideorshow("x1441","x1442")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1442' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1443' onclick='hideorshow("x1443","x1444")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1444' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1445' onclick='hideorshow("x1445","x1446")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1446' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-constraint" src="images/syntax/table-constraint.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1447' onclick='hideorshow("x1447","x1448")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1448' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram conflict-clause" src="images/syntax/conflict-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1449' onclick='hideorshow("x1449","x1450")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1450' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1451' onclick='hideorshow("x1451","x1452")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1452' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1453' onclick='hideorshow("x1453","x1454")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1454' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1455' onclick='hideorshow("x1455","x1456")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1456' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1457' onclick='hideorshow("x1457","x1458")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1458' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1459' onclick='hideorshow("x1459","x1460")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1460' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1461' onclick='hideorshow("x1461","x1462")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1462' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1463' onclick='hideorshow("x1463","x1464")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1464' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1465' onclick='hideorshow("x1465","x1466")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1466' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">foreign-key-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1467' onclick='hideorshow("x1467","x1468")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1468' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram foreign-key-clause" src="images/syntax/foreign-key-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1469' onclick='hideorshow("x1469","x1470")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1470' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>


<h1 id="the_create_table_command"><span>2. </span>The CREATE TABLE command</h1>

<p>The "CREATE TABLE" command is used to create a new table in an SQLite 
database. A CREATE TABLE command specifies the following attributes of the
new table:

</p><ul>
  <li><p>The name of the new table.

  </p></li><li><p> The database in which the new table is created. Tables may be 
      created in the main database, the temp database, or in any attached
      database.

  </p></li><li><p> The name of each column in the table.

  </p></li><li><p> The declared type of each column in the table.

  </p></li><li><p> A default value or expression for each column in the table.

  </p></li><li><p> A default collation sequence to use with each column.

  </p></li><li><p> Optionally, a PRIMARY KEY for the table. Both single column and
       composite (multiple column) primary keys are supported.

  </p></li><li><p> A set of SQL constraints for each table. SQLite supports UNIQUE, NOT
       NULL, CHECK and FOREIGN KEY constraints.

  </p></li><li><p> Optionally, a <a href="gencol.html">generated column</a> constraint.

  </p></li><li><p> Whether the table is a <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> table.
</p></li></ul>

<p>Every CREATE TABLE statement must specify a name for the new table.
  Table names that begin with "sqlite_" are reserved for internal use. It
  is an error to attempt to create a table with a name that starts with
  "sqlite_".

</p><p> If a <span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> is specified, it must be either "main", 
  "temp", or the name of an <a href="lang_attach.html">attached database</a>. In this case
  the new table is created in the named database. If the "TEMP" or "TEMPORARY"
  keyword occurs between the "CREATE" and "TABLE" then the new table is
  created in the temp database. It is an error to specify both a 
  <span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> and the TEMP or TEMPORARY keyword, unless the
  <span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> is "temp". 
  If no schema name is specified and the
  TEMP keyword is not present then the table is created in the main
  database.

</p><p>
  It is usually an error to attempt to create a new table in a database that
  already contains a table, index or view of the same name. However, if the
  "IF NOT EXISTS" clause is specified as part of the CREATE TABLE statement and
  a table or view of the same name already exists, the CREATE TABLE command
  simply has no effect (and no error message is returned). An error is still
  returned if the table cannot be created because of an existing index, even 
  if the "IF NOT EXISTS" clause is specified.

</p><p>It is not an error to create a table that has the same name as an 
  existing <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">trigger</a>.

</p><p>Tables are removed using the <a href="lang_droptable.html">DROP TABLE</a> statement.  </p>

<a name="createtabas"></a>

<h2 id="create_table_as_select_statements"><span>2.1. </span>CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT Statements</h2>

<p>A "CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT" statement creates and populates a database
table based on the results of a SELECT statement. The table has the same
number of columns as the rows returned by the SELECT statement. The name of
each column is the same as the name of the corresponding column in the result
set of the SELECT statement. The declared type of each column is determined
by the <a href="datatype3.html#expraff">expression affinity</a> of the corresponding expression in the result set
of the SELECT statement, as follows:
</p>

<center><table border="1">
  <tr><th>Expression Affinity   </th><th>Column Declared Type
  </th></tr><tr><td>TEXT                  </td><td>"TEXT"
  </td></tr><tr><td>NUMERIC               </td><td>"NUM"
  </td></tr><tr><td>INTEGER               </td><td>"INT"
  </td></tr><tr><td>REAL                  </td><td>"REAL"
  </td></tr><tr><td>BLOB (a.k.a "NONE")   </td><td>"" (empty string)
</td></tr></table></center>

<p>A table created using CREATE TABLE AS has no PRIMARY KEY and no
constraints of any kind. The default value of each column is NULL. The default
collation sequence for each column of the new table is BINARY.

</p><p>Tables created using CREATE TABLE AS are initially populated with the
rows of data returned by the SELECT statement. Rows are assigned contiguously
ascending <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">rowid</a> values, starting with 1, in the <a href="lang_select.html#orderby">order</a> that they
are returned by the SELECT statement.

<a name="tablecoldef"></a>

</p><h1 id="column_definitions"><span>3. </span>Column Definitions</h1>

<p>Unless it is a CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT statement, a CREATE TABLE includes
one or more <a href="syntax/column-def.html">column definitions</a>, optionally followed by a list of
<a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table constraints</a>.  Each column definition consists of the
name of the column, optionally followed by the declared type of the column,
then one or more optional <a href="syntax/column-constraint.html">column constraints</a>. Included in
the definition of "column constraints" for the purposes of the previous
statement are the COLLATE and DEFAULT clauses, even though these are not really
constraints in the sense that they do not restrict the data that the table may
contain. The other constraints - NOT NULL, CHECK, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY and
FOREIGN KEY constraints - impose restrictions on the table data.

</p><p>The number of columns in a table is limited by the <a href="limits.html#max_column">SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN</a>
compile-time parameter. A single row of a table cannot store more than
<a href="limits.html#max_length">SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH</a> bytes of data. Both of these limits can be lowered at
runtime using the <a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit()</a> C/C++ interface.</p>

<h2 id="column_data_types"><span>3.1. </span>Column Data Types</h2>

<p>Unlike most SQL databases, SQLite does not restrict the type of data that
may be inserted into a column based on the columns declared type. Instead,
SQLite uses <a href="datatype3.html">dynamic typing</a>. The declared type of a column is used to
determine the <a href="datatype3.html#affinity">affinity</a> of the column only.

<a name="dfltval"></a>

</p><h2 id="the_default_clause"><span>3.2. </span>The DEFAULT clause</h2>
<p>The DEFAULT clause specifies a default value to use for the column if no
value is explicitly provided by the user when doing an <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>. If there
is no explicit DEFAULT clause attached to a column definition, then the 
default value of the column is NULL. An explicit DEFAULT clause may specify
that the default value is NULL, a string constant, a blob constant, a
signed-number, or any constant expression enclosed in parentheses. A
default value may also be one of the special case-independent keywords
CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE or CURRENT_TIMESTAMP. For the purposes of the
DEFAULT clause, an expression is considered constant if it
contains no sub-queries, column or table references, <a href="lang_expr.html#varparam">bound parameters</a>,
or string literals enclosed in double-quotes instead of single-quotes.

</p><p>Each time a row is inserted into the table by an INSERT statement that 
does not provide explicit values for all table columns the values stored in
the new row are determined by their default values, as follows:

</p><ul>
  <li><p>If the default value of the column is a constant NULL, text, blob or
    signed-number value, then that value is used directly in the new row.

  </p></li><li><p>If the default value of a column is an expression in parentheses, then
    the expression is evaluated once for each row inserted and the results
    used in the new row.

  </p></li><li><p>If the default value of a column is CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE or
    CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, then the value used in the new row is a text
    representation of the current UTC date and/or time. For CURRENT_TIME, the
    format of the value is "HH:MM:SS". For CURRENT_DATE, "YYYY-MM-DD". The
    format for CURRENT_TIMESTAMP is "YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS".
</p></li></ul>

<a name="collateclause"></a>

<h2 id="the_collate_clause"><span>3.3. </span>The COLLATE clause</h2>
<p>The COLLATE clause specifies the name of a <a href="datatype3.html#collation">collating sequence</a> to use as
the default collation sequence for the column. If no COLLATE clause is
specified, the default collation sequence is <a href="datatype3.html#collation">BINARY</a>.

</p><h2 id="the_generated_always_as_clause"><span>3.4. </span>The GENERATED ALWAYS AS clause</h2>
<p>A column that includes a GENERATED ALWAY AS clause is a <a href="gencol.html">generated column</a>.
Generated columns are supported beginning with SQLite verison 3.31.0 (2020-01-22).
See the <a href="gencol.html">separate documentation</a> for details on the capabilities and
limitations of generated columns.

<a name="primkeyconst"></a>

</p><h2 id="the_primary_key"><span>3.5. </span>The PRIMARY KEY</h2>
<p>Each table in SQLite may have at most one PRIMARY KEY. If the
  keywords PRIMARY KEY are added to a column definition, then the primary key
  for the table consists of that single column. Or, if a PRIMARY KEY clause 
  is specified as a <a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table-constraint</a>, then the primary key of the table
  consists of the list of columns specified as part of the PRIMARY KEY clause.
  The PRIMARY KEY clause must contain only column names &mdash; the use of 
  expressions in an <a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column</a> of a PRIMARY KEY is not supported.
  An error is raised if more than one PRIMARY KEY clause appears in a
  CREATE TABLE statement.  The PRIMARY KEY is optional for ordinary tables
  but is required for <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables.

</p><p>If a table has a single column primary key and the declared type of that
  column is "INTEGER" and the table is not a <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> table,
  then the column is known as an <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a>.
  See <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">below</a> for a description of the special properties and behaviors
  associated with an <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a>.

</p><p>Each row in a table with a primary key must have a unique combination
  of values in its primary key columns. For the purposes of determining
  the uniqueness of primary key values, NULL values are considered distinct from
  all other values, including other NULLs. If an <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> or <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a>
  statement attempts to modify the table content so that two or more rows
  have identical primary key values, that is a constraint violation.

</p><p> According to the SQL standard, PRIMARY KEY should always imply NOT NULL.
  Unfortunately, due to a bug in some early versions, this is not the
  case in SQLite. Unless the column is an <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a> or
  the table is a <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> table or the column is declared NOT NULL,
  SQLite allows NULL values in a PRIMARY KEY column.  SQLite could be fixed to
  conform to the standard, but doing so might break legacy applications.
  Hence, it has been decided to merely document the fact that SQLite
  allowing NULLs in most PRIMARY KEY columns.

<a name="uniqueconst"></a>

</p><h2 id="unique_constraints"><span>3.6. </span>UNIQUE constraints</h2>
<p>A UNIQUE constraint is similar to a PRIMARY KEY constraint, except
  that a single table may have any number of UNIQUE constraints. For each
  UNIQUE constraint on the table, each row must contain a unique combination
  of values in the columns identified by the UNIQUE constraint. 
  For the purposes of UNIQUE constraints, NULL values
  are considered distinct from all other values, including other NULLs.
  As with PRIMARY KEYs, a UNIQUE <a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table-constraint</a> clause must contain
  only column names &mdash; the use of 
  expressions in an <a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column</a> of a UNIQUE <a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table-constraint</a>
  is not supported.
  

</p><p>In most cases, UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY
  constraints are implemented by creating a unique index in the database.
  (The exceptions are <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a> and PRIMARY KEYs on 
  <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables.)
  Hence, the following schemas are logically equivalent:

  </p><ol>
  <li><p>CREATE TABLE t1(a, b UNIQUE);
  </p></li><li><p>CREATE TABLE t1(a, b PRIMARY KEY);
  </p></li><li><p>CREATE TABLE t1(a, b);<br>
         CREATE UNIQUE INDEX t1b ON t1(b);
  </p></li></ol>

<a name="ckconst"></a>

<h2 id="check_constraints"><span>3.7. </span>CHECK constraints</h2>
<p>A CHECK constraint may be attached to a column definition or
  specified as a table constraint. In practice it makes no difference. Each
  time a new row is inserted into the table or an existing row is updated,
  the expression associated with each CHECK constraint is evaluated and
  cast to a NUMERIC value in the same way as a <a href="lang_expr.html#castexpr">CAST expression</a>. If the 
  result is zero (integer value 0 or real value 0.0), then a constraint
  violation has occurred. If the CHECK expression evaluates to NULL, or
  any other non-zero value, it is not a constraint violation.
  The expression of a CHECK constraint may not contain a subquery.

<a name="notnullconst"></a>

</p><h2 id="not_null_constraints"><span>3.8. </span>NOT NULL constraints</h2>
<p>A NOT NULL constraint may only be attached to a column definition,
  not specified as a table constraint.  Not surprisingly, a NOT NULL
  constraint dictates that the associated column may not contain a NULL value.
  Attempting to set the column value to NULL when inserting a new row or
  updating an existing one causes a constraint violation.


</p><h1 id="constraint_violations"><span>4. </span>Constraint violations</h1>
<p>Exactly how a constraint violation is dealt with is determined by the
  <a href="lang_conflict.html">constraint conflict resolution algorithm</a>. Each 
  PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE, NOT NULL and CHECK constraint has a default conflict
  resolution algorithm. PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE and NOT NULL constraints may be
  explicitly assigned a default conflict resolution algorithm by including
  a <a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause</a> in their definitions. Or, if a constraint definition
  does not include a <a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause</a> or it is a CHECK constraint, the default
  conflict resolution algorithm is ABORT. Different constraints within the
  same table may have different default conflict resolution algorithms. See
  the section titled <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> for additional information.

<a name="rowid"></a>

</p><h1 id="rowids_and_the_integer_primary_key"><span>5. </span>ROWIDs and the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</h1>

<p>Except for <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables, all rows within SQLite tables
have a 64-bit signed integer key that uniquely identifies the row within its table.
This integer is usually
called the "rowid". The rowid value can be accessed using one of the special
case-independent names "rowid", "oid", or "_rowid_" in place of a column name.
If a table contains a user defined column named "rowid", "oid" or "_rowid_",
then that name always refers the explicitly declared column and cannot be used
to retrieve the integer rowid value.

</p><p>The rowid (and "oid" and "_rowid_") is omitted in <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables.
WITHOUT ROWID tables are only available in SQLite <a href="releaselog/3_8_2.html">version 3.8.2</a>
(2013-12-06) and later.
A table that lacks the WITHOUT ROWID clause is called a "rowid table".

</p><p>The data for rowid tables is stored as a B-Tree structure containing
one entry for each table row, using the rowid value as the key. This means that
retrieving or sorting records by rowid is fast. Searching for a record with a
specific rowid, or for all records with rowids within a specified range is
around twice as fast as a similar search made by specifying any other PRIMARY
KEY or indexed value.

</p><p> With one exception noted below, if a rowid table has a primary key that consists
of a single column and the declared type of that column is "INTEGER" in any mixture of
upper and lower case, then the column becomes an alias for the rowid. Such a
column is usually referred to as an "integer primary key". A PRIMARY KEY column
only becomes an integer primary key if the declared type name is exactly
"INTEGER".  Other integer type names like "INT" or "BIGINT" or "SHORT INTEGER"
or "UNSIGNED INTEGER" causes the primary key column to behave as an ordinary
table column with integer <a href="datatype3.html#affinity">affinity</a> and a unique index, not as an alias for
the rowid.

</p><p> The exception mentioned above is that if the declaration of a column with
declared type "INTEGER" includes an "PRIMARY KEY DESC" clause, it does not
become an alias for the rowid and is not classified as an integer primary key.
This quirk is not by design. It is due to a bug in early versions of SQLite.
But fixing the bug could result in backwards incompatibilities.
Hence, the original behavior has been retained (and documented) because odd
behavior in a corner case is far better than a compatibility break.  This means
that the following three table declarations all cause the column "x" to be an
alias for the rowid (an integer primary key):

</p><ul>
<li><tt>CREATE TABLE t(x INTEGER PRIMARY KEY ASC, y, z);</tt>
</li><li><tt>CREATE TABLE t(x INTEGER, y, z, PRIMARY KEY(x ASC));</tt>
</li><li><tt>CREATE TABLE t(x INTEGER, y, z, PRIMARY KEY(x DESC));</tt>
</li></ul>

<p>But the following declaration does not result in "x" being an alias for
the rowid:
</p><ul>
<li><tt>CREATE TABLE t(x INTEGER PRIMARY KEY DESC, y, z);</tt>
</li></ul>

<p>Rowid values may be modified using an UPDATE statement in the same
way as any other column value can, either using one of the built-in aliases
("rowid", "oid" or "_rowid_") or by using an alias created by an integer
primary key. Similarly, an INSERT statement may provide a value to use as the
rowid for each row inserted. Unlike normal SQLite columns, an integer primary
key or rowid column must contain integer values. Integer primary key or rowid
columns are not able to hold floating point values, strings, BLOBs, or NULLs.

</p><p>If an UPDATE statement attempts to set an integer primary key or rowid column
to a NULL or blob value, or to a string or real value that cannot be losslessly
converted to an integer, a "datatype mismatch" error occurs and the statement
is aborted. If an INSERT statement attempts to insert a blob value, or a string
or real value that cannot be losslessly converted to an integer into an
integer primary key or rowid column, a "datatype mismatch" error occurs and the
statement is aborted.

</p><p>If an INSERT statement attempts to insert a NULL value into a rowid or
integer primary key column, the system chooses an integer value to use as the
rowid automatically. A detailed description of how this is done is provided
<a href="autoinc.html">separately</a>.</p>

<p>The <a href="foreignkeys.html#parentchild">parent key</a> of a <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraint</a> is not allowed to
use the rowid.  The parent key must used named columns only.</p>
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE TRIGGER</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/create-trigger-stmt.html">create-trigger-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1439' onclick='hideorshow("x1439","x1440")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1440' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-trigger-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-trigger-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/delete-stmt.html">delete-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1441' onclick='hideorshow("x1441","x1442")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1442' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram delete-stmt" src="images/syntax/delete-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1443' onclick='hideorshow("x1443","x1444")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1444' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1445' onclick='hideorshow("x1445","x1446")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1446' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1447' onclick='hideorshow("x1447","x1448")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1448' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1449' onclick='hideorshow("x1449","x1450")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1450' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1451' onclick='hideorshow("x1451","x1452")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1452' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1453' onclick='hideorshow("x1453","x1454")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1454' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1455' onclick='hideorshow("x1455","x1456")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1456' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1457' onclick='hideorshow("x1457","x1458")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1458' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1459' onclick='hideorshow("x1459","x1460")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1460' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1461' onclick='hideorshow("x1461","x1462")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1462' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1463' onclick='hideorshow("x1463","x1464")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1464' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1465' onclick='hideorshow("x1465","x1466")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1466' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/insert-stmt.html">insert-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1467' onclick='hideorshow("x1467","x1468")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1468' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram insert-stmt" src="images/syntax/insert-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1469' onclick='hideorshow("x1469","x1470")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1470' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram upsert-clause" src="images/syntax/upsert-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b>
<button id='x1471' onclick='hideorshow("x1471","x1472")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1472' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1473' onclick='hideorshow("x1473","x1474")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1474' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1475' onclick='hideorshow("x1475","x1476")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1476' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1477' onclick='hideorshow("x1477","x1478")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1478' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1479' onclick='hideorshow("x1479","x1480")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1480' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1481' onclick='hideorshow("x1481","x1482")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1482' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1483' onclick='hideorshow("x1483","x1484")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1484' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1485' onclick='hideorshow("x1485","x1486")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1486' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1487' onclick='hideorshow("x1487","x1488")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1488' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1489' onclick='hideorshow("x1489","x1490")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1490' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1491' onclick='hideorshow("x1491","x1492")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1492' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>

<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1493' onclick='hideorshow("x1493","x1494")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1494' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1495' onclick='hideorshow("x1495","x1496")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1496' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1497' onclick='hideorshow("x1497","x1498")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1498' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1499' onclick='hideorshow("x1499","x1500")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1500' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>




<p><b><a href="syntax/update-stmt.html">update-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1501' onclick='hideorshow("x1501","x1502")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1502' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram update-stmt" src="images/syntax/update-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b>
<button id='x1503' onclick='hideorshow("x1503","x1504")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1504' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1505' onclick='hideorshow("x1505","x1506")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1506' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" />

</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1507' onclick='hideorshow("x1507","x1508")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1508' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1509' onclick='hideorshow("x1509","x1510")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1510' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>








</div>











































































<p>The CREATE TRIGGER statement is used to add triggers to the 
database schema. Triggers are database operations 
that are automatically performed when a specified database event
occurs.  </p>

<p>Each trigger must specify that it will fire for one of
the following operations: <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>, <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a>.








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<div class=fancy>
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<div class="fancy_title">
CREATE TRIGGER
</div>
<div class="fancy_toc">
<a onclick="toggle_toc()">
<span class="fancy_toc_mark" id="toc_mk">&#x25ba;</span>
Table Of Contents
</a>
<div id="toc_sub"><div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#syntax">1. Syntax</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#description">2. Description</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#syntax_restrictions_on_update_delete_and_insert_statements_within_triggers">2.1. Syntax Restrictions On UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT Statements Within
Triggers</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#instead_of_triggers">3. INSTEAD OF triggers</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#some_example_triggers">4. Some Example Triggers</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#cautions_on_the_use_of_before_triggers">5. Cautions On The Use Of BEFORE triggers</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_raise_function">6. The RAISE() function</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#temp_triggers_on_non_temp_tables">7. TEMP Triggers on Non-TEMP Tables</a></div>
</div>
</div>
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<h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1>

<p><b><a href="syntax/create-trigger-stmt.html">create-trigger-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1471' onclick='hideorshow("x1471","x1472")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1472' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-trigger-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-trigger-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/delete-stmt.html">delete-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1473' onclick='hideorshow("x1473","x1474")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1474' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram delete-stmt" src="images/syntax/delete-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1475' onclick='hideorshow("x1475","x1476")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1476' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1477' onclick='hideorshow("x1477","x1478")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1478' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1479' onclick='hideorshow("x1479","x1480")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1480' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1481' onclick='hideorshow("x1481","x1482")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1482' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1483' onclick='hideorshow("x1483","x1484")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1484' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1485' onclick='hideorshow("x1485","x1486")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1486' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1487' onclick='hideorshow("x1487","x1488")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1488' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
















































































<button id='x1489' onclick='hideorshow("x1489","x1490")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1490' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />

</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1491' onclick='hideorshow("x1491","x1492")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1492' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1493' onclick='hideorshow("x1493","x1494")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1494' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1495' onclick='hideorshow("x1495","x1496")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1496' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />

<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1497' onclick='hideorshow("x1497","x1498")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1498' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />




</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/insert-stmt.html">insert-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1499' onclick='hideorshow("x1499","x1500")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1500' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram insert-stmt" src="images/syntax/insert-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1501' onclick='hideorshow("x1501","x1502")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1502' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram upsert-clause" src="images/syntax/upsert-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b>
<button id='x1503' onclick='hideorshow("x1503","x1504")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1504' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1505' onclick='hideorshow("x1505","x1506")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1506' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1507' onclick='hideorshow("x1507","x1508")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1508' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1509' onclick='hideorshow("x1509","x1510")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1510' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1511' onclick='hideorshow("x1511","x1512")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1512' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1513' onclick='hideorshow("x1513","x1514")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1514' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1515' onclick='hideorshow("x1515","x1516")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1516' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1517' onclick='hideorshow("x1517","x1518")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1518' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1519' onclick='hideorshow("x1519","x1520")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1520' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1521' onclick='hideorshow("x1521","x1522")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1522' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1523' onclick='hideorshow("x1523","x1524")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1524' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1525' onclick='hideorshow("x1525","x1526")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1526' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1527' onclick='hideorshow("x1527","x1528")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1528' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1529' onclick='hideorshow("x1529","x1530")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1530' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1531' onclick='hideorshow("x1531","x1532")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1532' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/update-stmt.html">update-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1533' onclick='hideorshow("x1533","x1534")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1534' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram update-stmt" src="images/syntax/update-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b>
<button id='x1535' onclick='hideorshow("x1535","x1536")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1536' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1537' onclick='hideorshow("x1537","x1538")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1538' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1539' onclick='hideorshow("x1539","x1540")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1540' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1541' onclick='hideorshow("x1541","x1542")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1542' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<h1 id="description"><span>2. </span>Description</h1>
<p>The CREATE TRIGGER statement is used to add triggers to the 
database schema. Triggers are database operations 
that are automatically performed when a specified database event
occurs.  </p>

<p>Each trigger must specify that it will fire for one of
the following operations: <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>, <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a>.
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<p>Both the WHEN clause and the trigger actions may access elements of 
the row being inserted, deleted or updated using references of the form 
"NEW.<i>column-name</i>" and "OLD.<i>column-name</i>", where
<i>column-name</i> is the name of a column from the table that the trigger
is associated with. OLD and NEW references may only be used in triggers on
events for which they are relevant, as follows:</p>

<table border=0 cellpadding=10>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" width=120><i>INSERT</i></td>
<td valign="top">NEW references are valid</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" width=120><i>UPDATE</i></td>
<td valign="top">NEW and OLD references are valid</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" width=120><i>DELETE</i></td>
<td valign="top">OLD references are valid</td>
</tr>
</table>
</p>

<p>If a WHEN clause is supplied, the SQL statements specified
are only executed if the WHEN clause is true.
If no WHEN clause is supplied, the SQL statements
are executed every time the trigger fires.</p>

<p>The BEFORE or AFTER keyword determines when the trigger actions
will be executed relative to the insertion, modification or removal of the
associated row.</p>

<p>An <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> clause may be specified as part of an <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> or <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>
action within the body of the trigger.
However if an <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> clause is specified as part of 
the statement causing the trigger to fire, then conflict handling
policy of the outer statement is used instead.</p>

<p>Triggers are automatically <a href="lang_droptrigger.html">dropped</a>
when the table that they are 
associated with (the <i>table-name</i> table) is 
<a href="lang_droptable.html">dropped</a>.  However if the trigger actions reference
other tables, the trigger is not dropped or modified if those other
tables are <a href="lang_droptable.html">dropped</a> or <a href="lang_altertable.html">modified</a>.</p>

<p>Triggers are removed using the <a href="lang_droptrigger.html">DROP TRIGGER</a> statement.</p>

<h3>Syntax Restrictions On UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT Statements Within
    Triggers</h3>

<p>The <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a>, <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, and <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>
statements within triggers do not support
the full syntax for <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a>, <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, and <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> statements.  The following
restrictions apply:</p>

<ul>








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<p>Both the WHEN clause and the trigger actions may access elements of 
the row being inserted, deleted or updated using references of the form 
"NEW.<i>column-name</i>" and "OLD.<i>column-name</i>", where
<i>column-name</i> is the name of a column from the table that the trigger
is associated with. OLD and NEW references may only be used in triggers on
events for which they are relevant, as follows:</p>

<table border="0" cellpadding="10">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><i>INSERT</i></td>
<td valign="top">NEW references are valid</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><i>UPDATE</i></td>
<td valign="top">NEW and OLD references are valid</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><i>DELETE</i></td>
<td valign="top">OLD references are valid</td>
</tr>
</table>


<p>If a WHEN clause is supplied, the SQL statements specified
are only executed if the WHEN clause is true.
If no WHEN clause is supplied, the SQL statements
are executed every time the trigger fires.</p>

<p>The BEFORE or AFTER keyword determines when the trigger actions
will be executed relative to the insertion, modification or removal of the
associated row.  BEFORE is the default when neither keyword is present.</p>

<p>An <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> clause may be specified as part of an <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> or <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>
action within the body of the trigger.
However if an <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> clause is specified as part of 
the statement causing the trigger to fire, then conflict handling
policy of the outer statement is used instead.</p>

<p>Triggers are automatically <a href="lang_droptrigger.html">dropped</a>
when the table that they are 
associated with (the <i>table-name</i> table) is 
<a href="lang_droptable.html">dropped</a>.  However if the trigger actions reference
other tables, the trigger is not dropped or modified if those other
tables are <a href="lang_droptable.html">dropped</a> or <a href="lang_altertable.html">modified</a>.</p>

<p>Triggers are removed using the <a href="lang_droptrigger.html">DROP TRIGGER</a> statement.</p>

<h2 id="syntax_restrictions_on_update_delete_and_insert_statements_within_triggers"><span>2.1. </span>Syntax Restrictions On UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT Statements Within
    Triggers</h2>

<p>The <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a>, <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, and <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>
statements within triggers do not support
the full syntax for <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a>, <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, and <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> statements.  The following
restrictions apply:</p>

<ul>
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  <a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">Common table expression</a> are not supported for
  statements inside of triggers.
  </p></li>
</ul>

<a name="instead_of_trigger"></a>

<h3>INSTEAD OF triggers</h3>

<p>Triggers may be created on <a href="lang_createview.html">views</a>, as well as ordinary tables, by
specifying INSTEAD OF in the CREATE TRIGGER statement. 
If one or more ON INSERT, ON DELETE
or ON UPDATE triggers are defined on a view, then it is not an
error to execute an INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE statement on the view, 
respectively.  Instead,
executing an INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE on the view causes the associated
triggers to fire. The real tables underlying the view are not modified
(except possibly explicitly, by a trigger program).</p>

<p>Note that the <a href="c3ref/changes.html">sqlite3_changes()</a> and <a href="c3ref/total_changes.html">sqlite3_total_changes()</a> interfaces
do not count INSTEAD OF trigger firings, but the
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_count_changes">count_changes pragma</a> does count INSTEAD OF trigger firing.</p>

<h3>Some Example Triggers</h3>

<p>Assuming that customer records are stored in the "customers" table, and
that order records are stored in the "orders" table, the following
UPDATE trigger
ensures that all associated orders are redirected when a customer changes
his or her address:</p>









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  <a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">Common table expression</a> are not supported for
  statements inside of triggers.
  </p></li>
</ul>

<a name="instead_of_trigger"></a>

<h1 id="instead_of_triggers"><span>3. </span>INSTEAD OF triggers</h1>

<p>Triggers may be created on <a href="lang_createview.html">views</a>, as well as ordinary tables, by
specifying INSTEAD OF in the CREATE TRIGGER statement. 
If one or more ON INSERT, ON DELETE
or ON UPDATE triggers are defined on a view, then it is not an
error to execute an INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE statement on the view, 
respectively.  Instead,
executing an INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE on the view causes the associated
triggers to fire. The real tables underlying the view are not modified
(except possibly explicitly, by a trigger program).</p>

<p>Note that the <a href="c3ref/changes.html">sqlite3_changes()</a> and <a href="c3ref/total_changes.html">sqlite3_total_changes()</a> interfaces
do not count INSTEAD OF trigger firings, but the
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_count_changes">count_changes pragma</a> does count INSTEAD OF trigger firing.</p>

<h1 id="some_example_triggers"><span>4. </span>Some Example Triggers</h1>

<p>Assuming that customer records are stored in the "customers" table, and
that order records are stored in the "orders" table, the following
UPDATE trigger
ensures that all associated orders are redirected when a customer changes
his or her address:</p>
︙︙
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INSTEAD OF UPDATE OF cust_addr ON customer_address
BEGIN
  UPDATE customer SET cust_addr=NEW.cust_addr
   WHERE cust_id=NEW.cust_id;
END;
</pre></blockquote>

<p>With the schema above, a statement of the form:</p>

<blockquote><pre>
UPDATE customer_address SET cust_addr=$new_address WHERE cust_id=$cust_id;
</pre></blockquote>

<p>Causes the customer.cust_addr field to be updated for a specific
customer entry that has customer.cust_id equal to the $cust_id parameter.
Note how the values assigned to the view are made available as field
in the special "NEW" table within the trigger body.</p>

<a name="undef_before"></a>

<h3>Cautions On The Use Of BEFORE triggers</h3>

<p>If a BEFORE UPDATE or BEFORE DELETE trigger modifies or deletes a row
that was to have been updated or deleted, then the result of the subsequent
update or delete operation is undefined.  Furthermore, if a BEFORE trigger
modifies or deletes a row, then it is undefined whether or not AFTER triggers
that would have otherwise run on those rows will in fact run.
</p>

<p>The value of NEW.rowid is undefined in a BEFORE INSERT trigger in which
the rowid is not explicitly set to an integer.</p>

<p>Because of the behaviors described above, programmers are encouraged to
prefer AFTER triggers over BEFORE triggers.</p>

<a name="raise"></a>

<h3>The RAISE() function</h3>

<p>A special SQL function RAISE() may be used within a trigger-program,
with the following syntax</p> 

<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif"></img>
 </div>


<p>When one of RAISE(ROLLBACK,...), RAISE(ABORT,...) or RAISE(FAIL,...)
is called during trigger-program
execution, the specified <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> processing is performed
the current query terminates.
An error code of <a href="rescode.html#constraint">SQLITE_CONSTRAINT</a> is returned to the application,
along with the specified error message.</p>

<p>When RAISE(IGNORE) is called, the remainder of the current trigger program,
the statement that caused the trigger program to execute and any subsequent
trigger programs that would have been executed are abandoned. No database
changes are rolled back.  If the statement that caused the trigger program
to execute is itself part of a trigger program, then that trigger program
resumes execution at the beginning of the next step.
</p>

<a name="temptrig"></a>

<h3>TEMP Triggers on Non-TEMP Tables</h3>

<p>A trigger normally exists in the same database as the table named
after the "ON" keyword in the CREATE TRIGGER statement.  Except, it is
possible to create a TEMP TRIGGER on a table in another database.  
Such a trigger will only fire when changes
are made to the target table by the application that defined the trigger.
Other applications that modify the database will not be able to see the








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INSTEAD OF UPDATE OF cust_addr ON customer_address
BEGIN
  UPDATE customer SET cust_addr=NEW.cust_addr
   WHERE cust_id=NEW.cust_id;
END;
</pre></blockquote>

</p><p>With the schema above, a statement of the form:</p>

<blockquote><pre>
UPDATE customer_address SET cust_addr=$new_address WHERE cust_id=$cust_id;
</pre></blockquote>

<p>Causes the customer.cust_addr field to be updated for a specific
customer entry that has customer.cust_id equal to the $cust_id parameter.
Note how the values assigned to the view are made available as field
in the special "NEW" table within the trigger body.</p>

<a name="undef_before"></a>

<h1 id="cautions_on_the_use_of_before_triggers"><span>5. </span>Cautions On The Use Of BEFORE triggers</h1>

<p>If a BEFORE UPDATE or BEFORE DELETE trigger modifies or deletes a row
that was to have been updated or deleted, then the result of the subsequent
update or delete operation is undefined.  Furthermore, if a BEFORE trigger
modifies or deletes a row, then it is undefined whether or not AFTER triggers
that would have otherwise run on those rows will in fact run.
</p>

<p>The value of NEW.rowid is undefined in a BEFORE INSERT trigger in which
the rowid is not explicitly set to an integer.</p>

<p>Because of the behaviors described above, programmers are encouraged to
prefer AFTER triggers over BEFORE triggers.</p>

<a name="raise"></a>

<h1 id="the_raise_function"><span>6. </span>The RAISE() function</h1>

<p>A special SQL function RAISE() may be used within a trigger-program,
with the following syntax</p> 

<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif"></img>
 </div>


<p>When one of RAISE(ROLLBACK,...), RAISE(ABORT,...) or RAISE(FAIL,...)
is called during trigger-program
execution, the specified <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> processing is performed and
the current query terminates.
An error code of <a href="rescode.html#constraint">SQLITE_CONSTRAINT</a> is returned to the application,
along with the specified error message.</p>

<p>When RAISE(IGNORE) is called, the remainder of the current trigger program,
the statement that caused the trigger program to execute and any subsequent
trigger programs that would have been executed are abandoned. No database
changes are rolled back.  If the statement that caused the trigger program
to execute is itself part of a trigger program, then that trigger program
resumes execution at the beginning of the next step.
</p>

<a name="temptrig"></a>

<h1 id="temp_triggers_on_non_temp_tables"><span>7. </span>TEMP Triggers on Non-TEMP Tables</h1>

<p>A trigger normally exists in the same database as the table named
after the "ON" keyword in the CREATE TRIGGER statement.  Except, it is
possible to create a TEMP TRIGGER on a table in another database.  
Such a trigger will only fire when changes
are made to the target table by the application that defined the trigger.
Other applications that modify the database will not be able to see the
︙︙
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541
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<blockquote><pre>
CREATE TEMP TRIGGER ex1 AFTER INSERT ON <b>main.</b>tab1 BEGIN ...
</pre></blockquote>

<p>Failure to specify the schema name on the target table could result
in the TEMP trigger being reattached to a table with the same name in
another database whenever any schema change occurs.</p>











<

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<blockquote><pre>
CREATE TEMP TRIGGER ex1 AFTER INSERT ON <b>main.</b>tab1 BEGIN ...
</pre></blockquote>

<p>Failure to specify the schema name on the target table could result
in the TEMP trigger being reattached to a table with the same name in
another database whenever any schema change occurs.</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_createview.html. 
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: CREATE VIEW</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>






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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>CREATE VIEW</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE VIEW</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/create-view-stmt.html">create-view-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1511' onclick='hideorshow("x1511","x1512")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1512' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-view-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-view-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1513' onclick='hideorshow("x1513","x1514")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1514' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1515' onclick='hideorshow("x1515","x1516")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1516' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1517' onclick='hideorshow("x1517","x1518")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1518' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1519' onclick='hideorshow("x1519","x1520")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1520' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1521' onclick='hideorshow("x1521","x1522")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1522' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1523' onclick='hideorshow("x1523","x1524")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1524' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1525' onclick='hideorshow("x1525","x1526")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1526' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1527' onclick='hideorshow("x1527","x1528")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1528' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1529' onclick='hideorshow("x1529","x1530")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1530' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1531' onclick='hideorshow("x1531","x1532")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1532' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1533' onclick='hideorshow("x1533","x1534")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1534' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1535' onclick='hideorshow("x1535","x1536")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1536' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1537' onclick='hideorshow("x1537","x1538")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1538' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1539' onclick='hideorshow("x1539","x1540")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1540' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1541' onclick='hideorshow("x1541","x1542")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1542' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1543' onclick='hideorshow("x1543","x1544")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1544' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1545' onclick='hideorshow("x1545","x1546")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1546' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1547' onclick='hideorshow("x1547","x1548")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1548' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1549' onclick='hideorshow("x1549","x1550")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1550' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>




<p>The CREATE VIEW command assigns a name to a pre-packaged 
<a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement. 
Once the view is created, it can be used in the FROM clause
of another <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> in place of a table name.
</p>









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}, 30);
}
}
function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
x.style.display = 'none';
b.innerHTML='show';
}else{
x.style.display = '';
b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=fancy>
<div class=nosearch>
<div class="fancy_title">
CREATE VIEW
</div>
</div>




<h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1>

<p><b><a href="syntax/create-view-stmt.html">create-view-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1543' onclick='hideorshow("x1543","x1544")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1544' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-view-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-view-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1545' onclick='hideorshow("x1545","x1546")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1546' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1547' onclick='hideorshow("x1547","x1548")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1548' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1549' onclick='hideorshow("x1549","x1550")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1550' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1551' onclick='hideorshow("x1551","x1552")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1552' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1553' onclick='hideorshow("x1553","x1554")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1554' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1555' onclick='hideorshow("x1555","x1556")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1556' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1557' onclick='hideorshow("x1557","x1558")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1558' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1559' onclick='hideorshow("x1559","x1560")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1560' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1561' onclick='hideorshow("x1561","x1562")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1562' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1563' onclick='hideorshow("x1563","x1564")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1564' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1565' onclick='hideorshow("x1565","x1566")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1566' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1567' onclick='hideorshow("x1567","x1568")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1568' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1569' onclick='hideorshow("x1569","x1570")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1570' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1571' onclick='hideorshow("x1571","x1572")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1572' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1573' onclick='hideorshow("x1573","x1574")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1574' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1575' onclick='hideorshow("x1575","x1576")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1576' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1577' onclick='hideorshow("x1577","x1578")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1578' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1579' onclick='hideorshow("x1579","x1580")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1580' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1581' onclick='hideorshow("x1581","x1582")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1582' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<h1 id="description"><span>2. </span>Description</h1>

<p>The CREATE VIEW command assigns a name to a pre-packaged 
<a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement. 
Once the view is created, it can be used in the FROM clause
of another <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> in place of a table name.
</p>
︙︙
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well-defined names using the 
"<a href="syntax/result-column.html">AS column-alias</a>" syntax.
SQLite allows you to create views that depend on automatically 
generated column names, but you should avoid using them since the 
rules used to generate column names are not a defined part of the
interface and might change in future releases of SQLite.

<p>The <span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> list syntax was added in
SQLite versions 3.9.0 (2015-10-14).










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well-defined names using the 
"<a href="syntax/result-column.html">AS column-alias</a>" syntax.
SQLite allows you to create views that depend on automatically 
generated column names, but you should avoid using them since the 
rules used to generate column names are not a defined part of the
interface and might change in future releases of SQLite.

</p><p>The <span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> list syntax was added in
SQLite versions 3.9.0 (2015-10-14).

</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_createvtab.html. 
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>






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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>
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}, 30);
}
}
function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
x.style.display = 'none';
b.innerHTML='show';
}else{
x.style.display = '';
b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>











<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/create-virtual-table-stmt.html">create-virtual-table-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1551' onclick='hideorshow("x1551","x1552")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1552' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-virtual-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-virtual-table-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>A <a href="vtab.html">virtual table</a> is an interface to an external storage or computation
engine that appears to be a table but does not actually store information
in the database file.</p>








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}, 30);
}
}
function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
x.style.display = 'none';
b.innerHTML='show';
}else{
x.style.display = '';
b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=fancy>
<div class=nosearch>
<div class="fancy_title">
CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE
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<p>A <a href="vtab.html">virtual table</a> is an interface to an external storage or computation
engine that appears to be a table but does not actually store information
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without any interpretation.  It is the responsibility
of the module implementation to parse and interpret its own arguments.</p>

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<a href="lang_droptable.html">DROP TABLE</a> statement.  There is no
DROP VIRTUAL TABLE statement.</p>
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>Date And Time Functions</h2></div>



































<p>
SQLite supports five date and time functions as follows:
</p>

<p>
<ol>
<li> <b>date(</b><i>timestring, modifier, modifier, ...</i><b>)</b> </li>
<li> <b>time(</b><i>timestring, modifier, modifier, ...</i><b>)</b> </li>
<li> <b>datetime(</b><i>timestring, modifier, modifier, ...</i><b>)</b> </li>
<li> <b>julianday(</b><i>timestring, modifier, modifier, ...</i><b>)</b> </li>
<li> <b>strftime(</b><i>format, timestring, modifier, modifier, ...</i><b>)</b> </li>
</ol>









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Date And Time Functions
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Table Of Contents
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<div id="toc_sub"><div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#overview">1. Overview</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#time_strings">2. Time Strings</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#modifiers">3. Modifiers</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#examples">4. Examples</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#caveats_and_bugs">5. Caveats And Bugs</a></div>
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<h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1>

<p>
SQLite supports five date and time functions as follows:
</p>

<p>
</p><ol>
<li> <b>date(</b><i>timestring, modifier, modifier, ...</i><b>)</b> </li>
<li> <b>time(</b><i>timestring, modifier, modifier, ...</i><b>)</b> </li>
<li> <b>datetime(</b><i>timestring, modifier, modifier, ...</i><b>)</b> </li>
<li> <b>julianday(</b><i>timestring, modifier, modifier, ...</i><b>)</b> </li>
<li> <b>strftime(</b><i>format, timestring, modifier, modifier, ...</i><b>)</b> </li>
</ol>
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<a href="http://opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/xsh/strftime.html">strftime() function</a>
from the standard C library plus two new substitutions, %f and %J.
The following is a complete list of valid strftime() substitutions:
</p>

<blockquote>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td><td width="10"><td></tr>

<tr><td> %d <td><td> day of month: 00
<tr><td> %f <td><td> fractional seconds: SS.SSS
<tr><td> %H <td><td> hour: 00-24 
<tr><td> %j <td><td> day of year: 001-366
<tr><td> %J <td><td> Julian day number
<tr><td> %m <td><td> month: 01-12
<tr><td> %M <td><td> minute: 00-59
<tr><td> %s <td><td> seconds since 1970-01-01
<tr><td> %S <td><td> seconds: 00-59
<tr><td> %w <td><td> day of week 0-6 with Sunday==0
<tr><td> %W <td><td> week of year: 00-53
<tr><td> %Y <td><td> year: 0000-9999
<tr><td> %% <td><td> %
</table>
</blockquote>

<p>
Notice that all other date and time functions can be expressed
in terms of strftime():
</p>

<blockquote>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td><b>Function</b><td width="30"><td><b>Equivalent strftime()</b>
<tr><td>   date(...)      <td><td>  strftime('%Y-%m-%d', ...)
<tr><td>   time(...)      <td><td>  strftime('%H:%M:%S', ...)
<tr><td>   datetime(...)  <td><td>  strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', ...)
<tr><td>   julianday(...) <td><td>  strftime('%J', ...)
</table>
</blockquote>

<p>
The only reasons for providing functions other than strftime() is
for convenience and for efficiency.
</p>

<h3>Time Strings</h3>

<p>A time string can be in any of the following formats:</p>

<ol>
<li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD</i>
<li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM</i>
<li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS</i>
<li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.SSS</i>
<li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD</i><b>T</b><i>HH:MM</i>
<li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD</i><b>T</b><i>HH:MM:SS</i>
<li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD</i><b>T</b><i>HH:MM:SS.SSS</i>
<li> <i>HH:MM</i>
<li> <i>HH:MM:SS</i>
<li> <i>HH:MM:SS.SSS</i>
<li> <b>now</b>
<li> <i>DDDDDDDDDD</i>
</ol>

<p>
In formats 5 through 7, the "T" is a literal character separating 
the date and the time, as required by 
<a href="http://www.w3c.org/TR/NOTE-datetime">ISO-8601</a>. 
Formats 8 through 10 that specify only a time assume a date of 
2000-01-01. Format 11, the string 'now', is converted into the 








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<a href="http://opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/xsh/strftime.html">strftime() function</a>
from the standard C library plus two new substitutions, %f and %J.
The following is a complete list of valid strftime() substitutions:
</p>

<blockquote>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td></td><td width="10"></td><td></td></tr>

<tr><td> %d </td><td></td><td> day of month: 00
</td></tr><tr><td> %f </td><td></td><td> fractional seconds: SS.SSS
</td></tr><tr><td> %H </td><td></td><td> hour: 00-24 
</td></tr><tr><td> %j </td><td></td><td> day of year: 001-366
</td></tr><tr><td> %J </td><td></td><td> Julian day number
</td></tr><tr><td> %m </td><td></td><td> month: 01-12
</td></tr><tr><td> %M </td><td></td><td> minute: 00-59
</td></tr><tr><td> %s </td><td></td><td> seconds since 1970-01-01
</td></tr><tr><td> %S </td><td></td><td> seconds: 00-59
</td></tr><tr><td> %w </td><td></td><td> day of week 0-6 with Sunday==0
</td></tr><tr><td> %W </td><td></td><td> week of year: 00-53
</td></tr><tr><td> %Y </td><td></td><td> year: 0000-9999
</td></tr><tr><td> %% </td><td></td><td> %
</td></tr></table>
</blockquote>

<p>
Notice that all other date and time functions can be expressed
in terms of strftime():
</p>

<blockquote>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td><b>Function</b></td><td width="30"></td><td><b>Equivalent strftime()</b>
</td></tr><tr><td>   date(...)      </td><td></td><td>  strftime('%Y-%m-%d', ...)
</td></tr><tr><td>   time(...)      </td><td></td><td>  strftime('%H:%M:%S', ...)
</td></tr><tr><td>   datetime(...)  </td><td></td><td>  strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', ...)
</td></tr><tr><td>   julianday(...) </td><td></td><td>  strftime('%J', ...)
</td></tr></table>
</blockquote>

<p>
The only reasons for providing functions other than strftime() is
for convenience and for efficiency.
</p>

<h1 id="time_strings"><span>2. </span>Time Strings</h1>

<p>A time string can be in any of the following formats:</p>

<ol>
<li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD</i>
</li><li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM</i>
</li><li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS</i>
</li><li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.SSS</i>
</li><li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD</i><b>T</b><i>HH:MM</i>
</li><li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD</i><b>T</b><i>HH:MM:SS</i>
</li><li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD</i><b>T</b><i>HH:MM:SS.SSS</i>
</li><li> <i>HH:MM</i>
</li><li> <i>HH:MM:SS</i>
</li><li> <i>HH:MM:SS.SSS</i>
</li><li> <b>now</b>
</li><li> <i>DDDDDDDDDD</i>
</li></ol>

<p>
In formats 5 through 7, the "T" is a literal character separating 
the date and the time, as required by 
<a href="http://www.w3c.org/TR/NOTE-datetime">ISO-8601</a>. 
Formats 8 through 10 that specify only a time assume a date of 
2000-01-01. Format 11, the string 'now', is converted into the
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to the result, but the input string can have fewer or more than three digits
and the date/time functions will still operate correctly.
Similarly, format 12 is shown with 10 significant digits, but the date/time
functions will really accept as many or as few digits as are necessary to
represent the Julian day number.
</p>

<h3>Modifiers</h3>

<p>The time string can be followed by zero or more modifiers that 
alter date and/or time. Each modifier
is a transformation that is applied to the time value to its left.
Modifiers are applied from left to right; order is important.
The available modifiers are as follows.</p>

<ol>
<li> NNN days
<li> NNN hours
<li> NNN minutes
<li> NNN.NNNN seconds
<li> NNN months
<li> NNN years
<li> start of month
<li> start of year
<li> start of day
<li> weekday N
<li> unixepoch
<li> localtime
<li> utc 
</ol>

<p>The first six modifiers (1 through 6) 
simply add the specified amount of time to the date and time 
specified by the preceding timestring and modifiers.
The 's' character at the end of the modifier names is optional.
Note that "&plusmn;NNN months" works by rendering the original date into
the YYYY-MM-DD format, adding the &plusmn;NNN to the MM month value, then








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to the result, but the input string can have fewer or more than three digits
and the date/time functions will still operate correctly.
Similarly, format 12 is shown with 10 significant digits, but the date/time
functions will really accept as many or as few digits as are necessary to
represent the Julian day number.
</p>

<h1 id="modifiers"><span>3. </span>Modifiers</h1>

<p>The time string can be followed by zero or more modifiers that 
alter date and/or time. Each modifier
is a transformation that is applied to the time value to its left.
Modifiers are applied from left to right; order is important.
The available modifiers are as follows.</p>

<ol>
<li> NNN days
</li><li> NNN hours
</li><li> NNN minutes
</li><li> NNN.NNNN seconds
</li><li> NNN months
</li><li> NNN years
</li><li> start of month
</li><li> start of year
</li><li> start of day
</li><li> weekday N
</li><li> unixepoch
</li><li> localtime
</li><li> utc 
</li></ol>

<p>The first six modifiers (1 through 6) 
simply add the specified amount of time to the date and time 
specified by the preceding timestring and modifiers.
The 's' character at the end of the modifier names is optional.
Note that "&plusmn;NNN months" works by rendering the original date into
the YYYY-MM-DD format, adding the &plusmn;NNN to the MM month value, then
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follows a time that is not UTC, then the behavior is undefined.
The "utc" modifier is the opposite of "localtime".  
"utc" assumes that the string
to its left is in the local timezone and adjusts that string to be in UTC.
If the prior string is not in localtime, then the result of "utc" is
undefined.</p>

<h3>Examples</h3>

<p>Compute the current date.<p>

<blockquote>SELECT date('now');</blockquote>

<p>Compute the last day of the current month.</p>

<blockquote>SELECT date('now','start of month','+1 month','-1 day');
</blockquote>

<p>Compute the date and time given a unix timestamp 1092941466.</p>








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follows a time that is not UTC, then the behavior is undefined.
The "utc" modifier is the opposite of "localtime".  
"utc" assumes that the string
to its left is in the local timezone and adjusts that string to be in UTC.
If the prior string is not in localtime, then the result of "utc" is
undefined.</p>

<h1 id="examples"><span>4. </span>Examples</h1>

<p>Compute the current date.</p><p>

</p><blockquote>SELECT date('now');</blockquote>

<p>Compute the last day of the current month.</p>

<blockquote>SELECT date('now','start of month','+1 month','-1 day');
</blockquote>

<p>Compute the date and time given a unix timestamp 1092941466.</p>
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<p>Compute the time since the unix epoch in seconds 
(like strftime('%s','now') except includes fractional part):</p>

<blockquote>
  SELECT (julianday('now') - 2440587.5)*86400.0;
</blockquote>

<h3>Caveats And Bugs</h3>

<p>The computation of local time depends heavily on the whim 
of politicians and is thus difficult to get correct for 
all locales. In this implementation, the standard C library 
function localtime_r() is used to assist in the calculation of 
local time.  The 
localtime_r() C function normally only works for years








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<p>Compute the time since the unix epoch in seconds 
(like strftime('%s','now') except includes fractional part):</p>

<blockquote>
  SELECT (julianday('now') - 2440587.5)*86400.0;
</blockquote>

<h1 id="caveats_and_bugs"><span>5. </span>Caveats And Bugs</h1>

<p>The computation of local time depends heavily on the whim 
of politicians and is thus difficult to get correct for 
all locales. In this implementation, the standard C library 
function localtime_r() is used to assist in the calculation of 
local time.  The 
localtime_r() C function normally only works for years
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to all previous years as well. Vista does somewhat better
getting results correct back to 1986, when the rules were also changed.</p>

<p>All internal computations assume the 
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>
system.  It is also assumed that every
day is exactly 86400 seconds in duration.</p>











<

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to all previous years as well. Vista does somewhat better
getting results correct back to 1986, when the rules were also changed.</p>

<p>All internal computations assume the 
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>
system.  It is also assumed that every
day is exactly 86400 seconds in duration.</p>
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: DELETE</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
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<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DELETE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/delete-stmt.html">delete-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1553' onclick='hideorshow("x1553","x1554")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1554' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram delete-stmt" src="images/syntax/delete-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1555' onclick='hideorshow("x1555","x1556")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1556' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1557' onclick='hideorshow("x1557","x1558")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1558' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1559' onclick='hideorshow("x1559","x1560")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1560' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1561' onclick='hideorshow("x1561","x1562")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1562' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1563' onclick='hideorshow("x1563","x1564")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1564' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1565' onclick='hideorshow("x1565","x1566")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1566' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1567' onclick='hideorshow("x1567","x1568")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1568' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1569' onclick='hideorshow("x1569","x1570")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1570' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1571' onclick='hideorshow("x1571","x1572")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1572' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1573' onclick='hideorshow("x1573","x1574")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1574' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1575' onclick='hideorshow("x1575","x1576")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1576' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1577' onclick='hideorshow("x1577","x1578")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1578' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1579' onclick='hideorshow("x1579","x1580")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1580' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1581' onclick='hideorshow("x1581","x1582")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1582' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1583' onclick='hideorshow("x1583","x1584")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1584' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1585' onclick='hideorshow("x1585","x1586")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1586' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1587' onclick='hideorshow("x1587","x1588")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1588' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1589' onclick='hideorshow("x1589","x1590")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1590' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1591' onclick='hideorshow("x1591","x1592")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1592' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1593' onclick='hideorshow("x1593","x1594")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1594' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1595' onclick='hideorshow("x1595","x1596")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1596' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1597' onclick='hideorshow("x1597","x1598")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1598' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1599' onclick='hideorshow("x1599","x1600")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1600' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1601' onclick='hideorshow("x1601","x1602")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1602' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1603' onclick='hideorshow("x1603","x1604")'>show</button></p>








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DELETE
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<span class="fancy_toc_mark" id="toc_mk">&#x25ba;</span>
Table Of Contents
</a>
<div id="toc_sub"><div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#overview">1. Overview</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#restrictions_on_delete_statements_within_create_trigger">2. Restrictions on DELETE Statements Within CREATE TRIGGER</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#optional_limit_and_order_by_clauses">3. Optional LIMIT and ORDER BY clauses</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_truncate_optimization">4. The Truncate Optimization</a></div>
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<h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1>

<p><b><a href="syntax/delete-stmt.html">delete-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1585' onclick='hideorshow("x1585","x1586")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1586' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram delete-stmt" src="images/syntax/delete-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1587' onclick='hideorshow("x1587","x1588")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1588' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1589' onclick='hideorshow("x1589","x1590")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1590' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1591' onclick='hideorshow("x1591","x1592")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1592' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1593' onclick='hideorshow("x1593","x1594")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1594' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1595' onclick='hideorshow("x1595","x1596")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1596' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1597' onclick='hideorshow("x1597","x1598")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1598' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
















































































<button id='x1599' onclick='hideorshow("x1599","x1600")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1600' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1601' onclick='hideorshow("x1601","x1602")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1602' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1603' onclick='hideorshow("x1603","x1604")'>show</button></p>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
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 <div id='x1622' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
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<p>The DELETE command removes records from the table identified by the
   <a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name</a>.

<p>If the WHERE clause is not present, all records in the table are deleted.
   If a WHERE clause is supplied, then only those rows for which the
   WHERE clause <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a> is true are deleted.
   Rows for which the expression is false or NULL are retained.

<h3>Restrictions on DELETE Statements Within CREATE TRIGGER</h3>

<p>The following restrictions apply to DELETE statements that occur within the
   body of a <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a> statement:

<ul>
  <li><p>The <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span> specified as part of a 
    DELETE statement within
    a trigger body must be unqualified.  In other words, the
    <i>schema-name</i><b>.</b> prefix on the table name is not allowed 
    within triggers. If the table to which the trigger is attached is
    not in the temp database, then DELETE statements within the trigger
    body must operate on tables within the same database as it. If the table
    to which the trigger is attached is in the TEMP database, then the
    unqualified name of the table being deleted is resolved in the same way as
    it is for a top-level statement (by searching first the TEMP database, then
    the main database, then any other databases in the order they were
    attached).
    
  <li><p>The INDEXED BY and NOT INDEXED clauses are not allowed on DELETE
    statements within triggers.</p>

  <li><p>The LIMIT and ORDER BY clauses (described below) are unsupported for
    DELETE statements within triggers.</p>
</ul>

<h3>Optional LIMIT and ORDER BY clauses</h3>

<p>If SQLite is compiled with the <a href="compile.html#enable_update_delete_limit">SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT</a>
compile-time option, then the syntax of the DELETE statement is
extended by the addition of optional ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses:</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/delete-stmt-limited.html">delete-stmt-limited:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram delete-stmt-limited" src="images/syntax/delete-stmt-limited.gif"></img>
 </div>


<p>If a DELETE statement has a LIMIT clause, the maximum number of rows that
will be deleted is found by evaluating the accompanying expression and casting
it to an integer value. If the result of the evaluating the LIMIT clause
cannot be losslessly converted to an integer value, it is an error. A 
negative LIMIT value is interpreted as "no limit". If the DELETE statement 
also has an OFFSET clause, then it is similarly evaluated and cast to an
integer value. Again, it is an error if the value cannot be losslessly
converted to an integer. If there is no OFFSET clause, or the calculated
integer value is negative, the effective OFFSET value is zero.

<p>If the DELETE statement has an ORDER BY clause, then all rows that would 
be deleted in the absence of the LIMIT clause are sorted according to the 
ORDER BY. The first <i>M</i> rows, where <i>M</i> is the value found by
evaluating the OFFSET clause expression, are skipped, and the following 
<i>N</i>, where <i>N</i> is the value of the LIMIT expression, are deleted.
If there are less than <i>N</i> rows remaining after taking the OFFSET clause
into account, or if the LIMIT clause evaluated to a negative value, then all
remaining rows are deleted.

<p>If the DELETE statement has no ORDER BY clause, then all rows that
would be deleted in the absence of the LIMIT clause are assembled in an
arbitrary order before applying the LIMIT and OFFSET clauses to determine 
the subset that are actually deleted.

<p>The ORDER BY clause on a DELETE statement is used only to determine which
rows fall within the LIMIT. The order in which rows are deleted is arbitrary
and is not influenced by the ORDER BY clause.

<a name="truncateopt"></a>

<h3>The Truncate Optimization</h3>

<p>When the WHERE is omitted from a DELETE statement and the table
being deleted has no triggers,
SQLite uses an optimization to erase the entire table content
without having to visit each row of the table individually.
This "truncate" optimization makes the delete run much faster.
Prior to SQLite <a href="releaselog/3_6_5.html">version 3.6.5</a> (2008-11-12), the truncate optimization
also meant that the <a href="c3ref/changes.html">sqlite3_changes()</a> and
<a href="c3ref/total_changes.html">sqlite3_total_changes()</a> interfaces
and the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_count_changes">count_changes pragma</a>
will not actually return the number of deleted rows.  
That problem has been fixed as of <a href="releaselog/3_6_5.html">version 3.6.5</a> (2008-11-12).

<p>The truncate optimization can be permanently disabled for all queries
by recompiling
SQLite with the <a href="compile.html#omit_truncate_optimization">SQLITE_OMIT_TRUNCATE_OPTIMIZATION</a> compile-time switch.</p>

<p>The truncate optimization can also be disabled at runtime using
the <a href="c3ref/set_authorizer.html">sqlite3_set_authorizer()</a> interface.  If an authorizer callback
returns <a href="c3ref/c_deny.html">SQLITE_IGNORE</a> for an <a href="c3ref/c_alter_table.html">SQLITE_DELETE</a> action code, then
the DELETE operation will proceed but the truncate optimization will
be bypassed and rows will be deleted one by one.</p>










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<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1621' onclick='hideorshow("x1621","x1622")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1622' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1623' onclick='hideorshow("x1623","x1624")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1624' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1625' onclick='hideorshow("x1625","x1626")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1626' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1627' onclick='hideorshow("x1627","x1628")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1628' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1629' onclick='hideorshow("x1629","x1630")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1630' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1631' onclick='hideorshow("x1631","x1632")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1632' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1633' onclick='hideorshow("x1633","x1634")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1634' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1635' onclick='hideorshow("x1635","x1636")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1636' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1637' onclick='hideorshow("x1637","x1638")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1638' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1639' onclick='hideorshow("x1639","x1640")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1640' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1641' onclick='hideorshow("x1641","x1642")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1642' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1643' onclick='hideorshow("x1643","x1644")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1644' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1645' onclick='hideorshow("x1645","x1646")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1646' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1647' onclick='hideorshow("x1647","x1648")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1648' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1649' onclick='hideorshow("x1649","x1650")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1650' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1651' onclick='hideorshow("x1651","x1652")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1652' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1653' onclick='hideorshow("x1653","x1654")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1654' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>The DELETE command removes records from the table identified by the
   <a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name</a>.

</p><p>If the WHERE clause is not present, all records in the table are deleted.
   If a WHERE clause is supplied, then only those rows for which the
   WHERE clause <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a> is true are deleted.
   Rows for which the expression is false or NULL are retained.

</p><h1 id="restrictions_on_delete_statements_within_create_trigger"><span>2. </span>Restrictions on DELETE Statements Within CREATE TRIGGER</h1>

<p>The following restrictions apply to DELETE statements that occur within the
   body of a <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a> statement:

</p><ul>
  <li><p>The <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span> specified as part of a 
    DELETE statement within
    a trigger body must be unqualified.  In other words, the
    <i>schema-name</i><b>.</b> prefix on the table name is not allowed 
    within triggers. If the table to which the trigger is attached is
    not in the temp database, then DELETE statements within the trigger
    body must operate on tables within the same database as it. If the table
    to which the trigger is attached is in the TEMP database, then the
    unqualified name of the table being deleted is resolved in the same way as
    it is for a top-level statement (by searching first the TEMP database, then
    the main database, then any other databases in the order they were
    attached).
    
  </p></li><li><p>The INDEXED BY and NOT INDEXED clauses are not allowed on DELETE
    statements within triggers.</p>

  </li><li><p>The LIMIT and ORDER BY clauses (described below) are unsupported for
    DELETE statements within triggers.</p>
</li></ul>

<h1 id="optional_limit_and_order_by_clauses"><span>3. </span>Optional LIMIT and ORDER BY clauses</h1>

<p>If SQLite is compiled with the <a href="compile.html#enable_update_delete_limit">SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT</a>
compile-time option, then the syntax of the DELETE statement is
extended by the addition of optional ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses:</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/delete-stmt-limited.html">delete-stmt-limited:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram delete-stmt-limited" src="images/syntax/delete-stmt-limited.gif"></img>
 </div>


<p>If a DELETE statement has a LIMIT clause, the maximum number of rows that
will be deleted is found by evaluating the accompanying expression and casting
it to an integer value. If the result of the evaluating the LIMIT clause
cannot be losslessly converted to an integer value, it is an error. A 
negative LIMIT value is interpreted as "no limit". If the DELETE statement 
also has an OFFSET clause, then it is similarly evaluated and cast to an
integer value. Again, it is an error if the value cannot be losslessly
converted to an integer. If there is no OFFSET clause, or the calculated
integer value is negative, the effective OFFSET value is zero.

</p><p>If the DELETE statement has an ORDER BY clause, then all rows that would 
be deleted in the absence of the LIMIT clause are sorted according to the 
ORDER BY. The first <i>M</i> rows, where <i>M</i> is the value found by
evaluating the OFFSET clause expression, are skipped, and the following 
<i>N</i>, where <i>N</i> is the value of the LIMIT expression, are deleted.
If there are less than <i>N</i> rows remaining after taking the OFFSET clause
into account, or if the LIMIT clause evaluated to a negative value, then all
remaining rows are deleted.

</p><p>If the DELETE statement has no ORDER BY clause, then all rows that
would be deleted in the absence of the LIMIT clause are assembled in an
arbitrary order before applying the LIMIT and OFFSET clauses to determine 
the subset that are actually deleted.

</p><p>The ORDER BY clause on a DELETE statement is used only to determine which
rows fall within the LIMIT. The order in which rows are deleted is arbitrary
and is not influenced by the ORDER BY clause.

<a name="truncateopt"></a>

</p><h1 id="the_truncate_optimization"><span>4. </span>The Truncate Optimization</h1>

<p>When the WHERE is omitted from a DELETE statement and the table
being deleted has no triggers,
SQLite uses an optimization to erase the entire table content
without having to visit each row of the table individually.
This "truncate" optimization makes the delete run much faster.
Prior to SQLite <a href="releaselog/3_6_5.html">version 3.6.5</a> (2008-11-12), the truncate optimization
also meant that the <a href="c3ref/changes.html">sqlite3_changes()</a> and
<a href="c3ref/total_changes.html">sqlite3_total_changes()</a> interfaces
and the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_count_changes">count_changes pragma</a>
will not actually return the number of deleted rows.  
That problem has been fixed as of <a href="releaselog/3_6_5.html">version 3.6.5</a> (2008-11-12).

</p><p>The truncate optimization can be permanently disabled for all queries
by recompiling
SQLite with the <a href="compile.html#omit_truncate_optimization">SQLITE_OMIT_TRUNCATE_OPTIMIZATION</a> compile-time switch.</p>

<p>The truncate optimization can also be disabled at runtime using
the <a href="c3ref/set_authorizer.html">sqlite3_set_authorizer()</a> interface.  If an authorizer callback
returns <a href="c3ref/c_deny.html">SQLITE_IGNORE</a> for an <a href="c3ref/c_alter_table.html">SQLITE_DELETE</a> action code, then
the DELETE operation will proceed but the truncate optimization will
be bypassed and rows will be deleted one by one.</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_detach.html. 
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: DETACH DATABASE</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>






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<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>DETACH</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>
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}, 30);
}
}
function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
x.style.display = 'none';
b.innerHTML='show';
}else{
x.style.display = '';
b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>










<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DETACH DATABASE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/detach-stmt.html">detach-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1623' onclick='hideorshow("x1623","x1624")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1624' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram detach-stmt" src="images/syntax/detach-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>This statement detaches an additional database connection previously 
attached using the <a href="lang_attach.html">ATTACH</a> statement.  
When not in <a href="sharedcache.html">shared cache mode</a>, 
it is possible to have the same database file attached multiple times using 
different names, and detaching one connection to a file will leave the 
others intact.</p>


In <a href="sharedcache.html">shared cache mode</a>, attempting to attach the same database file more
than once results in an error.











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}, 30);
}
}
function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
x.style.display = 'none';
b.innerHTML='show';
}else{
x.style.display = '';
b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=fancy>
<div class=nosearch>
<div class="fancy_title">
DETACH
</div>
</div>




<p><b><a href="syntax/detach-stmt.html">detach-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1655' onclick='hideorshow("x1655","x1656")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1656' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram detach-stmt" src="images/syntax/detach-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>This statement detaches an additional database connection previously 
attached using the <a href="lang_attach.html">ATTACH</a> statement.  
When not in <a href="sharedcache.html">shared cache mode</a>, 
it is possible to have the same database file attached multiple times using 
different names, and detaching one connection to a file will leave the 
others intact.</p>

<p>
In <a href="sharedcache.html">shared cache mode</a>, attempting to attach the same database file more
than once results in an error.
</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_dropindex.html. 
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: DROP INDEX</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>






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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>DROP INDEX</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>
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}, 30);
}
}
function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
x.style.display = 'none';
b.innerHTML='show';
}else{
x.style.display = '';
b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>










<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DROP INDEX</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/drop-index-stmt.html">drop-index-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1625' onclick='hideorshow("x1625","x1626")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1626' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram drop-index-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-index-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>The DROP INDEX statement removes an index added
with the <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a> statement.  The index is completely removed from
the disk.  The only way to recover the index is to reenter the
appropriate <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a> command.</p>










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}, 30);
}
}
function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
x.style.display = 'none';
b.innerHTML='show';
}else{
x.style.display = '';
b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=fancy>
<div class=nosearch>
<div class="fancy_title">
DROP INDEX
</div>
</div>




<p><b><a href="syntax/drop-index-stmt.html">drop-index-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1657' onclick='hideorshow("x1657","x1658")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1658' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram drop-index-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-index-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>The DROP INDEX statement removes an index added
with the <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a> statement.  The index is completely removed from
the disk.  The only way to recover the index is to reenter the
appropriate <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a> command.</p>
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DROP TABLE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/drop-table-stmt.html">drop-table-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1627' onclick='hideorshow("x1627","x1628")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1628' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram drop-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-table-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>The DROP TABLE statement removes a table added with the
<a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement.  The name specified is the
table name.  The dropped table is completely removed from the database 








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DROP TABLE
</div>
</div>




<p><b><a href="syntax/drop-table-stmt.html">drop-table-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1659' onclick='hideorshow("x1659","x1660")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1660' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram drop-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-table-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>The DROP TABLE statement removes a table added with the
<a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement.  The name specified is the
table name.  The dropped table is completely removed from the database
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If the implicit DELETE FROM executed
as part of a DROP TABLE command violates any immediate foreign key constraints,
an error is returned and the table is not dropped. If 
the implicit DELETE FROM causes any 
deferred foreign key constraints to be violated, and the violations still
exist when the transaction is committed, an error is returned at the time
of commit.










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If the implicit DELETE FROM executed
as part of a DROP TABLE command violates any immediate foreign key constraints,
an error is returned and the table is not dropped. If 
the implicit DELETE FROM causes any 
deferred foreign key constraints to be violated, and the violations still
exist when the transaction is committed, an error is returned at the time
of commit.
</p>
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DROP TRIGGER</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/drop-trigger-stmt.html">drop-trigger-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1629' onclick='hideorshow("x1629","x1630")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1630' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram drop-trigger-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-trigger-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>The DROP TRIGGER statement removes a trigger created by the 
<a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a> statement. Once removed, the trigger definition is no
longer present in the sqlite_master (or sqlite_temp_master) table and is
not fired by any subsequent INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statements.

<p>Note that triggers are automatically dropped when the associated table is
dropped.










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<p><b><a href="syntax/drop-trigger-stmt.html">drop-trigger-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1661' onclick='hideorshow("x1661","x1662")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1662' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram drop-trigger-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-trigger-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>The DROP TRIGGER statement removes a trigger created by the 
<a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a> statement. Once removed, the trigger definition is no
longer present in the sqlite_master (or sqlite_temp_master) table and is
not fired by any subsequent INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statements.

<p>Note that triggers are automatically dropped when the associated table is
dropped.
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DROP VIEW</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/drop-view-stmt.html">drop-view-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1631' onclick='hideorshow("x1631","x1632")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1632' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram drop-view-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-view-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>The DROP VIEW statement removes a view created by the <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a> 
  statement. The view definition is removed from the database schema, but 
  no actual data in the underlying base tables is modified.

<p>The view to drop is identified by the view-name and optional 
  schema-name specified as part of the DROP VIEW statement. This 
  reference is resolved using the standard procedure for <a href="lang_naming.html">object resolution</a>.

<p>
  If the specified view cannot be found and the IF EXISTS clause is not 
  present, it is an error. If the specified view cannot be found and an IF
  EXISTS clause is present in the DROP VIEW statement, then the statement
  is a no-op.











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<div class=fancy>
<div class=nosearch>
<div class="fancy_title">
DROP VIEW
</div>
</div>




<p><b><a href="syntax/drop-view-stmt.html">drop-view-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1663' onclick='hideorshow("x1663","x1664")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1664' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram drop-view-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-view-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>The DROP VIEW statement removes a view created by the <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a> 
  statement. The view definition is removed from the database schema, but 
  no actual data in the underlying base tables is modified.

</p><p>The view to drop is identified by the view-name and optional 
  schema-name specified as part of the DROP VIEW statement. This 
  reference is resolved using the standard procedure for <a href="lang_naming.html">object resolution</a>.

</p><p>
  If the specified view cannot be found and the IF EXISTS clause is not 
  present, it is an error. If the specified view cannot be found and an IF
  EXISTS clause is present in the DROP VIEW statement, then the statement
  is a no-op.


</p>
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>EXPLAIN</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/sql-stmt.html">sql-stmt:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram sql-stmt" src="images/syntax/sql-stmt.gif"></img>
 </div>




<p>An SQL statement can be preceded by the keyword "EXPLAIN" or
by the phrase "EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN".  Either modification causes the
SQL statement to behave as a query and to return information about
how the SQL statement would have operated if the EXPLAIN keyword or
phrase had been omitted.</p>

<p>The output from EXPLAIN and EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN is intended for
interactive analysis and troubleshooting only.  The details of the 
output format are subject to change from one release of SQLite to the next.
Applications should not use EXPLAIN or EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN since
their exact behavior is variable and only partially documented.</p>

<p>When the EXPLAIN keyword appears by itself it causes the statement
to behave as a query that returns the sequence of 
<a href="opcode.html">virtual machine instructions</a> it would have used to execute the command had
the EXPLAIN keyword not been present. When the EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN phrase
appears, the statement returns high-level information regarding the query
plan that would have been used.

<p>The EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN command is described in 
<a href="eqp.html">more detail here</a>.

<h3>EXPLAIN operates at run-time, not at prepare-time</h3>

<p>The EXPLAIN and EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN prefixes affect the behavior of
running a <a href="c3ref/stmt.html">prepared statement</a> using <a href="c3ref/step.html">sqlite3_step()</a>.  The process of
generating a new prepared statement using <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a> or similar
is (mostly) unaffected by EXPLAIN.  (The exception to the previous sentence
is that some special opcodes used by EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN are omitted when
building an EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN prepared statement, as a performance
optimization.)

<p>This means that actions that occur during sqlite3_prepare() are
unaffected by EXPLAIN.

<ul>
<li><p>
Some <a href="pragma.html#syntax">PRAGMA</a> statements do their work during sqlite3_prepare() rather
than during sqlite3_step().  Those PRAGMA statements are unaffected
by EXPLAIN.  They operate the same with or without the EXPLAIN prefix.
The set of PRAGMA statements that are unaffected by EXPLAIN can vary
from one release to the next.  Some PRAGMA statements operate during
sqlite3_prepare() depending on their arguments.  For consistent
results, avoid using EXPLAIN on PRAGMA statements.

<li><p>
The <a href="c3ref/set_authorizer.html">authorizer callback</a> is invoked regardless of the presence of
EXPLAIN or EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN.
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</div>
</div>




<h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1>
<p><b><a href="syntax/sql-stmt.html">sql-stmt:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram sql-stmt" src="images/syntax/sql-stmt.gif"></img>
 </div>


<h1 id="description"><span>2. </span>Description</h1>

<p>An SQL statement can be preceded by the keyword "EXPLAIN" or
by the phrase "EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN".  Either modification causes the
SQL statement to behave as a query and to return information about
how the SQL statement would have operated if the EXPLAIN keyword or
phrase had been omitted.</p>

<p>The output from EXPLAIN and EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN is intended for
interactive analysis and troubleshooting only.  The details of the 
output format are subject to change from one release of SQLite to the next.
Applications should not use EXPLAIN or EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN since
their exact behavior is variable and only partially documented.</p>

<p>When the EXPLAIN keyword appears by itself it causes the statement
to behave as a query that returns the sequence of 
<a href="opcode.html">virtual machine instructions</a> it would have used to execute the command had
the EXPLAIN keyword not been present. When the EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN phrase
appears, the statement returns high-level information regarding the query
plan that would have been used.

</p><p>The EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN command is described in 
<a href="eqp.html">more detail here</a>.

</p><h2 id="explain_operates_at_run_time_not_at_prepare_time"><span>2.1. </span>EXPLAIN operates at run-time, not at prepare-time</h2>

<p>The EXPLAIN and EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN prefixes affect the behavior of
running a <a href="c3ref/stmt.html">prepared statement</a> using <a href="c3ref/step.html">sqlite3_step()</a>.  The process of
generating a new prepared statement using <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a> or similar
is (mostly) unaffected by EXPLAIN.  (The exception to the previous sentence
is that some special opcodes used by EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN are omitted when
building an EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN prepared statement, as a performance
optimization.)

</p><p>This means that actions that occur during sqlite3_prepare() are
unaffected by EXPLAIN.

</p><ul>
<li><p>
Some <a href="pragma.html#syntax">PRAGMA</a> statements do their work during sqlite3_prepare() rather
than during sqlite3_step().  Those PRAGMA statements are unaffected
by EXPLAIN.  They operate the same with or without the EXPLAIN prefix.
The set of PRAGMA statements that are unaffected by EXPLAIN can vary
from one release to the next.  Some PRAGMA statements operate during
sqlite3_prepare() depending on their arguments.  For consistent
results, avoid using EXPLAIN on PRAGMA statements.

</p></li><li><p>
The <a href="c3ref/set_authorizer.html">authorizer callback</a> is invoked regardless of the presence of
EXPLAIN or EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN.
</p></li></ul>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_expr.html. 
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>expression</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1633' onclick='hideorshow("x1633","x1634")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1634' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1635' onclick='hideorshow("x1635","x1636")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1636' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1637' onclick='hideorshow("x1637","x1638")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1638' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1639' onclick='hideorshow("x1639","x1640")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1640' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1641' onclick='hideorshow("x1641","x1642")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1642' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1643' onclick='hideorshow("x1643","x1644")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1644' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1645' onclick='hideorshow("x1645","x1646")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1646' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1647' onclick='hideorshow("x1647","x1648")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1648' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1649' onclick='hideorshow("x1649","x1650")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1650' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1651' onclick='hideorshow("x1651","x1652")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1652' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1653' onclick='hideorshow("x1653","x1654")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1654' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1655' onclick='hideorshow("x1655","x1656")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1656' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1657' onclick='hideorshow("x1657","x1658")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1658' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1659' onclick='hideorshow("x1659","x1660")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1660' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1661' onclick='hideorshow("x1661","x1662")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1662' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1663' onclick='hideorshow("x1663","x1664")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1664' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1665' onclick='hideorshow("x1665","x1666")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1666' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1667' onclick='hideorshow("x1667","x1668")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1668' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1669' onclick='hideorshow("x1669","x1670")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1670' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1671' onclick='hideorshow("x1671","x1672")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1672' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>This section is different from the others.  Most other sections of
this document talks about a particular SQL command.  This section does
not talk about a standalone command but about "expressions" which are 
subcomponents of most other commands.</p>

<a name="binaryops"></a>

<h3>Operators</h3>
<p>SQLite understands the following binary operators, in order from
highest to lowest precedence:</p>

<blockquote><pre>
<font color="#2c2cf0"><big>||
*    /    %
+    -








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SQL Langauge Expressions
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<div class="fancy_toc">
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<span class="fancy_toc_mark" id="toc_mk">&#x25ba;</span>
Table Of Contents
</a>
<div id="toc_sub"><div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#syntax">1. Syntax</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#operators">2. Operators</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#literal_values_constants_">3. Literal Values (Constants)</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#parameters">4. Parameters</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_like_glob_regexp_and_match_operators">5. The LIKE, GLOB, REGEXP, and MATCH operators</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_between_operator">6. The BETWEEN operator</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_case_expression">7. The CASE expression</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_in_and_not_in_operators">8. The IN and NOT IN operators</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#table_column_names">9. Table Column Names</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_exists_operator">10. The EXISTS operator</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#subquery_expressions">11. Subquery Expressions</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#correlated_subqueries">12. Correlated Subqueries</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#cast_expressions">13. CAST expressions</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#boolean_expressions">14. Boolean Expressions</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#functions">15. Functions</a></div>
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<h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1>

<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1665' onclick='hideorshow("x1665","x1666")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1666' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1667' onclick='hideorshow("x1667","x1668")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1668' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1669' onclick='hideorshow("x1669","x1670")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1670' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1671' onclick='hideorshow("x1671","x1672")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1672' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1673' onclick='hideorshow("x1673","x1674")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1674' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1675' onclick='hideorshow("x1675","x1676")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1676' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1677' onclick='hideorshow("x1677","x1678")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1678' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1679' onclick='hideorshow("x1679","x1680")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1680' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1681' onclick='hideorshow("x1681","x1682")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1682' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1683' onclick='hideorshow("x1683","x1684")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1684' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1685' onclick='hideorshow("x1685","x1686")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1686' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1687' onclick='hideorshow("x1687","x1688")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1688' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1689' onclick='hideorshow("x1689","x1690")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1690' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1691' onclick='hideorshow("x1691","x1692")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1692' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1693' onclick='hideorshow("x1693","x1694")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1694' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1695' onclick='hideorshow("x1695","x1696")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1696' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1697' onclick='hideorshow("x1697","x1698")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1698' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1699' onclick='hideorshow("x1699","x1700")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1700' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1701' onclick='hideorshow("x1701","x1702")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1702' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1703' onclick='hideorshow("x1703","x1704")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1704' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>







<a name="binaryops"></a>

<h1 id="operators"><span>2. </span>Operators</h1>
<p>SQLite understands the following binary operators, in order from
highest to lowest precedence:</p>

<blockquote><pre>
<font color="#2c2cf0"><big>||
*    /    %
+    -
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IS operator evaluates to 1 (true) and the IS NOT operator evaluates
to 0 (false). If one operand is NULL and the other is not, then the
IS operator evaluates to 0 (false) and the IS NOT operator is 1 (true).
It is not possible for an IS or IS NOT expression to evaluate to NULL.
Operators <font color="#2c2cf0"><big>IS</big></font> and <font color="#2c2cf0"><big>IS NOT</big></font> have the same 
precedence as <font color="#2c2cf0"><big>=</big></font>.<a name="litvalue"></a>

<h3>Literal Values (Constants)</h3>
<p>
A literal value represents a constant.
Literal values may be integers, floating point numbers, strings,
BLOBs, or NULLs.
<p>
The syntax for integer and floating point literals (collectively
"numeric literals") is shown by the following diagram:</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/numeric-literal.html">numeric-literal:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram numeric-literal" src="images/syntax/numeric-literal.gif"></img>
 </div>









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IS operator evaluates to 1 (true) and the IS NOT operator evaluates
to 0 (false). If one operand is NULL and the other is not, then the
IS operator evaluates to 0 (false) and the IS NOT operator is 1 (true).
It is not possible for an IS or IS NOT expression to evaluate to NULL.
Operators <font color="#2c2cf0"><big>IS</big></font> and <font color="#2c2cf0"><big>IS NOT</big></font> have the same 
precedence as <font color="#2c2cf0"><big>=</big></font>.<a name="litvalue"></a>

</p><h1 id="literal_values_constants_"><span>3. </span>Literal Values (Constants)</h1>
<p>
A literal value represents a constant.
Literal values may be integers, floating point numbers, strings,
BLOBs, or NULLs.
</p><p>
The syntax for integer and floating point literals (collectively
"numeric literals") is shown by the following diagram:</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/numeric-literal.html">numeric-literal:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram numeric-literal" src="images/syntax/numeric-literal.gif"></img>
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The "." character is always used 
as the decimal point even if the locale setting specifies "," for
this role - the use of "," for the decimal point would result in
syntactic ambiguity.

<a name="hexint"></a>

<p>Hexadecimal integer literals follow the C-language notation of
"0x" or "0X" followed by hexadecimal digits.
For example, 0x1234 means the same as 4660
and 0x8000000000000000 means the same as -9223372036854775808.
 Hexadecimal integer literals are interpreted as 64-bit
two's-complement integers and are thus limited
to sixteen significant digits of precision.
Support for hexadecimal integers was added to SQLite








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The "." character is always used 
as the decimal point even if the locale setting specifies "," for
this role - the use of "," for the decimal point would result in
syntactic ambiguity.

<a name="hexint"></a>

</p><p>Hexadecimal integer literals follow the C-language notation of
"0x" or "0X" followed by hexadecimal digits.
For example, 0x1234 means the same as 4660
and 0x8000000000000000 means the same as -9223372036854775808.
 Hexadecimal integer literals are interpreted as 64-bit
two's-complement integers and are thus limited
to sixteen significant digits of precision.
Support for hexadecimal integers was added to SQLite
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string value in the format of a hexadecimal integer into an integer
value, the conversion process stops when the 'x' character is seen
so the resulting integer value is always zero.
SQLite only understands the hexadecimal integer notation when it
appears in the SQL statement text, not when it appears as
part of the content of the database.

<p> A string constant is formed by enclosing the
string in single quotes (').  A single quote within the string can
be encoded by putting two single quotes in a row - as in Pascal.
C-style escapes using the backslash character are not supported because
they are not standard SQL.

<p> BLOB literals are string literals containing hexadecimal data and
preceded by a single "x" or "X" character.  Example: X'53514C697465'

<p>
A literal value can also be the token "NULL".
</p>

<a name="varparam"></a>

<h3>Parameters</h3>
<p>
A "variable" or "parameter" token
specifies a placeholder in the expression for a 
value that is filled in at runtime using the
<a href="c3ref/bind_blob.html">sqlite3_bind()</a> family of C/C++ interfaces.
Parameters can take several forms:
</p>








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string value in the format of a hexadecimal integer into an integer
value, the conversion process stops when the 'x' character is seen
so the resulting integer value is always zero.
SQLite only understands the hexadecimal integer notation when it
appears in the SQL statement text, not when it appears as
part of the content of the database.

</p><p> A string constant is formed by enclosing the
string in single quotes (').  A single quote within the string can
be encoded by putting two single quotes in a row - as in Pascal.
C-style escapes using the backslash character are not supported because
they are not standard SQL.

</p><p> BLOB literals are string literals containing hexadecimal data and
preceded by a single "x" or "X" character.  Example: X'53514C697465'

</p><p>
A literal value can also be the token "NULL".
</p>

<a name="varparam"></a>

<h1 id="parameters"><span>4. </span>Parameters</h1>
<p>
A "variable" or "parameter" token
specifies a placeholder in the expression for a 
value that is filled in at runtime using the
<a href="c3ref/bind_blob.html">sqlite3_bind()</a> family of C/C++ interfaces.
Parameters can take several forms:
</p>
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the <a href="limits.html#max_variable_number">SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER</a> macro.  An individual <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a>
D can reduce its maximum parameter number below the compile-time maximum
using the <a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit</a>(D, <a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimitvariablenumber">SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER</a>,...) interface.
</p>

<a name="like"></a>

<h3>The LIKE, GLOB, REGEXP, and MATCH operators</h3>
<p>The LIKE operator does a pattern matching comparison. The operand
to the right of the LIKE operator contains the pattern and the left hand
operand contains the string to match against the pattern.

A percent symbol ("%") in the LIKE pattern matches any
sequence of zero or more characters in the string.  An underscore
("_") in the LIKE pattern matches any single character in the








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the <a href="limits.html#max_variable_number">SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER</a> macro.  An individual <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a>
D can reduce its maximum parameter number below the compile-time maximum
using the <a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit</a>(D, <a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimitvariablenumber">SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER</a>,...) interface.
</p>

<a name="like"></a>

<h1 id="the_like_glob_regexp_and_match_operators"><span>5. </span>The LIKE, GLOB, REGEXP, and MATCH operators</h1>
<p>The LIKE operator does a pattern matching comparison. The operand
to the right of the LIKE operator contains the pattern and the left hand
operand contains the string to match against the pattern.

A percent symbol ("%") in the LIKE pattern matches any
sequence of zero or more characters in the string.  An underscore
("_") in the LIKE pattern matches any single character in the
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a single character. This character may be used in the LIKE pattern
to include literal percent or underscore characters. The escape
character followed by a percent symbol (%), underscore (_), or a second
instance of the escape character itself matches a
literal percent symbol, underscore, or a single escape character,
respectively.

<p>The infix LIKE operator is implemented by calling the
application-defined SQL functions <a href="lang_corefunc.html#like">like(<i>Y</i>,<i>X</i>)</a> or
<a href="lang_corefunc.html#like">like(<i>Y</i>,<i>X</i>,<i>Z</i>)</a></a>.</p>

<p>The LIKE operator can be made case sensitive using the
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_case_sensitive_like">case_sensitive_like pragma</a>.</p>

<a name="glob"></a>

<p>The GLOB operator is similar to LIKE but uses the Unix








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a single character. This character may be used in the LIKE pattern
to include literal percent or underscore characters. The escape
character followed by a percent symbol (%), underscore (_), or a second
instance of the escape character itself matches a
literal percent symbol, underscore, or a single escape character,
respectively.

</p><p>The infix LIKE operator is implemented by calling the
application-defined SQL functions <a href="lang_corefunc.html#like">like(<i>Y</i>,<i>X</i>)</a> or
<a href="lang_corefunc.html#like">like(<i>Y</i>,<i>X</i>,<i>Z</i>)</a>.</p>

<p>The LIKE operator can be made case sensitive using the
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_case_sensitive_like">case_sensitive_like pragma</a>.</p>

<a name="glob"></a>

<p>The GLOB operator is similar to LIKE but uses the Unix
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application-defined function.  The default match() function implementation
raises an exception and is not really useful for anything.
But extensions can override the match() function with more
helpful logic.</p>

<a name="between"></a>

<h3>The BETWEEN operator</h3>
<p>The BETWEEN operator is logically equivalent to a pair of comparisons.
"<i>x</i> <b>BETWEEN</b> <i>y</i> <b>AND</b> <i>z</i>" is 
equivalent to 
"<i>x</i><b>&gt;=</b><i>y</i> <b>AND</b> <i>x</i><b>&lt;=</b><i>z</i>" except
that with BETWEEN, the <i>x</i> expression is only evaluated once.
The precedence of the BETWEEN operator is the same as the precedence
as operators <b>==</b> and <b>!=</b> and <b>LIKE</b> and groups left to right.

<a name="case"></a>

<h3>The CASE expression</h3>
<p>A CASE expression serves a role similar to IF-THEN-ELSE in other
programming languages.  

<p>The optional expression that occurs in between the CASE keyword and the
first WHEN keyword is called the "base" expression. There are two basic forms

of the CASE expression: those with a base expression and those without.

<p>In a CASE without a base expression, each WHEN expression is evaluated
and the result treated as a boolean, starting with the leftmost and continuing
to the right. The result of the CASE expression is the evaluation of the THEN
expression that corresponds to the first WHEN expression that evaluates to
true. Or, if none of the WHEN expressions evaluate to true, the result of
evaluating the ELSE expression, if any. If there is no ELSE expression and
none of the WHEN expressions are true, then the overall result is NULL.

<p>A NULL result is considered untrue when evaluating WHEN terms.

<p>In a CASE with a base expression, the base expression is evaluated just
once and the result is compared against the evaluation of each WHEN 
expression from left to right. The result of the CASE expression is the 
evaluation of the THEN expression that corresponds to the first WHEN
expression for which the comparison is true. Or, if none of the WHEN
expressions evaluate to a value equal to the base expression, the result
of evaluating the ELSE expression, if any. If there is no ELSE expression and
none of the WHEN expressions produce a result equal to the base expression,
the overall result is NULL.

<p>When comparing a base expression against a WHEN expression, the same
collating sequence, affinity, and NULL-handling rules apply as if the
base expression and WHEN expression are respectively the left- and
right-hand operands of an <big><b>=</b></big> operator.</p> If the base 


expression is NULL then the result of the CASE is always the result 
of evaluating the ELSE expression if it exists, or NULL if it does not.

<p>Both forms of the CASE expression use lazy, or short-circuit, 
evaluation.

<p>The only difference between the following two CASE expressions is that 
the <i>x</i> expression is evaluated exactly once in the first example but 
might be evaluated multiple times in the second:

<ul><pre>
<li>CASE x WHEN w1 THEN r1 WHEN w2 THEN r2 ELSE r3 END
<li>CASE WHEN x=w1 THEN r1 WHEN x=w2 THEN r2 ELSE r3 END
</pre></ul>








<a name="in_op"></a>

<h3>The IN and NOT IN operators</h3>
<p>The IN and NOT IN operators take an expression on the
left and a list of values or a subquery on the right.
When the right operand of an IN or NOT IN operator is a subquery, the
subquery must have the same number of columns as there are columns in
the <a href="rowvalue.html">row value</a> of the left operand.  The subquery on the
right of an IN or NOT IN operator must be a scalar subquery if the left
expression is not a <a href="rowvalue.html">row value</a> expression.
If the right operand of an IN or NOT IN operator is a list of values,
each of those values must be scalars and the left expression must also
be a scalar.
The right-hand side of an IN or NOT IN operator can be a
table <i>name</i> or <a href="vtab.html#tabfunc2">table-valued function</a> <i>name</i> in which 
case the right-hand side is understood to be subquery of
the form "(SELECT * FROM <i>name</i>)".
When the right operand is an empty set, the result of IN is false and the
result of NOT IN is true, regardless of the left operand and even if the
left operand is NULL.
<p>The result of an IN or NOT IN operator is determined by the following
matrix:

<center>
<table border=1>
<tr>
<th>Left operand <br>is NULL
<th>Right operand <br>contains NULL
<th>Right operand <br>is an empty set
<th>Left operand found <br>within right operand
<th>Result of <br>IN operator
<th>Result of <br>NOT IN operator
<tr>
<td align="center">no
<td align="center">no
<td align="center">no
<td align="center">no
<td align="center">false
<td align="center">true
<tr>
<td align="center">does not matter
<td align="center">no
<td align="center">yes
<td align="center">no
<td align="center">false
<td align="center">true
<tr>
<td align="center">no
<td align="center">does not matter
<td align="center">no
<td align="center">yes
<td align="center">true
<td align="center">false
<tr>
<td align="center">no
<td align="center">yes
<td align="center">no
<td align="center">no
<td align="center">NULL
<td align="center">NULL
<tr>
<td align="center">yes
<td align="center">does not matter
<td align="center">no
<td align="center">does not matter
<td align="center">NULL
<td align="center">NULL
</table>
</center>

<p>Note that SQLite allows the parenthesized list of scalar values on
the right-hand side of an IN or NOT IN operator to be an empty list but
most other SQL database database engines and the SQL92 standard require
the list to contain at least one element.</p>

<h3>Table Column Names</h3>

<p>A column name can be any of the names defined in the <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a>
statement or one of the following special identifiers: "<b>ROWID</b>",
"<b>OID</b>", or "<b>_ROWID_</b>".
The three special identifiers describe the
unique integer key (the <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">rowid</a>) associated with every 
row of every table and so are not available on <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables.
The special identifiers only refer to the row key if the <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a>
statement does not define a real column with the same name.
The rowid can be used anywhere a regular
column can be used.</p>

<a name="exists_op"></a>

<h3>The EXISTS operator</h3>

<p>The EXISTS operator always evaluates to one of the integer values 0 
and 1. If executing the SELECT statement specified as the right-hand 
operand of the EXISTS operator would return one or more rows, then the
EXISTS operator evaluates to 1. If executing the SELECT would return
no rows at all, then the EXISTS operator evaluates to 0. 

<p>The number of columns in each row returned by the SELECT statement
(if any) and the specific values returned have no effect on the results
of the EXISTS operator. In particular, rows containing NULL values are
not handled any differently from rows without NULL values.

<a name="subq"></a>

<h3>Subquery Expressions</h3>

<p>A <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement enclosed in parentheses is a subquery.
All types of SELECT statement, including
aggregate and compound SELECT queries (queries with keywords like
UNION or EXCEPT) are allowed as scalar subqueries.
The value of a subquery expression is the first row of the result
from the enclosed <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement.
The value of a subquery expression is NULL if the enclosed
<a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement returns no rows.

<p>A subquery that returns a single column is a scalar subquery and can
be used most anywhere.
A subquery that returns two or more columns is a <a href="rowvalue.html">row value</a>
subquery and can only be used as the operand of a comparison operator.

<a name="cosub"></a>

<h3>Correlated Subqueries</h3>

<p>A <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement used as either a scalar subquery or as the 
right-hand operand of an IN, NOT IN or EXISTS expression may contain 
references to columns in the outer query. Such a subquery is known as
a correlated subquery. A correlated subquery is reevaluated each time
its result is required. An uncorrelated subquery is evaluated only once
and the result reused as necessary.

<a name="castexpr"></a>

<h3>CAST expressions</h3>

<p>A CAST expression of the form "CAST(<i>expr</i> AS <i>type-name</i>)"
is used to convert the value of <i>expr</i> to 
a different <a href="datatype3.html#storageclasses">storage class</a> specified by <span class='yyterm'>type-name</span>.
A CAST conversion is similar to the conversion that takes
place when a <a href="datatype3.html#affinity">column affinity</a> is applied to a value except that with
the CAST operator the conversion always takes place even if the conversion
lossy and irreversible, whereas column affinity only changes the data type
of a value if the change is lossless and reversible.

<p>If the value of <i>expr</i> is NULL, then the result of the CAST
expression is also NULL. Otherwise, the storage class of the result
is determined by applying the <a href="datatype3.html#affname">rules for determining column affinity</a> to
the <span class='yyterm'>type-name</span>.


<table border=1>
<tr>
  <th> Affinity of <span class='yyterm'><nobr>type-name</nobr></span>
  <th> Conversion Processing
<tr>
  <td> NONE 
  <td> Casting a value to a <span class='yyterm'>type-name</span> with no affinity 
  causes the value to
  be converted into a BLOB.  Casting to a BLOB consists of first casting
  the value to TEXT in the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_encoding">encoding</a> of the database connection, then
  interpreting the resulting byte sequence as a BLOB instead of as TEXT.

<tr>
  <td> TEXT
  <td> To cast a BLOB value to TEXT, the sequence of bytes that make up the
  BLOB is interpreted as text encoded using the database encoding.
  <p>
   Casting an INTEGER or REAL value into TEXT renders the value as if via 
    <a href="c3ref/mprintf.html">sqlite3_snprintf()</a> except that the resulting TEXT uses the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_encoding">encoding</a> of
    the database connection.

<tr>
  <td> REAL
  <td> When casting a BLOB value to a REAL, the value is first converted to
        TEXT.
       <p>When casting a TEXT value to REAL, the longest possible prefix of
        the value that can be interpreted as a real number is extracted from
        the TEXT value and the remainder ignored. Any leading spaces in the
        TEXT value are ignored when converging from TEXT to REAL. If there is
        no prefix that can be interpreted as a real number, the result of the
        conversion is 0.0.

<tr>
  <td> INTEGER
  <td> When casting a BLOB value to INTEGER, the value is first converted to
        TEXT.
       <p>When casting a TEXT value to INTEGER, the longest possible prefix of
        the value that can be interpreted as an integer number is extracted from
        the TEXT value and the remainder ignored. Any leading spaces in the
        TEXT value when converting from TEXT to INTEGER are ignored. If there
        is no prefix that can be interpreted as an integer number, the result
        of the conversion is 0.  If the prefix integer is greater than
        +9223372036854775807 then the result of the cast is exactly
        +9223372036854775807.  Similarly, if the prefix integer is
        less than -9223372036854775808 then the result of the cast is
        exactly -9223372036854775808.

        <p>When casting to INTEGER, if the text looks like a floating point
        value with an exponent, the exponent will be ignored because it is
        no part of the integer prefix.  For example,
        "(CAST '123e+5' AS INTEGER)" results in 123, not in 12300000.

        <p> The CAST operator understands decimal
        integers only &mdash; conversion of <a href="lang_expr.html#hexint">hexadecimal integers</a> stops 
        at the "x" in the "0x" prefix of the hexadecimal integer string 
        and thus result of the CAST is always zero.

      <p>A cast of a REAL value into an INTEGER results in the integer
      between the REAL value and zero that is closest to the REAL value.
      If a REAL is greater than the greatest possible signed
      integer (+9223372036854775807) then the result is the greatest possible
      signed integer and if the REAL is less than the least possible signed
      integer (-9223372036854775808) then the result is the least possible
      signed integer.

      <p>Prior to SQLite version 3.8.2 (2013-12-06),
      casting a REAL value greater than
      +9223372036854775807.0 into an integer resulted in the most negative
      integer, -9223372036854775808.  This behavior was meant to emulate the
      behavior of x86/x64 hardware when doing the equivalent cast.

<tr>
  <td> NUMERIC
  <td> Casting a TEXT or BLOB value into NUMERIC yields either an INTEGER or
   a REAL result.
   If the input text looks like an integer (there is no decimal point nor
   exponent) and the value is small enough to fit in a 64-bit signed integer,
   then the result will be INTEGER.
   Input text that looks like floating point (there is a decimal point and/or
   an exponent) and the text describes a value that 
   can be losslessly converted back and forth between IEEE 754 64-bit float and a
   51-bit signed integer, then the result is INTEGER.
   (In the previous sentence, a 51-bit integer is specified since that is one
   bit less than the length of the mantissa of an IEEE 754 64-bit float and
   thus provides a 1-bit of margin for the text-to-float conversion operation.)
   Any text input that describes a value outside the range of a 64-bit
   signed integer yields a REAL result.
   <p> Casting a REAL or INTEGER value to NUMERIC is a no-op, even if a real
   value could be losslessly converted to an integer.

</tr>

</table>


<p>Note that the result from casting any non-BLOB value into a 
BLOB and the result from casting any BLOB value into a non-BLOB value
may be different depending on whether the database <a href="pragma.html#pragma_encoding">encoding</a> is UTF-8,
UTF-16be, or UTF-16le.


<a name="booleanexpr"></a>

<h3>Boolean Expressions</h3>

<p>The SQL language features several contexts where an expression is 
evaluated and the result converted to a boolean (true or false) value. These
contexts are:

  <ul>
    <li> the WHERE clause of a SELECT, UPDATE or DELETE statement,
    <li> the ON or USING clause of a join in a SELECT statement,
    <li> the HAVING clause of a SELECT statement,
    <li> the WHEN clause of an SQL trigger, and
    <li> the WHEN clause or clauses of some CASE expressions.
  </ul>

<p>To convert the results of an SQL expression to a boolean value, SQLite
first casts the result to a NUMERIC value in the same way as a 
<a href="lang_expr.html#castexpr">CAST expression</a>. A numeric zero value (integer value 0 or real 
value 0.0) is considered to be false.  A NULL value is still NULL.
All other values are considered true.

<p>For example, the values NULL, 0.0, 0, 'english' and '0' are all considered
to be false. Values 1, 1.0, 0.1, -0.1 and '1english' are considered to 
be true.

<p>Beginning with SQLite 3.23.0 (2018-04-02), SQLite recognizes the
identifiers "TRUE" and "FALSE" as boolean literals, if and only if those
identifiers are not already used for some other meaning.  If there already
exists columns or tables or other objects named TRUE or FALSE, then for
the sake of backwards compatibility, the TRUE and FALSE identifiers refer
to those other objects, not to the boolean values.

<p>The boolean identifiers TRUE and FALSE are usually just aliases for
the integer values 1 and 0, respectively.  However, if TRUE or FALSE
occur on the right-hand side of an IS operator, then they form new
unary postfix operators "IS TRUE" and "IS FALSE" which test the boolean
value of the operand on the left.

<h3>Functions</h3>
<p>SQLite supports many <a href="lang_corefunc.html">simple</a>, <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate</a>,
and <a href="windowfunctions.html">window</a>
SQL functions.  For presentation purposes, simple functions are further
subdivided into <a href="lang_corefunc.html">core functions</a>, <a href="lang_datefunc.html">date-time functions</a>,
and <a href="json1.html">JSON functions</a>.
Applications can add new functions, written in C/C++, using the
<a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> interface.








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application-defined function.  The default match() function implementation
raises an exception and is not really useful for anything.
But extensions can override the match() function with more
helpful logic.</p>

<a name="between"></a>

<h1 id="the_between_operator"><span>6. </span>The BETWEEN operator</h1>
<p>The BETWEEN operator is logically equivalent to a pair of comparisons.
"<i>x</i> <b>BETWEEN</b> <i>y</i> <b>AND</b> <i>z</i>" is 
equivalent to 
"<i>x</i><b>&gt;=</b><i>y</i> <b>AND</b> <i>x</i><b>&lt;=</b><i>z</i>" except
that with BETWEEN, the <i>x</i> expression is only evaluated once.
The precedence of the BETWEEN operator is the same as the precedence
as operators <b>==</b> and <b>!=</b> and <b>LIKE</b> and groups left to right.

<a name="case"></a>

</p><h1 id="the_case_expression"><span>7. </span>The CASE expression</h1>
<p>A CASE expression serves a role similar to IF-THEN-ELSE in other
programming languages.  

</p><p>The optional expression that occurs in between the CASE keyword and the
first WHEN keyword is called the "base" expression. There are two
fundamental forms
of the CASE expression: those with a base expression and those without.

</p><p>In a CASE without a base expression, each WHEN expression is evaluated
and the result treated as a boolean, starting with the leftmost and continuing
to the right. The result of the CASE expression is the evaluation of the THEN
expression that corresponds to the first WHEN expression that evaluates to
true. Or, if none of the WHEN expressions evaluate to true, the result of
evaluating the ELSE expression, if any. If there is no ELSE expression and
none of the WHEN expressions are true, then the overall result is NULL.

</p><p>A NULL result is considered untrue when evaluating WHEN terms.

</p><p>In a CASE with a base expression, the base expression is evaluated just
once and the result is compared against the evaluation of each WHEN 
expression from left to right. The result of the CASE expression is the 
evaluation of the THEN expression that corresponds to the first WHEN
expression for which the comparison is true. Or, if none of the WHEN
expressions evaluate to a value equal to the base expression, the result
of evaluating the ELSE expression, if any. If there is no ELSE expression and
none of the WHEN expressions produce a result equal to the base expression,
the overall result is NULL.

</p><p>When comparing a base expression against a WHEN expression, the same
collating sequence, affinity, and NULL-handling rules apply as if the
base expression and WHEN expression are respectively the left- and
right-hand operands of an <big><b>=</b></big> operator.</p> 

<p>If the base 
expression is NULL then the result of the CASE is always the result 
of evaluating the ELSE expression if it exists, or NULL if it does not.

</p><p>Both forms of the CASE expression use lazy, or short-circuit, 
evaluation.

</p><p>The only difference between the following two CASE expressions is that 
the <i>x</i> expression is evaluated exactly once in the first example but 
might be evaluated multiple times in the second:

</p><ul><pre>
<li>CASE x WHEN w1 THEN r1 WHEN w2 THEN r2 ELSE r3 END
</li><li>CASE WHEN x=w1 THEN r1 WHEN x=w2 THEN r2 ELSE r3 END
</li></pre></ul>

<p>The built-in <a href="lang_corefunc.html#iif">iif(x,y,z) SQL function</a> is logically
equivalent to "CASE WHEN x THEN y ELSE z END".  The iif() function
is found in SQL Server and is included in SQLite for compatibility.
Some developers prefer the iif() function because it is more
concise.


<a name="in_op"></a>

</p><h1 id="the_in_and_not_in_operators"><span>8. </span>The IN and NOT IN operators</h1>
<p>The IN and NOT IN operators take an expression on the
left and a list of values or a subquery on the right.
When the right operand of an IN or NOT IN operator is a subquery, the
subquery must have the same number of columns as there are columns in
the <a href="rowvalue.html">row value</a> of the left operand.  The subquery on the
right of an IN or NOT IN operator must be a scalar subquery if the left
expression is not a <a href="rowvalue.html">row value</a> expression.
If the right operand of an IN or NOT IN operator is a list of values,
each of those values must be scalars and the left expression must also
be a scalar.
The right-hand side of an IN or NOT IN operator can be a
table <i>name</i> or <a href="vtab.html#tabfunc2">table-valued function</a> <i>name</i> in which 
case the right-hand side is understood to be subquery of
the form "(SELECT * FROM <i>name</i>)".
When the right operand is an empty set, the result of IN is false and the
result of NOT IN is true, regardless of the left operand and even if the
left operand is NULL.
</p><p>The result of an IN or NOT IN operator is determined by the following
matrix:

</p><blockquote>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Left operand <br>is NULL
</th><th>Right operand <br>contains NULL
</th><th>Right operand <br>is an empty set
</th><th>Left operand found <br>within right operand
</th><th>Result of <br>IN operator
</th><th>Result of <br>NOT IN operator
</th></tr><tr>
<td align="center">no
</td><td align="center">no
</td><td align="center">no
</td><td align="center">no
</td><td align="center">false
</td><td align="center">true
</td></tr><tr>
<td align="center">does not matter
</td><td align="center">no
</td><td align="center">yes
</td><td align="center">no
</td><td align="center">false
</td><td align="center">true
</td></tr><tr>
<td align="center">no
</td><td align="center">does not matter
</td><td align="center">no
</td><td align="center">yes
</td><td align="center">true
</td><td align="center">false
</td></tr><tr>
<td align="center">no
</td><td align="center">yes
</td><td align="center">no
</td><td align="center">no
</td><td align="center">NULL
</td><td align="center">NULL
</td></tr><tr>
<td align="center">yes
</td><td align="center">does not matter
</td><td align="center">no
</td><td align="center">does not matter
</td><td align="center">NULL
</td><td align="center">NULL
</td></tr></table>
</blockquote>

<p>Note that SQLite allows the parenthesized list of scalar values on
the right-hand side of an IN or NOT IN operator to be an empty list but
most other SQL database database engines and the SQL92 standard require
the list to contain at least one element.</p>

<h1 id="table_column_names"><span>9. </span>Table Column Names</h1>

<p>A column name can be any of the names defined in the <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a>
statement or one of the following special identifiers: "<b>ROWID</b>",
"<b>OID</b>", or "<b>_ROWID_</b>".
The three special identifiers describe the
unique integer key (the <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">rowid</a>) associated with every 
row of every table and so are not available on <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables.
The special identifiers only refer to the row key if the <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a>
statement does not define a real column with the same name.
The rowid can be used anywhere a regular
column can be used.</p>

<a name="exists_op"></a>

<h1 id="the_exists_operator"><span>10. </span>The EXISTS operator</h1>

<p>The EXISTS operator always evaluates to one of the integer values 0 
and 1. If executing the SELECT statement specified as the right-hand 
operand of the EXISTS operator would return one or more rows, then the
EXISTS operator evaluates to 1. If executing the SELECT would return
no rows at all, then the EXISTS operator evaluates to 0. 

</p><p>The number of columns in each row returned by the SELECT statement
(if any) and the specific values returned have no effect on the results
of the EXISTS operator. In particular, rows containing NULL values are
not handled any differently from rows without NULL values.

<a name="subq"></a>

</p><h1 id="subquery_expressions"><span>11. </span>Subquery Expressions</h1>

<p>A <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement enclosed in parentheses is a subquery.
All types of SELECT statement, including
aggregate and compound SELECT queries (queries with keywords like
UNION or EXCEPT) are allowed as scalar subqueries.
The value of a subquery expression is the first row of the result
from the enclosed <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement.
The value of a subquery expression is NULL if the enclosed
<a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement returns no rows.

</p><p>A subquery that returns a single column is a scalar subquery and can
be used most anywhere.
A subquery that returns two or more columns is a <a href="rowvalue.html">row value</a>
subquery and can only be used as the operand of a comparison operator.

<a name="cosub"></a>

</p><h1 id="correlated_subqueries"><span>12. </span>Correlated Subqueries</h1>

<p>A <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement used as either a scalar subquery or as the 
right-hand operand of an IN, NOT IN or EXISTS expression may contain 
references to columns in the outer query. Such a subquery is known as
a correlated subquery. A correlated subquery is reevaluated each time
its result is required. An uncorrelated subquery is evaluated only once
and the result reused as necessary.

<a name="castexpr"></a>

</p><h1 id="cast_expressions"><span>13. </span>CAST expressions</h1>

<p>A CAST expression of the form "CAST(<i>expr</i> AS <i>type-name</i>)"
is used to convert the value of <i>expr</i> to 
a different <a href="datatype3.html#storageclasses">storage class</a> specified by <span class='yyterm'>type-name</span>.
A CAST conversion is similar to the conversion that takes
place when a <a href="datatype3.html#affinity">column affinity</a> is applied to a value except that with
the CAST operator the conversion always takes place even if the conversion
lossy and irreversible, whereas column affinity only changes the data type
of a value if the change is lossless and reversible.

</p><p>If the value of <i>expr</i> is NULL, then the result of the CAST
expression is also NULL. Otherwise, the storage class of the result
is determined by applying the <a href="datatype3.html#affname">rules for determining column affinity</a> to
the <span class='yyterm'>type-name</span>.

</p><blockquote>
<table border="1">
<tr>
  <th> Affinity of <span class='yyterm'><nobr>type-name</nobr></span>
  </th><th> Conversion Processing
</th></tr><tr>
  <td> NONE 
  </td><td> Casting a value to a <span class='yyterm'>type-name</span> with no affinity 
  causes the value to
  be converted into a BLOB.  Casting to a BLOB consists of first casting
  the value to TEXT in the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_encoding">encoding</a> of the database connection, then
  interpreting the resulting byte sequence as a BLOB instead of as TEXT.

</td></tr><tr>
  <td> TEXT
  </td><td> To cast a BLOB value to TEXT, the sequence of bytes that make up the
  BLOB is interpreted as text encoded using the database encoding.
  <p>
   Casting an INTEGER or REAL value into TEXT renders the value as if via 
    <a href="c3ref/mprintf.html">sqlite3_snprintf()</a> except that the resulting TEXT uses the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_encoding">encoding</a> of
    the database connection.

</p></td></tr><tr>
  <td> REAL
  </td><td> When casting a BLOB value to a REAL, the value is first converted to
        TEXT.
       <p>When casting a TEXT value to REAL, the longest possible prefix of
        the value that can be interpreted as a real number is extracted from
        the TEXT value and the remainder ignored. Any leading spaces in the
        TEXT value are ignored when converging from TEXT to REAL. If there is
        no prefix that can be interpreted as a real number, the result of the
        conversion is 0.0.

</p></td></tr><tr>
  <td> INTEGER
  </td><td> When casting a BLOB value to INTEGER, the value is first converted to
        TEXT.
       <p>When casting a TEXT value to INTEGER, the longest possible prefix of
        the value that can be interpreted as an integer number is extracted from
        the TEXT value and the remainder ignored. Any leading spaces in the
        TEXT value when converting from TEXT to INTEGER are ignored. If there
        is no prefix that can be interpreted as an integer number, the result
        of the conversion is 0.  If the prefix integer is greater than
        +9223372036854775807 then the result of the cast is exactly
        +9223372036854775807.  Similarly, if the prefix integer is
        less than -9223372036854775808 then the result of the cast is
        exactly -9223372036854775808.

        </p><p>When casting to INTEGER, if the text looks like a floating point
        value with an exponent, the exponent will be ignored because it is
        no part of the integer prefix.  For example,
        "(CAST '123e+5' AS INTEGER)" results in 123, not in 12300000.

        </p><p> The CAST operator understands decimal
        integers only &mdash; conversion of <a href="lang_expr.html#hexint">hexadecimal integers</a> stops 
        at the "x" in the "0x" prefix of the hexadecimal integer string 
        and thus result of the CAST is always zero.

      </p><p>A cast of a REAL value into an INTEGER results in the integer
      between the REAL value and zero that is closest to the REAL value.
      If a REAL is greater than the greatest possible signed
      integer (+9223372036854775807) then the result is the greatest possible
      signed integer and if the REAL is less than the least possible signed
      integer (-9223372036854775808) then the result is the least possible
      signed integer.

      </p><p>Prior to SQLite version 3.8.2 (2013-12-06),
      casting a REAL value greater than
      +9223372036854775807.0 into an integer resulted in the most negative
      integer, -9223372036854775808.  This behavior was meant to emulate the
      behavior of x86/x64 hardware when doing the equivalent cast.

</p></td></tr><tr>
  <td> NUMERIC
  </td><td> Casting a TEXT or BLOB value into NUMERIC yields either an INTEGER or
   a REAL result.
   If the input text looks like an integer (there is no decimal point nor
   exponent) and the value is small enough to fit in a 64-bit signed integer,
   then the result will be INTEGER.
   Input text that looks like floating point (there is a decimal point and/or
   an exponent) and the text describes a value that 
   can be losslessly converted back and forth between IEEE 754 64-bit float and a
   51-bit signed integer, then the result is INTEGER.
   (In the previous sentence, a 51-bit integer is specified since that is one
   bit less than the length of the mantissa of an IEEE 754 64-bit float and
   thus provides a 1-bit of margin for the text-to-float conversion operation.)
   Any text input that describes a value outside the range of a 64-bit
   signed integer yields a REAL result.
   <p> Casting a REAL or INTEGER value to NUMERIC is a no-op, even if a real
   value could be losslessly converted to an integer.

</p></td></tr>

</table>
</blockquote>

<p>Note that the result from casting any non-BLOB value into a 
BLOB and the result from casting any BLOB value into a non-BLOB value
may be different depending on whether the database <a href="pragma.html#pragma_encoding">encoding</a> is UTF-8,
UTF-16be, or UTF-16le.


<a name="booleanexpr"></a>

</p><h1 id="boolean_expressions"><span>14. </span>Boolean Expressions</h1>

<p>The SQL language features several contexts where an expression is 
evaluated and the result converted to a boolean (true or false) value. These
contexts are:

  </p><ul>
    <li> the WHERE clause of a SELECT, UPDATE or DELETE statement,
    </li><li> the ON or USING clause of a join in a SELECT statement,
    </li><li> the HAVING clause of a SELECT statement,
    </li><li> the WHEN clause of an SQL trigger, and
    </li><li> the WHEN clause or clauses of some CASE expressions.
  </li></ul>

<p>To convert the results of an SQL expression to a boolean value, SQLite
first casts the result to a NUMERIC value in the same way as a 
<a href="lang_expr.html#castexpr">CAST expression</a>. A numeric zero value (integer value 0 or real 
value 0.0) is considered to be false.  A NULL value is still NULL.
All other values are considered true.

</p><p>For example, the values NULL, 0.0, 0, 'english' and '0' are all considered
to be false. Values 1, 1.0, 0.1, -0.1 and '1english' are considered to 
be true.

</p><p>Beginning with SQLite 3.23.0 (2018-04-02), SQLite recognizes the
identifiers "TRUE" and "FALSE" as boolean literals, if and only if those
identifiers are not already used for some other meaning.  If there already
exists columns or tables or other objects named TRUE or FALSE, then for
the sake of backwards compatibility, the TRUE and FALSE identifiers refer
to those other objects, not to the boolean values.

</p><p>The boolean identifiers TRUE and FALSE are usually just aliases for
the integer values 1 and 0, respectively.  However, if TRUE or FALSE
occur on the right-hand side of an IS operator, then they form new
unary postfix operators "IS TRUE" and "IS FALSE" which test the boolean
value of the operand on the left.

</p><h1 id="functions"><span>15. </span>Functions</h1>
<p>SQLite supports many <a href="lang_corefunc.html">simple</a>, <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate</a>,
and <a href="windowfunctions.html">window</a>
SQL functions.  For presentation purposes, simple functions are further
subdivided into <a href="lang_corefunc.html">core functions</a>, <a href="lang_datefunc.html">date-time functions</a>,
and <a href="json1.html">JSON functions</a>.
Applications can add new functions, written in C/C++, using the
<a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> interface.
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 <img alt="syntax diagram aggregate-function-invocation" src="images/syntax/aggregate-function-invocation.gif"></img>
 </div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-function-invocation.html">window-function-invocation:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-function-invocation" src="images/syntax/window-function-invocation.gif"></img>
 </div>


<p>
The OVER clause is required for <a href="windowfunctions.html">window functions</a> and is prohibited
otherwise.  The DISTINCT keyword is only allowed in <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate functions</a>.
The FILTER clause may not appear on a <a href="lang_corefunc.html">simple function</a>.

<p>It is possible to have an aggregate function with the same name as a
simple function, as long as the number of arguments for the two forms of the
function are different.  For example, the <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#maxggunc">max()</a> function with a
single argument is an aggregate and the <a href="lang_corefunc.html#maxoreunc">max()</a> function with two or more
arguments is a simple function.  Aggregate functions can usually also
be used as window functions.










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 <img alt="syntax diagram aggregate-function-invocation" src="images/syntax/aggregate-function-invocation.gif"></img>
 </div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-function-invocation.html">window-function-invocation:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-function-invocation" src="images/syntax/window-function-invocation.gif"></img>
 </div>


</p><p>
The OVER clause is required for <a href="windowfunctions.html">window functions</a> and is prohibited
otherwise.  The DISTINCT keyword is only allowed in <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate functions</a>.
The FILTER clause may not appear on a <a href="lang_corefunc.html">simple function</a>.

</p><p>It is possible to have an aggregate function with the same name as a
simple function, as long as the number of arguments for the two forms of the
function are different.  For example, the <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#maxggunc">max()</a> function with a
single argument is an aggregate and the <a href="lang_corefunc.html#maxoreunc">max()</a> function with two or more
arguments is a simple function.  Aggregate functions can usually also
be used as window functions.
</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_indexedby.html. 
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<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: INDEXED BY</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>The INDEXED BY Clause</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>
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}, 30);
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/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
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var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
x.style.display = 'none';
b.innerHTML='show';
}else{
x.style.display = '';
b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>

<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>INDEXED BY</h2></div>










<p>The INDEXED BY phrase forces the <a href="optoverview.html">SQLite query planner</a> to use a
particular named index on a <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a>, or <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statement.
The INDEXED BY phrase is an SQLite extension and
is not portable to other SQL database engines.</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x2205' onclick='hideorshow("x2205","x2206")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x2206' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" />
</div>


<p>The "INDEXED BY <span class='yyterm'>index-name</span>" phrase specifies 
that the named index
must be used in order to look up values on the preceding table.








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/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
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function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
x.style.display = 'none';
b.innerHTML='show';
}else{
x.style.display = '';
b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=fancy>
<div class=nosearch>
<div class="fancy_title">
The INDEXED BY Clause
</div>
</div>




<h1 id="how_indexed_by_works"><span>1. </span>How INDEXED BY Works</h1>

<p>The INDEXED BY phrase forces the <a href="optoverview.html">SQLite query planner</a> to use a
particular named index on a <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a>, or <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statement.
The INDEXED BY phrase is an SQLite extension and
is not portable to other SQL database engines.</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1705' onclick='hideorshow("x1705","x1706")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1706' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" />
</div>


<p>The "INDEXED BY <span class='yyterm'>index-name</span>" phrase specifies 
that the named index
must be used in order to look up values on the preceding table.
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undesirable query plan changes during regression testing.
Application 
developers are admonished to omit all use of INDEXED BY during
application design, implementation, testing, and tuning.  If
INDEXED BY is to be used at all, it should be inserted at the very
end of the development process when "locking down" a design.</p>

<h3>See Also:</h3>

<ol>
<li><p>The <a href="queryplanner-ng.html#howtofix">query planner checklist</a> describes steps that application
developers should following to help resolve query planner problems.
Notice the that the use of INDEXED BY is a last resort, to be used only
when all other measures fail.</p>

<li><p><a href="optoverview.html#uplus">The unary "+" operator</a>
can be used to disqualify terms in the WHERE clause from use by indices.
Careful use of unary + can sometimes help prevent the query planner from
choosing a poor index without restricting it to using one specific index.
Careful placement of unary + operators is a better method for controlling 
which indices are used by a query.</p>

<li><p>The <a href="c3ref/stmt_status.html">sqlite3_stmt_status()</a> C/C++ interface together with the
<a href="c3ref/c_stmtstatus_counter.html#sqlitestmtstatusfullscanstep">SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP</a> and <a href="c3ref/c_stmtstatus_counter.html#sqlitestmtstatussort">SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT</a> verbs
can be used to detect at run-time when an SQL statement is not
making effective use of indices.  Many applications may prefer to
use the <a href="c3ref/stmt_status.html">sqlite3_stmt_status()</a> interface to detect index misuse
rather than the INDEXED BY phrase described here.</p>
</ol>

<DIV class="pdf_section">








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undesirable query plan changes during regression testing.
Application 
developers are admonished to omit all use of INDEXED BY during
application design, implementation, testing, and tuning.  If
INDEXED BY is to be used at all, it should be inserted at the very
end of the development process when "locking down" a design.</p>

<h1 id="see_also"><span>2. </span>See Also</h1>

<ol>
<li><p>The <a href="queryplanner-ng.html#howtofix">query planner checklist</a> describes steps that application
developers should following to help resolve query planner problems.
Notice the that the use of INDEXED BY is a last resort, to be used only
when all other measures fail.</p>

</li><li><p><a href="optoverview.html#uplus">The unary "+" operator</a>
can be used to disqualify terms in the WHERE clause from use by indices.
Careful use of unary + can sometimes help prevent the query planner from
choosing a poor index without restricting it to using one specific index.
Careful placement of unary + operators is a better method for controlling 
which indices are used by a query.</p>

</li><li><p>The <a href="c3ref/stmt_status.html">sqlite3_stmt_status()</a> C/C++ interface together with the
<a href="c3ref/c_stmtstatus_counter.html#sqlitestmtstatusfullscanstep">SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP</a> and <a href="c3ref/c_stmtstatus_counter.html#sqlitestmtstatussort">SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT</a> verbs
can be used to detect at run-time when an SQL statement is not
making effective use of indices.  Many applications may prefer to
use the <a href="c3ref/stmt_status.html">sqlite3_stmt_status()</a> interface to detect index misuse
rather than the INDEXED BY phrase described here.</p>
</li></ol>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_insert.html. 
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<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: INSERT</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
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<a href="index.html">
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>INSERT</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
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}, 30);
}
}
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/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
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if( !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
x.style.display = 'none';
b.innerHTML='show';
}else{
x.style.display = '';
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}
</script>
</div>











<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>INSERT</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/insert-stmt.html">insert-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1715' onclick='hideorshow("x1715","x1716")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1716' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram insert-stmt" src="images/syntax/insert-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1717' onclick='hideorshow("x1717","x1718")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1718' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1719' onclick='hideorshow("x1719","x1720")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1720' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1721' onclick='hideorshow("x1721","x1722")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1722' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1723' onclick='hideorshow("x1723","x1724")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1724' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1725' onclick='hideorshow("x1725","x1726")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1726' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1727' onclick='hideorshow("x1727","x1728")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1728' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1729' onclick='hideorshow("x1729","x1730")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1730' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1731' onclick='hideorshow("x1731","x1732")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1732' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1733' onclick='hideorshow("x1733","x1734")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1734' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1735' onclick='hideorshow("x1735","x1736")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1736' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1737' onclick='hideorshow("x1737","x1738")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1738' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1739' onclick='hideorshow("x1739","x1740")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1740' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1741' onclick='hideorshow("x1741","x1742")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1742' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1743' onclick='hideorshow("x1743","x1744")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1744' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1745' onclick='hideorshow("x1745","x1746")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1746' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1747' onclick='hideorshow("x1747","x1748")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1748' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1749' onclick='hideorshow("x1749","x1750")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1750' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1751' onclick='hideorshow("x1751","x1752")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1752' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1753' onclick='hideorshow("x1753","x1754")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1754' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1755' onclick='hideorshow("x1755","x1756")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1756' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1757' onclick='hideorshow("x1757","x1758")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1758' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram upsert-clause" src="images/syntax/upsert-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b>
<button id='x1759' onclick='hideorshow("x1759","x1760")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1760' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1761' onclick='hideorshow("x1761","x1762")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1762' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1763' onclick='hideorshow("x1763","x1764")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1764' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1765' onclick='hideorshow("x1765","x1766")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1766' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>The INSERT statement comes in three basic forms.  
<ol>
<li><p><b>INSERT INTO </b><i>table</i><b> VALUES(...);</b>
<p>The first form (with the "VALUES" keyword) creates one or more
new rows in
an existing table. If the <span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> list after
<span class='yyterm'>table-name</span> is omitted then the number
of values inserted into each row
must be the same as the number of columns in the table. In this case
the result of evaluating the left-most expression from each term of
the VALUES list is inserted into the left-most column of each new row,
and so forth for each subsequent expression. If a <span class='yyterm'>column-name</span>
list is specified, then the number of values in each term of the
VALUE list must match the number of
specified columns. Each of the named columns of the new row is populated
with the results of evaluating the corresponding VALUES expression. Table
columns that do not appear in the column list are populated with the 
<a href="lang_createtable.html#dfltval">default column value</a> (specified as part of the <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement), or
with NULL if no <a href="lang_createtable.html#dfltval">default value</a> is specified.

<li><p><b>INSERT INTO </b><i>table</i><b> SELECT ...;</b>
<p>The second form of the INSERT statement contains a <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement
instead of a VALUES clause. A new entry is inserted into the table for each
row of data returned by executing the SELECT statement. If a column-list is
specified, the number of columns in the result of the SELECT must be the same
as the number of items in the column-list. Otherwise, if no column-list is
specified, the number of columns in the result of the SELECT must be the same
as the number of columns in the table. Any SELECT statement, including
<a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECTs</a> and SELECT statements with <a href="lang_select.html#orderby">ORDER BY</a> and/or <a href="lang_select.html#limitoffset">LIMIT</a> clauses, 
may be used in an INSERT statement of this form.

<p>To avoid a parsing ambiguity, the SELECT statement should always
contain a WHERE clause, even if that clause is simply "WHERE true",
if the <a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause</a> is present.  Without the WHERE clause, the
parser does not know if the token "ON" is part of a join constraint
on the SELECT, or the beginning of the <a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause</a>.

<li><p><b>INSERT INTO </b><i>table</i><b> DEFAULT VALUES;</b>
<p>The third form of an INSERT statement is with DEFAULT VALUES.
The INSERT ... DEFAULT VALUES statement inserts a single new row into the
named table. Each column of the new row is populated with its 
<a href="lang_createtable.html#dfltval">default value</a>, or with a NULL if no default value is specified 
as part of the column definition in the <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement.
The <a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause</a> is not supported after DEFAULT VALUES.

</ol>

<p>
The initial "INSERT" keyword can be replaced by
"REPLACE" or "INSERT OR <i>action</i>" to specify an alternative
constraint <a href="lang_conflict.html">conflict resolution algorithm</a> to use during 
that one INSERT command.
For compatibility with MySQL, the parser allows the use of the
single keyword <a href="lang_replace.html">REPLACE</a> as an 
alias for "INSERT OR REPLACE".

<p>The optional "<i>schema-name</i><b>.</b>" prefix on the 
<span class='yyterm'>table-name</span>
is supported for top-level INSERT statements only.  The table name must be
unqualified for INSERT statements that occur within <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a> statements.
Similarly, the "DEFAULT VALUES" form of the INSERT statement is supported for
top-level INSERT statements only and not for INSERT statements within
triggers.
<p>

<p>The optional "AS <span class='yyterm'>alias</span>" phrase provides an alternative
name for the table into which content is being inserted.  The alias name
can be used within WHERE and SET clauses of the <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">UPSERT</a>.  If there is no
<a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause</a>, then the <span class='yyterm'>alias</span> is pointless, but also
harmless.

<p>See the separate <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">UPSERT</a> documentation for the additional trailing
syntax that can cause an INSERT to behave as an UPDATE if the INSERT would
otherwise violate a uniqueness constraint.  The <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">upsert clause</a> is not
allowed on an "INSERT ... DEFAULT VALUES".











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INSERT
</div>
</div>





<p><b><a href="syntax/insert-stmt.html">insert-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1707' onclick='hideorshow("x1707","x1708")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1708' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram insert-stmt" src="images/syntax/insert-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1709' onclick='hideorshow("x1709","x1710")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1710' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1711' onclick='hideorshow("x1711","x1712")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1712' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1713' onclick='hideorshow("x1713","x1714")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1714' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1715' onclick='hideorshow("x1715","x1716")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1716' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1717' onclick='hideorshow("x1717","x1718")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1718' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1719' onclick='hideorshow("x1719","x1720")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1720' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1721' onclick='hideorshow("x1721","x1722")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1722' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1723' onclick='hideorshow("x1723","x1724")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1724' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1725' onclick='hideorshow("x1725","x1726")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1726' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1727' onclick='hideorshow("x1727","x1728")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1728' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1729' onclick='hideorshow("x1729","x1730")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1730' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1731' onclick='hideorshow("x1731","x1732")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1732' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1733' onclick='hideorshow("x1733","x1734")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1734' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1735' onclick='hideorshow("x1735","x1736")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1736' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1737' onclick='hideorshow("x1737","x1738")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1738' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1739' onclick='hideorshow("x1739","x1740")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1740' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1741' onclick='hideorshow("x1741","x1742")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1742' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1743' onclick='hideorshow("x1743","x1744")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1744' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1745' onclick='hideorshow("x1745","x1746")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1746' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1747' onclick='hideorshow("x1747","x1748")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1748' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1749' onclick='hideorshow("x1749","x1750")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1750' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram upsert-clause" src="images/syntax/upsert-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b>
<button id='x1751' onclick='hideorshow("x1751","x1752")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1752' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1753' onclick='hideorshow("x1753","x1754")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1754' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1755' onclick='hideorshow("x1755","x1756")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1756' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1757' onclick='hideorshow("x1757","x1758")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1758' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>The INSERT statement comes in three basic forms.  
</p><ol>
<li><p><b>INSERT INTO </b><i>table</i><b> VALUES(...);</b>
</p><p>The first form (with the "VALUES" keyword) creates one or more
new rows in
an existing table. If the <span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> list after
<span class='yyterm'>table-name</span> is omitted then the number
of values inserted into each row
must be the same as the number of columns in the table. In this case
the result of evaluating the left-most expression from each term of
the VALUES list is inserted into the left-most column of each new row,
and so forth for each subsequent expression. If a <span class='yyterm'>column-name</span>
list is specified, then the number of values in each term of the
VALUE list must match the number of
specified columns. Each of the named columns of the new row is populated
with the results of evaluating the corresponding VALUES expression. Table
columns that do not appear in the column list are populated with the 
<a href="lang_createtable.html#dfltval">default column value</a> (specified as part of the <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement), or
with NULL if no <a href="lang_createtable.html#dfltval">default value</a> is specified.

</p></li><li><p><b>INSERT INTO </b><i>table</i><b> SELECT ...;</b>
</p><p>The second form of the INSERT statement contains a <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement
instead of a VALUES clause. A new entry is inserted into the table for each
row of data returned by executing the SELECT statement. If a column-list is
specified, the number of columns in the result of the SELECT must be the same
as the number of items in the column-list. Otherwise, if no column-list is
specified, the number of columns in the result of the SELECT must be the same
as the number of columns in the table. Any SELECT statement, including
<a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECTs</a> and SELECT statements with <a href="lang_select.html#orderby">ORDER BY</a> and/or <a href="lang_select.html#limitoffset">LIMIT</a> clauses, 
may be used in an INSERT statement of this form.

</p><p>To avoid a parsing ambiguity, the SELECT statement should always
contain a WHERE clause, even if that clause is simply "WHERE true",
if the <a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause</a> is present.  Without the WHERE clause, the
parser does not know if the token "ON" is part of a join constraint
on the SELECT, or the beginning of the <a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause</a>.

</p></li><li><p><b>INSERT INTO </b><i>table</i><b> DEFAULT VALUES;</b>
</p><p>The third form of an INSERT statement is with DEFAULT VALUES.
The INSERT ... DEFAULT VALUES statement inserts a single new row into the
named table. Each column of the new row is populated with its 
<a href="lang_createtable.html#dfltval">default value</a>, or with a NULL if no default value is specified 
as part of the column definition in the <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement.
The <a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause</a> is not supported after DEFAULT VALUES.

</p></li></ol>

<p>
The initial "INSERT" keyword can be replaced by
"REPLACE" or "INSERT OR <i>action</i>" to specify an alternative
constraint <a href="lang_conflict.html">conflict resolution algorithm</a> to use during 
that one INSERT command.
For compatibility with MySQL, the parser allows the use of the
single keyword <a href="lang_replace.html">REPLACE</a> as an 
alias for "INSERT OR REPLACE".

</p><p>The optional "<i>schema-name</i><b>.</b>" prefix on the 
<span class='yyterm'>table-name</span>
is supported for top-level INSERT statements only.  The table name must be
unqualified for INSERT statements that occur within <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a> statements.
Similarly, the "DEFAULT VALUES" form of the INSERT statement is supported for
top-level INSERT statements only and not for INSERT statements within
triggers.
</p><p>

</p><p>The optional "AS <span class='yyterm'>alias</span>" phrase provides an alternative
name for the table into which content is being inserted.  The alias name
can be used within WHERE and SET clauses of the <a href="lang_upsert.html">UPSERT</a>.  If there is no
<a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause</a>, then the <span class='yyterm'>alias</span> is pointless, but also
harmless.

</p><p>See the separate <a href="lang_upsert.html">UPSERT</a> documentation for the additional trailing
syntax that can cause an INSERT to behave as an UPDATE if the INSERT would
otherwise violate a uniqueness constraint.  The <a href="lang_upsert.html">upsert clause</a> is not
allowed on an "INSERT ... DEFAULT VALUES".
</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_keywords.html. 
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<html><head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: SQLite Keywords</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
<div class=nosearch>
<a href="index.html">
<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
</a>






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<html><head>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
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<a href="index.html">
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/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
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document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
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var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
x.style.display = 'none';
b.innerHTML='show';
}else{
x.style.display = '';
b.innerHTML='hide';
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</div>

<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>SQLite Keywords</h2></div></DIV>









<p>The SQL standard specifies a large number of keywords which may not
be used as the names of tables, indices, columns, databases, user-defined
functions, collations, virtual table modules, or any other named object.
The list of keywords is so long that few people can remember them all.
For most SQL code, your safest bet is to never use any English language
word as the name of a user-defined object.</p>

<p>If you want to use a keyword as a name, you need to quote it.  There
are four ways of quoting keywords in SQLite:</p>

<p>
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr>	<td valign="top"><b>'keyword'</b></td><td width="20"></td>
	<td>A keyword in single quotes is a string literal.</td></tr>

<tr>	<td valign="top"><b>"keyword"</b></td><td></td>
	<td>A keyword in double-quotes is an identifier.</td></tr>

<tr>	<td valign="top"><b>&#91;keyword&#93;</b></td><td></td>
	<td>A keyword enclosed in square brackets is 
        an identifier.  This is not standard SQL.  This quoting mechanism
        is used by MS Access and SQL Server and is included in SQLite for
        compatibility.</td></tr>

<tr>	<td valign="top"><b>&#96;keyword&#96;</b></td><td></td>
	<td>A keyword enclosed in grave accents (ASCII code 96) is 
        an identifier.  This is not standard SQL.  This quoting mechanism
        is used by MySQL and is included in SQLite for
        compatibility.</td></tr>
</table>
</blockquote>
</p>

<p>For resilience when confronted with historical SQL statements, SQLite
will sometimes bend the quoting rules above:</p>

<ul>
<li><p>If a keyword in single
quotes (ex: <b>'key'</b> or <b>'glob'</b>) is used in a context where








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/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
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var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
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}else{
x.style.display = '';
b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=fancy>
<div class=nosearch>
<div class="fancy_title">
SQLite Keywords
</div>
</div>





<p>The SQL standard specifies a large number of keywords which may not
be used as the names of tables, indices, columns, databases, user-defined
functions, collations, virtual table modules, or any other named object.
The list of keywords is so long that few people can remember them all.
For most SQL code, your safest bet is to never use any English language
word as the name of a user-defined object.</p>

<p>If you want to use a keyword as a name, you need to quote it.  There
are four ways of quoting keywords in SQLite:</p>

<p>
</p><blockquote>
<table>
<tr>	<td valign="top"><b>'keyword'</b></td><td width="20"></td>
	<td>A keyword in single quotes is a string literal.</td></tr>

<tr>	<td valign="top"><b>"keyword"</b></td><td></td>
	<td>A keyword in double-quotes is an identifier.</td></tr>

<tr>	<td valign="top"><b>&#91;keyword&#93;</b></td><td></td>
	<td>A keyword enclosed in square brackets is 
        an identifier.  This is not standard SQL.  This quoting mechanism
        is used by MS Access and SQL Server and is included in SQLite for
        compatibility.</td></tr>

<tr>	<td valign="top"><b>&#96;keyword&#96;</b></td><td></td>
	<td>A keyword enclosed in grave accents (ASCII code 96) is 
        an identifier.  This is not standard SQL.  This quoting mechanism
        is used by MySQL and is included in SQLite for
        compatibility.</td></tr>
</table>
</blockquote>


<p>For resilience when confronted with historical SQL statements, SQLite
will sometimes bend the quoting rules above:</p>

<ul>
<li><p>If a keyword in single
quotes (ex: <b>'key'</b> or <b>'glob'</b>) is used in a context where
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<a href="c3ref/keyword_check.html">sqlite3_keyword_check()</a> interfaces to determine the keywords
recognized by SQLite at run-time.
Regardless of the compile-time configuration, any identifier that is not on
the following 145 element
list is not a keyword to the SQL parser in SQLite:
</p>

<ol>

<li>ABORT</li>
<li>ACTION</li>
<li>ADD</li>
<li>AFTER</li>
<li>ALL</li>
<li>ALTER</li>
<li>ALWAYS</li>








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<a href="c3ref/keyword_check.html">sqlite3_keyword_check()</a> interfaces to determine the keywords
recognized by SQLite at run-time.
Regardless of the compile-time configuration, any identifier that is not on
the following 145 element
list is not a keyword to the SQL parser in SQLite:
</p>

<div class="columns" style="columns:11em auto;">
<ul style="padding-top:0;">
<li>ABORT</li>
<li>ACTION</li>
<li>ADD</li>
<li>AFTER</li>
<li>ALL</li>
<li>ALTER</li>
<li>ALWAYS</li>
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<li>VIEW</li>
<li>VIRTUAL</li>
<li>WHEN</li>
<li>WHERE</li>
<li>WINDOW</li>
<li>WITH</li>
<li>WITHOUT</li>
</ol>










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<li>VIEW</li>
<li>VIRTUAL</li>
<li>WHEN</li>
<li>WHERE</li>
<li>WINDOW</li>
<li>WITH</li>
<li>WITHOUT</li>
</ul></div>

</ul></div>
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<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
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</head>
<body>
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document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>Database Object Name Resolution</h2></div>


<p>
  In SQLite, a database object (a table, index, trigger or view) is identified
  by the name of the object and the name of the database that it resides in. 
  Database objects may reside in the main database, the temp database, or in
  an <a href="lang_attach.html">attached database</a>.









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</script>
</div>



<p>
  In SQLite, a database object (a table, index, trigger or view) is identified
  by the name of the object and the name of the database that it resides in. 
  Database objects may reside in the main database, the temp database, or in
  an <a href="lang_attach.html">attached database</a>.
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  Most object references may only resolve to a specific type of object (for
  example a reference that is part of a DROP TABLE statement may only resolve
  to a table object, not an index, trigger or view). However in some contexts 
  (e.g. <a href="lang_reindex.html">REINDEX</a>) an object reference may be resolve to more than one type
  of object. When searching database schemas for a named object, objects of
  types that cannot be used in the context of the reference are always 
  ignored.











<

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  Most object references may only resolve to a specific type of object (for
  example a reference that is part of a DROP TABLE statement may only resolve
  to a table object, not an index, trigger or view). However in some contexts 
  (e.g. <a href="lang_reindex.html">REINDEX</a>) an object reference may be resolve to more than one type
  of object. When searching database schemas for a named object, objects of
  types that cannot be used in the context of the reference are always 
  ignored.
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_reindex.html. 
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<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: REINDEX</title>
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</head>
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<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>REINDEX</title>
<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
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}else{
x.style.display = '';
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</script>
</div>










<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>REINDEX</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/reindex-stmt.html">reindex-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1815' onclick='hideorshow("x1815","x1816")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1816' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram reindex-stmt" src="images/syntax/reindex-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>The REINDEX command is used to delete and recreate indices from scratch.
This is useful when the definition of a collation sequence has changed.


</p>

<p>If the REINDEX keyword is not followed by a collation-sequence or database 
object identifier, then all indices in all attached databases are rebuilt.

<p>If the REINDEX keyword is followed by a collation-sequence name, then
all indices in all attached databases that use the named collation sequences
are recreated. 

<p>Or, if the argument attached to the REINDEX identifies a specific 
database table, then all indices attached to the database table are rebuilt. 
If it identifies a specific database index, then just that index is recreated.

<p>For a command of the form "REINDEX <i>name</i>", a match
against <span class='yyterm'>collation-name</span> takes precedence over a match
against <span class='yyterm'>index-name</span> or <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span>.
This ambiguity in the syntax may be avoided by always specifying a
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/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
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return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=fancy>
<div class=nosearch>
<div class="fancy_title">
REINDEX
</div>
</div>




<p><b><a href="syntax/reindex-stmt.html">reindex-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1759' onclick='hideorshow("x1759","x1760")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1760' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram reindex-stmt" src="images/syntax/reindex-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>The REINDEX command is used to delete and recreate indices from scratch.
This is useful when the definition of a collation sequence has changed, or
when there are <a href="expridx.html">indexes on expressions</a> involving a function whose definition
has changed.
</p>

<p>If the REINDEX keyword is not followed by a collation-sequence or database 
object identifier, then all indices in all attached databases are rebuilt.

</p><p>If the REINDEX keyword is followed by a collation-sequence name, then
all indices in all attached databases that use the named collation sequences
are recreated. 

</p><p>Or, if the argument attached to the REINDEX identifies a specific 
database table, then all indices attached to the database table are rebuilt. 
If it identifies a specific database index, then just that index is recreated.

</p><p>For a command of the form "REINDEX <i>name</i>", a match
against <span class='yyterm'>collation-name</span> takes precedence over a match
against <span class='yyterm'>index-name</span> or <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span>.
This ambiguity in the syntax may be avoided by always specifying a
<span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> when reindexing a specific table or index.
</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_replace.html. 
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<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: REPLACE</title>
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</head>
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<!-- path= -->
</head>
<body>
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>REPLACE</h2></div>








<p>The REPLACE command is an alias for the "<a href="lang_conflict.html">INSERT OR REPLACE</a>"
variant of the <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> command.  
This alias is provided for compatibility other SQL database engines.  See the 
<a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> command documentation for additional information.</p>  










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</div>
<div class=fancy>
<div class=nosearch>
<div class="fancy_title">
REPLACE
</div>
</div>




<p>The REPLACE command is an alias for the "<a href="lang_conflict.html">INSERT OR REPLACE</a>"
variant of the <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> command.  
This alias is provided for compatibility other SQL database engines.  See the 
<a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> command documentation for additional information.</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_savepoint.html. 
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>SAVEPOINT</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/savepoint-stmt.html">savepoint-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1293' onclick='hideorshow("x1293","x1294")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1294' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram savepoint-stmt" src="images/syntax/savepoint-stmt.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/release-stmt.html">release-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1295' onclick='hideorshow("x1295","x1296")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1296' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram release-stmt" src="images/syntax/release-stmt.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/rollback-stmt.html">rollback-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1297' onclick='hideorshow("x1297","x1298")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1298' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram rollback-stmt" src="images/syntax/rollback-stmt.gif" />
</div>




<p> SAVEPOINTs are a method of creating transactions, similar to
<a href="lang_transaction.html">BEGIN</a> and <a href="lang_transaction.html">COMMIT</a>, except that the SAVEPOINT and RELEASE commands
are named and may be nested.</p>

<p> The SAVEPOINT command starts a new transaction with a name.
The transaction names need not be unique.








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Savepoints
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<h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1>

<p><b><a href="syntax/savepoint-stmt.html">savepoint-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1761' onclick='hideorshow("x1761","x1762")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1762' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram savepoint-stmt" src="images/syntax/savepoint-stmt.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/release-stmt.html">release-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1763' onclick='hideorshow("x1763","x1764")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1764' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram release-stmt" src="images/syntax/release-stmt.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/rollback-stmt.html">rollback-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1765' onclick='hideorshow("x1765","x1766")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1766' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram rollback-stmt" src="images/syntax/rollback-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<h1 id="savepoints"><span>2. </span>Savepoints</h1>

<p> SAVEPOINTs are a method of creating transactions, similar to
<a href="lang_transaction.html">BEGIN</a> and <a href="lang_transaction.html">COMMIT</a>, except that the SAVEPOINT and RELEASE commands
are named and may be nested.</p>

<p> The SAVEPOINT command starts a new transaction with a name.
The transaction names need not be unique.
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erases marks from the timeline without actually making any
changes to the database.
</p></li>
</ul>



<h3>Transaction Nesting Rules</h3>

<p>The last transaction started will be the first
transaction committed or rolled back.</p>

<p>The <a href="lang_transaction.html">BEGIN</a> command only works if the transaction stack is empty, or
in other words if there are no pending transactions.  If the transaction
stack is not empty when the <a href="lang_transaction.html">BEGIN</a> command is invoked, then the command








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erases marks from the timeline without actually making any
changes to the database.
</p></li>
</ul>



<h1 id="transaction_nesting_rules"><span>3. </span>Transaction Nesting Rules</h1>

<p>The last transaction started will be the first
transaction committed or rolled back.</p>

<p>The <a href="lang_transaction.html">BEGIN</a> command only works if the transaction stack is empty, or
in other words if there are no pending transactions.  If the transaction
stack is not empty when the <a href="lang_transaction.html">BEGIN</a> command is invoked, then the command
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<p>The ROLLBACK command with a TO clause rolls back transactions going
backwards in time back to the most recent SAVEPOINT with a matching name.
The SAVEPOINT with the matching name remains on the transaction stack,
but all database changes that occurred after that SAVEPOINT was created
are rolled back.  If the savepoint-name in a ROLLBACK TO command does not
match any SAVEPOINT on the stack, then the ROLLBACK command fails with an
error and leaves the state of the database unchanged.</p>











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<p>The ROLLBACK command with a TO clause rolls back transactions going
backwards in time back to the most recent SAVEPOINT with a matching name.
The SAVEPOINT with the matching name remains on the transaction stack,
but all database changes that occurred after that SAVEPOINT was created
are rolled back.  If the savepoint-name in a ROLLBACK TO command does not
match any SAVEPOINT on the stack, then the ROLLBACK command fails with an
error and leaves the state of the database unchanged.</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_select.html. 
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>SELECT</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1863' onclick='hideorshow("x1863","x1864")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1864' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>









































































































<button id='x1865' onclick='hideorshow("x1865","x1866")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1866' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>




 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />












</div>




























<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1867' onclick='hideorshow("x1867","x1868")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1868' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1869' onclick='hideorshow("x1869","x1870")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1870' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1871' onclick='hideorshow("x1871","x1872")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1872' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1873' onclick='hideorshow("x1873","x1874")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1874' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>









































































































<button id='x1875' onclick='hideorshow("x1875","x1876")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1876' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1877' onclick='hideorshow("x1877","x1878")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1878' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>


<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>





























<button id='x1879' onclick='hideorshow("x1879","x1880")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1880' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1881' onclick='hideorshow("x1881","x1882")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1882' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1883' onclick='hideorshow("x1883","x1884")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1884' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />




</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1885' onclick='hideorshow("x1885","x1886")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1886' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1887' onclick='hideorshow("x1887","x1888")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1888' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1889' onclick='hideorshow("x1889","x1890")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1890' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1891' onclick='hideorshow("x1891","x1892")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1892' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1893' onclick='hideorshow("x1893","x1894")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1894' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1895' onclick='hideorshow("x1895","x1896")'>show</button></p>








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SELECT
</div>
<div class="fancy_toc">
<a onclick="toggle_toc()">
<span class="fancy_toc_mark" id="toc_mk">&#x25ba;</span>
Table Of Contents
</a>
<div id="toc_sub"><div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#overview">1. Overview</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#simple_select_processing">2. Simple Select Processing</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#compound_select_statements">3. Compound Select Statements</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_order_by_clause">4. The ORDER BY clause</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_limit_clause">5. The LIMIT clause</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_values_clause">6. The VALUES clause</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_with_clause">7. The WITH Clause</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#table_valued_functions_in_the_from_clause">8. Table-valued Functions In The FROM Clause</a></div>
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<h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1767' onclick='hideorshow("x1767","x1768")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1768' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1769' onclick='hideorshow("x1769","x1770")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1770' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1771' onclick='hideorshow("x1771","x1772")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1772' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1773' onclick='hideorshow("x1773","x1774")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1774' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1775' onclick='hideorshow("x1775","x1776")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1776' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1777' onclick='hideorshow("x1777","x1778")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1778' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1779' onclick='hideorshow("x1779","x1780")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1780' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1781' onclick='hideorshow("x1781","x1782")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1782' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1783' onclick='hideorshow("x1783","x1784")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1784' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1785' onclick='hideorshow("x1785","x1786")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1786' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1787' onclick='hideorshow("x1787","x1788")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1788' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1789' onclick='hideorshow("x1789","x1790")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1790' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1791' onclick='hideorshow("x1791","x1792")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1792' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1793' onclick='hideorshow("x1793","x1794")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1794' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1795' onclick='hideorshow("x1795","x1796")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1796' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1797' onclick='hideorshow("x1797","x1798")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1798' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1799' onclick='hideorshow("x1799","x1800")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1800' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1801' onclick='hideorshow("x1801","x1802")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1802' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1803' onclick='hideorshow("x1803","x1804")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1804' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>



<p>The SELECT statement is used to query the database.  The
result of a SELECT is zero or more rows of data where each row
has a fixed number of columns.  A SELECT statement does not make
any changes to the database.

</p><p>The "<a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt</a>" syntax diagram above attempts to show as much of the
SELECT statement syntax as possible in a single diagram, because some readers
find that helpful.  The following "<a href="syntax/factored-select-stmt.html">factored-select-stmt</a>" is an alternative
syntax diagrams that expresses the same syntax but tries to break the syntax 
down into smaller chunks.

<p><b><a href="syntax/factored-select-stmt.html">factored-select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1805' onclick='hideorshow("x1805","x1806")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1806' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram factored-select-stmt" src="images/syntax/factored-select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1807' onclick='hideorshow("x1807","x1808")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1808' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1809' onclick='hideorshow("x1809","x1810")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1810' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1811' onclick='hideorshow("x1811","x1812")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1812' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1813' onclick='hideorshow("x1813","x1814")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1814' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1815' onclick='hideorshow("x1815","x1816")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1816' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1817' onclick='hideorshow("x1817","x1818")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1818' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1819' onclick='hideorshow("x1819","x1820")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1820' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1821' onclick='hideorshow("x1821","x1822")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1822' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1823' onclick='hideorshow("x1823","x1824")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1824' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1825' onclick='hideorshow("x1825","x1826")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1826' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1827' onclick='hideorshow("x1827","x1828")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1828' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1829' onclick='hideorshow("x1829","x1830")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1830' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1831' onclick='hideorshow("x1831","x1832")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1832' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1833' onclick='hideorshow("x1833","x1834")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1834' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1835' onclick='hideorshow("x1835","x1836")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1836' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1837' onclick='hideorshow("x1837","x1838")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1838' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1839' onclick='hideorshow("x1839","x1840")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1840' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1841' onclick='hideorshow("x1841","x1842")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1842' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1843' onclick='hideorshow("x1843","x1844")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1844' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1845' onclick='hideorshow("x1845","x1846")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1846' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1847' onclick='hideorshow("x1847","x1848")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1848' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1849' onclick='hideorshow("x1849","x1850")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1850' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1851' onclick='hideorshow("x1851","x1852")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1852' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1853' onclick='hideorshow("x1853","x1854")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1854' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1855' onclick='hideorshow("x1855","x1856")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1856' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1857' onclick='hideorshow("x1857","x1858")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1858' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1859' onclick='hideorshow("x1859","x1860")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1860' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core:</a></b>
<button id='x1861' onclick='hideorshow("x1861","x1862")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1862' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-core" src="images/syntax/select-core.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1863' onclick='hideorshow("x1863","x1864")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1864' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1865' onclick='hideorshow("x1865","x1866")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1866' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1867' onclick='hideorshow("x1867","x1868")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1868' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1869' onclick='hideorshow("x1869","x1870")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1870' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1871' onclick='hideorshow("x1871","x1872")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1872' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1873' onclick='hideorshow("x1873","x1874")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1874' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1875' onclick='hideorshow("x1875","x1876")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1876' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1877' onclick='hideorshow("x1877","x1878")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1878' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


</p><p>Note that there are paths through the syntax diagrams that
are not allowed in practice.  Some examples:
</p><ul>
<li>A <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES</a> clause can be the first element in a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a>
    that uses a <a href="lang_with.html">WITH</a> clause, but a <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> that consists of
    just a <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES</a> clause cannot be preceded by a <a href="lang_with.html">WITH</a> clause.
</li><li>The <a href="lang_with.html">WITH</a> clause must occur on the first SELECT of a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a>.
    It cannot follow a <a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator</a>.
</li></ul>

<p>These and other similar syntax restrictions are described in the text.

</p><p>The SELECT statement is the most complicated command in the SQL language.
To make the description easier to follow, some of the passages below describe
the way the data returned by a SELECT statement is determined as a series of
steps. It is important to keep in mind that this is purely illustrative -
in practice neither SQLite nor any other SQL engine is required to follow 
this or any other specific process.

<a name="simpleselect"></a>

</p><h1 id="simple_select_processing"><span>2. </span>Simple Select Processing</h1>

<p>The core of a SELECT statement is a "simple SELECT" shown by the
<a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core</a> and <a href="syntax/simple-select-stmt.html">simple-select-stmt</a> syntax diagrams below.  
In practice, most SELECT statements are simple SELECT statements.

<p><b><a href="syntax/simple-select-stmt.html">simple-select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1879' onclick='hideorshow("x1879","x1880")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1880' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram simple-select-stmt" src="images/syntax/simple-select-stmt.gif" />

<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1881' onclick='hideorshow("x1881","x1882")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1882' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1883' onclick='hideorshow("x1883","x1884")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1884' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1885' onclick='hideorshow("x1885","x1886")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1886' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>


<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1887' onclick='hideorshow("x1887","x1888")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1888' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1889' onclick='hideorshow("x1889","x1890")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1890' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1891' onclick='hideorshow("x1891","x1892")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1892' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>





<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1893' onclick='hideorshow("x1893","x1894")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1894' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1895' onclick='hideorshow("x1895","x1896")'>show</button></p>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1899' onclick='hideorshow("x1899","x1900")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1900' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>



<p>The SELECT statement is used to query the database.  The
result of a SELECT is zero or more rows of data where each row
has a fixed number of columns.  A SELECT statement does not make
any changes to the database.

<p>The "<a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt</a>" syntax diagram above attempts to show as much of the
SELECT statement syntax as possible in a single diagram, because some readers
find that helpful.  The following "<a href="syntax/factored-select-stmt.html">factored-select-stmt</a>" is an alternative
syntax diagrams that expresses the same syntax but tries to break the syntax 
down into smaller chunks.

<p><b><a href="syntax/factored-select-stmt.html">factored-select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1901' onclick='hideorshow("x1901","x1902")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1902' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram factored-select-stmt" src="images/syntax/factored-select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1903' onclick='hideorshow("x1903","x1904")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1904' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />

<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1905' onclick='hideorshow("x1905","x1906")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1906' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />

<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1907' onclick='hideorshow("x1907","x1908")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1908' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1909' onclick='hideorshow("x1909","x1910")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1910' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1911' onclick='hideorshow("x1911","x1912")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1912' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1913' onclick='hideorshow("x1913","x1914")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1914' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1915' onclick='hideorshow("x1915","x1916")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1916' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1917' onclick='hideorshow("x1917","x1918")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1918' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1919' onclick='hideorshow("x1919","x1920")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1920' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1921' onclick='hideorshow("x1921","x1922")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1922' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1923' onclick='hideorshow("x1923","x1924")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1924' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1925' onclick='hideorshow("x1925","x1926")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1926' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1927' onclick='hideorshow("x1927","x1928")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1928' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1929' onclick='hideorshow("x1929","x1930")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1930' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1931' onclick='hideorshow("x1931","x1932")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1932' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1933' onclick='hideorshow("x1933","x1934")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1934' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1935' onclick='hideorshow("x1935","x1936")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1936' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1937' onclick='hideorshow("x1937","x1938")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1938' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1939' onclick='hideorshow("x1939","x1940")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1940' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1941' onclick='hideorshow("x1941","x1942")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1942' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1943' onclick='hideorshow("x1943","x1944")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1944' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1945' onclick='hideorshow("x1945","x1946")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1946' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1947' onclick='hideorshow("x1947","x1948")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1948' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1949' onclick='hideorshow("x1949","x1950")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1950' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1951' onclick='hideorshow("x1951","x1952")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1952' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1953' onclick='hideorshow("x1953","x1954")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1954' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1955' onclick='hideorshow("x1955","x1956")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1956' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core:</a></b>
<button id='x1957' onclick='hideorshow("x1957","x1958")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1958' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-core" src="images/syntax/select-core.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1959' onclick='hideorshow("x1959","x1960")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1960' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1961' onclick='hideorshow("x1961","x1962")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1962' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1963' onclick='hideorshow("x1963","x1964")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1964' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1965' onclick='hideorshow("x1965","x1966")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1966' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1967' onclick='hideorshow("x1967","x1968")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1968' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1969' onclick='hideorshow("x1969","x1970")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1970' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />





</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1971' onclick='hideorshow("x1971","x1972")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1972' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1973' onclick='hideorshow("x1973","x1974")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1974' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>Note that there are paths through the syntax diagrams that
are not allowed in practice.  Some examples:
<ul>
<li>A <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES</a> clause can be the first element in a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a>
    that uses a <a href="lang_with.html">WITH</a> clause, but a <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> that consists of
    just a <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES</a> clause cannot be preceded by a <a href="lang_with.html">WITH</a> clause.
<li>The <a href="lang_with.html">WITH</a> clause must occur on the first SELECT of a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a>.
    It cannot follow a <a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator</a>.
</ul>
These and other similar syntax restrictions are described in the text.

<p>The SELECT statement is the most complicated command in the SQL language.
To make the description easier to follow, some of the passages below describe
the way the data returned by a SELECT statement is determined as a series of
steps. It is important to keep in mind that this is purely illustrative -
in practice neither SQLite nor any other SQL engine is required to follow 
this or any other specific process.

<a name="simpleselect"></a>

<h3>Simple Select Processing</h3>

<p>The core of a SELECT statement is a "simple SELECT" shown by the
<a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core</a> and <a href="syntax/simple-select-stmt.html">simple-select-stmt</a> syntax diagrams below.  
In practice, most SELECT statements are simple SELECT statements.

<p><b><a href="syntax/simple-select-stmt.html">simple-select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1975' onclick='hideorshow("x1975","x1976")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1976' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram simple-select-stmt" src="images/syntax/simple-select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1977' onclick='hideorshow("x1977","x1978")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1978' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1979' onclick='hideorshow("x1979","x1980")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1980' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1981' onclick='hideorshow("x1981","x1982")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1982' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1983' onclick='hideorshow("x1983","x1984")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1984' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1985' onclick='hideorshow("x1985","x1986")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1986' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1987' onclick='hideorshow("x1987","x1988")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1988' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1989' onclick='hideorshow("x1989","x1990")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1990' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1991' onclick='hideorshow("x1991","x1992")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1992' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1993' onclick='hideorshow("x1993","x1994")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1994' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1995' onclick='hideorshow("x1995","x1996")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1996' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1997' onclick='hideorshow("x1997","x1998")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1998' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1999' onclick='hideorshow("x1999","x2000")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2000' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x2001' onclick='hideorshow("x2001","x2002")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2002' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2003' onclick='hideorshow("x2003","x2004")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2004' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x2005' onclick='hideorshow("x2005","x2006")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2006' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x2007' onclick='hideorshow("x2007","x2008")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2008' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2009' onclick='hideorshow("x2009","x2010")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2010' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2011' onclick='hideorshow("x2011","x2012")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2012' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2013' onclick='hideorshow("x2013","x2014")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2014' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x2015' onclick='hideorshow("x2015","x2016")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2016' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2017' onclick='hideorshow("x2017","x2018")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2018' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x2019' onclick='hideorshow("x2019","x2020")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2020' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x2021' onclick='hideorshow("x2021","x2022")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2022' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x2023' onclick='hideorshow("x2023","x2024")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2024' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x2025' onclick='hideorshow("x2025","x2026")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2026' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x2027' onclick='hideorshow("x2027","x2028")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2028' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x2029' onclick='hideorshow("x2029","x2030")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2030' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x2031' onclick='hideorshow("x2031","x2032")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2032' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core:</a></b>
<button id='x2033' onclick='hideorshow("x2033","x2034")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x2034' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-core" src="images/syntax/select-core.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2035' onclick='hideorshow("x2035","x2036")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2036' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x2037' onclick='hideorshow("x2037","x2038")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2038' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2039' onclick='hideorshow("x2039","x2040")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2040' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x2041' onclick='hideorshow("x2041","x2042")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2042' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x2043' onclick='hideorshow("x2043","x2044")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2044' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2045' onclick='hideorshow("x2045","x2046")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2046' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2047' onclick='hideorshow("x2047","x2048")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2048' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x2049' onclick='hideorshow("x2049","x2050")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2050' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x2051' onclick='hideorshow("x2051","x2052")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2052' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>Generating the results of a simple SELECT
statement is presented as a four step process in the description below:

<ol>
  <li> <p><a href="lang_select.html#fromclause">FROM clause</a> processing: The input data for the simple SELECT is
       determined. The input data is either implicitly a single row with 0
       columns (if there is no FROM clause) or is determined by the FROM
       clause.
  <li> <p><a href="lang_select.html#whereclause">WHERE clause</a> processing: The input data is filtered using the WHERE
       clause expression.  
  <li> <p><a href="lang_select.html#resultset">GROUP BY, HAVING and result-column expression</a> processing: 
       The set of result rows is computed by aggregating the data according to
       any GROUP BY clause and calculating the result-set expressions for the
       rows of the filtered input dataset.  
  <li> <p><a href="lang_select.html#distinct">DISTINCT/ALL keyword</a> processing: If the query is a "SELECT
       DISTINCT" query, duplicate rows are removed from the set of result rows.
</ol>

<p>There are two types of simple SELECT statement - aggregate and 
non-aggregate queries. A simple SELECT statement is an aggregate query if
it contains either a GROUP BY clause or one or more aggregate functions
in the result-set. Otherwise, if a simple SELECT contains no aggregate
functions or a GROUP BY clause, it is a non-aggregate query.

<p><b>1. Determination of input data (FROM clause processing).</b>
<a name="fromclause"></a>



<p>The input data used by a simple SELECT query is a set of <i>N</i> rows 
each <i>M</i> columns wide.

<p>If the FROM clause is omitted from a simple SELECT statement, then the 
input data is implicitly a single row zero columns wide (i.e. <i>N</i>=1 and
<i>M</i>=0).

<p>If a FROM clause is specified, the data on which a simple SELECT query
operates comes from the one or more tables or subqueries (SELECT statements
in parentheses) specified following the FROM keyword. A subquery specified
in the <span class='yyterm'>table-or-subquery</span> following the FROM clause in a 
simple SELECT statement is
handled as if it was a table containing the data returned by executing the
subquery statement. Each column of the subquery has the
<a href="datatype3.html#collation">collation sequence</a> and <a href="datatype3.html#affinity">affinity</a> of the corresponding expression
in the subquery statement.

<p>If there is only a single table or subquery in the FROM
clause, then the input data used by the SELECT statement is the contents of the
named table. If there is more than one table or subquery in FROM clause
then the contents of all tables and/or subqueries
are joined into a single dataset for the simple SELECT statement to operate on.
Exactly how the data is combined depends on the specific <a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator</a> and
<a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint</a> used to connect the tables or subqueries together.

<p>All joins in SQLite are based on the cartesian product of the left and
right-hand datasets. The columns of the cartesian product dataset are, in 
order, all the columns of the left-hand dataset followed by all the columns
of the right-hand dataset. There is a row in the cartesian product dataset
formed by combining each unique combination of a row from the left-hand 
and right-hand datasets. In other words, if the left-hand dataset consists of
<i>N<sub><small>left</small></sub></i> rows of 
<i>M<sub><small>left</small></sub></i> columns, and the right-hand dataset of
<i>N<sub><small>right</small></sub></i> rows of
<i>M<sub><small>right</small></sub></i> columns, then the cartesian product is a
dataset of 
<i>N<sub><small>left</small></sub>&times;N<sub><small>right</small></sub></i>
rows, each containing 
<i>M<sub><small>left</small></sub>+M<sub><small>right</small></sub></i> columns.

<p>If the join-operator is "CROSS JOIN", "INNER JOIN", "JOIN" or a comma
(",") and there is no ON or USING clause, then the result of the join is
simply the cartesian product of the left and right-hand datasets. 
If join-operator does have ON or USING clauses, those are handled according to
the following bullet points:

<ul>
  <li> <p>If there is an ON clause then the ON expression is
       evaluated for each row of the cartesian product as a 
       <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a>. Only rows for which the expression evaluates to 
       true are included from the dataset.

  <li> <p>If there is a USING clause
       then each of the column names specified must exist in the datasets to 
       both the left and right of the join-operator. For each pair of named
       columns, the expression "lhs.X = rhs.X" is evaluated for each row of
       the cartesian product as a <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a>. Only rows for which
       all such expressions evaluates to true are included from the
       result set. When comparing values as a result of a USING clause, the
       normal rules for handling affinities, collation sequences and NULL
       values in comparisons apply. The column from the dataset on the
       left-hand side of the join-operator is considered to be on the left-hand
       side of the comparison operator (=) for the purposes of collation 
       sequence and affinity precedence.

       <p>For each pair of columns identified by a USING clause, the column
       from the right-hand dataset is omitted from the joined dataset. This 
       is the only difference between a USING clause and its equivalent ON
       constraint.

  <li> <p>If the NATURAL keyword is in the join-operator then an
       implicit USING clause is added to the join-constraints. The implicit
       USING clause contains each of the column names that appear in both
       the left and right-hand input datasets. If the left and right-hand
       input datasets feature no common column names, then the NATURAL keyword
       has no effect on the results of the join. A USING or ON clause may
       not be added to a join that specifies the NATURAL keyword.

  <li> <p>If the join-operator is a "LEFT JOIN" or "LEFT OUTER JOIN", then
       after
       the ON or USING filtering clauses have been applied, an extra row is 
       added to the output for each row in the original left-hand input 
       dataset that corresponds to no rows at all in the composite
       dataset (if any). The added rows contain NULL values in the columns
       that would normally contain values copied from the right-hand input
       dataset.  
</ul>

<p>When more than two tables are joined together as part of a FROM clause,
the join operations are processed in order from left to right. In other 
words, the FROM clause (A join-op-1 B join-op-2 C) is computed as 
((A join-op-1 B) join-op-2 C).

<a name="crossjoin"></a>

<p><b>Side note: Special handling of CROSS JOIN.</b>
There is no difference between the "INNER JOIN", "JOIN" and "," join
operators. They are completely interchangeable in SQLite.
The "CROSS JOIN" join operator produces the same result as the 
"INNER JOIN", "JOIN" and "," operators, but is 
<a href="optoverview.html#crossjoin">handled differently by the query optimizer</a>
in that it prevents the query optimizer from reordering
the tables in the join.  An application programmer can use the CROSS JOIN 
operator to directly influence the algorithm that is chosen to implement
the SELECT statement.  Avoid using CROSS JOIN except in specific situations 
where manual control of the query optimizer is desired.  Avoid using
CROSS JOIN early in the development of an application as doing so is
a <a href="http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?PrematureOptimization">premature
optimization</a>.  The special handling of CROSS JOIN is an SQLite-specific
feature and is not a part of standard SQL.
       

<a name="whereclause"></a>


<p><b>2. WHERE clause filtering.</b>

<p>If a WHERE clause is specified, the WHERE expression is evaluated for 
each row in the input data as a <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a>. Only rows for which the
WHERE clause expression evaluates to true are included from the dataset before
continuing.  Rows are excluded from the result if the WHERE clause
evaluates to either false or NULL.

<p>For a JOIN or INNER JOIN or CROSS JOIN, there is no difference between 
a constraint expression in the WHERE clause and one in the ON clause.  However,
for a LEFT JOIN or LEFT OUTER JOIN, the difference is very important.  
In a LEFT JOIN,
the extra NULL row for the right-hand table is added after ON clause processing
but before WHERE clause processing.  A constraint of the form "left.x=right.y"
in an ON clause will therefore allow through the added all-NULL rows of the
right table.  But if that same constraint is in the WHERE clause a NULL in
"right.y" will prevent the expression "left.x=right.y" from being true, and
thus exclude that row from the output.

<p><b>3. Generation of the set of result rows.</b>
<a name="resultset"></a>



<p>Once the input data from the FROM clause has been filtered by the
WHERE clause expression (if any), the set of result rows for the simple 
SELECT are calculated. Exactly how this is done depends on whether the simple 
SELECT is an aggregate or non-aggregate query, and whether or not a GROUP
BY clause was specified.

<p> The list of expressions between the SELECT and FROM keywords is known as
the result expression list.  If a result expression is the special expression
"*" then all columns in the input data are substituted for that one expression.
If the expression is the alias of a table or subquery in the FROM clause
followed by ".*" then all columns from the named table or subquery are
substituted for the single expression. It is an error to use a "*" or
"alias.*" expression in any context other than a result expression list.
It is also an error to use a "*" or "alias.*" expression in a simple SELECT
query that does not have a FROM clause.

<p> The number of columns in the rows returned by a simple SELECT statement
is equal to the number of expressions in the result expression list after
substitution of * and alias.* expressions. Each result row is calculated by
evaluating the expressions in the result expression list with respect to a
single row of input data or, for aggregate queries, with respect to a group
of rows.

<ul>
  <li><p>If the SELECT statement is <b>a non-aggregate query</b>, then 
    each expression in the result expression list is evaluated for each row in
    the dataset filtered by the WHERE clause.

  <li><p>If the SELECT statement is <b>an aggregate query without a GROUP
    BY</b> clause, then each aggregate expression in the result-set is 
    evaluated once across the entire dataset. Each non-aggregate expression
    in the result-set is evaluated once for an arbitrarily selected row of
    the dataset. The same arbitrarily selected row is used for each
    non-aggregate expression. Or, if the dataset contains zero rows, then 
    each non-aggregate expression is evaluated against a row consisting
    entirely of NULL values.

   <p>The single row of result-set data created by evaluating the aggregate
    and non-aggregate expressions in the result-set forms the result of an
    aggregate query without a GROUP BY clause. An aggregate query without a
    GROUP BY clause always returns exactly one row of data, even if there are
    zero rows of input data.

  <li><p>If the SELECT statement is <b>an aggregate query with a GROUP
    BY</b> clause, then each of the expressions specified as part of the
    GROUP BY clause is evaluated for each row of the dataset. Each row
    is then assigned to a "group" based on the results; rows for which
    the results of evaluating the GROUP BY expressions are the same get
    assigned to the same group. For the purposes of grouping rows, NULL 
    values are considered equal. The usual rules for <a href="datatype3.html#collation">selecting a
    collation sequence</a> with which to compare text values apply when evaluating
    expressions in a GROUP BY clause.  The expressions in the GROUP BY clause
    do <em>not</em> have to be expressions that appear in the result. The
    expressions in a GROUP BY clause may not be aggregate expressions.

    <p>If a HAVING clause is specified, it is evaluated once for each group 
    of rows as a <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a>. If the result of evaluating the
    HAVING clause is false, the group is discarded. If the HAVING clause is
    an aggregate expression, it is evaluated across all rows in the group. If
    a HAVING clause is a non-aggregate expression, it is evaluated with respect
    to an arbitrarily selected row from the group.  The HAVING expression may
    refer to values, even aggregate functions, that are not in the result.</p>

    <p>Each expression in the result-set is then evaluated once for each
    group of rows. If the expression is an aggregate expression, it is 
    evaluated across all rows in the group. Otherwise, it is evaluated against
    a single arbitrarily chosen row from within the group. If there is more
    than one non-aggregate expression in the result-set, then all such
    expressions are evaluated for the same row.

    <p>Each group of input dataset rows contributes a single row to the 
    set of result rows. Subject to filtering associated with the DISTINCT
    keyword, the number of rows returned by an aggregate query with a GROUP
    BY clause is the same as the number of groups of rows produced by applying
    the GROUP BY and HAVING clauses to the filtered input dataset.
</ul>

<a name="bareagg"></a>

<p><b>Side note: Bare columns in an aggregate queries.</b>
The usual case is that all column names in an aggregate query are either
arguments to <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate functions</a> or else appear in the GROUP BY clause.
A result column which contains a column name that is not within an
aggregate function and that does not appear in the GROUP BY clause (if
one exists) is called a "bare" column.
Example:
<blockquote><pre>
SELECT a, b, sum(c) FROM tab1 GROUP BY a;
</pre></blockquote>
<p>In the query above, the "a" column is part of the GROUP BY clause
and so each row of the output contains one of the distinct values for
"a".  The "c" column is contained within the <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#sumunc">sum()</a> aggregate function
and so that output column is the sum of all "c" values in rows that
have the same value for "a".  But what is the result of the bare 
column "b"? The answer is that the "b" result will be the
value for "b" in one of the input rows that form the aggregate.
The problem is that you usually do not know which input row is used
to compute "b", and so in many cases the value for "b" is undefined.
</p>
<p>
Special processing occurs when the aggregate function is 
either <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#maxggunc">min()</a> or <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#minggunc">max()</a>.  Example:
<blockquote><pre>
SELECT a, b, max(c) FROM tab1 GROUP BY a;
</pre></blockquote>

When the <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#maxggunc">min()</a> or <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#minggunc">max()</a> aggregate functions 
are used in an aggregate query, all bare columns in the result set 
take values from the input
row which also contains the minimum or maximum.  So in the query
above, the value of the "b" column in the output will be the value of
the "b" column in the input row that has the largest "c" value.
There is still an ambiguity if two or more of the input rows have the
same minimum or maximum value or if the query contains more than one
min() and/or max() aggregate function. Only the built-in <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#minggunc">min()</a> 
and <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#maxggunc">max()</a> functions work this way.
</p>

<p><b>4. Removal of duplicate rows (DISTINCT processing).</b>
<a name="distinct"></a>



<p>One of the ALL or DISTINCT keywords may follow the SELECT keyword in a 
simple SELECT statement. If the simple SELECT is a SELECT ALL, then the
entire set of result rows are returned by the SELECT. If neither ALL or
DISTINCT are present, then the behavior is as if ALL were specified. 
If the simple SELECT is a SELECT DISTINCT, then duplicate rows are removed
from the set of result rows before it is returned. For the purposes of
detecting duplicate rows, two NULL values are considered to be equal. The
<a href="datatype3.html#colrules">usual rules</a> apply for selecting a collation
sequence to compare text values.

<a name="compound"></a>

<h3>Compound Select Statements</h3>

<p>Two or more <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> statements may be connected together to form
a compound SELECT using the UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT or EXCEPT operator,
as shown by the following diagram:

<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-select-stmt.html">compound-select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2053' onclick='hideorshow("x2053","x2054")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x2054' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-select-stmt" src="images/syntax/compound-select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x2055' onclick='hideorshow("x2055","x2056")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2056' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2057' onclick='hideorshow("x2057","x2058")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2058' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2059' onclick='hideorshow("x2059","x2060")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2060' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2061' onclick='hideorshow("x2061","x2062")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2062' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x2063' onclick='hideorshow("x2063","x2064")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2064' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2065' onclick='hideorshow("x2065","x2066")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2066' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x2067' onclick='hideorshow("x2067","x2068")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2068' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x2069' onclick='hideorshow("x2069","x2070")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2070' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x2071' onclick='hideorshow("x2071","x2072")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2072' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x2073' onclick='hideorshow("x2073","x2074")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2074' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x2075' onclick='hideorshow("x2075","x2076")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2076' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2077' onclick='hideorshow("x2077","x2078")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2078' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x2079' onclick='hideorshow("x2079","x2080")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2080' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2081' onclick='hideorshow("x2081","x2082")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2082' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x2083' onclick='hideorshow("x2083","x2084")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2084' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x2085' onclick='hideorshow("x2085","x2086")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2086' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2087' onclick='hideorshow("x2087","x2088")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2088' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2089' onclick='hideorshow("x2089","x2090")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2090' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2091' onclick='hideorshow("x2091","x2092")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2092' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x2093' onclick='hideorshow("x2093","x2094")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2094' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2095' onclick='hideorshow("x2095","x2096")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2096' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x2097' onclick='hideorshow("x2097","x2098")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2098' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x2099' onclick='hideorshow("x2099","x2100")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2100' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x2101' onclick='hideorshow("x2101","x2102")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2102' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x2103' onclick='hideorshow("x2103","x2104")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2104' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x2105' onclick='hideorshow("x2105","x2106")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2106' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x2107' onclick='hideorshow("x2107","x2108")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2108' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x2109' onclick='hideorshow("x2109","x2110")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2110' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core:</a></b>
<button id='x2111' onclick='hideorshow("x2111","x2112")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2112' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-core" src="images/syntax/select-core.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2113' onclick='hideorshow("x2113","x2114")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2114' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x2115' onclick='hideorshow("x2115","x2116")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2116' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2117' onclick='hideorshow("x2117","x2118")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2118' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x2119' onclick='hideorshow("x2119","x2120")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2120' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x2121' onclick='hideorshow("x2121","x2122")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2122' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2123' onclick='hideorshow("x2123","x2124")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2124' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2125' onclick='hideorshow("x2125","x2126")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2126' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x2127' onclick='hideorshow("x2127","x2128")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2128' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x2129' onclick='hideorshow("x2129","x2130")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2130' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>In a compound SELECT, all the constituent SELECTs must return the same 
number of result columns. As the components of a compound SELECT must
be simple SELECT statements, they may not contain <a href="lang_select.html#orderby">ORDER BY</a> or <a href="lang_select.html#limitoffset">LIMIT</a> clauses.
<a href="lang_select.html#orderby">ORDER BY</a> and <a href="lang_select.html#limitoffset">LIMIT</a> clauses may only occur at the end of the entire compound
SELECT, and then only if the final element of the compound is not a <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES</a> clause.

<p>A compound SELECT created using UNION ALL operator returns all the rows
from the SELECT to the left of the UNION ALL operator, and all the rows
from the SELECT to the right of it. The UNION operator works the same way as
UNION ALL, except that duplicate rows are removed from the final result set.
The INTERSECT operator returns the intersection of the results of the left and
right SELECTs.  The EXCEPT operator returns the subset of rows returned by the
left SELECT that are not also returned by the right-hand SELECT. Duplicate
rows are removed from the results of INTERSECT and EXCEPT operators before the
result set is returned.

<p>For the purposes of determining duplicate rows for the results of compound
SELECT operators, NULL values are considered equal to other NULL values and
distinct from all non-NULL values. The collation sequence used to compare 
two text values is determined as if the columns of the left and right-hand
SELECT statements were the left and right-hand operands of the equals (=)
operator, except that greater precedence is not assigned to a collation 
sequence specified with the postfix COLLATE operator. No affinity
transformations are applied to any values when comparing rows as part of a
compound SELECT. 

<p>When three or more simple SELECTs are connected into a compound SELECT,
they group from left to right. In other words, if "A", "B" and "C" are all
simple SELECT statements, (A op B op C) is processed as ((A op B) op C).

</p>

<a name="orderby"></a>

<h3>The ORDER BY clause</h3>

<p>If a SELECT statement that returns more than one row does not have an
ORDER BY clause, the order in which the rows are returned is undefined.
Or, if a SELECT statement does have an ORDER BY clause, then the list of
expressions attached to the ORDER BY determine the order in which rows
are returned to the user.

<p>
In a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a> statement, only the last or right-most <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a>
may have an ORDER BY clause. That ORDER BY clause will apply across all elements of
the compound. If the right-most element of a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a> is a <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES</a> clause,
then no ORDER BY clause is allowed on that statement.


<p>Rows are first sorted based on the results of
evaluating the left-most expression in the ORDER BY list, then ties are broken
by evaluating the second left-most expression and so on. The order in which
two rows for which all ORDER BY expressions evaluate to equal values are
returned is undefined. Each ORDER BY expression may be optionally followed
by one of the keywords ASC (smaller values are returned first) or DESC (larger
values are returned first). If neither ASC or DESC are specified, rows
are sorted in ascending (smaller values first) order by default.

<a name="nullslast"></a>

<p>SQLite considers NULL values to be smaller than any other values
for sorting purposes.  Hence, NULLs naturally appear at the beginning
of an ASC order-by and at the end of a DESC order-by.  This can be changed
using the "ASC NULLS LAST" or "DESC NULLS FIRST" syntax.

<p>Each ORDER BY expression is processed as follows:</p>

<ol>
<li><p>If the ORDER BY expression is a constant integer K then the
expression is considered an alias for the K-th column of the result set
(columns are numbered from left to right starting with 1).

<li><p>If the ORDER BY expression is an identifier that corresponds to
the alias of one of the output columns, then the expression is considered
an alias for that column.

<li><p>Otherwise, if the ORDER BY expression is any other expression, it 
is evaluated and the returned value used to order the output rows. If
the SELECT statement is a simple SELECT, then an ORDER BY may contain any
arbitrary expressions. However, if the SELECT is a compound SELECT, then
ORDER BY expressions that are not aliases to output columns must be exactly
the same as an expression used as an output column.
</ol>

<p>For the purposes of sorting rows, values are compared in the same way
as for <a href="datatype3.html#comparisons">comparison expressions</a>. The collation sequence used to compare
two text values is determined as follows:

<ol>
  <li><p>If the ORDER BY expression is assigned a collation sequence using
  the postfix <a href="lang_expr.html#collateop">COLLATE operator</a>, then the specified collation sequence is
  used.
  <li><p>Otherwise, if the ORDER BY expression is an alias to an expression
  that has been assigned a collation sequence using the postfix 
  <a href="lang_expr.html#collateop">COLLATE operator</a>, then the collation sequence assigned to the aliased
  expression is used.
  <li><p>Otherwise, if the ORDER BY expression is a column or an alias of
  an expression that is a column, then the default collation sequence for
  the column is used. 
  <li><p>Otherwise, the <a href="datatype3.html#collation">BINARY</a> collation sequence is used.
</ol>

<p>In a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a> statement, all ORDER BY expressions are handled
as aliases for one of the result columns of the compound.
If an ORDER BY expression is not an integer alias, then SQLite searches
the left-most SELECT in the compound for a result column that matches either
the second or third rules above. If a match is found, the search stops and
the expression is handled as an alias for the result column that it has been
matched against. Otherwise, the next SELECT to the right is tried, and so on.
If no matching expression can be found in the result columns of any
constituent SELECT, it is an error. Each term of the ORDER BY clause is
processed separately and may be matched against result columns from different
SELECT statements in the compound.</p>

<a name="limitoffset"></a>

<h3>The LIMIT clause</h3>

<p>The LIMIT clause is used to place an upper bound on the number of rows
returned by the entire SELECT statement.

<p>In a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a>, only the
last or right-most <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> may contain a LIMIT clause.  
In a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a>, 
the LIMIT clause applies to the entire compound, not just the final SELECT.
If the right-most <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> is a <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES clause</a> then no LIMIT clause
is allowed.

<p>Any scalar expression may be used in the 
LIMIT clause, so long as it evaluates to an integer or a value that can be
losslessly converted to an integer. If the expression evaluates to a NULL 
value or any other value that cannot be losslessly converted to an integer, an
error is returned. If the LIMIT expression evaluates to a negative value,
then there is no upper bound on the number of rows returned. Otherwise, the
SELECT returns the first N rows of its result set only, where N is the value
that the LIMIT expression evaluates to. Or, if the SELECT statement would
return less than N rows without a LIMIT clause, then the entire result set is
returned. 

<p>The expression attached to the optional OFFSET clause that may follow a
LIMIT clause must also evaluate to an integer, or a value that can be
losslessly converted to an integer. If an expression has an OFFSET clause,
then the first M rows are omitted from the result set returned by the SELECT
statement and the next N rows are returned, where M and N are the values that
the OFFSET and LIMIT clauses evaluate to, respectively. Or, if the SELECT
would return less than M+N rows if it did not have a LIMIT clause, then the
first M rows are skipped and the remaining rows (if any) are returned. If the
OFFSET clause evaluates to a negative value, the results are the same as if it
had evaluated to zero.

<p>Instead of a separate OFFSET clause, the LIMIT clause may specify two
scalar expressions separated by a comma. In this case, the first expression
is used as the OFFSET expression and the second as the LIMIT expression.
This is counter-intuitive, as when using the OFFSET clause the second of
the two expressions is the OFFSET and the first the LIMIT. 
This reversal of the offset and limit is intentional
- it maximizes compatibility with other SQL database systems.
However, to avoid confusion, programmers are strongly encouraged to use
the form of the LIMIT clause that uses the "OFFSET" keyword and avoid
using a LIMIT clause with a comma-separated offset.

<a name="values"></a>

<h3>The VALUES clause</h3>

<p>The phrase "VALUES(<i>expr-list</i>)" means the same thing
as "SELECT <i>expr-list</i>".  The phrase
"VALUES(<i>expr-list-1</i>),...,(<i>expr-list-N</i>)" means the same
thing as "SELECT <i>expr-list-1</i> UNION ALL ... UNION ALL
SELECT <i>expr-list-N</i>".  Both forms are the same, except that
the number of SELECT statements in a compound is limited by
<a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimitcompoundselect">SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT</a> whereas the number of rows in a
VALUES clause has no arbitrary limit.

<p>There are some restrictions on the use of a VALUES clause that are
not shown on the syntax diagrams:

<ul>
<li><p>
A VALUES clause cannot be followed by <a href="lang_select.html#orderby">ORDER BY</a>.

<li><p>
A VALUES clause cannot be followed by <a href="lang_select.html#limitoffset">LIMIT</a>.
</ul>


<h3>The WITH Clause</h3>

<p>SELECT statements may be optionally preceded by a single
<a href="lang_with.html">WITH clause</a> that defines one or more <a href="lang_with.html">common table expressions</a>
for use within the SELECT statement.

<a name="tabfunc1"></a>

<h3>Table-valued Functions In The FROM Clause</h3>

<p>A <a href="vtab.html">virtual table</a> that contains <a href="vtab.html#hiddencol">hidden columns</a> can be used like
a <a href="vtab.html#tabfunc2">table-valued function</a> in the FROM clause.  The arguments to the
table-valued function become constraints on the HIDDEN columns of
the virtual table.  Additional information can be found in the
<a href="vtab.html#tabfunc2">virtual table documentation</a>.










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<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1899' onclick='hideorshow("x1899","x1900")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1900' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>













<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1901' onclick='hideorshow("x1901","x1902")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1902' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1903' onclick='hideorshow("x1903","x1904")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1904' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1905' onclick='hideorshow("x1905","x1906")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1906' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1907' onclick='hideorshow("x1907","x1908")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1908' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>




 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />

<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1909' onclick='hideorshow("x1909","x1910")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1910' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1911' onclick='hideorshow("x1911","x1912")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1912' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>









<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1913' onclick='hideorshow("x1913","x1914")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1914' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />




<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1915' onclick='hideorshow("x1915","x1916")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1916' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1917' onclick='hideorshow("x1917","x1918")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1918' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1919' onclick='hideorshow("x1919","x1920")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1920' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>





<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1921' onclick='hideorshow("x1921","x1922")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1922' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />




</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1923' onclick='hideorshow("x1923","x1924")'>show</button></p>
























 <div id='x1924' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1925' onclick='hideorshow("x1925","x1926")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1926' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1927' onclick='hideorshow("x1927","x1928")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1928' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1929' onclick='hideorshow("x1929","x1930")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1930' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1931' onclick='hideorshow("x1931","x1932")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1932' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1933' onclick='hideorshow("x1933","x1934")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1934' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1935' onclick='hideorshow("x1935","x1936")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1936' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core:</a></b>
<button id='x1937' onclick='hideorshow("x1937","x1938")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1938' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-core" src="images/syntax/select-core.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1939' onclick='hideorshow("x1939","x1940")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1940' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1941' onclick='hideorshow("x1941","x1942")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1942' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1943' onclick='hideorshow("x1943","x1944")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1944' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1945' onclick='hideorshow("x1945","x1946")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1946' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1947' onclick='hideorshow("x1947","x1948")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1948' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1949' onclick='hideorshow("x1949","x1950")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1950' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1951' onclick='hideorshow("x1951","x1952")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1952' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1953' onclick='hideorshow("x1953","x1954")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1954' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1955' onclick='hideorshow("x1955","x1956")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1956' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

































































































































































































































</p><p>Generating the results of a simple SELECT
statement is presented as a four step process in the description below:

</p><ol>
  <li> <p><a href="lang_select.html#fromclause">FROM clause</a> processing: The input data for the simple SELECT is
       determined. The input data is either implicitly a single row with 0
       columns (if there is no FROM clause) or is determined by the FROM
       clause.
  </p></li><li> <p><a href="lang_select.html#whereclause">WHERE clause</a> processing: The input data is filtered using the WHERE
       clause expression.  
  </p></li><li> <p><a href="lang_select.html#resultset">GROUP BY, HAVING and result-column expression</a> processing: 
       The set of result rows is computed by aggregating the data according to
       any GROUP BY clause and calculating the result-set expressions for the
       rows of the filtered input dataset.  
  </p></li><li> <p><a href="lang_select.html#distinct">DISTINCT/ALL keyword</a> processing: If the query is a "SELECT
       DISTINCT" query, duplicate rows are removed from the set of result rows.
</p></li></ol>

<p>There are two types of simple SELECT statement - aggregate and 
non-aggregate queries. A simple SELECT statement is an aggregate query if
it contains either a GROUP BY clause or one or more aggregate functions
in the result-set. Otherwise, if a simple SELECT contains no aggregate
functions or a GROUP BY clause, it is a non-aggregate query.

</p><p><b>1. Determination of input data (FROM clause processing).</b>
<a name="fromclause"></a>



</p><p>The input data used by a simple SELECT query is a set of <i>N</i> rows 
each <i>M</i> columns wide.

</p><p>If the FROM clause is omitted from a simple SELECT statement, then the 
input data is implicitly a single row zero columns wide (i.e. <i>N</i>=1 and
<i>M</i>=0).

</p><p>If a FROM clause is specified, the data on which a simple SELECT query
operates comes from the one or more tables or subqueries (SELECT statements
in parentheses) specified following the FROM keyword. A subquery specified
in the <span class='yyterm'>table-or-subquery</span> following the FROM clause in a 
simple SELECT statement is
handled as if it was a table containing the data returned by executing the
subquery statement. Each column of the subquery has the
<a href="datatype3.html#collation">collation sequence</a> and <a href="datatype3.html#affinity">affinity</a> of the corresponding expression
in the subquery statement.

</p><p>If there is only a single table or subquery in the FROM
clause, then the input data used by the SELECT statement is the contents of the
named table. If there is more than one table or subquery in FROM clause
then the contents of all tables and/or subqueries
are joined into a single dataset for the simple SELECT statement to operate on.
Exactly how the data is combined depends on the specific <a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator</a> and
<a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint</a> used to connect the tables or subqueries together.

</p><p>All joins in SQLite are based on the cartesian product of the left and
right-hand datasets. The columns of the cartesian product dataset are, in 
order, all the columns of the left-hand dataset followed by all the columns
of the right-hand dataset. There is a row in the cartesian product dataset
formed by combining each unique combination of a row from the left-hand 
and right-hand datasets. In other words, if the left-hand dataset consists of
<i>N<sub><small>left</small></sub></i> rows of 
<i>M<sub><small>left</small></sub></i> columns, and the right-hand dataset of
<i>N<sub><small>right</small></sub></i> rows of
<i>M<sub><small>right</small></sub></i> columns, then the cartesian product is a
dataset of 
<i>N<sub><small>left</small></sub>&times;N<sub><small>right</small></sub></i>
rows, each containing 
<i>M<sub><small>left</small></sub>+M<sub><small>right</small></sub></i> columns.

</p><p>If the join-operator is "CROSS JOIN", "INNER JOIN", "JOIN" or a comma
(",") and there is no ON or USING clause, then the result of the join is
simply the cartesian product of the left and right-hand datasets. 
If join-operator does have ON or USING clauses, those are handled according to
the following bullet points:

</p><ul>
  <li> <p>If there is an ON clause then the ON expression is
       evaluated for each row of the cartesian product as a 
       <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a>. Only rows for which the expression evaluates to 
       true are included from the dataset.

  </p></li><li> <p>If there is a USING clause
       then each of the column names specified must exist in the datasets to 
       both the left and right of the join-operator. For each pair of named
       columns, the expression "lhs.X = rhs.X" is evaluated for each row of
       the cartesian product as a <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a>. Only rows for which
       all such expressions evaluates to true are included from the
       result set. When comparing values as a result of a USING clause, the
       normal rules for handling affinities, collation sequences and NULL
       values in comparisons apply. The column from the dataset on the
       left-hand side of the join-operator is considered to be on the left-hand
       side of the comparison operator (=) for the purposes of collation 
       sequence and affinity precedence.

       </p><p>For each pair of columns identified by a USING clause, the column
       from the right-hand dataset is omitted from the joined dataset. This 
       is the only difference between a USING clause and its equivalent ON
       constraint.

  </p></li><li> <p>If the NATURAL keyword is in the join-operator then an
       implicit USING clause is added to the join-constraints. The implicit
       USING clause contains each of the column names that appear in both
       the left and right-hand input datasets. If the left and right-hand
       input datasets feature no common column names, then the NATURAL keyword
       has no effect on the results of the join. A USING or ON clause may
       not be added to a join that specifies the NATURAL keyword.

  </p></li><li> <p>If the join-operator is a "LEFT JOIN" or "LEFT OUTER JOIN", then
       after
       the ON or USING filtering clauses have been applied, an extra row is 
       added to the output for each row in the original left-hand input 
       dataset that corresponds to no rows at all in the composite
       dataset (if any). The added rows contain NULL values in the columns
       that would normally contain values copied from the right-hand input
       dataset.  
</p></li></ul>

<p>When more than two tables are joined together as part of a FROM clause,
the join operations are processed in order from left to right. In other 
words, the FROM clause (A join-op-1 B join-op-2 C) is computed as 
((A join-op-1 B) join-op-2 C).

<a name="crossjoin"></a>

</p><p><b>Side note: Special handling of CROSS JOIN.</b>
There is no difference between the "INNER JOIN", "JOIN" and "," join
operators. They are completely interchangeable in SQLite.
The "CROSS JOIN" join operator produces the same result as the 
"INNER JOIN", "JOIN" and "," operators, but is 
<a href="optoverview.html#crossjoin">handled differently by the query optimizer</a>
in that it prevents the query optimizer from reordering
the tables in the join.  An application programmer can use the CROSS JOIN 
operator to directly influence the algorithm that is chosen to implement
the SELECT statement.  Avoid using CROSS JOIN except in specific situations 
where manual control of the query optimizer is desired.  Avoid using
CROSS JOIN early in the development of an application as doing so is
a <a href="http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?PrematureOptimization">premature
optimization</a>.  The special handling of CROSS JOIN is an SQLite-specific
feature and is not a part of standard SQL.
       

<a name="whereclause"></a>


</p><p><b>2. WHERE clause filtering.</b>

</p><p>If a WHERE clause is specified, the WHERE expression is evaluated for 
each row in the input data as a <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a>. Only rows for which the
WHERE clause expression evaluates to true are included from the dataset before
continuing.  Rows are excluded from the result if the WHERE clause
evaluates to either false or NULL.

</p><p>For a JOIN or INNER JOIN or CROSS JOIN, there is no difference between 
a constraint expression in the WHERE clause and one in the ON clause.  However,
for a LEFT JOIN or LEFT OUTER JOIN, the difference is very important.  
In a LEFT JOIN,
the extra NULL row for the right-hand table is added after ON clause processing
but before WHERE clause processing.  A constraint of the form "left.x=right.y"
in an ON clause will therefore allow through the added all-NULL rows of the
right table.  But if that same constraint is in the WHERE clause a NULL in
"right.y" will prevent the expression "left.x=right.y" from being true, and
thus exclude that row from the output.

</p><p><b>3. Generation of the set of result rows.</b>
<a name="resultset"></a>



</p><p>Once the input data from the FROM clause has been filtered by the
WHERE clause expression (if any), the set of result rows for the simple 
SELECT are calculated. Exactly how this is done depends on whether the simple 
SELECT is an aggregate or non-aggregate query, and whether or not a GROUP
BY clause was specified.

</p><p> The list of expressions between the SELECT and FROM keywords is known as
the result expression list.  If a result expression is the special expression
"*" then all columns in the input data are substituted for that one expression.
If the expression is the alias of a table or subquery in the FROM clause
followed by ".*" then all columns from the named table or subquery are
substituted for the single expression. It is an error to use a "*" or
"alias.*" expression in any context other than a result expression list.
It is also an error to use a "*" or "alias.*" expression in a simple SELECT
query that does not have a FROM clause.

</p><p> The number of columns in the rows returned by a simple SELECT statement
is equal to the number of expressions in the result expression list after
substitution of * and alias.* expressions. Each result row is calculated by
evaluating the expressions in the result expression list with respect to a
single row of input data or, for aggregate queries, with respect to a group
of rows.

</p><ul>
  <li><p>If the SELECT statement is <b>a non-aggregate query</b>, then 
    each expression in the result expression list is evaluated for each row in
    the dataset filtered by the WHERE clause.

  </p></li><li><p>If the SELECT statement is <b>an aggregate query without a GROUP
    BY</b> clause, then each aggregate expression in the result-set is 
    evaluated once across the entire dataset. Each non-aggregate expression
    in the result-set is evaluated once for an arbitrarily selected row of
    the dataset. The same arbitrarily selected row is used for each
    non-aggregate expression. Or, if the dataset contains zero rows, then 
    each non-aggregate expression is evaluated against a row consisting
    entirely of NULL values.

   </p><p>The single row of result-set data created by evaluating the aggregate
    and non-aggregate expressions in the result-set forms the result of an
    aggregate query without a GROUP BY clause. An aggregate query without a
    GROUP BY clause always returns exactly one row of data, even if there are
    zero rows of input data.

  </p></li><li><p>If the SELECT statement is <b>an aggregate query with a GROUP
    BY</b> clause, then each of the expressions specified as part of the
    GROUP BY clause is evaluated for each row of the dataset. Each row
    is then assigned to a "group" based on the results; rows for which
    the results of evaluating the GROUP BY expressions are the same get
    assigned to the same group. For the purposes of grouping rows, NULL 
    values are considered equal. The usual rules for <a href="datatype3.html#collation">selecting a
    collation sequence</a> with which to compare text values apply when evaluating
    expressions in a GROUP BY clause.  The expressions in the GROUP BY clause
    do <em>not</em> have to be expressions that appear in the result. The
    expressions in a GROUP BY clause may not be aggregate expressions.

    </p><p>If a HAVING clause is specified, it is evaluated once for each group 
    of rows as a <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a>. If the result of evaluating the
    HAVING clause is false, the group is discarded. If the HAVING clause is
    an aggregate expression, it is evaluated across all rows in the group. If
    a HAVING clause is a non-aggregate expression, it is evaluated with respect
    to an arbitrarily selected row from the group.  The HAVING expression may
    refer to values, even aggregate functions, that are not in the result.</p>

    <p>Each expression in the result-set is then evaluated once for each
    group of rows. If the expression is an aggregate expression, it is 
    evaluated across all rows in the group. Otherwise, it is evaluated against
    a single arbitrarily chosen row from within the group. If there is more
    than one non-aggregate expression in the result-set, then all such
    expressions are evaluated for the same row.

    </p><p>Each group of input dataset rows contributes a single row to the 
    set of result rows. Subject to filtering associated with the DISTINCT
    keyword, the number of rows returned by an aggregate query with a GROUP
    BY clause is the same as the number of groups of rows produced by applying
    the GROUP BY and HAVING clauses to the filtered input dataset.
</p></li></ul>

<a name="bareagg"></a>

<p><b>Side note: Bare columns in an aggregate queries.</b>
The usual case is that all column names in an aggregate query are either
arguments to <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate functions</a> or else appear in the GROUP BY clause.
A result column which contains a column name that is not within an
aggregate function and that does not appear in the GROUP BY clause (if
one exists) is called a "bare" column.
Example:
</p><blockquote><pre>
SELECT a, b, sum(c) FROM tab1 GROUP BY a;
</pre></blockquote>
<p>In the query above, the "a" column is part of the GROUP BY clause
and so each row of the output contains one of the distinct values for
"a".  The "c" column is contained within the <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#sumunc">sum()</a> aggregate function
and so that output column is the sum of all "c" values in rows that
have the same value for "a".  But what is the result of the bare 
column "b"? The answer is that the "b" result will be the
value for "b" in one of the input rows that form the aggregate.
The problem is that you usually do not know which input row is used
to compute "b", and so in many cases the value for "b" is undefined.
</p>
<p>
Special processing occurs when the aggregate function is 
either <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#maxggunc">min()</a> or <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#minggunc">max()</a>.  Example:
</p><blockquote><pre>
SELECT a, b, max(c) FROM tab1 GROUP BY a;
</pre></blockquote>

<p>When the <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#maxggunc">min()</a> or <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#minggunc">max()</a> aggregate functions 
are used in an aggregate query, all bare columns in the result set 
take values from the input
row which also contains the minimum or maximum.  So in the query
above, the value of the "b" column in the output will be the value of
the "b" column in the input row that has the largest "c" value.
There is still an ambiguity if two or more of the input rows have the
same minimum or maximum value or if the query contains more than one
min() and/or max() aggregate function. Only the built-in <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#minggunc">min()</a> 
and <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#maxggunc">max()</a> functions work this way.
</p>

<p><b>4. Removal of duplicate rows (DISTINCT processing).</b>
<a name="distinct"></a>



</p><p>One of the ALL or DISTINCT keywords may follow the SELECT keyword in a 
simple SELECT statement. If the simple SELECT is a SELECT ALL, then the
entire set of result rows are returned by the SELECT. If neither ALL or
DISTINCT are present, then the behavior is as if ALL were specified. 
If the simple SELECT is a SELECT DISTINCT, then duplicate rows are removed
from the set of result rows before it is returned. For the purposes of
detecting duplicate rows, two NULL values are considered to be equal. The
<a href="datatype3.html#colrules">usual rules</a> apply for selecting a collation
sequence to compare text values.

<a name="compound"></a>

</p><h1 id="compound_select_statements"><span>3. </span>Compound Select Statements</h1>

<p>Two or more <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> statements may be connected together to form
a compound SELECT using the UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT or EXCEPT operator,
as shown by the following diagram:

<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-select-stmt.html">compound-select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1957' onclick='hideorshow("x1957","x1958")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1958' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-select-stmt" src="images/syntax/compound-select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1959' onclick='hideorshow("x1959","x1960")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1960' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1961' onclick='hideorshow("x1961","x1962")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1962' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1963' onclick='hideorshow("x1963","x1964")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1964' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1965' onclick='hideorshow("x1965","x1966")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1966' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1967' onclick='hideorshow("x1967","x1968")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1968' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1969' onclick='hideorshow("x1969","x1970")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1970' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1971' onclick='hideorshow("x1971","x1972")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1972' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1973' onclick='hideorshow("x1973","x1974")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1974' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1975' onclick='hideorshow("x1975","x1976")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1976' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1977' onclick='hideorshow("x1977","x1978")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1978' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1979' onclick='hideorshow("x1979","x1980")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1980' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1981' onclick='hideorshow("x1981","x1982")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1982' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1983' onclick='hideorshow("x1983","x1984")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1984' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1985' onclick='hideorshow("x1985","x1986")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1986' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1987' onclick='hideorshow("x1987","x1988")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1988' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1989' onclick='hideorshow("x1989","x1990")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1990' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1991' onclick='hideorshow("x1991","x1992")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1992' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1993' onclick='hideorshow("x1993","x1994")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1994' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1995' onclick='hideorshow("x1995","x1996")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1996' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1997' onclick='hideorshow("x1997","x1998")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1998' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1999' onclick='hideorshow("x1999","x2000")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2000' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x2001' onclick='hideorshow("x2001","x2002")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2002' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x2003' onclick='hideorshow("x2003","x2004")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2004' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x2005' onclick='hideorshow("x2005","x2006")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2006' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x2007' onclick='hideorshow("x2007","x2008")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2008' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x2009' onclick='hideorshow("x2009","x2010")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2010' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x2011' onclick='hideorshow("x2011","x2012")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2012' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x2013' onclick='hideorshow("x2013","x2014")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2014' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core:</a></b>
<button id='x2015' onclick='hideorshow("x2015","x2016")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2016' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-core" src="images/syntax/select-core.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2017' onclick='hideorshow("x2017","x2018")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2018' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x2019' onclick='hideorshow("x2019","x2020")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2020' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2021' onclick='hideorshow("x2021","x2022")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2022' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x2023' onclick='hideorshow("x2023","x2024")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2024' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x2025' onclick='hideorshow("x2025","x2026")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2026' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2027' onclick='hideorshow("x2027","x2028")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2028' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2029' onclick='hideorshow("x2029","x2030")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2030' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x2031' onclick='hideorshow("x2031","x2032")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2032' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x2033' onclick='hideorshow("x2033","x2034")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2034' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


</p><p>In a compound SELECT, all the constituent SELECTs must return the same 
number of result columns. As the components of a compound SELECT must
be simple SELECT statements, they may not contain <a href="lang_select.html#orderby">ORDER BY</a> or <a href="lang_select.html#limitoffset">LIMIT</a> clauses.
<a href="lang_select.html#orderby">ORDER BY</a> and <a href="lang_select.html#limitoffset">LIMIT</a> clauses may only occur at the end of the entire compound
SELECT, and then only if the final element of the compound is not a <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES</a> clause.

</p><p>A compound SELECT created using UNION ALL operator returns all the rows
from the SELECT to the left of the UNION ALL operator, and all the rows
from the SELECT to the right of it. The UNION operator works the same way as
UNION ALL, except that duplicate rows are removed from the final result set.
The INTERSECT operator returns the intersection of the results of the left and
right SELECTs.  The EXCEPT operator returns the subset of rows returned by the
left SELECT that are not also returned by the right-hand SELECT. Duplicate
rows are removed from the results of INTERSECT and EXCEPT operators before the
result set is returned.

</p><p>For the purposes of determining duplicate rows for the results of compound
SELECT operators, NULL values are considered equal to other NULL values and
distinct from all non-NULL values. The collation sequence used to compare 
two text values is determined as if the columns of the left and right-hand
SELECT statements were the left and right-hand operands of the equals (=)
operator, except that greater precedence is not assigned to a collation 
sequence specified with the postfix COLLATE operator. No affinity
transformations are applied to any values when comparing rows as part of a
compound SELECT. 

</p><p>When three or more simple SELECTs are connected into a compound SELECT,
they group from left to right. In other words, if "A", "B" and "C" are all
simple SELECT statements, (A op B op C) is processed as ((A op B) op C).

</p>

<a name="orderby"></a>

<h1 id="the_order_by_clause"><span>4. </span>The ORDER BY clause</h1>

<p>If a SELECT statement that returns more than one row does not have an
ORDER BY clause, the order in which the rows are returned is undefined.
Or, if a SELECT statement does have an ORDER BY clause, then the list of
expressions attached to the ORDER BY determine the order in which rows
are returned to the user.

</p><p>
In a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a> statement, only the last or right-most <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a>
may have an ORDER BY clause. That ORDER BY clause will apply across all elements of
the compound. If the right-most element of a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a> is a <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES</a> clause,
then no ORDER BY clause is allowed on that statement.


</p><p>Rows are first sorted based on the results of
evaluating the left-most expression in the ORDER BY list, then ties are broken
by evaluating the second left-most expression and so on. The order in which
two rows for which all ORDER BY expressions evaluate to equal values are
returned is undefined. Each ORDER BY expression may be optionally followed
by one of the keywords ASC (smaller values are returned first) or DESC (larger
values are returned first). If neither ASC or DESC are specified, rows
are sorted in ascending (smaller values first) order by default.

<a name="nullslast"></a>

</p><p>SQLite considers NULL values to be smaller than any other values
for sorting purposes.  Hence, NULLs naturally appear at the beginning
of an ASC order-by and at the end of a DESC order-by.  This can be changed
using the "ASC NULLS LAST" or "DESC NULLS FIRST" syntax.

</p><p>Each ORDER BY expression is processed as follows:</p>

<ol>
<li><p>If the ORDER BY expression is a constant integer K then the
expression is considered an alias for the K-th column of the result set
(columns are numbered from left to right starting with 1).

</p></li><li><p>If the ORDER BY expression is an identifier that corresponds to
the alias of one of the output columns, then the expression is considered
an alias for that column.

</p></li><li><p>Otherwise, if the ORDER BY expression is any other expression, it 
is evaluated and the returned value used to order the output rows. If
the SELECT statement is a simple SELECT, then an ORDER BY may contain any
arbitrary expressions. However, if the SELECT is a compound SELECT, then
ORDER BY expressions that are not aliases to output columns must be exactly
the same as an expression used as an output column.
</p></li></ol>

<p>For the purposes of sorting rows, values are compared in the same way
as for <a href="datatype3.html#comparisons">comparison expressions</a>. The collation sequence used to compare
two text values is determined as follows:

</p><ol>
  <li><p>If the ORDER BY expression is assigned a collation sequence using
  the postfix <a href="lang_expr.html#collateop">COLLATE operator</a>, then the specified collation sequence is
  used.
  </p></li><li><p>Otherwise, if the ORDER BY expression is an alias to an expression
  that has been assigned a collation sequence using the postfix 
  <a href="lang_expr.html#collateop">COLLATE operator</a>, then the collation sequence assigned to the aliased
  expression is used.
  </p></li><li><p>Otherwise, if the ORDER BY expression is a column or an alias of
  an expression that is a column, then the default collation sequence for
  the column is used. 
  </p></li><li><p>Otherwise, the <a href="datatype3.html#collation">BINARY</a> collation sequence is used.
</p></li></ol>

<p>In a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a> statement, all ORDER BY expressions are handled
as aliases for one of the result columns of the compound.
If an ORDER BY expression is not an integer alias, then SQLite searches
the left-most SELECT in the compound for a result column that matches either
the second or third rules above. If a match is found, the search stops and
the expression is handled as an alias for the result column that it has been
matched against. Otherwise, the next SELECT to the right is tried, and so on.
If no matching expression can be found in the result columns of any
constituent SELECT, it is an error. Each term of the ORDER BY clause is
processed separately and may be matched against result columns from different
SELECT statements in the compound.</p>

<a name="limitoffset"></a>

<h1 id="the_limit_clause"><span>5. </span>The LIMIT clause</h1>

<p>The LIMIT clause is used to place an upper bound on the number of rows
returned by the entire SELECT statement.

</p><p>In a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a>, only the
last or right-most <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> may contain a LIMIT clause.  
In a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a>, 
the LIMIT clause applies to the entire compound, not just the final SELECT.
If the right-most <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> is a <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES clause</a> then no LIMIT clause
is allowed.

</p><p>Any scalar expression may be used in the 
LIMIT clause, so long as it evaluates to an integer or a value that can be
losslessly converted to an integer. If the expression evaluates to a NULL 
value or any other value that cannot be losslessly converted to an integer, an
error is returned. If the LIMIT expression evaluates to a negative value,
then there is no upper bound on the number of rows returned. Otherwise, the
SELECT returns the first N rows of its result set only, where N is the value
that the LIMIT expression evaluates to. Or, if the SELECT statement would
return less than N rows without a LIMIT clause, then the entire result set is
returned. 

</p><p>The expression attached to the optional OFFSET clause that may follow a
LIMIT clause must also evaluate to an integer, or a value that can be
losslessly converted to an integer. If an expression has an OFFSET clause,
then the first M rows are omitted from the result set returned by the SELECT
statement and the next N rows are returned, where M and N are the values that
the OFFSET and LIMIT clauses evaluate to, respectively. Or, if the SELECT
would return less than M+N rows if it did not have a LIMIT clause, then the
first M rows are skipped and the remaining rows (if any) are returned. If the
OFFSET clause evaluates to a negative value, the results are the same as if it
had evaluated to zero.

</p><p>Instead of a separate OFFSET clause, the LIMIT clause may specify two
scalar expressions separated by a comma. In this case, the first expression
is used as the OFFSET expression and the second as the LIMIT expression.
This is counter-intuitive, as when using the OFFSET clause the second of
the two expressions is the OFFSET and the first the LIMIT. 
This reversal of the offset and limit is intentional
- it maximizes compatibility with other SQL database systems.
However, to avoid confusion, programmers are strongly encouraged to use
the form of the LIMIT clause that uses the "OFFSET" keyword and avoid
using a LIMIT clause with a comma-separated offset.

<a name="values"></a>

</p><h1 id="the_values_clause"><span>6. </span>The VALUES clause</h1>

<p>The phrase "VALUES(<i>expr-list</i>)" means the same thing
as "SELECT <i>expr-list</i>".  The phrase
"VALUES(<i>expr-list-1</i>),...,(<i>expr-list-N</i>)" means the same
thing as "SELECT <i>expr-list-1</i> UNION ALL ... UNION ALL
SELECT <i>expr-list-N</i>".  Both forms are the same, except that
the number of SELECT statements in a compound is limited by
<a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimitcompoundselect">SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT</a> whereas the number of rows in a
VALUES clause has no arbitrary limit.

</p><p>There are some restrictions on the use of a VALUES clause that are
not shown on the syntax diagrams:

</p><ul>
<li><p>
A VALUES clause cannot be followed by <a href="lang_select.html#orderby">ORDER BY</a>.

</p></li><li><p>
A VALUES clause cannot be followed by <a href="lang_select.html#limitoffset">LIMIT</a>.
</p></li></ul>


<h1 id="the_with_clause"><span>7. </span>The WITH Clause</h1>

<p>SELECT statements may be optionally preceded by a single
<a href="lang_with.html">WITH clause</a> that defines one or more <a href="lang_with.html">common table expressions</a>
for use within the SELECT statement.

<a name="tabfunc1"></a>

</p><h1 id="table_valued_functions_in_the_from_clause"><span>8. </span>Table-valued Functions In The FROM Clause</h1>

<p>A <a href="vtab.html">virtual table</a> that contains <a href="vtab.html#hiddencol">hidden columns</a> can be used like
a <a href="vtab.html#tabfunc2">table-valued function</a> in the FROM clause.  The arguments to the
table-valued function become constraints on the HIDDEN columns of
the virtual table.  Additional information can be found in the
<a href="vtab.html#tabfunc2">virtual table documentation</a>.
</p>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
<title>SQLite Query Language: BEGIN TRANSACTION</title>
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<a href="index.html">
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>BEGIN TRANSACTION</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/begin-stmt.html">begin-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1287' onclick='hideorshow("x1287","x1288")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1288' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram begin-stmt" src="images/syntax/begin-stmt.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/commit-stmt.html">commit-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1289' onclick='hideorshow("x1289","x1290")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1290' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram commit-stmt" src="images/syntax/commit-stmt.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/rollback-stmt.html">rollback-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1291' onclick='hideorshow("x1291","x1292")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1292' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram rollback-stmt" src="images/syntax/rollback-stmt.gif" />
</div>




<p>
No reads or writes occur except within a transaction.
Any command that accesses the database (basically, any SQL command,
except a few <a href="pragma.html#syntax">PRAGMA</a> statements)
will automatically start a transaction if
one is not already in effect.  Automatically started transactions








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</div>
<div class=fancy>
<div class=nosearch>
<div class="fancy_title">
Transaction
</div>
</div>




<h1 id="transaction_control_syntax"><span>1. </span>Transaction Control Syntax</h1>

<p><b><a href="syntax/begin-stmt.html">begin-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2035' onclick='hideorshow("x2035","x2036")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x2036' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram begin-stmt" src="images/syntax/begin-stmt.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/commit-stmt.html">commit-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2037' onclick='hideorshow("x2037","x2038")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x2038' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram commit-stmt" src="images/syntax/commit-stmt.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/rollback-stmt.html">rollback-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2039' onclick='hideorshow("x2039","x2040")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x2040' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram rollback-stmt" src="images/syntax/rollback-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<h1 id="transactions"><span>2. </span>Transactions</h1>

<p>
No reads or writes occur except within a transaction.
Any command that accesses the database (basically, any SQL command,
except a few <a href="pragma.html#syntax">PRAGMA</a> statements)
will automatically start a transaction if
one is not already in effect.  Automatically started transactions
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transactions.  An attempt to invoke the BEGIN command within
a transaction will fail with an error, regardless of whether
the transaction was started by <a href="lang_savepoint.html">SAVEPOINT</a> or a prior BEGIN.
The COMMIT command and the ROLLBACK command without the TO clause
work the same on <a href="lang_savepoint.html">SAVEPOINT</a> transactions as they do with transactions
started by BEGIN.</p>

<h3>Read transactions versus write transactions</h3>

<p>SQLite current supports multiple simultaneous read transactions
coming from separate database connections, possibly in separate
threads or processes, but only one simultaneous write transaction.
<p>

<p>A read transaction is used for reading only.  A write transaction
allows both reading and writing.  A read transaction is started
by a SELECT statement, and a write transaction is started by 
statements like CREATE, DELETE, DROP, INSERT, or UPDATE (collectively
"write statements").  If a write statement occurs while
a read transaction is active, then the read transaction is upgraded
to write transaction if possible.  If some other database connection
has already modified the database or is already in the process of








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transactions.  An attempt to invoke the BEGIN command within
a transaction will fail with an error, regardless of whether
the transaction was started by <a href="lang_savepoint.html">SAVEPOINT</a> or a prior BEGIN.
The COMMIT command and the ROLLBACK command without the TO clause
work the same on <a href="lang_savepoint.html">SAVEPOINT</a> transactions as they do with transactions
started by BEGIN.</p>

<h2 id="read_transactions_versus_write_transactions"><span>2.1. </span>Read transactions versus write transactions</h2>

<p>SQLite current supports multiple simultaneous read transactions
coming from separate database connections, possibly in separate
threads or processes, but only one simultaneous write transaction.
</p><p>

</p><p>A read transaction is used for reading only.  A write transaction
allows both reading and writing.  A read transaction is started
by a SELECT statement, and a write transaction is started by 
statements like CREATE, DELETE, DROP, INSERT, or UPDATE (collectively
"write statements").  If a write statement occurs while
a read transaction is active, then the read transaction is upgraded
to write transaction if possible.  If some other database connection
has already modified the database or is already in the process of
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transaction is active, X will continue to see an historic snapshot
the database prior to the changes implemented by Y.
</p>


<a name="immediate"></a>

<h3>DEFERRED, IMMEDIATE, and EXCLUSIVE transactions</h3>

<p>
Transactions can be DEFERRED, IMMEDIATE, or EXCLUSIVE.
The default transaction behavior is DEFERRED.
</p>

<p>
DEFERRED means that the transaction does not actually
start until the database is first accessed.  Internally,
the BEGIN DEFERRRED statement merely sets a flag on the database 
connection that turns off the automatic commit that would normally
occur when the last statement finishes.  This causes the transaction
that is automatically started to persist until an explicit
COMMIT or ROLLBACK or until a rollback is provoked by an error
or an ON CONFLICT ROLLBACK clause.  If the first statement after
BEGIN DEFERRED is a SELECT, then a read transaction is started.
Subsequent write statements will upgrade the transaction to a








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transaction is active, X will continue to see an historic snapshot
the database prior to the changes implemented by Y.
</p>


<a name="immediate"></a>

<h2 id="deferred_immediate_and_exclusive_transactions"><span>2.2. </span>DEFERRED, IMMEDIATE, and EXCLUSIVE transactions</h2>

<p>
Transactions can be DEFERRED, IMMEDIATE, or EXCLUSIVE.
The default transaction behavior is DEFERRED.
</p>

<p>
DEFERRED means that the transaction does not actually
start until the database is first accessed.  Internally,
the BEGIN DEFERRED statement merely sets a flag on the database 
connection that turns off the automatic commit that would normally
occur when the last statement finishes.  This causes the transaction
that is automatically started to persist until an explicit
COMMIT or ROLLBACK or until a rollback is provoked by an error
or an ON CONFLICT ROLLBACK clause.  If the first statement after
BEGIN DEFERRED is a SELECT, then a read transaction is started.
Subsequent write statements will upgrade the transaction to a
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EXCLUSIVE is similar to IMMEDIATE in that a write transaction
is started immediately.  EXCLUSIVE and IMMEDIATE are the same
in <a href="wal.html">WAL mode</a>, but in other journaling modes, EXCLUSIVE prevents
other database connections from reading the database while the
transaction is underway.
</p>

<h3>Implicit versus explicit transactions</h3>

<p>
An implicit transaction (a transaction that is started automatically,
not a transaction started by BEGIN) is committed automatically when
the last active statement finishes.  A statement finishes when its
last cursor closes, which is guaranteed to happen when the
prepared statement is <a href="c3ref/reset.html">reset</a> or








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EXCLUSIVE is similar to IMMEDIATE in that a write transaction
is started immediately.  EXCLUSIVE and IMMEDIATE are the same
in <a href="wal.html">WAL mode</a>, but in other journaling modes, EXCLUSIVE prevents
other database connections from reading the database while the
transaction is underway.
</p>

<h2 id="implicit_versus_explicit_transactions"><span>2.3. </span>Implicit versus explicit transactions</h2>

<p>
An implicit transaction (a transaction that is started automatically,
not a transaction started by BEGIN) is committed automatically when
the last active statement finishes.  A statement finishes when its
last cursor closes, which is guaranteed to happen when the
prepared statement is <a href="c3ref/reset.html">reset</a> or
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</p>

<p>
If <a href="pragma.html#pragma_journal_mode">PRAGMA journal_mode</a> is set to OFF (thus disabling the rollback journal
file) then the behavior of the ROLLBACK command is undefined.
</p>

<h3>Response To Errors Within A Transaction</h3>

<p> If certain kinds of errors occur within a transaction, the
transaction may or may not be rolled back automatically.  The
errors that can cause an automatic rollback include:</p>

<ul>
<li> <a href="rescode.html#full">SQLITE_FULL</a>: database or disk full
<li> <a href="rescode.html#ioerr">SQLITE_IOERR</a>: disk I/O error
<li> <a href="rescode.html#busy">SQLITE_BUSY</a>: database in use by another process
<li> <a href="rescode.html#nomem">SQLITE_NOMEM</a>: out or memory
</ul>

<p>
For all of these errors, SQLite attempts to undo just the one statement
it was working on and leave changes from prior statements within the
same transaction intact and continue with the transaction.  However, 
depending on the statement being evaluated and the point at which the
error occurs, it might be necessary for SQLite to rollback and








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</p>

<p>
If <a href="pragma.html#pragma_journal_mode">PRAGMA journal_mode</a> is set to OFF (thus disabling the rollback journal
file) then the behavior of the ROLLBACK command is undefined.
</p>

<h1 id="response_to_errors_within_a_transaction"><span>3. </span>Response To Errors Within A Transaction</h1>

<p> If certain kinds of errors occur within a transaction, the
transaction may or may not be rolled back automatically.  The
errors that can cause an automatic rollback include:</p>

<ul>
<li> <a href="rescode.html#full">SQLITE_FULL</a>: database or disk full
</li><li> <a href="rescode.html#ioerr">SQLITE_IOERR</a>: disk I/O error
</li><li> <a href="rescode.html#busy">SQLITE_BUSY</a>: database in use by another process
</li><li> <a href="rescode.html#nomem">SQLITE_NOMEM</a>: out or memory
</li></ul>

<p>
For all of these errors, SQLite attempts to undo just the one statement
it was working on and leave changes from prior statements within the
same transaction intact and continue with the transaction.  However, 
depending on the statement being evaluated and the point at which the
error occurs, it might be necessary for SQLite to rollback and
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error, but no harm is caused by this.</p>

<p>Future versions of SQLite may extend the list of errors which
might cause automatic transaction rollback.  Future versions of
SQLite might change the error response.  In particular, we may
choose to simplify the interface in future versions of SQLite by
causing the errors above to force an unconditional rollback.</p>











<

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error, but no harm is caused by this.</p>

<p>Future versions of SQLite may extend the list of errors which
might cause automatic transaction rollback.  Future versions of
SQLite might change the error response.  In particular, we may
choose to simplify the interface in future versions of SQLite by
causing the errors above to force an unconditional rollback.</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_update.html. 
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>UPDATE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/update-stmt.html">update-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2131' onclick='hideorshow("x2131","x2132")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x2132' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram update-stmt" src="images/syntax/update-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b>
<button id='x2133' onclick='hideorshow("x2133","x2134")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2134' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x2135' onclick='hideorshow("x2135","x2136")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2136' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2137' onclick='hideorshow("x2137","x2138")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2138' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x2139' onclick='hideorshow("x2139","x2140")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2140' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2141' onclick='hideorshow("x2141","x2142")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2142' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x2143' onclick='hideorshow("x2143","x2144")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2144' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x2145' onclick='hideorshow("x2145","x2146")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2146' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x2147' onclick='hideorshow("x2147","x2148")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2148' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2149' onclick='hideorshow("x2149","x2150")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2150' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x2151' onclick='hideorshow("x2151","x2152")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2152' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2153' onclick='hideorshow("x2153","x2154")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2154' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2155' onclick='hideorshow("x2155","x2156")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2156' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x2157' onclick='hideorshow("x2157","x2158")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2158' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2159' onclick='hideorshow("x2159","x2160")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2160' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x2161' onclick='hideorshow("x2161","x2162")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2162' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x2163' onclick='hideorshow("x2163","x2164")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2164' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x2165' onclick='hideorshow("x2165","x2166")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2166' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x2167' onclick='hideorshow("x2167","x2168")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2168' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x2169' onclick='hideorshow("x2169","x2170")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2170' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x2171' onclick='hideorshow("x2171","x2172")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2172' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x2173' onclick='hideorshow("x2173","x2174")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2174' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x2175' onclick='hideorshow("x2175","x2176")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2176' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2177' onclick='hideorshow("x2177","x2178")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2178' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x2179' onclick='hideorshow("x2179","x2180")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2180' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2181' onclick='hideorshow("x2181","x2182")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2182' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x2183' onclick='hideorshow("x2183","x2184")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2184' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2185' onclick='hideorshow("x2185","x2186")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2186' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2187' onclick='hideorshow("x2187","x2188")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2188' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x2189' onclick='hideorshow("x2189","x2190")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2190' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2191' onclick='hideorshow("x2191","x2192")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2192' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x2193' onclick='hideorshow("x2193","x2194")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2194' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x2195' onclick='hideorshow("x2195","x2196")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2196' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x2197' onclick='hideorshow("x2197","x2198")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2198' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x2199' onclick='hideorshow("x2199","x2200")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2200' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x2201' onclick='hideorshow("x2201","x2202")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2202' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>An UPDATE statement is used to modify a subset of the values stored in 
zero or more rows of the database table identified by the 
<a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name</a> specified as part of the UPDATE statement.



<p>If the UPDATE statement does not have a WHERE clause, all rows in the
table are modified by the UPDATE. Otherwise, the UPDATE affects only those
rows for which the WHERE clause
<a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression is true</a>. It is not an error if the
WHERE clause does not evaluate to true for any row in the table - this just
means that the UPDATE statement affects zero rows.

<p>The modifications made to each row affected by an UPDATE statement are
determined by the list of assignments following the SET keyword. Each
assignment specifies a <span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> to the left of the 
equals sign and a scalar expression to the right. 
For each affected row, the named columns
are set to the values found by evaluating the corresponding scalar 
expressions. If a single column-name appears more than once in the list of
assignment expressions, all but the rightmost occurrence is ignored. Columns
that do not appear in the list of assignments are left unmodified. The scalar
expressions may refer to columns of the row being updated. In this case all
scalar expressions are evaluated before any assignments are made.

<p>Beginning in SQLite <a href="releaselog/3_15_0.html">version 3.15.0</a> (2016-10-14), an assignment in
the SET clause can be a 
<a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">parenthesized list of column names</a> on the left and a
<a href="rowvalue.html">row value</a> of the same size on the right.


<p>The optional "OR <i>action</i>" conflict clause that follows the
UPDATE keyword allows the user to nominate a specific
constraint conflict resolution algorithm to use during this one UPDATE command.
Refer to the section entitled <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> for additional information.

<h3>Restrictions on UPDATE Statements Within CREATE TRIGGER</h3>

<p>The following additional syntax restrictions apply to UPDATE statements that
occur within the body of a <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a> statement.  

<ul>
  <li><p>The <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span> specified as part of an UPDATE 
      statement within
      a trigger body must be unqualified. In other words, the
      <i>schema-name</i><b>.</b> prefix on the table name of the UPDATE is
      not allowed within triggers. Unless the table to which the trigger
      is attached is in the TEMP database, the table being updated by the
      trigger program must reside in the same database as it. If the table
      to which the trigger is attached is in the TEMP database, then the
      unqualified name of the table being updated is resolved in the same way
      as it is for a top-level statement (by searching first the TEMP database,
      then the main database, then any other databases in the order they were
      attached).

  <li><p>The INDEXED BY and NOT INDEXED clauses are not allowed on UPDATE
      statements within triggers.</p>

  <li><p>The LIMIT and ORDER BY clauses for UPDATE are unsupported within
      triggers, regardless of the compilation options used to build SQLite.
</ul>

<h3>Optional LIMIT and ORDER BY Clauses</h3>

<p>If SQLite is built with the <a href="compile.html#enable_update_delete_limit">SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT</a>
compile-time option then the syntax of the UPDATE statement is extended
with optional ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses as follows:</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/update-stmt-limited.html">update-stmt-limited:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram update-stmt-limited" src="images/syntax/update-stmt-limited.gif"></img>
 </div>


<p>If an UPDATE statement has a LIMIT clause, the maximum number of rows that
will be updated is found by evaluating the accompanying expression and casting
it to an integer value. A negative value is interpreted as "no limit".

<p>If the LIMIT expression evaluates to non-negative value <i>N</i> and the
UPDATE statement has an ORDER BY clause, then all rows that would be updated in
the absence of the LIMIT clause are sorted according to the ORDER BY and the
first <i>N</i> updated. If the UPDATE statement also has an OFFSET clause,
then it is similarly evaluated and cast to an integer value. If the OFFSET
expression evaluates to a non-negative value <i>M</i>, then the first <i>M</i>
rows are skipped and the following <i>N</i> rows updated instead.

<p>If the UPDATE statement has no ORDER BY clause, then all rows that
would be updated in the absence of the LIMIT clause are assembled in an
arbitrary order before applying the LIMIT and OFFSET clauses to determine 
which are actually updated.

<p>The ORDER BY clause on an UPDATE statement is used only to determine which
rows fall within the LIMIT. The order in which rows are modified is arbitrary
and is not influenced by the ORDER BY clause.










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<div class=fancy>
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<div class="fancy_title">
UPDATE
</div>
<div class="fancy_toc">
<a onclick="toggle_toc()">
<span class="fancy_toc_mark" id="toc_mk">&#x25ba;</span>
Table Of Contents
</a>
<div id="toc_sub"><div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#overview">1. Overview</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#details">2. Details</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#restrictions_on_update_statements_within_create_trigger">2.1. Restrictions on UPDATE Statements Within CREATE TRIGGER</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#optional_limit_and_order_by_clauses">2.2. Optional LIMIT and ORDER BY Clauses</a></div>
</div>
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<h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1>

<p><b><a href="syntax/update-stmt.html">update-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2041' onclick='hideorshow("x2041","x2042")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x2042' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram update-stmt" src="images/syntax/update-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b>
<button id='x2043' onclick='hideorshow("x2043","x2044")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2044' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x2045' onclick='hideorshow("x2045","x2046")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2046' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2047' onclick='hideorshow("x2047","x2048")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2048' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x2049' onclick='hideorshow("x2049","x2050")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2050' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2051' onclick='hideorshow("x2051","x2052")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2052' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x2053' onclick='hideorshow("x2053","x2054")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2054' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x2055' onclick='hideorshow("x2055","x2056")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2056' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x2057' onclick='hideorshow("x2057","x2058")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2058' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2059' onclick='hideorshow("x2059","x2060")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2060' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x2061' onclick='hideorshow("x2061","x2062")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2062' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2063' onclick='hideorshow("x2063","x2064")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2064' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2065' onclick='hideorshow("x2065","x2066")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2066' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x2067' onclick='hideorshow("x2067","x2068")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2068' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2069' onclick='hideorshow("x2069","x2070")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2070' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x2071' onclick='hideorshow("x2071","x2072")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2072' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x2073' onclick='hideorshow("x2073","x2074")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2074' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x2075' onclick='hideorshow("x2075","x2076")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2076' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x2077' onclick='hideorshow("x2077","x2078")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2078' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x2079' onclick='hideorshow("x2079","x2080")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2080' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x2081' onclick='hideorshow("x2081","x2082")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2082' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x2083' onclick='hideorshow("x2083","x2084")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2084' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x2085' onclick='hideorshow("x2085","x2086")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2086' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2087' onclick='hideorshow("x2087","x2088")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2088' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x2089' onclick='hideorshow("x2089","x2090")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2090' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2091' onclick='hideorshow("x2091","x2092")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2092' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x2093' onclick='hideorshow("x2093","x2094")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2094' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2095' onclick='hideorshow("x2095","x2096")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2096' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2097' onclick='hideorshow("x2097","x2098")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2098' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x2099' onclick='hideorshow("x2099","x2100")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2100' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2101' onclick='hideorshow("x2101","x2102")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2102' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x2103' onclick='hideorshow("x2103","x2104")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2104' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x2105' onclick='hideorshow("x2105","x2106")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2106' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x2107' onclick='hideorshow("x2107","x2108")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2108' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x2109' onclick='hideorshow("x2109","x2110")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2110' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x2111' onclick='hideorshow("x2111","x2112")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2112' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>An UPDATE statement is used to modify a subset of the values stored in 
zero or more rows of the database table identified by the 
<a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name</a> specified as part of the UPDATE statement.

</p><h1 id="details"><span>2. </span>Details</h1>

<p>If the UPDATE statement does not have a WHERE clause, all rows in the
table are modified by the UPDATE. Otherwise, the UPDATE affects only those
rows for which the WHERE clause
<a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression is true</a>. It is not an error if the
WHERE clause does not evaluate to true for any row in the table - this just
means that the UPDATE statement affects zero rows.

</p><p>The modifications made to each row affected by an UPDATE statement are
determined by the list of assignments following the SET keyword. Each
assignment specifies a <span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> to the left of the 
equals sign and a scalar expression to the right. 
For each affected row, the named columns
are set to the values found by evaluating the corresponding scalar 
expressions. If a single column-name appears more than once in the list of
assignment expressions, all but the rightmost occurrence is ignored. Columns
that do not appear in the list of assignments are left unmodified. The scalar
expressions may refer to columns of the row being updated. In this case all
scalar expressions are evaluated before any assignments are made.

</p><p>Beginning in SQLite <a href="releaselog/3_15_0.html">version 3.15.0</a> (2016-10-14), an assignment in
the SET clause can be a 
<a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">parenthesized list of column names</a> on the left and a
<a href="rowvalue.html">row value</a> of the same size on the right.


</p><p>The optional "OR <i>action</i>" conflict clause that follows the
UPDATE keyword allows the user to nominate a specific
constraint conflict resolution algorithm to use during this one UPDATE command.
Refer to the section entitled <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> for additional information.

</p><h2 id="restrictions_on_update_statements_within_create_trigger"><span>2.1. </span>Restrictions on UPDATE Statements Within CREATE TRIGGER</h2>

<p>The following additional syntax restrictions apply to UPDATE statements that
occur within the body of a <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a> statement.  

</p><ul>
  <li><p>The <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span> specified as part of an UPDATE 
      statement within
      a trigger body must be unqualified. In other words, the
      <i>schema-name</i><b>.</b> prefix on the table name of the UPDATE is
      not allowed within triggers. Unless the table to which the trigger
      is attached is in the TEMP database, the table being updated by the
      trigger program must reside in the same database as it. If the table
      to which the trigger is attached is in the TEMP database, then the
      unqualified name of the table being updated is resolved in the same way
      as it is for a top-level statement (by searching first the TEMP database,
      then the main database, then any other databases in the order they were
      attached).

  </p></li><li><p>The INDEXED BY and NOT INDEXED clauses are not allowed on UPDATE
      statements within triggers.</p>

  </li><li><p>The LIMIT and ORDER BY clauses for UPDATE are unsupported within
      triggers, regardless of the compilation options used to build SQLite.
</p></li></ul>

<h2 id="optional_limit_and_order_by_clauses"><span>2.2. </span>Optional LIMIT and ORDER BY Clauses</h2>

<p>If SQLite is built with the <a href="compile.html#enable_update_delete_limit">SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT</a>
compile-time option then the syntax of the UPDATE statement is extended
with optional ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses as follows:</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/update-stmt-limited.html">update-stmt-limited:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram update-stmt-limited" src="images/syntax/update-stmt-limited.gif"></img>
 </div>


<p>If an UPDATE statement has a LIMIT clause, the maximum number of rows that
will be updated is found by evaluating the accompanying expression and casting
it to an integer value. A negative value is interpreted as "no limit".

</p><p>If the LIMIT expression evaluates to non-negative value <i>N</i> and the
UPDATE statement has an ORDER BY clause, then all rows that would be updated in
the absence of the LIMIT clause are sorted according to the ORDER BY and the
first <i>N</i> updated. If the UPDATE statement also has an OFFSET clause,
then it is similarly evaluated and cast to an integer value. If the OFFSET
expression evaluates to a non-negative value <i>M</i>, then the first <i>M</i>
rows are skipped and the following <i>N</i> rows updated instead.

</p><p>If the UPDATE statement has no ORDER BY clause, then all rows that
would be updated in the absence of the LIMIT clause are assembled in an
arbitrary order before applying the LIMIT and OFFSET clauses to determine 
which are actually updated.

</p><p>The ORDER BY clause on an UPDATE statement is used only to determine which
rows fall within the LIMIT. The order in which rows are modified is arbitrary
and is not influenced by the ORDER BY clause.
</p>
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>VACUUM</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/vacuum-stmt.html">vacuum-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2203' onclick='hideorshow("x2203","x2204")'>hide</button></p>
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 <img alt="syntax diagram vacuum-stmt" src="images/syntax/vacuum-stmt.gif" />
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<p>
  The VACUUM command rebuilds the database file, repacking it into a minimal
  amount of disk space. There are several 
  reasons an application might do this:

<ul>
  <li> <p> Unless SQLite is running in "auto_vacuum=FULL" mode, when a large
     amount of data is deleted from the database file it leaves behind empty
     space, or "free" database pages. This means the database file might
     be larger than strictly necessary. Running VACUUM to rebuild the 
     database reclaims this space and reduces the size of the database file.

  <li> <p> Frequent inserts, updates, and deletes can cause the database file
     to become fragmented - where data for a single table or index is scattered 
     around the database file. Running VACUUM ensures that each table and
     index is largely stored contiguously within the database file. In some
     cases, VACUUM may also reduce the number of partially filled pages in
     the database, reducing the size of the database file further.

  <li> <p> When content is deleted from an SQLite database, the content is not
     usually erased but rather the space used to hold the content is marked as
     being available for reuse.  This can allow deleted content to be recovered
     by a hacker or by forensic analysis.  Running VACUUM will clean the database
     of all traces of deleted content, thus preventing an adversary from recovering
     deleted content.  Using VACUUM in this way is an alternative to setting
     <a href="pragma.html#pragma_secure_delete">PRAGMA secure_delete=ON</a>. 

  <li> <p> Normally, the database <a href="pragma.html#pragma_page_size">page_size</a> and whether or not the database
     supports <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a> must be configured before the database file is
     actually created. However, when not in <a href="wal.html">write-ahead log</a> mode, the 
     <a href="pragma.html#pragma_page_size">page_size</a> and/or <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a> properties of an existing database may be
     changed by using the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_page_size">page_size</a>  and/or 
     <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">pragma auto_vacuum</a> pragmas and then immediately VACUUMing
     the database. When in <a href="wal.html">write-ahead log</a> mode, only the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a>
     support property can be changed using VACUUM.
</ul>

<p>By default, VACUUM only works only on the main database.
<a href="lang_attach.html">Attached databases</a> can be vacuumed by appending the appropriate
<span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> to the VACUUM statement.

<p><b>Compatibility Warning:</b> The ability to vacuum attached databases was
added in <a href="releaselog/3_15_0.html">version 3.15.0</a> (2016-10-14).  Prior to that, a 
<span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> added to the
VACUUM statement would be silently ignored and the "main" schema would be
vacuumed.</p>

<a name="vacuuminto"></a>

<h3>VACUUM with an INTO clause</h3>

<p>If the INTO clause is included, then the original database file is
unchanged and a new database is created in the filename given by the
argument to the INTO clause.  The new database will contain the same
logical content as the original database, fully vacuumed.

<p>
The VACUUM command with an INTO clause is an alternative to the
<a href="backup.html">backup API</a> for generating backup copies of a live database.
The advantage of using VACUUM INTO is that the resulting backup
database is minimal in size and hence the amount of filesystem
I/O may be reduced.  Also, all deleted content is purged from the
backup, leaving behind no forensic traces.  On the other hand,
the <a href="backup.html">backup API</a> uses fewer CPU cycles and can be executed
incrementally.

<p>
The filename in the INTO clause can be an arbitrary SQL expression
that evaluates to a string.
The file named by the INTO clause must not previously exist, or
else it must be an empty file, or the VACUUM INTO command will
fail with an error.

<p>
The argument to INTO can be a <a href="uri.html">URI filename</a> if URI filenames
are enabled.
URL filenames are enabled if any of the following are true:
<ul>
<li> The SQLite library was compiled with <a href="compile.html#use_uri">-DSQLITE_USE_URI=1</a>.
<li> The <a href="c3ref/config.html">sqlite3_config</a>(<a href="c3ref/c_config_covering_index_scan.html#sqliteconfiguri">SQLITE_CONFIG_URI</a>,1) interfaces was
     invoked at start-time.
<li> The <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a> that is running the VACUUM INTO
     statement was originally opened using the
     <a href="c3ref/c_open_autoproxy.html">SQLITE_OPEN_URI</a> flag.
</ul>

<p>
The VACUUM INTO command is transactional in the sense that
the generated output database is a consistent snapshot of the
original database.  However, if the VACUUM INTO command is
interrupted by an unplanned shutdown or power lose, then
the generated output database might be incomplete and corrupt.
Also, SQLite does not invoke fsync() or FlushFileBuffers()
on the generated database to ensure that it has reached
non-volatile storage before completing.


<a name="howvacuumworks"></a>

<h3>How VACUUM works</h3>

<p>The VACUUM command works by copying the contents of the database into
a temporary database file and then overwriting the original with the 
contents of the temporary file. When overwriting the original, a rollback
journal or <a href="wal.html">write-ahead log</a> WAL file is used just as it would be for any
other database transaction. This means that when VACUUMing a database, 
as much as twice the size of the original database file is required in free
disk space.

<p>The VACUUM INTO command works the same way except that it uses the file
named on the INTO clause in place of the temporary database and omits the
step of copying the vacuumed database back over top of the original database.

<p>The VACUUM command may change the <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">ROWIDs</a> of entries in any
tables that do not have an explicit <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a>.
</p>

<p>A VACUUM will fail if there is an open transaction on the database
connection that is attempting to run the VACUUM.  Unfinalized SQL
statements typically hold a read transaction open, so the VACUUM
might fail if there are unfinalized SQL statements on the same connection.
VACUUM (but not VACUUM INTO) is a write operation and so if another
database connection is holding a lock that prevents writes, then
the VACUUM will fail.

<p>An alternative to using the VACUUM command to
reclaim space after data has been deleted is auto-vacuum mode, enabled using
the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a> pragma. When <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a> is enabled for a database
free pages may be reclaimed after deleting data, causing the file to shrink,
without rebuilding the entire database using VACUUM.  However, using
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a> can lead to extra database file fragmentation.  And <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a>
does not compact partially filled pages of the database as VACUUM does.

</p>











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VACUUM
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<h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1>
<p><b><a href="syntax/vacuum-stmt.html">vacuum-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2159' onclick='hideorshow("x2159","x2160")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x2160' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram vacuum-stmt" src="images/syntax/vacuum-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<h1 id="description"><span>2. </span>Description</h1>
<p>
  The VACUUM command rebuilds the database file, repacking it into a minimal
  amount of disk space. There are several 
  reasons an application might do this:

</p><ul>
  <li> <p> Unless SQLite is running in "auto_vacuum=FULL" mode, when a large
     amount of data is deleted from the database file it leaves behind empty
     space, or "free" database pages. This means the database file might
     be larger than strictly necessary. Running VACUUM to rebuild the 
     database reclaims this space and reduces the size of the database file.

  </p></li><li> <p> Frequent inserts, updates, and deletes can cause the database file
     to become fragmented - where data for a single table or index is scattered 
     around the database file. Running VACUUM ensures that each table and
     index is largely stored contiguously within the database file. In some
     cases, VACUUM may also reduce the number of partially filled pages in
     the database, reducing the size of the database file further.

  </p></li><li> <p> When content is deleted from an SQLite database, the content is not
     usually erased but rather the space used to hold the content is marked as
     being available for reuse.  This can allow deleted content to be recovered
     by a hacker or by forensic analysis.  Running VACUUM will clean the database
     of all traces of deleted content, thus preventing an adversary from recovering
     deleted content.  Using VACUUM in this way is an alternative to setting
     <a href="pragma.html#pragma_secure_delete">PRAGMA secure_delete=ON</a>. 

  </p></li><li> <p> Normally, the database <a href="pragma.html#pragma_page_size">page_size</a> and whether or not the database
     supports <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a> must be configured before the database file is
     actually created. However, when not in <a href="wal.html">write-ahead log</a> mode, the 
     <a href="pragma.html#pragma_page_size">page_size</a> and/or <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a> properties of an existing database may be
     changed by using the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_page_size">page_size</a>  and/or 
     <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">pragma auto_vacuum</a> pragmas and then immediately VACUUMing
     the database. When in <a href="wal.html">write-ahead log</a> mode, only the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a>
     support property can be changed using VACUUM.
</p></li></ul>

<p>By default, VACUUM only works only on the main database.
<a href="lang_attach.html">Attached databases</a> can be vacuumed by appending the appropriate
<span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> to the VACUUM statement.

</p><p><b>Compatibility Warning:</b> The ability to vacuum attached databases was
added in <a href="releaselog/3_15_0.html">version 3.15.0</a> (2016-10-14).  Prior to that, a 
<span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> added to the
VACUUM statement would be silently ignored and the "main" schema would be
vacuumed.</p>

<a name="vacuuminto"></a>

<h2 id="vacuum_with_an_into_clause"><span>2.1. </span>VACUUM with an INTO clause</h2>

<p>If the INTO clause is included, then the original database file is
unchanged and a new database is created in the filename given by the
argument to the INTO clause.  The new database will contain the same
logical content as the original database, fully vacuumed.

</p><p>
The VACUUM command with an INTO clause is an alternative to the
<a href="backup.html">backup API</a> for generating backup copies of a live database.
The advantage of using VACUUM INTO is that the resulting backup
database is minimal in size and hence the amount of filesystem
I/O may be reduced.  Also, all deleted content is purged from the
backup, leaving behind no forensic traces.  On the other hand,
the <a href="backup.html">backup API</a> uses fewer CPU cycles and can be executed
incrementally.

</p><p>
The filename in the INTO clause can be an arbitrary SQL expression
that evaluates to a string.
The file named by the INTO clause must not previously exist, or
else it must be an empty file, or the VACUUM INTO command will
fail with an error.

</p><p>
The argument to INTO can be a <a href="uri.html">URI filename</a> if URI filenames
are enabled.
URL filenames are enabled if any of the following are true:
</p><ul>
<li> The SQLite library was compiled with <a href="compile.html#use_uri">-DSQLITE_USE_URI=1</a>.
</li><li> The <a href="c3ref/config.html">sqlite3_config</a>(<a href="c3ref/c_config_covering_index_scan.html#sqliteconfiguri">SQLITE_CONFIG_URI</a>,1) interfaces was
     invoked at start-time.
</li><li> The <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a> that is running the VACUUM INTO
     statement was originally opened using the
     <a href="c3ref/c_open_autoproxy.html">SQLITE_OPEN_URI</a> flag.
</li></ul>

<p>
The VACUUM INTO command is transactional in the sense that
the generated output database is a consistent snapshot of the
original database.  However, if the VACUUM INTO command is
interrupted by an unplanned shutdown or power lose, then
the generated output database might be incomplete and corrupt.
Also, SQLite does not invoke fsync() or FlushFileBuffers()
on the generated database to ensure that it has reached
non-volatile storage before completing.


<a name="howvacuumworks"></a>

</p><h1 id="how_vacuum_works"><span>3. </span>How VACUUM works</h1>

<p>The VACUUM command works by copying the contents of the database into
a temporary database file and then overwriting the original with the 
contents of the temporary file. When overwriting the original, a rollback
journal or <a href="wal.html">write-ahead log</a> WAL file is used just as it would be for any
other database transaction. This means that when VACUUMing a database, 
as much as twice the size of the original database file is required in free
disk space.

</p><p>The VACUUM INTO command works the same way except that it uses the file
named on the INTO clause in place of the temporary database and omits the
step of copying the vacuumed database back over top of the original database.

</p><p>The VACUUM command may change the <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">ROWIDs</a> of entries in any
tables that do not have an explicit <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a>.
</p>

<p>A VACUUM will fail if there is an open transaction on the database
connection that is attempting to run the VACUUM.  Unfinalized SQL
statements typically hold a read transaction open, so the VACUUM
might fail if there are unfinalized SQL statements on the same connection.
VACUUM (but not VACUUM INTO) is a write operation and so if another
database connection is holding a lock that prevents writes, then
the VACUUM will fail.

</p><p>An alternative to using the VACUUM command to
reclaim space after data has been deleted is auto-vacuum mode, enabled using
the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a> pragma. When <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a> is enabled for a database
free pages may be reclaimed after deleting data, causing the file to shrink,
without rebuilding the entire database using VACUUM.  However, using
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a> can lead to extra database file fragmentation.  And <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a>
does not compact partially filled pages of the database as VACUUM does.

</p>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_with.html. 
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<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>WITH clause</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
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 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
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 <div id='x1820' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1821' onclick='hideorshow("x1821","x1822")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1822' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1823' onclick='hideorshow("x1823","x1824")'>show</button></p>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
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 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
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<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
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 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
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 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
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<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
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 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
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<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
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 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
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 <div id='x1842' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1843' onclick='hideorshow("x1843","x1844")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1844' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
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 <div id='x1846' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
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</div>
</div>


<p>Common Table Expressions or CTEs act like temporary <a href="lang_createview.html">views</a> that exist
only for the duration of a single SQL statement.  There are two kinds of
common table expressions: "ordinary" and "recursive". Ordinary 
common table expressions are helpful for making
queries easier to understand by factoring
subqueries out of the main SQL statement.
Recursive common table expressions
provide the ability to do hierarchical or
recursive queries of trees and graphs, a capability
that is not otherwise available in the SQL language.

<p>All common table expressions (ordinary and recursive) are 
created by prepending a WITH clause in front of a <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a>, <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>, <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>,
or <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statement.  A single WITH clause can specify one or more
common table expressions, some of which are ordinary and some of which
are recursive.

<a name="ordinarycte"></a>

<h3>Ordinary Common Table Expressions</h3>

<p>An ordinary common table expression works as if it were a <a href="lang_createview.html">view</a> that
exists for the duration of a single statement.  Ordinary common table
expressions are useful for factoring out subqueries and making the overall
SQL statement easier to read and understand.

<p>A WITH clause can contain ordinary common table expressions even if
it includes the RECURSIVE keyword.  The use of RECURSIVE does not force
common table expressions to be recursive.

<a name="recursivecte"></a>

<h3>Recursive Common Table Expressions</h3>

<p>A recursive common table expression can be used to write a query that
walks a tree or graph.  A recursive common table expression has the same
basic syntax as an ordinary common table expression, but with the following
additional features:

<ol>
<li> The "<a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt</a>"
     must be a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound select</a> where the right-most <a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator</a> is
     either UNION or UNION ALL.
<li> The table named on the left-hand side of the AS keyword must appear
     exactly once in the FROM clause of the right-most SELECT statement
     of the compound select, and nowhere else.
<li> The right-most SELECT of the compound select must not make use of
     <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate</a> or <a href="windowfunctions.html">window functions</a>.
</ol>

<p>To put it another way, a recursive common table expression must
look like the following:

<p><b><a href="syntax/recursive-cte.html">recursive-cte:</a></b>
<button id='x1859' onclick='hideorshow("x1859","x1860")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1860' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram recursive-cte" src="images/syntax/recursive-cte.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1861' onclick='hideorshow("x1861","x1862")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1862' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
</div>


<p>Call the table named by the <a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name</a> in a recursive
common table expression the "recursive table".
In the <a href="syntax/recursive-cte.html">recursive-cte</a> bubble diagram above, the recursive
table must appear exactly once in the FROM clause of the 
<span class='yyterm'>recursive-select</span>
and must not appear anywhere else in either the
<span class='yyterm'>initial-select</span> or the
<span class='yyterm'>recursive-select</span>, including subqueries.
The <span class='yyterm'>initial-select</span> may be
a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound select</a>, but it may not include an ORDER BY, LIMIT, or OFFSET.
The recursive-select must be a simple select, not a compound.  The
recursive-select is allowed to include an ORDER BY, LIMIT, and/or OFFSET.

<p>The basic algorithm for computing the content of the recursive table
is as follows:

<ol>
<li> Run the <span class='yyterm'>initial-select</span> and add the results to a queue.
<li> While the queue is not empty:
<ol type="a">
<li> Extract a single row from the queue.
<li> Insert that single row into the recursive table
<li> Pretend that the single row just extracted is the only
     row in the recursive table and run the recursive-select,
     adding all results to the queue.
</ol>
</ol>

<p>The basic procedure above may modified by the following additional rules:

<ul>
<li><p>
  If a UNION operator connects the <span class='yyterm'>initial-select</span> with the
  <span class='yyterm'>recursive-select</span>, then only add rows to the queue if 
  no identical row has
  been previously added to the queue.  Repeated rows are discarded before being
  added to the queue even if the repeated rows have already been extracted
  from the queue by the recursion step.  If the operator is UNION ALL,
  then all rows generated by both the <span class='yyterm'>initial-select</span> and the
  <span class='yyterm'>recursive-select</span> are always added to the queue even if
  they are repeats.
  When determining if a row is repeated, NULL values compare
  equal to one another and not equal to any other value.
<li><p>
  The LIMIT clause, if present, determines the maximum number of rows that
  will ever be added to the recursive table in step 2b.
  Once the limit is reached, the recursion stops.
  A limit of zero means that no rows are ever added to the
  recursive table, and a negative limit means an unlimited number of rows
  may be added to the recursive table.
<li><p>
  The OFFSET clause, if it is present and has a positive value N, prevents the
  first N rows from being added to the recursive table.
  The first N rows are still processed
  by the <span class='yyterm'>recursive-select</span> &mdash; they
  just are not added to the recursive table.  Rows are not counted toward
  fulfilling the LIMIT until all OFFSET rows have been skipped.
<li><p>
  If an ORDER BY clause is present, it determines the order in which rows
  are extracted from the queue in step 2a.  If there is no ORDER BY clause,
  then the order in which rows are extracted is undefined.  (In the current
  implementation, the queue becomes a FIFO if the ORDER BY clause is omitted,
  but applications should not depend on that fact since it might change.)
</ul>

<a name="rcex1"></a>

<h4>Recursive Query Examples</h4>

<p>The following query returns all integers between 1 and 1000000:

<blockquote><pre>
WITH RECURSIVE
  cnt(x) AS (VALUES(1) UNION ALL SELECT x+1 FROM cnt WHERE x<1000000)
SELECT x FROM cnt;
</pre></blockquote>

<p>Consider how this query works.  The initial-select
runs first and returns a single row
with a single column "1".  This one row is added to the queue.  In
step 2a, that one row is extracted from the queue and added to "cnt".
Then the recursive-select is run in accordance with step 2c generating
a single new row with value "2" to add to the queue.  The queue still
has one row, so step 2 repeats.  The "2" row is extracted and added to the
recursive table by steps 2a and 2b.  Then the row containing 2 is used 
as if it were the complete content of the recursive table and the 
recursive-select is run again, resulting in a row with value "3" being added
to the queue.  This repeats 999999 times until finally at step 2a the
only value on the queue is a row containing 1000000.  That row is
extracted and added to the recursive table.  But this time, the
WHERE clause causes the recursive-select to return no rows, so the
queue remains empty and the recursion stops.

<p><b>Optimization note:</b>
In the discussion above, statements like "insert the row into
the recursive table" should be understood conceptually, not literally.
It sounds as if SQLite is accumulating a huge table
containing one million rows, then going back and scanning that table
from top to bottom to generate the result.  What really happens
is that the query optimizer sees that values in the
"cnt" recursive table are only used once.  So as each row is added to
the recursive table, that row is immediately returned as a result of the main
SELECT statement and then discarded.  SQLite does <em>not</em> accumulate
a temporary table containing a million rows.  Very little memory is
needed to run the above example.  However, if the example had used
UNION instead of UNION ALL, then SQLite would have had to keep around
all previously generated content in order to check for duplicates.
For this reason, programmers should strive to use UNION ALL instead
of UNION when feasible.

<p>Here is a variation on the previous example:

<blockquote><pre>
WITH RECURSIVE
  cnt(x) AS (
     SELECT 1
     UNION ALL
     SELECT x+1 FROM cnt
      LIMIT 1000000
  )








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<div class="fancy_title">
The WITH Clause
</div>
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<a onclick="toggle_toc()">
<span class="fancy_toc_mark" id="toc_mk">&#x25ba;</span>
Table Of Contents
</a>
<div id="toc_sub"><div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#overview">1. Overview</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#ordinary_common_table_expressions">2. Ordinary Common Table Expressions</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#recursive_common_table_expressions">3. Recursive Common Table Expressions</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#recursive_query_examples">3.1. Recursive Query Examples</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#hierarchical_query_examples">3.2. Hierarchical Query Examples</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#queries_against_a_graph">3.3. Queries Against A Graph</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#controlling_depth_first_versus_breadth_first_search_of_a_tree_using_order_by">3.4. Controlling Depth-First Versus Breadth-First Search Of a Tree
Using ORDER BY</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#outlandish_recursive_query_examples">3.5. Outlandish Recursive Query Examples</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#limitations_and_caveats">4. Limitations And Caveats</a></div>
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<h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2161' onclick='hideorshow("x2161","x2162")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x2162' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x2163' onclick='hideorshow("x2163","x2164")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2164' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2165' onclick='hideorshow("x2165","x2166")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2166' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x2167' onclick='hideorshow("x2167","x2168")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2168' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2169' onclick='hideorshow("x2169","x2170")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2170' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x2171' onclick='hideorshow("x2171","x2172")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2172' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2173' onclick='hideorshow("x2173","x2174")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2174' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x2175' onclick='hideorshow("x2175","x2176")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2176' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2177' onclick='hideorshow("x2177","x2178")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2178' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x2179' onclick='hideorshow("x2179","x2180")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2180' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x2181' onclick='hideorshow("x2181","x2182")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2182' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x2183' onclick='hideorshow("x2183","x2184")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2184' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x2185' onclick='hideorshow("x2185","x2186")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2186' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2187' onclick='hideorshow("x2187","x2188")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2188' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x2189' onclick='hideorshow("x2189","x2190")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2190' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2191' onclick='hideorshow("x2191","x2192")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2192' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x2193' onclick='hideorshow("x2193","x2194")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2194' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x2195' onclick='hideorshow("x2195","x2196")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2196' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x2197' onclick='hideorshow("x2197","x2198")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2198' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x2199' onclick='hideorshow("x2199","x2200")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2200' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x2201' onclick='hideorshow("x2201","x2202")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2202' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>Common Table Expressions or CTEs act like temporary <a href="lang_createview.html">views</a> that exist
only for the duration of a single SQL statement.  There are two kinds of
common table expressions: "ordinary" and "recursive". Ordinary 
common table expressions are helpful for making
queries easier to understand by factoring
subqueries out of the main SQL statement.
Recursive common table expressions
provide the ability to do hierarchical or
recursive queries of trees and graphs, a capability
that is not otherwise available in the SQL language.

</p><p>All common table expressions (ordinary and recursive) are 
created by prepending a WITH clause in front of a <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a>, <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>, <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>,
or <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statement.  A single WITH clause can specify one or more
common table expressions, some of which are ordinary and some of which
are recursive.

<a name="ordinarycte"></a>

</p><h1 id="ordinary_common_table_expressions"><span>2. </span>Ordinary Common Table Expressions</h1>

<p>An ordinary common table expression works as if it were a <a href="lang_createview.html">view</a> that
exists for the duration of a single statement.  Ordinary common table
expressions are useful for factoring out subqueries and making the overall
SQL statement easier to read and understand.

</p><p>A WITH clause can contain ordinary common table expressions even if
it includes the RECURSIVE keyword.  The use of RECURSIVE does not force
common table expressions to be recursive.

<a name="recursivecte"></a>

</p><h1 id="recursive_common_table_expressions"><span>3. </span>Recursive Common Table Expressions</h1>

<p>A recursive common table expression can be used to write a query that
walks a tree or graph.  A recursive common table expression has the same
basic syntax as an ordinary common table expression, but with the following
additional features:

</p><ol>
<li> The "<a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt</a>"
     must be a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound select</a> where the right-most <a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator</a> is
     either UNION or UNION ALL.
</li><li> The table named on the left-hand side of the AS keyword must appear
     exactly once in the FROM clause of the right-most SELECT statement
     of the compound select, and nowhere else.
</li><li> The right-most SELECT of the compound select must not make use of
     <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate</a> or <a href="windowfunctions.html">window functions</a>.
</li></ol>

<p>To put it another way, a recursive common table expression must
look like the following:

<p><b><a href="syntax/recursive-cte.html">recursive-cte:</a></b>
<button id='x2203' onclick='hideorshow("x2203","x2204")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x2204' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram recursive-cte" src="images/syntax/recursive-cte.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x2205' onclick='hideorshow("x2205","x2206")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2206' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
</div>


</p><p>Call the table named by the <a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name</a> in a recursive
common table expression the "recursive table".
In the <a href="syntax/recursive-cte.html">recursive-cte</a> bubble diagram above, the recursive
table must appear exactly once in the FROM clause of the 
<span class='yyterm'>recursive-select</span>
and must not appear anywhere else in either the
<span class='yyterm'>initial-select</span> or the
<span class='yyterm'>recursive-select</span>, including subqueries.
The <span class='yyterm'>initial-select</span> may be
a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound select</a>, but it may not include an ORDER BY, LIMIT, or OFFSET.
The recursive-select must be a simple select, not a compound.  The
recursive-select is allowed to include an ORDER BY, LIMIT, and/or OFFSET.

</p><p>The basic algorithm for computing the content of the recursive table
is as follows:

</p><ol>
<li> Run the <span class='yyterm'>initial-select</span> and add the results to a queue.
</li><li> While the queue is not empty:
<ol type="a">
<li> Extract a single row from the queue.
</li><li> Insert that single row into the recursive table
</li><li> Pretend that the single row just extracted is the only
     row in the recursive table and run the recursive-select,
     adding all results to the queue.
</li></ol>
</li></ol>

<p>The basic procedure above may modified by the following additional rules:

</p><ul>
<li><p>
  If a UNION operator connects the <span class='yyterm'>initial-select</span> with the
  <span class='yyterm'>recursive-select</span>, then only add rows to the queue if 
  no identical row has
  been previously added to the queue.  Repeated rows are discarded before being
  added to the queue even if the repeated rows have already been extracted
  from the queue by the recursion step.  If the operator is UNION ALL,
  then all rows generated by both the <span class='yyterm'>initial-select</span> and the
  <span class='yyterm'>recursive-select</span> are always added to the queue even if
  they are repeats.
  When determining if a row is repeated, NULL values compare
  equal to one another and not equal to any other value.
</p></li><li><p>
  The LIMIT clause, if present, determines the maximum number of rows that
  will ever be added to the recursive table in step 2b.
  Once the limit is reached, the recursion stops.
  A limit of zero means that no rows are ever added to the
  recursive table, and a negative limit means an unlimited number of rows
  may be added to the recursive table.
</p></li><li><p>
  The OFFSET clause, if it is present and has a positive value N, prevents the
  first N rows from being added to the recursive table.
  The first N rows are still processed
  by the <span class='yyterm'>recursive-select</span> &mdash; they
  just are not added to the recursive table.  Rows are not counted toward
  fulfilling the LIMIT until all OFFSET rows have been skipped.
</p></li><li><p>
  If an ORDER BY clause is present, it determines the order in which rows
  are extracted from the queue in step 2a.  If there is no ORDER BY clause,
  then the order in which rows are extracted is undefined.  (In the current
  implementation, the queue becomes a FIFO if the ORDER BY clause is omitted,
  but applications should not depend on that fact since it might change.)
</p></li></ul>

<a name="rcex1"></a>

<h2 id="recursive_query_examples"><span>3.1. </span>Recursive Query Examples</h2>

<p>The following query returns all integers between 1 and 1000000:

</p><blockquote><pre>
WITH RECURSIVE
  cnt(x) AS (VALUES(1) UNION ALL SELECT x+1 FROM cnt WHERE x<1000000) SELECT="1" x="1" FROM="1" cnt;="1" </pre="1"></1000000)></pre></blockquote>



<p>Consider how this query works.  The initial-select
runs first and returns a single row
with a single column "1".  This one row is added to the queue.  In
step 2a, that one row is extracted from the queue and added to "cnt".
Then the recursive-select is run in accordance with step 2c generating
a single new row with value "2" to add to the queue.  The queue still
has one row, so step 2 repeats.  The "2" row is extracted and added to the
recursive table by steps 2a and 2b.  Then the row containing 2 is used 
as if it were the complete content of the recursive table and the 
recursive-select is run again, resulting in a row with value "3" being added
to the queue.  This repeats 999999 times until finally at step 2a the
only value on the queue is a row containing 1000000.  That row is
extracted and added to the recursive table.  But this time, the
WHERE clause causes the recursive-select to return no rows, so the
queue remains empty and the recursion stops.

</p><p><b>Optimization note:</b>
In the discussion above, statements like "insert the row into
the recursive table" should be understood conceptually, not literally.
It sounds as if SQLite is accumulating a huge table
containing one million rows, then going back and scanning that table
from top to bottom to generate the result.  What really happens
is that the query optimizer sees that values in the
"cnt" recursive table are only used once.  So as each row is added to
the recursive table, that row is immediately returned as a result of the main
SELECT statement and then discarded.  SQLite does <em>not</em> accumulate
a temporary table containing a million rows.  Very little memory is
needed to run the above example.  However, if the example had used
UNION instead of UNION ALL, then SQLite would have had to keep around
all previously generated content in order to check for duplicates.
For this reason, programmers should strive to use UNION ALL instead
of UNION when feasible.

</p><p>Here is a variation on the previous example:

</p><blockquote><pre>
WITH RECURSIVE
  cnt(x) AS (
     SELECT 1
     UNION ALL
     SELECT x+1 FROM cnt
      LIMIT 1000000
  )
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queue to drain and the recursion to terminate.  But the LIMIT clause will
always stop the recursion.  So it is good practice to always include a
LIMIT clause as a safety if an upper bound on the size of the recursion 
is known.

<a name="rcex2"></a>

<h4>Hierarchical Query Examples</h4>

<p>Consider a table that describes the members of an organization as
well as the chain-of-command within that organization:

<blockquote><pre>
CREATE TABLE org(
  name TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
  boss TEXT REFERENCES org,
  height INT,
  -- other content omitted
);
</pre></blockquote>

<p>Every member in the organization has a name, and most members have
a single boss.  (The head of the whole organization has a NULL
"boss" field.) The rows of the "org" table form a tree.

<p>Here is a query that computes the average height over everyone
in Alice's organization, including Alice:

<blockquote><pre>
WITH RECURSIVE
  works_for_alice(n) AS (
    VALUES('Alice')
    UNION
    SELECT name FROM org, works_for_alice
     WHERE org.boss=works_for_alice.n
  )
SELECT avg(height) FROM org
 WHERE org.name IN works_for_alice;
</pre></blockquote>

<p>The next example uses two 
common table expressions in a single WITH clause.  
The following table records a family tree:

<blockquote><pre>
CREATE TABLE family(
  name TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
  mom TEXT REFERENCES family,
  dad TEXT REFERENCES family,
  born DATETIME,
  died DATETIME, -- NULL if still alive
  -- other content
);
</pre></blockquote>

<p>The "family" table is similar to the earlier "org" table except that 
now there are two parents to each member.
We want to know all living ancestors of Alice, from oldest to youngest.
An ordinary common table expression, "parent_of", is defined first.  That
ordinary CTE is a view that can be used to find all parents of any
individual.  That ordinary CTE is then used in the "ancestor_of_alice"
recursive CTE.  The recursive CTE is then used in the final query:

<blockquote><pre>
WITH RECURSIVE
  parent_of(name, parent) AS
    (SELECT name, mom FROM family UNION SELECT name, dad FROM family),
  ancestor_of_alice(name) AS
    (SELECT parent FROM parent_of WHERE name='Alice'
     UNION ALL
     SELECT parent FROM parent_of JOIN ancestor_of_alice USING(name))
SELECT family.name FROM ancestor_of_alice, family
 WHERE ancestor_of_alice.name=family.name
   AND died IS NULL
 ORDER BY born;
</pre></blockquote>

<a name="rcex3"></a>

<h4>Queries Against A Graph</h4>

<p>A version control system (VCS) will typically store the evolving
versions of a project as a directed acyclic graph (DAG).  Call each
version of the project a "checkin".  A single
checkin can have zero or more parents.  Most checkins (except the
first) have a single parent, but in the case of a merge, a checkin
might have two or three or more parents.  A schema to keep track of
checkins and the order in which they occur might look something like
this:

<blockquote><pre>
CREATE TABLE checkin(
  id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
  mtime INTEGER -- timestamp when this checkin occurred
);
CREATE TABLE derivedfrom(
  xfrom INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES checkin, -- parent checkin
  xto INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES checkin,   -- derived checkin
  PRIMARY KEY(xfrom,xto)
);
CREATE INDEX derivedfrom_back ON derivedfrom(xto,xfrom);
</pre></blockquote>

<p>This graph is acyclic.  And we assume that the mtime of every
child checkin is no less than the mtime of all its parents.  But
unlike the earlier examples, this graph might have multiple paths of
differing lengths between any two checkins.

<p>We want to know the twenty most recent ancestors in time (out of
the thousands and thousands of ancestors in the whole DAG) for
checkin "@BASELINE".  (A query similar to this is used
by the <a href="http://www.fossil-scm.org/">Fossil</a> VCS to
show the N most recent ancestors of a check.  For example:
<a href="http://www.sqlite.org/src/timeline?p=trunk&n=30">http://www.sqlite.org/src/timeline?p=trunk&n=30</a>.)

<blockquote><pre>
WITH RECURSIVE
  ancestor(id,mtime) AS (
    SELECT id, mtime FROM checkin WHERE id=@BASELINE
    UNION
    SELECT derivedfrom.xfrom, checkin.mtime
      FROM ancestor, derivedfrom, checkin
     WHERE ancestor.id=derivedfrom.xto








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queue to drain and the recursion to terminate.  But the LIMIT clause will
always stop the recursion.  So it is good practice to always include a
LIMIT clause as a safety if an upper bound on the size of the recursion 
is known.

<a name="rcex2"></a>

</p><h2 id="hierarchical_query_examples"><span>3.2. </span>Hierarchical Query Examples</h2>

<p>Consider a table that describes the members of an organization as
well as the chain-of-command within that organization:

</p><blockquote><pre>
CREATE TABLE org(
  name TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
  boss TEXT REFERENCES org,
  height INT,
  -- other content omitted
);
</pre></blockquote>

<p>Every member in the organization has a name, and most members have
a single boss.  (The head of the whole organization has a NULL
"boss" field.) The rows of the "org" table form a tree.

</p><p>Here is a query that computes the average height over everyone
in Alice's organization, including Alice:

</p><blockquote><pre>
WITH RECURSIVE
  works_for_alice(n) AS (
    VALUES('Alice')
    UNION
    SELECT name FROM org, works_for_alice
     WHERE org.boss=works_for_alice.n
  )
SELECT avg(height) FROM org
 WHERE org.name IN works_for_alice;
</pre></blockquote>

<p>The next example uses two 
common table expressions in a single WITH clause.  
The following table records a family tree:

</p><blockquote><pre>
CREATE TABLE family(
  name TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
  mom TEXT REFERENCES family,
  dad TEXT REFERENCES family,
  born DATETIME,
  died DATETIME, -- NULL if still alive
  -- other content
);
</pre></blockquote>

<p>The "family" table is similar to the earlier "org" table except that 
now there are two parents to each member.
We want to know all living ancestors of Alice, from oldest to youngest.
An ordinary common table expression, "parent_of", is defined first.  That
ordinary CTE is a view that can be used to find all parents of any
individual.  That ordinary CTE is then used in the "ancestor_of_alice"
recursive CTE.  The recursive CTE is then used in the final query:

</p><blockquote><pre>
WITH RECURSIVE
  parent_of(name, parent) AS
    (SELECT name, mom FROM family UNION SELECT name, dad FROM family),
  ancestor_of_alice(name) AS
    (SELECT parent FROM parent_of WHERE name='Alice'
     UNION ALL
     SELECT parent FROM parent_of JOIN ancestor_of_alice USING(name))
SELECT family.name FROM ancestor_of_alice, family
 WHERE ancestor_of_alice.name=family.name
   AND died IS NULL
 ORDER BY born;
</pre></blockquote>

<a name="rcex3"></a>

<h2 id="queries_against_a_graph"><span>3.3. </span>Queries Against A Graph</h2>

<p>A version control system (VCS) will typically store the evolving
versions of a project as a directed acyclic graph (DAG).  Call each
version of the project a "checkin".  A single
checkin can have zero or more parents.  Most checkins (except the
first) have a single parent, but in the case of a merge, a checkin
might have two or three or more parents.  A schema to keep track of
checkins and the order in which they occur might look something like
this:

</p><blockquote><pre>
CREATE TABLE checkin(
  id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
  mtime INTEGER -- timestamp when this checkin occurred
);
CREATE TABLE derivedfrom(
  xfrom INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES checkin, -- parent checkin
  xto INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES checkin,   -- derived checkin
  PRIMARY KEY(xfrom,xto)
);
CREATE INDEX derivedfrom_back ON derivedfrom(xto,xfrom);
</pre></blockquote>

<p>This graph is acyclic.  And we assume that the mtime of every
child checkin is no less than the mtime of all its parents.  But
unlike the earlier examples, this graph might have multiple paths of
differing lengths between any two checkins.

</p><p>We want to know the twenty most recent ancestors in time (out of
the thousands and thousands of ancestors in the whole DAG) for
checkin "@BASELINE".  (A query similar to this is used
by the <a href="http://www.fossil-scm.org/">Fossil</a> VCS to
show the N most recent ancestors of a check.  For example:
<a href="http://www.sqlite.org/src/timeline?p=trunk&n=30">http://www.sqlite.org/src/timeline?p=trunk&n=30</a>.)

</p><blockquote><pre>
WITH RECURSIVE
  ancestor(id,mtime) AS (
    SELECT id, mtime FROM checkin WHERE id=@BASELINE
    UNION
    SELECT derivedfrom.xfrom, checkin.mtime
      FROM ancestor, derivedfrom, checkin
     WHERE ancestor.id=derivedfrom.xto
︙︙
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The ORDER BY essentially sets up a priority queue that
forces the recursive query to look at the most recent ancestors first,
allowing the use of a LIMIT clause to restrict the scope of the
query to just the checkins of interest.

<a name="withorderby"></a>

<h4>Controlling Depth-First Versus Breadth-First Search Of a Tree
Using ORDER BY</h4>

<p>An ORDER BY clause on the recursive-select can be used to control
whether the search of a tree is depth-first or breadth-first.  To
illustrate, we will use a variation on the "org" table from an example
above, without the "height" column, and with some real data inserted:

<blockquote><pre>
CREATE TABLE org(
  name TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
  boss TEXT REFERENCES org
) WITHOUT ROWID;
INSERT INTO org VALUES('Alice',NULL);
INSERT INTO org VALUES('Bob','Alice');
INSERT INTO org VALUES('Cindy','Alice');
INSERT INTO org VALUES('Dave','Bob');
INSERT INTO org VALUES('Emma','Bob');
INSERT INTO org VALUES('Fred','Cindy');
INSERT INTO org VALUES('Gail','Cindy');
</pre></blockquote>

<p>Here is a query to show the tree structure in a breadth-first pattern:

<blockquote><pre>
WITH RECURSIVE
  under_alice(name,level) AS (
    VALUES('Alice',0)
    UNION ALL
    SELECT org.name, under_alice.level+1
      FROM org JOIN under_alice ON org.boss=under_alice.name
     ORDER BY 2
  )
SELECT substr('..........',1,level*3) || name FROM under_alice;
</pre></blockquote>

<p>The "ORDER BY 2" (which means the same as "ORDER BY under_alice.level+1")
causes higher levels in the organization chart (with smaller "level" values)
to be processed first, resulting in a breadth-first search.  The output is:

<blockquote><pre>
Alice
...Bob
...Cindy
......Dave
......Emma
......Fred
......Gail
</pre></blockquote>

<p>But if we change the ORDER BY clause to add the "DESC" modifier, that will
cause lower levels in the organization (with larger "level" values) to be
processed first by the recursive-select, resulting in a depth-first search:

<blockquote><pre>
WITH RECURSIVE
  under_alice(name,level) AS (
    VALUES('Alice',0)
    UNION ALL
    SELECT org.name, under_alice.level+1
      FROM org JOIN under_alice ON org.boss=under_alice.name
     ORDER BY 2 <b>DESC</b>
  )
SELECT substr('..........',1,level*3) || name FROM under_alice;
</pre></blockquote>

<p>The output of this revised query is:

<blockquote><pre>
Alice
...Bob
......Dave
......Emma
...Cindy
......Fred
......Gail
</pre></blockquote>

<p>When the ORDER BY clause is omitted from the recursive-select, the
queue behaves as a FIFO, which results in a breadth-first search.


<a name="mandelbrot"></a>

<h4>Outlandish Recursive Query Examples</h4>

<p>The following query computes an approximation of the Mandelbrot Set
and outputs the result as ASCII-art:

<blockquote><pre>
WITH RECURSIVE
  xaxis(x) AS (VALUES(-2.0) UNION ALL SELECT x+0.05 FROM xaxis WHERE x&lt;1.2),
  yaxis(y) AS (VALUES(-1.0) UNION ALL SELECT y+0.1 FROM yaxis WHERE y&lt;1.0),
  m(iter, cx, cy, x, y) AS (
    SELECT 0, x, y, 0.0, 0.0 FROM xaxis, yaxis
    UNION ALL
    SELECT iter+1, cx, cy, x*x-y*y + cx, 2.0*x*y + cy FROM m 








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678

The ORDER BY essentially sets up a priority queue that
forces the recursive query to look at the most recent ancestors first,
allowing the use of a LIMIT clause to restrict the scope of the
query to just the checkins of interest.

<a name="withorderby"></a>

</p><h2 id="controlling_depth_first_versus_breadth_first_search_of_a_tree_using_order_by"><span>3.4. </span>Controlling Depth-First Versus Breadth-First Search Of a Tree
Using ORDER BY</h2>

<p>An ORDER BY clause on the recursive-select can be used to control
whether the search of a tree is depth-first or breadth-first.  To
illustrate, we will use a variation on the "org" table from an example
above, without the "height" column, and with some real data inserted:

</p><blockquote><pre>
CREATE TABLE org(
  name TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
  boss TEXT REFERENCES org
) WITHOUT ROWID;
INSERT INTO org VALUES('Alice',NULL);
INSERT INTO org VALUES('Bob','Alice');
INSERT INTO org VALUES('Cindy','Alice');
INSERT INTO org VALUES('Dave','Bob');
INSERT INTO org VALUES('Emma','Bob');
INSERT INTO org VALUES('Fred','Cindy');
INSERT INTO org VALUES('Gail','Cindy');
</pre></blockquote>

<p>Here is a query to show the tree structure in a breadth-first pattern:

</p><blockquote><pre>
WITH RECURSIVE
  under_alice(name,level) AS (
    VALUES('Alice',0)
    UNION ALL
    SELECT org.name, under_alice.level+1
      FROM org JOIN under_alice ON org.boss=under_alice.name
     ORDER BY 2
  )
SELECT substr('..........',1,level*3) || name FROM under_alice;
</pre></blockquote>

<p>The "ORDER BY 2" (which means the same as "ORDER BY under_alice.level+1")
causes higher levels in the organization chart (with smaller "level" values)
to be processed first, resulting in a breadth-first search.  The output is:

</p><blockquote><pre>
Alice
...Bob
...Cindy
......Dave
......Emma
......Fred
......Gail
</pre></blockquote>

<p>But if we change the ORDER BY clause to add the "DESC" modifier, that will
cause lower levels in the organization (with larger "level" values) to be
processed first by the recursive-select, resulting in a depth-first search:

</p><blockquote><pre>
WITH RECURSIVE
  under_alice(name,level) AS (
    VALUES('Alice',0)
    UNION ALL
    SELECT org.name, under_alice.level+1
      FROM org JOIN under_alice ON org.boss=under_alice.name
     ORDER BY 2 <b>DESC</b>
  )
SELECT substr('..........',1,level*3) || name FROM under_alice;
</pre></blockquote>

<p>The output of this revised query is:

</p><blockquote><pre>
Alice
...Bob
......Dave
......Emma
...Cindy
......Fred
......Gail
</pre></blockquote>

<p>When the ORDER BY clause is omitted from the recursive-select, the
queue behaves as a FIFO, which results in a breadth-first search.


<a name="mandelbrot"></a>

</p><h2 id="outlandish_recursive_query_examples"><span>3.5. </span>Outlandish Recursive Query Examples</h2>

<p>The following query computes an approximation of the Mandelbrot Set
and outputs the result as ASCII-art:

</p><blockquote><pre>
WITH RECURSIVE
  xaxis(x) AS (VALUES(-2.0) UNION ALL SELECT x+0.05 FROM xaxis WHERE x&lt;1.2),
  yaxis(y) AS (VALUES(-1.0) UNION ALL SELECT y+0.1 FROM yaxis WHERE y&lt;1.0),
  m(iter, cx, cy, x, y) AS (
    SELECT 0, x, y, 0.0, 0.0 FROM xaxis, yaxis
    UNION ALL
    SELECT iter+1, cx, cy, x*x-y*y + cx, 2.0*x*y + cy FROM m
︙︙
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The "m2(iter,cx,cy)" CTE holds the maximum number of iterations reached when
starting at point cx,cy.
Finally, each row in the "a(t)" CTE holds a string 
which is a single line of the output ASCII-art.
The SELECT statement at the end just queries the "a" CTE to
retrieve all lines of ASCII-art, one by one.

<p>Running the query above in an SQLite <a href="cli.html">command-line shell</a> results
in the following output:

<blockquote><pre>
                                    ....#
                                   ..#*..
                                 ..+####+.
                            .......+####....   +
                           ..##+*##########+.++++
                          .+.##################+.
              .............+###################+.+








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697
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714

The "m2(iter,cx,cy)" CTE holds the maximum number of iterations reached when
starting at point cx,cy.
Finally, each row in the "a(t)" CTE holds a string 
which is a single line of the output ASCII-art.
The SELECT statement at the end just queries the "a" CTE to
retrieve all lines of ASCII-art, one by one.

</p><p>Running the query above in an SQLite <a href="cli.html">command-line shell</a> results
in the following output:

</p><blockquote><pre>
                                    ....#
                                   ..#*..
                                 ..+####+.
                            .......+####....   +
                           ..##+*##########+.++++
                          .+.##################+.
              .............+###################+.+
︙︙
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723
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726
727
728
729
730


<p>This next query solves a Sudoku puzzle.  The state of the puzzle is
defined by an 81-character string formed by reading entries from the
puzzle box row by row from left to right and then from top to bottom.
Blank squares in the puzzle are denoted by a "." character.  
Thus the input string:

<blockquote>
53..7....6..195....98....6.8...6...34..8.3..17...2...6.6....28....419..5....8..79
</blockquote>

<p>Corresponds to a puzzle like this:

<blockquote>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
<tr><td>5<td>3<td> <td> <td>7<td> <td> <td> <td>
<tr><td>6<td> <td> <td>1<td>9<td>5<td> <td> <td>
<tr><td> <td>9<td>8<td> <td> <td> <td> <td>6<td>
<tr><td>8<td> <td> <td> <td>6<td> <td> <td> <td>3
<tr><td>4<td> <td> <td>8<td> <td>3<td> <td> <td>1
<tr><td>7<td> <td> <td> <td>2<td> <td> <td> <td>6
<tr><td> <td>6<td> <td> <td> <td> <td>2<td>8<td>
<tr><td> <td> <td> <td>4<td>1<td>9<td> <td> <td>5
<tr><td> <td> <td> <td> <td>8<td> <td> <td>7<td>9
</table>
</blockquote>

<p>This is the query that solves the puzzle:

<blockquote><pre>
WITH RECURSIVE
  input(sud) AS (
    VALUES('53..7....6..195....98....6.8...6...34..8.3..17...2...6.6....28....419..5....8..79')
  ),
  digits(z, lp) AS (
    VALUES('1', 1)
    UNION ALL SELECT








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<p>This next query solves a Sudoku puzzle.  The state of the puzzle is
defined by an 81-character string formed by reading entries from the
puzzle box row by row from left to right and then from top to bottom.
Blank squares in the puzzle are denoted by a "." character.  
Thus the input string:

</p><blockquote>
53..7....6..195....98....6.8...6...34..8.3..17...2...6.6....28....419..5....8..79
</blockquote>

<p>Corresponds to a puzzle like this:

</p><blockquote>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
<tr><td>5</td><td>3</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>7</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>
</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>1</td><td>9</td><td>5</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>
</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>9</td><td>8</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>6</td><td>
</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>6</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>3
</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>8</td><td> </td><td>3</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>1
</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>2</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>6
</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>6</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>2</td><td>8</td><td>
</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>4</td><td>1</td><td>9</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>5
</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>8</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>7</td><td>9
</td></tr></table>
</blockquote>

<p>This is the query that solves the puzzle:

</p><blockquote><pre>
WITH RECURSIVE
  input(sud) AS (
    VALUES('53..7....6..195....98....6.8...6...34..8.3..17...2...6.6....28....419..5....8..79')
  ),
  digits(z, lp) AS (
    VALUES('1', 1)
    UNION ALL SELECT
︙︙
755
756
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The "digits" CTE defines a table that holds all digits between 1 and 9.
The work of solving the puzzle is undertaken by the "x" CTE.
An entry in x(s,ind) means that the 81-character string "s" is a valid
sudoku puzzle (it has no conflicts) and that the first unknown character
is at position "ind", or ind==0 if all character positions are filled in.
The goal, then, is to compute entries for "x" with an "ind" of 0.

<p>The solver works by adding new entries to the "x" recursive table.
Given prior entries, the recursive-select tries to fill in a single new
position with all values between 1 and 9 that actually work in that
position.  The complicated "NOT EXISTS" subquery is the magic that
figures out whether or not each candidate "s" string is a valid
sudoku puzzle or not.

<p>The final answer is found by looking for a string with ind==0.
If the original sudoku problem did not have a unique solution, then
the query will return all possible solutions.  If the original problem
was unsolvable, then no rows will be returned.  In this case, the unique
answer is:

<blockquote>
534678912672195348198342567859761423426853791713924856961537284287419635345286179
</blockquote>

<p>The solution was computed in less than 300 milliseconds on a modern
workstation.

<h3>Limitations And Caveats</h3>

<ul>
<li><p>
The WITH clause cannot be used within a <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a>.
<li><p>
The WITH clause must appear at the beginning of a top-level <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement
or at the beginning of a subquery.  The WITH clause cannot be prepended to
the second or subsequent SELECT statement of a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound select</a>.
<li><p>
The SQL:1999 spec requires that the RECURSIVE keyword follow WITH in any
WITH clause that includes a recursive common table expression.  However, for
compatibility with SqlServer and Oracle, SQLite does not enforce this rule.
</ul>










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The "digits" CTE defines a table that holds all digits between 1 and 9.
The work of solving the puzzle is undertaken by the "x" CTE.
An entry in x(s,ind) means that the 81-character string "s" is a valid
sudoku puzzle (it has no conflicts) and that the first unknown character
is at position "ind", or ind==0 if all character positions are filled in.
The goal, then, is to compute entries for "x" with an "ind" of 0.

</p><p>The solver works by adding new entries to the "x" recursive table.
Given prior entries, the recursive-select tries to fill in a single new
position with all values between 1 and 9 that actually work in that
position.  The complicated "NOT EXISTS" subquery is the magic that
figures out whether or not each candidate "s" string is a valid
sudoku puzzle or not.

</p><p>The final answer is found by looking for a string with ind==0.
If the original sudoku problem did not have a unique solution, then
the query will return all possible solutions.  If the original problem
was unsolvable, then no rows will be returned.  In this case, the unique
answer is:

</p><blockquote>
534678912672195348198342567859761423426853791713924856961537284287419635345286179
</blockquote>

<p>The solution was computed in less than 300 milliseconds on a modern
workstation.

</p><h1 id="limitations_and_caveats"><span>4. </span>Limitations And Caveats</h1>

<ul>
<li><p>
The WITH clause cannot be used within a <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a>.
</p></li><li><p>
The WITH clause must appear at the beginning of a top-level <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement
or at the beginning of a subquery.  The WITH clause cannot be prepended to
the second or subsequent SELECT statement of a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound select</a>.
</p></li><li><p>
The SQL:1999 spec requires that the RECURSIVE keyword follow WITH in any
WITH clause that includes a recursive common table expression.  However, for
compatibility with SqlServer and Oracle, SQLite does not enforce this rule.
</p></li></ul>
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/pragma.html.
︙︙
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}, 30);
}
}
function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){








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}, 30);
}
}
function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
︙︙
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feature becomes officially supported.
<li><p>
The table-valued functions for PRAGMA feature was added
in SQLite version 3.16.0 (2017-01-02).  Prior versions of SQLite
cannot use this feature.
</ul>


<hr /><a name="toc"></a>
<h2>List Of PRAGMAs</h2>
<style>
#listtab36 tr td {vertical-align:top;}
</style>
<table id='listtab36' width='100%'></table>
<script>

var listitems36 = [{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_application_id","x":"application_id","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum","x":"auto_vacuum","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_automatic_index","x":"automatic_index","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_busy_timeout","x":"busy_timeout","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_cache_size","x":"cache_size","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_cache_spill","x":"cache_spill","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_case_sensitive_like","x":"case_sensitive_like","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_cell_size_check","x":"cell_size_check","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_checkpoint_fullfsync","x":"checkpoint_fullfsync","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_collation_list","x":"collation_list","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_compile_options","x":"compile_options","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_count_changes","x":"count_changes","s":3},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_data_store_directory","x":"data_store_directory","s":3},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_data_version","x":"data_version","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_database_list","x":"database_list","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_default_cache_size","x":"default_cache_size","s":3},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_defer_foreign_keys","x":"defer_foreign_keys","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_empty_result_callbacks","x":"empty_result_callbacks","s":3},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_encoding","x":"encoding","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_foreign_key_check","x":"foreign_key_check","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_foreign_key_list","x":"foreign_key_list","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys","x":"foreign_keys","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_freelist_count","x":"freelist_count","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_full_column_names","x":"full_column_names","s":3},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_fullfsync","x":"fullfsync","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_function_list","x":"function_list","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_hard_heap_limit","x":"hard_heap_limit","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_ignore_check_constraints","x":"ignore_check_constraints","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_incremental_vacuum","x":"incremental_vacuum","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_index_info","x":"index_info","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_index_list","x":"index_list","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_index_xinfo","x":"index_xinfo","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_integrity_check","x":"integrity_check","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_journal_mode","x":"journal_mode","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_journal_size_limit","x":"journal_size_limit","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_legacy_alter_table","x":"legacy_alter_table","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_legacy_file_format","x":"legacy_file_format","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_locking_mode","x":"locking_mode","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_max_page_count","x":"max_page_count","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_mmap_size","x":"mmap_size","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_module_list","x":"module_list","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_optimize","x":"optimize","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_page_count","x":"page_count","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_page_size","x":"page_size","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_parser_trace","x":"parser_trace","s":4},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_pragma_list","x":"pragma_list","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_query_only","x":"query_only","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_quick_check","x":"quick_check","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_read_uncommitted","x":"read_uncommitted","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_recursive_triggers","x":"recursive_triggers","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_reverse_unordered_selects","x":"reverse_unordered_selects","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_schema_version","x":"schema_version","s":5},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_secure_delete","x":"secure_delete","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_short_column_names","x":"short_column_names","s":3},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_shrink_memory","x":"shrink_memory","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_soft_heap_limit","x":"soft_heap_limit","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_stats","x":"stats","s":5},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_synchronous","x":"synchronous","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_table_info","x":"table_info","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_table_xinfo","x":"table_xinfo","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_temp_store","x":"temp_store","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_temp_store_directory","x":"temp_store_directory","s":3},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_threads","x":"threads","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_trusted_schema","x":"trusted_schema","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_user_version","x":"user_version","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_vdbe_addoptrace","x":"vdbe_addoptrace","s":4},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_vdbe_debug","x":"vdbe_debug","s":4},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_vdbe_listing","x":"vdbe_listing","s":4},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_vdbe_trace","x":"vdbe_trace","s":4},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_wal_autocheckpoint","x":"wal_autocheckpoint","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_wal_checkpoint","x":"wal_checkpoint","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema","x":"writable_schema","s":5}];
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<p>Notes:
<ol>
<li>Pragmas whose names are <s>struck through</s>
are deprecated. Do not use them. They exist
for historical compatibility.
<li>These pragmas are only available in builds using non-standard
compile-time options.
<li>These pragmas are used for testing SQLite and are not recommended
for use in application programs.</ol></p>





























<a name="pragma_application_id"></a>
<h _id=pragma_application_id style="display:none"> PRAGMA application_id</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>application_id;
     <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>application_id = </b><i>integer </i><b>;</b>
  
<p>    The application_id PRAGMA is used to query or set the 32-bit
       signed big-endian "Application ID" integer located at offset
       68 into the <a href="fileformat2.html#database_header">database header</a>.  Applications that use SQLite as their
       <a href="appfileformat.html">application file-format</a> should set the Application ID integer to
       a unique integer so that utilities such as 
       <a href="http://www.darwinsys.com/file/">file(1)</a> can determine the specific
       file type rather than just reporting "SQLite3 Database".  A list of
       assigned application IDs can be seen by consulting the








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feature becomes officially supported.
<li><p>
The table-valued functions for PRAGMA feature was added
in SQLite version 3.16.0 (2017-01-02).  Prior versions of SQLite
cannot use this feature.
</ul>


<hr /><a name="toc"></a>
<h2>List Of PRAGMAs</h2>
<div class='columns' style='columns: 12em auto;'>

<ul style='padding-top:0;'>


<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_analysis_limit'>analysis_limit</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_application_id'>application_id</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum'>auto_vacuum</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_automatic_index'>automatic_index</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_busy_timeout'>busy_timeout</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_cache_size'>cache_size</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_cache_spill'>cache_spill</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_case_sensitive_like'>case_sensitive_like</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_cell_size_check'>cell_size_check</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_checkpoint_fullfsync'>checkpoint_fullfsync</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_collation_list'>collation_list</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_compile_options'>compile_options</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_count_changes'><s>count_changes&sup1;</s></a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_data_store_directory'><s>data_store_directory&sup1;</s></a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_data_version'>data_version</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_database_list'>database_list</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_default_cache_size'><s>default_cache_size&sup1;</s></a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_defer_foreign_keys'>defer_foreign_keys</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_empty_result_callbacks'><s>empty_result_callbacks&sup1;</s></a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_encoding'>encoding</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_foreign_key_check'>foreign_key_check</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_foreign_key_list'>foreign_key_list</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys'>foreign_keys</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_freelist_count'>freelist_count</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_full_column_names'><s>full_column_names&sup1;</s></a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_fullfsync'>fullfsync</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_function_list'>function_list</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_hard_heap_limit'>hard_heap_limit</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_ignore_check_constraints'>ignore_check_constraints</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_incremental_vacuum'>incremental_vacuum</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_index_info'>index_info</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_index_list'>index_list</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_index_xinfo'>index_xinfo</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_integrity_check'>integrity_check</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_journal_mode'>journal_mode</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_journal_size_limit'>journal_size_limit</a></li>














<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_legacy_alter_table'>legacy_alter_table</a></li>

<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_legacy_file_format'>legacy_file_format</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_locking_mode'>locking_mode</a></li>

<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_max_page_count'>max_page_count</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_mmap_size'>mmap_size</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_module_list'>module_list</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_optimize'>optimize</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_page_count'>page_count</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_page_size'>page_size</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_parser_trace'>parser_trace&sup2;</a></li>

<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_pragma_list'>pragma_list</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_query_only'>query_only</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_quick_check'>quick_check</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_read_uncommitted'>read_uncommitted</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_recursive_triggers'>recursive_triggers</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_reverse_unordered_selects'>reverse_unordered_selects</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_schema_version'>schema_version&sup3;</a></li>

<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_secure_delete'>secure_delete</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_short_column_names'><s>short_column_names&sup1;</s></a></li>




<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_shrink_memory'>shrink_memory</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_soft_heap_limit'>soft_heap_limit</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_stats'>stats&sup3;</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_synchronous'>synchronous</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_table_info'>table_info</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_table_xinfo'>table_xinfo</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_temp_store'>temp_store</a></li>

<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_temp_store_directory'><s>temp_store_directory&sup1;</s></a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_threads'>threads</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_trusted_schema'>trusted_schema</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_user_version'>user_version</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_vdbe_addoptrace'>vdbe_addoptrace&sup2;</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_vdbe_debug'>vdbe_debug&sup2;</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_vdbe_listing'>vdbe_listing&sup2;</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_vdbe_trace'>vdbe_trace&sup2;</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_wal_autocheckpoint'>wal_autocheckpoint</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_wal_checkpoint'>wal_checkpoint</a></li>
<li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema'>writable_schema&sup3;</a></li>
</ul>











</div>

<p>Notes:
<ol>
<li>Pragmas whose names are <s>struck through</s>
are deprecated. Do not use them. They exist
for historical compatibility.
<li>These pragmas are only available in builds using non-standard
compile-time options.
<li>These pragmas are used for testing SQLite and are not recommended
for use in application programs.</ol></p>
<a name="pragma_analysis_limit"></a>
<h _id=pragma_analysis_limit style="display:none"> PRAGMA analysis_limit</h><hr>
   <p><b>PRAGMA analysis_limit;
        <br>PRAGMA analysis_limit = </b><i>N</i><b>;</b></p>
   <p>Query or change a limit on the <a href="lang_analyze.html#approx">approximate ANALYZE</a> setting.
      This is approximate number of
      rows examined in each index by the <a href="lang_analyze.html">ANALYZE</a> command.
      If the argument <i>N</i> is omitted, then the analysis limit
      is unchanged.
      If the limit is zero, then the analysis limit is disabled and
      the ANALYZE command will examine all rows of each index.
      If N is greater than zero, then the analysis limit is set to N
      and subsequent ANALYZE commands will breaks off processing
      each index after it has examined approximately N rows.
      If N is a negative number or something other than an integer value,
      then the pragma behaves as if the N argument was omitted.
      In all cases, the value returned is the new analysis limit used
      for subsequent ANALYZE commands.
   <p>This pragma can be used to help the ANALYZE command run faster
      on large databases.  The results of analysis are not as good
      when only part of each index is examined, but the results are
      usually good enough.  Setting N to 100 or 1000 allows the
      ANALYZE command to run very quickly, even on multi-gigabyte
      database files.  This pragma is particularly useful in combination
      with <a href="pragma.html#pragma_optimize">PRAGMA optimize</a>.
   <p>This pragma was added in SQLite version 3.32.0 (2020-05-22).
      The current implementation only uses the lower 31 bits of the
      N value - higher order bits are silently ignored.  Future versions
      of SQLite might begin using higher order bits.
<a name="pragma_application_id"></a>
<h _id=pragma_application_id style="display:none"> PRAGMA application_id</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>application_id;
     <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>application_id = </b><i>integer </i><b>;</b>
  
    <p>The application_id PRAGMA is used to query or set the 32-bit
       signed big-endian "Application ID" integer located at offset
       68 into the <a href="fileformat2.html#database_header">database header</a>.  Applications that use SQLite as their
       <a href="appfileformat.html">application file-format</a> should set the Application ID integer to
       a unique integer so that utilities such as 
       <a href="http://www.darwinsys.com/file/">file(1)</a> can determine the specific
       file type rather than just reporting "SQLite3 Database".  A list of
       assigned application IDs can be seen by consulting the
︙︙
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    <p>Query or change the count-changes flag. Normally, when the
    count-changes flag is not set, <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>, <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> and <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a> statements
    return no data. When count-changes is set, each of these commands 
    returns a single row of data consisting of one integer value - the
    number of rows inserted, modified or deleted by the command. The 
    returned change count does not include any insertions, modifications
    or deletions performed by triggers, any changes made automatically
    by <a href="foreignkeys.html#fk_actions">foreign key actions</a>, or updates caused by an <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">upsert</a>.</p>

    <p>Another way to get the row change counts is to use the
    <a href="c3ref/changes.html">sqlite3_changes()</a> or <a href="c3ref/total_changes.html">sqlite3_total_changes()</a> interfaces.
    There is a subtle different, though.  When an INSERT, UPDATE, or
    DELETE is run against a view using an <a href="lang_createtrigger.html#instead_of_trigger">INSTEAD OF trigger</a>,
    the count_changes pragma reports the number of rows in the view
    that fired the trigger, whereas <a href="c3ref/changes.html">sqlite3_changes()</a> and








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    <p>Query or change the count-changes flag. Normally, when the
    count-changes flag is not set, <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>, <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> and <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a> statements
    return no data. When count-changes is set, each of these commands 
    returns a single row of data consisting of one integer value - the
    number of rows inserted, modified or deleted by the command. The 
    returned change count does not include any insertions, modifications
    or deletions performed by triggers, any changes made automatically
    by <a href="foreignkeys.html#fk_actions">foreign key actions</a>, or updates caused by an <a href="lang_upsert.html">upsert</a>.</p>

    <p>Another way to get the row change counts is to use the
    <a href="c3ref/changes.html">sqlite3_changes()</a> or <a href="c3ref/total_changes.html">sqlite3_total_changes()</a> interfaces.
    There is a subtle different, though.  When an INSERT, UPDATE, or
    DELETE is run against a view using an <a href="lang_createtrigger.html#instead_of_trigger">INSTEAD OF trigger</a>,
    the count_changes pragma reports the number of rows in the view
    that fired the trigger, whereas <a href="c3ref/changes.html">sqlite3_changes()</a> and
︙︙
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    <p>For compatibility with older <a href="vtab.html">virtual table</a> implementations,
    this flag is turned on temporarily while the <a href="vtab.html#xrename">sqlite3_module.xRename</a>
    method is being run.  The value of this flag is restore after the 
    <a href="vtab.html#xrename">sqlite3_module.xRename</a> method finishes.
    <p>The legacy alter table behavior can also be toggled on and off
    using the <a href="c3ref/c_dbconfig_defensive.html#sqlitedbconfiglegacyaltertable">SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_ALTER_TABLE</a> option to the
    <a href="c3ref/db_config.html">sqlite3_db_config()</a> interface.





<a name="pragma_legacy_file_format"></a>
<h _id=pragma_legacy_file_format style="display:none"> PRAGMA legacy_file_format</h><hr>
   <p><b>PRAGMA legacy_file_format;</b>
    <p>This pragma no longer functions.  It has become a no-op.
    The capabilities formerly provided by PRAGMA legacy_file_format
    are now available using the <a href="c3ref/c_dbconfig_defensive.html#sqlitedbconfiglegacyfileformat">SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_FILE_FORMAT</a>
    option to the <a href="c3ref/db_config.html">sqlite3_db_config()</a> C-language interface.








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>








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    <p>For compatibility with older <a href="vtab.html">virtual table</a> implementations,
    this flag is turned on temporarily while the <a href="vtab.html#xrename">sqlite3_module.xRename</a>
    method is being run.  The value of this flag is restore after the 
    <a href="vtab.html#xrename">sqlite3_module.xRename</a> method finishes.
    <p>The legacy alter table behavior can also be toggled on and off
    using the <a href="c3ref/c_dbconfig_defensive.html#sqlitedbconfiglegacyaltertable">SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_ALTER_TABLE</a> option to the
    <a href="c3ref/db_config.html">sqlite3_db_config()</a> interface.
    <p>The legacy alter table behavior is a per-connection setting.  Turning
    this features on or off affects all attached database files within the
    <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a>.
    The setting does not persist.  Changing this setting in one connection
    does not affect any other connections.
<a name="pragma_legacy_file_format"></a>
<h _id=pragma_legacy_file_format style="display:none"> PRAGMA legacy_file_format</h><hr>
   <p><b>PRAGMA legacy_file_format;</b>
    <p>This pragma no longer functions.  It has become a no-op.
    The capabilities formerly provided by PRAGMA legacy_file_format
    are now available using the <a href="c3ref/c_dbconfig_defensive.html#sqlitedbconfiglegacyfileformat">SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_FILE_FORMAT</a>
    option to the <a href="c3ref/db_config.html">sqlite3_db_config()</a> C-language interface.
︙︙
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<h1 align="center">List of SQLite Syntax Diagrams</h1>

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</div>


<h1 align="center">List of SQLite Syntax Diagrams</h1>

<div class='columns' style='columns: 15em auto;'>

<ul style='padding-top:0;'>


<li><a href='syntax/aggregate-function-invocation.html'>aggregate-function-invocation</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/alter-table-stmt.html'>alter-table-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/analyze-stmt.html'>analyze-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/attach-stmt.html'>attach-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/begin-stmt.html'>begin-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/column-def.html'>column-def</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/column-name-list.html'>column-name-list</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/comment-syntax.html'>comment-syntax</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/commit-stmt.html'>commit-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/common-table-expression.html'>common-table-expression</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/compound-operator.html'>compound-operator</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/conflict-clause.html'>conflict-clause</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/create-index-stmt.html'>create-index-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/create-table-stmt.html'>create-table-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/create-view-stmt.html'>create-view-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/create-virtual-table-stmt.html'>create-virtual-table-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/cte-table-name.html'>cte-table-name</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/delete-stmt.html'>delete-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/delete-stmt-limited.html'>delete-stmt-limited</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/detach-stmt.html'>detach-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/drop-index-stmt.html'>drop-index-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/drop-table-stmt.html'>drop-table-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/drop-trigger-stmt.html'>drop-trigger-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/drop-view-stmt.html'>drop-view-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/expr.html'>expr</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/filter-clause.html'>filter-clause</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/foreign-key-clause.html'>foreign-key-clause</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/frame-spec.html'>frame-spec</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/indexed-column.html'>indexed-column</a></li>














<li><a href='syntax/insert-stmt.html'>insert-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/join-clause.html'>join-clause</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/join-constraint.html'>join-constraint</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/join-operator.html'>join-operator</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/literal-value.html'>literal-value</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/numeric-literal.html'>numeric-literal</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a></li>

<li><a href='syntax/over-clause.html'>over-clause</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/pragma-stmt.html'>pragma-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/pragma-value.html'>pragma-value</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/qualified-table-name.html'>qualified-table-name</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/raise-function.html'>raise-function</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/recursive-cte.html'>recursive-cte</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/reindex-stmt.html'>reindex-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/release-stmt.html'>release-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/result-column.html'>result-column</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/rollback-stmt.html'>rollback-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/savepoint-stmt.html'>savepoint-stmt</a></li>







<li><a href='syntax/select-core.html'>select-core</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/signed-number.html'>signed-number</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/simple-function-invocation.html'>simple-function-invocation</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a></li>

<li><a href='syntax/sql-stmt-list.html'>sql-stmt-list</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/table-constraint.html'>table-constraint</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/type-name.html'>type-name</a></li>

<li><a href='syntax/update-stmt.html'>update-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/upsert-clause.html'>upsert-clause</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/vacuum-stmt.html'>vacuum-stmt</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/window-defn.html'>window-defn</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/window-function-invocation.html'>window-function-invocation</a></li>
<li><a href='syntax/with-clause.html'>with-clause</a></li>
</ul>











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<h1 align='center'>column-name-list</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="../images/syntax/column-name-list.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt.html'>update-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./upsert-clause.html'>upsert-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>
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</script>
</div>
<h1 align='center'>column-name-list</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="../images/syntax/column-name-list.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt.html'>update-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./upsert-clause.html'>upsert-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a>
</div>
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<h1 align='center'>common-table-expression</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
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Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>common-table-expression</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="../images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</div>
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</div>
<h1 align='center'>compound-operator</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="../images/syntax/compound-operator.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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</div>
<h1 align='center'>compound-operator</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="../images/syntax/compound-operator.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</div>
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</div>
<h1 align='center'>expr</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="../images/syntax/expr.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./aggregate-function-invocation.html'>aggregate-function-invocation</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./attach-stmt.html'>attach-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-index-stmt.html'>create-index-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt.html'>delete-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt-limited.html'>delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./filter-clause.html'>filter-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./frame-spec.html'>frame-spec</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./indexed-column.html'>indexed-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./insert-stmt.html'>insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-constraint.html'>join-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./over-clause.html'>over-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./result-column.html'>result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./simple-function-invocation.html'>simple-function-invocation</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-constraint.html'>table-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt.html'>update-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./upsert-clause.html'>upsert-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./window-defn.html'>window-defn</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./window-function-invocation.html'>window-function-invocation</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./filter-clause.html'>filter-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./literal-value.html'>literal-value</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./over-clause.html'>over-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./raise-function.html'>raise-function</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./type-name.html'>type-name</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>expr</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="../images/syntax/expr.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./aggregate-function-invocation.html'>aggregate-function-invocation</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./attach-stmt.html'>attach-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-index-stmt.html'>create-index-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt.html'>delete-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt-limited.html'>delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./filter-clause.html'>filter-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./frame-spec.html'>frame-spec</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./indexed-column.html'>indexed-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./insert-stmt.html'>insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-constraint.html'>join-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./over-clause.html'>over-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./result-column.html'>result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./simple-function-invocation.html'>simple-function-invocation</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-constraint.html'>table-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt.html'>update-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./upsert-clause.html'>upsert-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./window-defn.html'>window-defn</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./window-function-invocation.html'>window-function-invocation</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./filter-clause.html'>filter-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./literal-value.html'>literal-value</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./over-clause.html'>over-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./raise-function.html'>raise-function</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./type-name.html'>type-name</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
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if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
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</div>
<h1 align='center'>indexed-column</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="../images/syntax/indexed-column.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-index-stmt.html'>create-index-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-constraint.html'>table-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./upsert-clause.html'>upsert-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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</div>
<h1 align='center'>indexed-column</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="../images/syntax/indexed-column.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-index-stmt.html'>create-index-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-constraint.html'>table-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./upsert-clause.html'>upsert-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</div>
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if( !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
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function hideorshow(btn,obj){
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</div>
<h1 align='center'>join-clause</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="../images/syntax/join-clause.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-constraint.html'>join-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-operator.html'>join-operator</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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</div>
<h1 align='center'>join-clause</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="../images/syntax/join-clause.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-constraint.html'>join-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-operator.html'>join-operator</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</div>
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<h1 align='center'>join-constraint</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="../images/syntax/join-constraint.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>join-constraint</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="../images/syntax/join-constraint.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>join-operator</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="../images/syntax/join-operator.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>join-operator</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="../images/syntax/join-operator.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>literal-value</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="../images/syntax/literal-value.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>literal-value</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="../images/syntax/literal-value.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</div>
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<h1 align='center'>ordering-term</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="../images/syntax/ordering-term.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt-limited.html'>delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./over-clause.html'>over-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./window-defn.html'>window-defn</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>ordering-term</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="../images/syntax/ordering-term.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt-limited.html'>delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./over-clause.html'>over-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./window-defn.html'>window-defn</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</div>
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<h1 align='center'>raise-function</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="../images/syntax/raise-function.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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</div>
<h1 align='center'>raise-function</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="../images/syntax/raise-function.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</div>
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<h1 align='center'>result-column</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="../images/syntax/result-column.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>result-column</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="../images/syntax/result-column.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</div>
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<h1 align='center'>select-stmt</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="../images/syntax/select-stmt.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./common-table-expression.html'>common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-table-stmt.html'>create-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-view-stmt.html'>create-view-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./insert-stmt.html'>insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./with-clause.html'>with-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./common-table-expression.html'>common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./compound-operator.html'>compound-operator</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./result-column.html'>result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./window-defn.html'>window-defn</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>select-stmt</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="../images/syntax/select-stmt.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./common-table-expression.html'>common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-table-stmt.html'>create-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-view-stmt.html'>create-view-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./insert-stmt.html'>insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./with-clause.html'>with-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./common-table-expression.html'>common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./compound-operator.html'>compound-operator</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./result-column.html'>result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./window-defn.html'>window-defn</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</div>
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</div>
<h1 align='center'>signed-number</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="../images/syntax/signed-number.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./pragma-value.html'>pragma-value</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./type-name.html'>type-name</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../pragma.html'>pragma.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>signed-number</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="../images/syntax/signed-number.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./pragma-value.html'>pragma-value</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./type-name.html'>type-name</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../pragma.html'>pragma.html</a>
</div>
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function hideorshow(btn,obj){
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<h1 align='center'>table-or-subquery</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="../images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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</div>
<h1 align='center'>table-or-subquery</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="../images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</div>
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<h1 align='center'>type-name</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="../images/syntax/type-name.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-def.html'>column-def</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./signed-number.html'>signed-number</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
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<h1 align='center'>type-name</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="../images/syntax/type-name.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-def.html'>column-def</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./signed-number.html'>signed-number</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</div>
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function hideorshow(btn,obj){
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function hideorshow(btn,obj){
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}
function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
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document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
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/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
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function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
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if( !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
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window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
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function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
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/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
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if( !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
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window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
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if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
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See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="indexed-column"></a><h4>indexed-column:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-index-stmt">create-index-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-constraint">table-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#upsert-clause">upsert-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst">lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst">lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="create-table-stmt"></a><h4>create-table-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/create-table-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-def">column-def</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-constraint">table-constraint</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>
</div>

<a name="column-def"></a><h4>column-def:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/column-def.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#alter-table-stmt">alter-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-table-stmt">create-table-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#type-name">type-name</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabaddcol">lang_altertable.html#altertabaddcol</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef">lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef</a>
</div>

<a name="type-name"></a><h4>type-name:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/type-name.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-def">column-def</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#signed-number">signed-number</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="column-constraint"></a><h4>column-constraint:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/column-constraint.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-def">column-def</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#conflict-clause">conflict-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#foreign-key-clause">foreign-key-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#literal-value">literal-value</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#signed-number">signed-number</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="gencol.html">gencol.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef">lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef</a>
</div>

<a name="signed-number"></a><h4>signed-number:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#pragma-value">pragma-value</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#type-name">type-name</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="pragma.html#syntax">pragma.html#syntax</a>
</div>

<a name="table-constraint"></a><h4>table-constraint:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/table-constraint.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-table-stmt">create-table-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#conflict-clause">conflict-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#foreign-key-clause">foreign-key-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#indexed-column">indexed-column</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst">lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef">lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst">lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst</a>








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See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="indexed-column"></a><h4>indexed-column:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-index-stmt">create-index-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-constraint">table-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#upsert-clause">upsert-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst">lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst">lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="create-table-stmt"></a><h4>create-table-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/create-table-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-def">column-def</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-constraint">table-constraint</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>
</div>

<a name="column-def"></a><h4>column-def:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/column-def.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#alter-table-stmt">alter-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-table-stmt">create-table-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#type-name">type-name</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabaddcol">lang_altertable.html#altertabaddcol</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef">lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef</a>
</div>

<a name="type-name"></a><h4>type-name:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/type-name.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-def">column-def</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#signed-number">signed-number</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="column-constraint"></a><h4>column-constraint:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/column-constraint.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-def">column-def</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#conflict-clause">conflict-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#foreign-key-clause">foreign-key-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#literal-value">literal-value</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#signed-number">signed-number</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="gencol.html">gencol.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef">lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef</a>
</div>

<a name="signed-number"></a><h4>signed-number:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#pragma-value">pragma-value</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#type-name">type-name</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="pragma.html#syntax">pragma.html#syntax</a>
</div>

<a name="table-constraint"></a><h4>table-constraint:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/table-constraint.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-table-stmt">create-table-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#conflict-clause">conflict-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#foreign-key-clause">foreign-key-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#indexed-column">indexed-column</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst">lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef">lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst">lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst</a>
︙︙
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See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html#recursivecte">lang_with.html#recursivecte</a>
</div>

<a name="common-table-expression"></a><h4>common-table-expression:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="delete-stmt"></a><h4>delete-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/delete-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#qualified-table-name">qualified-table-name</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>








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See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html#recursivecte">lang_with.html#recursivecte</a>
</div>

<a name="common-table-expression"></a><h4>common-table-expression:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="delete-stmt"></a><h4>delete-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/delete-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#qualified-table-name">qualified-table-name</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>
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See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_dropview.html">lang_dropview.html</a>
</div>

<a name="expr"></a><h4>expr:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/expr.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#aggregate-function-invocation">aggregate-function-invocation</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#attach-stmt">attach-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-index-stmt">create-index-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt">delete-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt-limited">delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#filter-clause">filter-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#frame-spec">frame-spec</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#indexed-column">indexed-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#insert-stmt">insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-constraint">join-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#over-clause">over-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#result-column">result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#simple-function-invocation">simple-function-invocation</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-constraint">table-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt">update-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt-limited">update-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#upsert-clause">upsert-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-function-invocation">window-function-invocation</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#filter-clause">filter-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#literal-value">literal-value</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#over-clause">over-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#raise-function">raise-function</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#type-name">type-name</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="raise-function"></a><h4>raise-function:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html#raise">lang_createtrigger.html#raise</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="literal-value"></a><h4>literal-value:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="numeric-literal"></a><h4>numeric-literal:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/numeric-literal.gif"></img><br></br><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html#litvalue">lang_expr.html#litvalue</a>
</div>

<a name="insert-stmt"></a><h4>insert-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/insert-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#upsert-clause">upsert-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>
</div>

<a name="upsert-clause"></a><h4>upsert-clause:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/upsert-clause.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#insert-stmt">insert-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-name-list">column-name-list</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#indexed-column">indexed-column</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>
</div>

<a name="pragma-stmt"></a><h4>pragma-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/pragma-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#pragma-value">pragma-value</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="pragma.html#syntax">pragma.html#syntax</a>








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See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_dropview.html">lang_dropview.html</a>
</div>

<a name="expr"></a><h4>expr:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/expr.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#aggregate-function-invocation">aggregate-function-invocation</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#attach-stmt">attach-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-index-stmt">create-index-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt">delete-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt-limited">delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#filter-clause">filter-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#frame-spec">frame-spec</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#indexed-column">indexed-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#insert-stmt">insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-constraint">join-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#over-clause">over-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#result-column">result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#simple-function-invocation">simple-function-invocation</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-constraint">table-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt">update-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt-limited">update-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#upsert-clause">upsert-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-function-invocation">window-function-invocation</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#filter-clause">filter-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#literal-value">literal-value</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#over-clause">over-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#raise-function">raise-function</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#type-name">type-name</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="raise-function"></a><h4>raise-function:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html#raise">lang_createtrigger.html#raise</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="literal-value"></a><h4>literal-value:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="numeric-literal"></a><h4>numeric-literal:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/numeric-literal.gif"></img><br></br><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html#litvalue">lang_expr.html#litvalue</a>
</div>

<a name="insert-stmt"></a><h4>insert-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/insert-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#upsert-clause">upsert-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>
</div>

<a name="upsert-clause"></a><h4>upsert-clause:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/upsert-clause.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#insert-stmt">insert-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-name-list">column-name-list</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#indexed-column">indexed-column</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>
</div>

<a name="pragma-stmt"></a><h4>pragma-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/pragma-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#pragma-value">pragma-value</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="pragma.html#syntax">pragma.html#syntax</a>
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See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_reindex.html">lang_reindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="select-stmt"></a><h4>select-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#common-table-expression">common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-table-stmt">create-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-view-stmt">create-view-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#insert-stmt">insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#common-table-expression">common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-operator">compound-operator</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#result-column">result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html#recursivecte">lang_with.html#recursivecte</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="join-clause"></a><h4>join-clause:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-constraint">join-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-operator">join-operator</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="select-core"></a><h4>select-core:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/select-core.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#result-column">result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>








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See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_reindex.html">lang_reindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="select-stmt"></a><h4>select-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#common-table-expression">common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-table-stmt">create-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-view-stmt">create-view-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#insert-stmt">insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#common-table-expression">common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-operator">compound-operator</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#result-column">result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html#recursivecte">lang_with.html#recursivecte</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="join-clause"></a><h4>join-clause:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-constraint">join-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-operator">join-operator</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="select-core"></a><h4>select-core:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/select-core.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#result-column">result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>
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453
454
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See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>
</div>

<a name="table-or-subquery"></a><h4>table-or-subquery:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="result-column"></a><h4>result-column:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/result-column.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="join-operator"></a><h4>join-operator:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#fromclause">lang_select.html#fromclause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="join-constraint"></a><h4>join-constraint:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#fromclause">lang_select.html#fromclause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="ordering-term"></a><h4>ordering-term:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt-limited">delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#over-clause">over-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt-limited">update-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="compound-operator"></a><h4>compound-operator:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html#recursivecte">lang_with.html#recursivecte</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="update-stmt"></a><h4>update-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/update-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-name-list">column-name-list</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#qualified-table-name">qualified-table-name</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>
</div>

<a name="column-name-list"></a><h4>column-name-list:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt">update-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt-limited">update-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#upsert-clause">upsert-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>
</div>

<a name="update-stmt-limited"></a><h4>update-stmt-limited:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/update-stmt-limited.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-name-list">column-name-list</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#qualified-table-name">qualified-table-name</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>








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See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>
</div>

<a name="table-or-subquery"></a><h4>table-or-subquery:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="result-column"></a><h4>result-column:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/result-column.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="join-operator"></a><h4>join-operator:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#fromclause">lang_select.html#fromclause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="join-constraint"></a><h4>join-constraint:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#fromclause">lang_select.html#fromclause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="ordering-term"></a><h4>ordering-term:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt-limited">delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#over-clause">over-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt-limited">update-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="compound-operator"></a><h4>compound-operator:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html#recursivecte">lang_with.html#recursivecte</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="update-stmt"></a><h4>update-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/update-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-name-list">column-name-list</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#qualified-table-name">qualified-table-name</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>
</div>

<a name="column-name-list"></a><h4>column-name-list:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt">update-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt-limited">update-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#upsert-clause">upsert-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>
</div>

<a name="update-stmt-limited"></a><h4>update-stmt-limited:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/update-stmt-limited.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-name-list">column-name-list</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#qualified-table-name">qualified-table-name</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>
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See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_comment.html">lang_comment.html</a>
</div>

<a name="filter-clause"></a><h4>filter-clause:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#aggregate-function-invocation">aggregate-function-invocation</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-function-invocation">window-function-invocation</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="window-defn"></a><h4>window-defn:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-function-invocation">window-function-invocation</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#frame-spec">frame-spec</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="over-clause"></a><h4>over-clause:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#frame-spec">frame-spec</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="frame-spec"></a><h4>frame-spec:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#over-clause">over-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="simple-function-invocation"></a><h4>simple-function-invocation:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/simple-function-invocation.gif"></img><br></br><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">lang_expr.html#booleanexpr</a>
</div>








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See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_comment.html">lang_comment.html</a>
</div>

<a name="filter-clause"></a><h4>filter-clause:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#aggregate-function-invocation">aggregate-function-invocation</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-function-invocation">window-function-invocation</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="window-defn"></a><h4>window-defn:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-function-invocation">window-function-invocation</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#frame-spec">frame-spec</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="over-clause"></a><h4>over-clause:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#frame-spec">frame-spec</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="frame-spec"></a><h4>frame-spec:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#over-clause">over-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="simple-function-invocation"></a><h4>simple-function-invocation:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/simple-function-invocation.gif"></img><br></br><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">lang_expr.html#booleanexpr</a>
</div>
︙︙
Changes to Doc/Special/Core/vtab.html.
︙︙
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}, 30);
}
}
function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){








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}, 30);
}
}
function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
}
/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
function hideorshow(btn,obj){
var x = document.getElementById(obj);
var b = document.getElementById(btn);
if( x.style.display!='none' ){
︙︙
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the implementation must set *pRowid to the rowid of the newly inserted row; 
this will become the value returned by the <a href="c3ref/last_insert_rowid.html">sqlite3_last_insert_rowid()</a>
function. Setting this value in all the other cases is a harmless no-op;
the SQLite engine ignores the *pRowid return value if argc==1 or 
argv[1] is not an SQL NULL.

</p><p>Each call to xUpdate will fall into one of cases shown below.
Not that references to <b>argv&#91;i&#93</b> mean the SQL value
held within the argv&#91;i&#93; object, not the argv&#91;i&#93;
object itself.

</p><blockquote>
<dl>
<dt><b>argc = 1 <br> argv[0] &ne; NULL</b>
</dt><dd><p>








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1355
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the implementation must set *pRowid to the rowid of the newly inserted row; 
this will become the value returned by the <a href="c3ref/last_insert_rowid.html">sqlite3_last_insert_rowid()</a>
function. Setting this value in all the other cases is a harmless no-op;
the SQLite engine ignores the *pRowid return value if argc==1 or 
argv[1] is not an SQL NULL.

</p><p>Each call to xUpdate will fall into one of cases shown below.
Not that references to <b>argv&#91;i&#93;</b> mean the SQL value
held within the argv&#91;i&#93; object, not the argv&#91;i&#93;
object itself.

</p><blockquote>
<dl>
<dt><b>argc = 1 <br> argv[0] &ne; NULL</b>
</dt><dd><p>
︙︙
Changes to Externals/Eagle/lib/Eagle1.0/vendor.eagle.
︙︙
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      # NOTE: Check if the HTTPS security protocols need to be adjusted for
      #       use with the test suite and/or build tools.
      #
      checkForSecurityProtocols stdout \
          [checkForVendorQuiet checkForSecurityProtocols]
    }



















    #
    # HACK: When using [compileCSharp] on .NET Core 3.0, it will produce
    #       compiler warnings complaining about mismatched versions of the
    #       .NET Standard reference assemblies, e.g. 2.0 versus 2.1; Since
    #       the test suite considers these warnings to be an indication of
    #       test failure, we disable them here.
    #
    if {![info exists no(disableWarning1701)] && [isDotNetCore]} then {
      lappend ::eagle_platform(csharpOptions) nowarn:1701
    }

    #
    # HACK: Prevent the Eagle core test suite infrastructure from checking
    #       test constraints that are time-consuming and/or most likely to
    #       be superfluous to third-party test suites (i.e. those that are
    #       not testing the Eagle core library itself).








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>








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      # NOTE: Check if the HTTPS security protocols need to be adjusted for
      #       use with the test suite and/or build tools.
      #
      checkForSecurityProtocols stdout \
          [checkForVendorQuiet checkForSecurityProtocols]
    }

    #
    # HACK: When the Eagle core test suite infrastructure is beta 45 or
    #       lower, override the list of "known" Mono runtime versions.
    #       Eventually, this override should be removed (i.e. once the
    #       Eagle core library included in "Externals" is updated).
    #
    if {[package vcompare \
        $eagle_platform(patchLevel) 1.0.7213.50727] <= 0} then {
      set test_well_known(monoVersions) [list \
          [list 2 0] [list 2 2] [list 2 4] [list 2 6] [list 2 8] \
          [list 2 10] [list 2 11] [list 3 0] [list 3 1] [list 3 2] \
          [list 3 4] [list 3 6] [list 3 8] [list 3 10] [list 3 12] \
          [list 4 0] [list 4 2] [list 4 4] [list 4 6] [list 4 8] \
          [list 5 0] [list 5 2] [list 5 4] [list 5 8] [list 5 10] \
          [list 5 12] [list 5 14] [list 5 16] [list 5 18] [list 5 20] \
          [list 6 0] [list 6 4] [list 6 6] [list 6 8] [list 6 10]]
    }

    #
    # HACK: When using [compileCSharp] on .NET Core 3.0, it will produce
    #       compiler warnings complaining about mismatched versions of the
    #       .NET Standard reference assemblies, e.g. 2.0 versus 2.1; Since
    #       the test suite considers these warnings to be an indication of
    #       test failure, we disable them here.
    #
    if {![info exists no(disableWarning1701)] && [isDotNetCore]} then {
      lappend eagle_platform(csharpOptions) nowarn:1701
    }

    #
    # HACK: Prevent the Eagle core test suite infrastructure from checking
    #       test constraints that are time-consuming and/or most likely to
    #       be superfluous to third-party test suites (i.e. those that are
    #       not testing the Eagle core library itself).
︙︙
Changes to SQLite.Interop/props/sqlite3.props. 
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!--
 *
 * sqlite3.props -
 *
 * Written by Joe Mistachkin.
 * Released to the public domain, use at your own risk!
 *
-->
<Project DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003" ToolsVersion="4.0">
  <PropertyGroup Label="UserMacros">
    <SQLITE_MANIFEST_VERSION>3.31.1.0</SQLITE_MANIFEST_VERSION>
    <SQLITE_RC_VERSION>3,31,1,0</SQLITE_RC_VERSION>
    <SQLITE_COMMON_DEFINES>_CRT_SECURE_NO_DEPRECATE;_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS;_CRT_NONSTDC_NO_DEPRECATE;_CRT_NONSTDC_NO_WARNINGS;SQLITE_THREADSAFE=1;SQLITE_USE_URI=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE=1;SQLITE_SOUNDEX=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_API_ARMOR=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_DBSTAT_VTAB=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_STMTVTAB=1</SQLITE_COMMON_DEFINES>
    <SQLITE_EXTRA_DEFINES>SQLITE_PLACEHOLDER=1;SQLITE_HAS_CODEC=1</SQLITE_EXTRA_DEFINES>
    <SQLITE_WINCE_200X_DEFINES>SQLITE_OMIT_WAL=1</SQLITE_WINCE_200X_DEFINES>
    <SQLITE_WINCE_2013_DEFINES>HAVE_ERRNO_H=1;SQLITE_MSVC_LOCALTIME_API=1</SQLITE_WINCE_2013_DEFINES>
    <SQLITE_DEBUG_DEFINES>SQLITE_DEBUG=1;SQLITE_MEMDEBUG=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPENSIVE_ASSERT=1</SQLITE_DEBUG_DEFINES>
    <SQLITE_RELEASE_DEFINES>SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC=1</SQLITE_RELEASE_DEFINES>
    <SQLITE_DISABLE_WARNINGS>4055;4100;4127;4146;4210;4232;4244;4245;4267;4306;4389;4701;4703;4706</SQLITE_DISABLE_WARNINGS>
    <SQLITE_DISABLE_X64_WARNINGS></SQLITE_DISABLE_X64_WARNINGS>
  </PropertyGroup>












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|

|








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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!--
 *
 * sqlite3.props -
 *
 * Written by Joe Mistachkin.
 * Released to the public domain, use at your own risk!
 *
-->
<Project DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003" ToolsVersion="4.0">
  <PropertyGroup Label="UserMacros">
    <SQLITE_MANIFEST_VERSION>3.32.0.0</SQLITE_MANIFEST_VERSION>
    <SQLITE_RC_VERSION>3,32,0,0</SQLITE_RC_VERSION>
    <SQLITE_COMMON_DEFINES>_CRT_SECURE_NO_DEPRECATE;_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS;_CRT_NONSTDC_NO_DEPRECATE;_CRT_NONSTDC_NO_WARNINGS;SQLITE_THREADSAFE=1;SQLITE_USE_URI=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE=1;SQLITE_SOUNDEX=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_API_ARMOR=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_DBSTAT_VTAB=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_STMTVTAB=1</SQLITE_COMMON_DEFINES>
    <SQLITE_EXTRA_DEFINES>SQLITE_PLACEHOLDER=1</SQLITE_EXTRA_DEFINES>
    <SQLITE_WINCE_200X_DEFINES>SQLITE_OMIT_WAL=1</SQLITE_WINCE_200X_DEFINES>
    <SQLITE_WINCE_2013_DEFINES>HAVE_ERRNO_H=1;SQLITE_MSVC_LOCALTIME_API=1</SQLITE_WINCE_2013_DEFINES>
    <SQLITE_DEBUG_DEFINES>SQLITE_DEBUG=1;SQLITE_MEMDEBUG=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPENSIVE_ASSERT=1</SQLITE_DEBUG_DEFINES>
    <SQLITE_RELEASE_DEFINES>SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC=1</SQLITE_RELEASE_DEFINES>
    <SQLITE_DISABLE_WARNINGS>4055;4100;4127;4146;4210;4232;4244;4245;4267;4306;4389;4701;4703;4706</SQLITE_DISABLE_WARNINGS>
    <SQLITE_DISABLE_X64_WARNINGS></SQLITE_DISABLE_X64_WARNINGS>
  </PropertyGroup>
︙︙
Changes to SQLite.Interop/props/sqlite3.vsprops.
︙︙
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<VisualStudioPropertySheet
	ProjectType="Visual C++"
	Version="8.00"
	Name="sqlite3"
	>
	<UserMacro
		Name="SQLITE_MANIFEST_VERSION"
		Value="3.31.1.0"
		PerformEnvironmentSet="true"
	/>
	<UserMacro
		Name="SQLITE_RC_VERSION"
		Value="3,31,1,0"
		PerformEnvironmentSet="true"
	/>
	<UserMacro
		Name="SQLITE_COMMON_DEFINES"
		Value="_CRT_SECURE_NO_DEPRECATE;_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS;_CRT_NONSTDC_NO_DEPRECATE;_CRT_NONSTDC_NO_WARNINGS;SQLITE_THREADSAFE=1;SQLITE_USE_URI=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE=1;SQLITE_SOUNDEX=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_API_ARMOR=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_DBSTAT_VTAB=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_STMTVTAB=1"
		PerformEnvironmentSet="true"
	/>
	<UserMacro
		Name="SQLITE_EXTRA_DEFINES"
		Value="SQLITE_PLACEHOLDER=1;SQLITE_HAS_CODEC=1"
		PerformEnvironmentSet="true"
	/>
	<UserMacro
		Name="SQLITE_WINCE_200X_DEFINES"
		Value="SQLITE_OMIT_WAL=1"
		PerformEnvironmentSet="true"
	/>








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<VisualStudioPropertySheet
	ProjectType="Visual C++"
	Version="8.00"
	Name="sqlite3"
	>
	<UserMacro
		Name="SQLITE_MANIFEST_VERSION"
		Value="3.32.0.0"
		PerformEnvironmentSet="true"
	/>
	<UserMacro
		Name="SQLITE_RC_VERSION"
		Value="3,32,0,0"
		PerformEnvironmentSet="true"
	/>
	<UserMacro
		Name="SQLITE_COMMON_DEFINES"
		Value="_CRT_SECURE_NO_DEPRECATE;_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS;_CRT_NONSTDC_NO_DEPRECATE;_CRT_NONSTDC_NO_WARNINGS;SQLITE_THREADSAFE=1;SQLITE_USE_URI=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE=1;SQLITE_SOUNDEX=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_API_ARMOR=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_DBSTAT_VTAB=1;SQLITE_ENABLE_STMTVTAB=1"
		PerformEnvironmentSet="true"
	/>
	<UserMacro
		Name="SQLITE_EXTRA_DEFINES"
		Value="SQLITE_PLACEHOLDER=1"
		PerformEnvironmentSet="true"
	/>
	<UserMacro
		Name="SQLITE_WINCE_200X_DEFINES"
		Value="SQLITE_OMIT_WAL=1"
		PerformEnvironmentSet="true"
	/>
︙︙
Changes to SQLite.Interop/src/core/sqlite3.c. 
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/******************************************************************************
** This file is an amalgamation of many separate C source files from SQLite
** version 3.31.1.  By combining all the individual C code files into this
** single large file, the entire code can be compiled as a single translation
** unit.  This allows many compilers to do optimizations that would not be
** possible if the files were compiled separately.  Performance improvements
** of 5% or more are commonly seen when SQLite is compiled as a single
** translation unit.
**
** This file is all you need to compile SQLite.  To use SQLite in other



|








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/******************************************************************************
** This file is an amalgamation of many separate C source files from SQLite
** version 3.32.0.  By combining all the individual C code files into this
** single large file, the entire code can be compiled as a single translation
** unit.  This allows many compilers to do optimizations that would not be
** possible if the files were compiled separately.  Performance improvements
** of 5% or more are commonly seen when SQLite is compiled as a single
** translation unit.
**
** This file is all you need to compile SQLite.  To use SQLite in other
︙︙
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#endif
#if SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
  "ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE",
#endif
#if SQLITE_ENABLE_BATCH_ATOMIC_WRITE
  "ENABLE_BATCH_ATOMIC_WRITE",
#endif



#if SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD
  "ENABLE_CEROD=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD),
#endif
#if SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA
  "ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA",
#endif
#if SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_USED_MASK








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>








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#endif
#if SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
  "ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE",
#endif
#if SQLITE_ENABLE_BATCH_ATOMIC_WRITE
  "ENABLE_BATCH_ATOMIC_WRITE",
#endif
#if SQLITE_ENABLE_BYTECODE_VTAB
  "ENABLE_BYTECODE_VTAB",
#endif
#if SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD
  "ENABLE_CEROD=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD),
#endif
#if SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA
  "ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA",
#endif
#if SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_USED_MASK
︙︙
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#endif
#if SQLITE_FTS5_ENABLE_TEST_MI
  "FTS5_ENABLE_TEST_MI",
#endif
#if SQLITE_FTS5_NO_WITHOUT_ROWID
  "FTS5_NO_WITHOUT_ROWID",
#endif
#if SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
  "HAS_CODEC",
#endif
#if HAVE_ISNAN || SQLITE_HAVE_ISNAN
  "HAVE_ISNAN",
#endif
#if SQLITE_HOMEGROWN_RECURSIVE_MUTEX
  "HOMEGROWN_RECURSIVE_MUTEX",
#endif
#if SQLITE_IGNORE_AFP_LOCK_ERRORS








<
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<








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#endif
#if SQLITE_FTS5_ENABLE_TEST_MI
  "FTS5_ENABLE_TEST_MI",
#endif
#if SQLITE_FTS5_NO_WITHOUT_ROWID
  "FTS5_NO_WITHOUT_ROWID",
#endif



#if HAVE_ISNAN || SQLITE_HAVE_ISNAN
  "HAVE_ISNAN",
#endif
#if SQLITE_HOMEGROWN_RECURSIVE_MUTEX
  "HOMEGROWN_RECURSIVE_MUTEX",
#endif
#if SQLITE_IGNORE_AFP_LOCK_ERRORS
︙︙
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#endif
#if SQLITE_OMIT_BETWEEN_OPTIMIZATION
  "OMIT_BETWEEN_OPTIMIZATION",
#endif
#if SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL
  "OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL",
#endif
#if SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT
  "OMIT_BTREECOUNT",
#endif
#if SQLITE_OMIT_CAST
  "OMIT_CAST",
#endif
#if SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
  "OMIT_CHECK",
#endif
#if SQLITE_OMIT_COMPLETE








<
<
<








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#endif
#if SQLITE_OMIT_BETWEEN_OPTIMIZATION
  "OMIT_BETWEEN_OPTIMIZATION",
#endif
#if SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL
  "OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL",
#endif



#if SQLITE_OMIT_CAST
  "OMIT_CAST",
#endif
#if SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
  "OMIT_CHECK",
#endif
#if SQLITE_OMIT_COMPLETE
︙︙
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** been edited in any way since it was last checked in, then the last
** four hexadecimal digits of the hash may be modified.
**
** See also: [sqlite3_libversion()],
** [sqlite3_libversion_number()], [sqlite3_sourceid()],
** [sqlite_version()] and [sqlite_source_id()].
*/
#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.31.1"
#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3031001
#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2020-04-04 00:29:18 43612157f87f7365cdb6d77ca3f1e06efd64ce023fb6825bbd3895265cc10f51"

/*
** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Library Version Numbers
** KEYWORDS: sqlite3_version sqlite3_sourceid
**
** These interfaces provide the same information as the [SQLITE_VERSION],
** [SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER], and [SQLITE_SOURCE_ID] C preprocessor macros








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|








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** been edited in any way since it was last checked in, then the last
** four hexadecimal digits of the hash may be modified.
**
** See also: [sqlite3_libversion()],
** [sqlite3_libversion_number()], [sqlite3_sourceid()],
** [sqlite_version()] and [sqlite_source_id()].
*/
#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.32.0"
#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3032000
#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2020-05-22 17:46:16 5998789c9c744bce92e4cff7636bba800a75574243d6977e1fc8281e360f8d5a"

/*
** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Library Version Numbers
** KEYWORDS: sqlite3_version sqlite3_sourceid
**
** These interfaces provide the same information as the [SQLITE_VERSION],
** [SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER], and [SQLITE_SOURCE_ID] C preprocessor macros
︙︙
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**
** ^The sqlite3_close() and sqlite3_close_v2() routines are destructors
** for the [sqlite3] object.
** ^Calls to sqlite3_close() and sqlite3_close_v2() return [SQLITE_OK] if
** the [sqlite3] object is successfully destroyed and all associated
** resources are deallocated.
**




** ^If the database connection is associated with unfinalized prepared
** statements or unfinished sqlite3_backup objects then sqlite3_close()
** will leave the database connection open and return [SQLITE_BUSY].
** ^If sqlite3_close_v2() is called with unfinalized prepared statements
** and/or unfinished sqlite3_backups, then the database connection becomes


** an unusable "zombie" which will automatically be deallocated when the
** last prepared statement is finalized or the last sqlite3_backup is
** finished.  The sqlite3_close_v2() interface is intended for use with
** host languages that are garbage collected, and where the order in which
** destructors are called is arbitrary.
**
** Applications should [sqlite3_finalize | finalize] all [prepared statements],
** [sqlite3_blob_close | close] all [BLOB handles], and 
** [sqlite3_backup_finish | finish] all [sqlite3_backup] objects associated
** with the [sqlite3] object prior to attempting to close the object.  ^If
** sqlite3_close_v2() is called on a [database connection] that still has
** outstanding [prepared statements], [BLOB handles], and/or
** [sqlite3_backup] objects then it returns [SQLITE_OK] and the deallocation
** of resources is deferred until all [prepared statements], [BLOB handles],
** and [sqlite3_backup] objects are also destroyed.
**
** ^If an [sqlite3] object is destroyed while a transaction is open,
** the transaction is automatically rolled back.
**
** The C parameter to [sqlite3_close(C)] and [sqlite3_close_v2(C)]
** must be either a NULL
** pointer or an [sqlite3] object pointer obtained








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**
** ^The sqlite3_close() and sqlite3_close_v2() routines are destructors
** for the [sqlite3] object.
** ^Calls to sqlite3_close() and sqlite3_close_v2() return [SQLITE_OK] if
** the [sqlite3] object is successfully destroyed and all associated
** resources are deallocated.
**
** Ideally, applications should [sqlite3_finalize | finalize] all
** [prepared statements], [sqlite3_blob_close | close] all [BLOB handles], and 
** [sqlite3_backup_finish | finish] all [sqlite3_backup] objects associated
** with the [sqlite3] object prior to attempting to close the object.
** ^If the database connection is associated with unfinalized prepared
** statements, BLOB handlers, and/or unfinished sqlite3_backup objects then
** sqlite3_close() will leave the database connection open and return
** [SQLITE_BUSY]. ^If sqlite3_close_v2() is called with unfinalized prepared
** statements, unclosed BLOB handlers, and/or unfinished sqlite3_backups,
** it returns [SQLITE_OK] regardless, but instead of deallocating the database
** connection immediately, it marks the database connection as an unusable
** "zombie" and makes arrangements to automatically deallocate the database
** connection after all prepared statements are finalized, all BLOB handles
** are closed, and all backups have finished. The sqlite3_close_v2() interface
** is intended for use with host languages that are garbage collected, and
** where the order in which destructors are called is arbitrary.










**
** ^If an [sqlite3] object is destroyed while a transaction is open,
** the transaction is automatically rolled back.
**
** The C parameter to [sqlite3_close(C)] and [sqlite3_close_v2(C)]
** must be either a NULL
** pointer or an [sqlite3] object pointer obtained
︙︙
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#define SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH       (SQLITE_IOERR | (25<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_CONVPATH          (SQLITE_IOERR | (26<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_VNODE             (SQLITE_IOERR | (27<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_AUTH              (SQLITE_IOERR | (28<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_BEGIN_ATOMIC      (SQLITE_IOERR | (29<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_COMMIT_ATOMIC     (SQLITE_IOERR | (30<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_ROLLBACK_ATOMIC   (SQLITE_IOERR | (31<<8))

#define SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE      (SQLITE_LOCKED |  (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_LOCKED_VTAB             (SQLITE_LOCKED |  (2<<8))
#define SQLITE_BUSY_RECOVERY           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (2<<8))

#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_NOTEMPDIR      (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_ISDIR          (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (2<<8))
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (3<<8))
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_CONVPATH       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (4<<8))
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_DIRTYWAL       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (5<<8)) /* Not Used */
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_SYMLINK        (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (6<<8))
#define SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB            (SQLITE_CORRUPT | (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_CORRUPT_SEQUENCE        (SQLITE_CORRUPT | (2<<8))

#define SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY       (SQLITE_READONLY | (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_CANTLOCK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (2<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_ROLLBACK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (3<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_DBMOVED        (SQLITE_READONLY | (4<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_CANTINIT       (SQLITE_READONLY | (5<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_DIRECTORY      (SQLITE_READONLY | (6<<8))
#define SQLITE_ABORT_ROLLBACK          (SQLITE_ABORT | (2<<8))








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#define SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH       (SQLITE_IOERR | (25<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_CONVPATH          (SQLITE_IOERR | (26<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_VNODE             (SQLITE_IOERR | (27<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_AUTH              (SQLITE_IOERR | (28<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_BEGIN_ATOMIC      (SQLITE_IOERR | (29<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_COMMIT_ATOMIC     (SQLITE_IOERR | (30<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_ROLLBACK_ATOMIC   (SQLITE_IOERR | (31<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_DATA              (SQLITE_IOERR | (32<<8))
#define SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE      (SQLITE_LOCKED |  (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_LOCKED_VTAB             (SQLITE_LOCKED |  (2<<8))
#define SQLITE_BUSY_RECOVERY           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (2<<8))
#define SQLITE_BUSY_TIMEOUT            (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (3<<8))
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_NOTEMPDIR      (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_ISDIR          (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (2<<8))
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (3<<8))
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_CONVPATH       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (4<<8))
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_DIRTYWAL       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (5<<8)) /* Not Used */
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_SYMLINK        (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (6<<8))
#define SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB            (SQLITE_CORRUPT | (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_CORRUPT_SEQUENCE        (SQLITE_CORRUPT | (2<<8))
#define SQLITE_CORRUPT_INDEX           (SQLITE_CORRUPT | (3<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY       (SQLITE_READONLY | (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_CANTLOCK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (2<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_ROLLBACK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (3<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_DBMOVED        (SQLITE_READONLY | (4<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_CANTINIT       (SQLITE_READONLY | (5<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_DIRECTORY      (SQLITE_READONLY | (6<<8))
#define SQLITE_ABORT_ROLLBACK          (SQLITE_ABORT | (2<<8))
︙︙
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2155





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** [SQLITE_FCNTL_BEGIN_ATOMIC_WRITE] to be rolled back.
** ^This file control takes the file descriptor out of batch write mode
** so that all subsequent write operations are independent.
** ^SQLite will never invoke SQLITE_FCNTL_ROLLBACK_ATOMIC_WRITE without
** a prior successful call to [SQLITE_FCNTL_BEGIN_ATOMIC_WRITE].
**
** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT]]
** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT] opcode causes attempts to obtain

** a file lock using the xLock or xShmLock methods of the VFS to wait
** for up to M milliseconds before failing, where M is the single 
** unsigned integer parameter.


**
** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_DATA_VERSION]]
** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_DATA_VERSION] opcode is used to detect changes to
** a database file.  The argument is a pointer to a 32-bit unsigned integer.
** The "data version" for the pager is written into the pointer.  The
** "data version" changes whenever any change occurs to the corresponding
** database file, either through SQL statements on the same database
** connection or through transactions committed by separate database
** connections possibly in other processes. The [sqlite3_total_changes()]
** interface can be used to find if any database on the connection has changed,
** but that interface responds to changes on TEMP as well as MAIN and does
** not provide a mechanism to detect changes to MAIN only.  Also, the
** [sqlite3_total_changes()] interface responds to internal changes only and
** omits changes made by other database connections.  The
** [PRAGMA data_version] command provides a mechanism to detect changes to
** a single attached database that occur due to other database connections,
** but omits changes implemented by the database connection on which it is
** called.  This file control is the only mechanism to detect changes that
** happen either internally or externally and that are associated with
** a particular attached database.





**
** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_DONE]]
** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_DONE] opcode is invoked from within a checkpoint
** in wal mode after the client has finished copying pages from the wal
** file to the database file, but before the *-shm file is updated to
** record the fact that the pages have been checkpointed.
** </ul>








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** [SQLITE_FCNTL_BEGIN_ATOMIC_WRITE] to be rolled back.
** ^This file control takes the file descriptor out of batch write mode
** so that all subsequent write operations are independent.
** ^SQLite will never invoke SQLITE_FCNTL_ROLLBACK_ATOMIC_WRITE without
** a prior successful call to [SQLITE_FCNTL_BEGIN_ATOMIC_WRITE].
**
** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT]]
** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT] opcode is used to configure a VFS
** to block for up to M milliseconds before failing when attempting to 
** obtain a file lock using the xLock or xShmLock methods of the VFS. 

** The parameter is a pointer to a 32-bit signed integer that contains
** the value that M is to be set to. Before returning, the 32-bit signed
** integer is overwritten with the previous value of M.
**
** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_DATA_VERSION]]
** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_DATA_VERSION] opcode is used to detect changes to
** a database file.  The argument is a pointer to a 32-bit unsigned integer.
** The "data version" for the pager is written into the pointer.  The
** "data version" changes whenever any change occurs to the corresponding
** database file, either through SQL statements on the same database
** connection or through transactions committed by separate database
** connections possibly in other processes. The [sqlite3_total_changes()]
** interface can be used to find if any database on the connection has changed,
** but that interface responds to changes on TEMP as well as MAIN and does
** not provide a mechanism to detect changes to MAIN only.  Also, the
** [sqlite3_total_changes()] interface responds to internal changes only and
** omits changes made by other database connections.  The
** [PRAGMA data_version] command provides a mechanism to detect changes to
** a single attached database that occur due to other database connections,
** but omits changes implemented by the database connection on which it is
** called.  This file control is the only mechanism to detect changes that
** happen either internally or externally and that are associated with
** a particular attached database.
**
** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_START]]
** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_START] opcode is invoked from within a checkpoint
** in wal mode before the client starts to copy pages from the wal
** file to the database file.
**
** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_DONE]]
** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_DONE] opcode is invoked from within a checkpoint
** in wal mode after the client has finished copying pages from the wal
** file to the database file, but before the *-shm file is updated to
** record the fact that the pages have been checkpointed.
** </ul>
︙︙
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#define SQLITE_FCNTL_BEGIN_ATOMIC_WRITE     31
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_ATOMIC_WRITE    32
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_ROLLBACK_ATOMIC_WRITE  33
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT           34
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_DATA_VERSION           35
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_LIMIT             36
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_DONE              37



/* deprecated names */
#define SQLITE_GET_LOCKPROXYFILE      SQLITE_FCNTL_GET_LOCKPROXYFILE
#define SQLITE_SET_LOCKPROXYFILE      SQLITE_FCNTL_SET_LOCKPROXYFILE
#define SQLITE_LAST_ERRNO             SQLITE_FCNTL_LAST_ERRNO










>
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#define SQLITE_FCNTL_BEGIN_ATOMIC_WRITE     31
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_ATOMIC_WRITE    32
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_ROLLBACK_ATOMIC_WRITE  33
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT           34
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_DATA_VERSION           35
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_LIMIT             36
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_DONE              37
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_RESERVE_BYTES          38
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_START             39

/* deprecated names */
#define SQLITE_GET_LOCKPROXYFILE      SQLITE_FCNTL_GET_LOCKPROXYFILE
#define SQLITE_SET_LOCKPROXYFILE      SQLITE_FCNTL_SET_LOCKPROXYFILE
#define SQLITE_LAST_ERRNO             SQLITE_FCNTL_LAST_ERRNO
︙︙
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/*
** CAPI3REF: Obtain Values For URI Parameters
**
** These are utility routines, useful to [VFS|custom VFS implementations],
** that check if a database file was a URI that contained a specific query 
** parameter, and if so obtains the value of that query parameter.
**




** If F is the database filename pointer passed into the xOpen() method of 
** a VFS implementation or it is the return value of [sqlite3_db_filename()]







** and if P is the name of the query parameter, then
** sqlite3_uri_parameter(F,P) returns the value of the P
** parameter if it exists or a NULL pointer if P does not appear as a 
** query parameter on F.  If P is a query parameter of F and it
** has no explicit value, then sqlite3_uri_parameter(F,P) returns
** a pointer to an empty string.
**








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/*
** CAPI3REF: Obtain Values For URI Parameters
**
** These are utility routines, useful to [VFS|custom VFS implementations],
** that check if a database file was a URI that contained a specific query 
** parameter, and if so obtains the value of that query parameter.
**
** The first parameter to these interfaces (hereafter referred to
** as F) must be one of:
** <ul>
** <li> A database filename pointer created by the SQLite core and
** passed into the xOpen() method of a VFS implemention, or
** <li> A filename obtained from [sqlite3_db_filename()], or
** <li> A new filename constructed using [sqlite3_create_filename()].
** </ul>
** If the F parameter is not one of the above, then the behavior is
** undefined and probably undesirable.  Older versions of SQLite were
** more tolerant of invalid F parameters than newer versions.
**
** If F is a suitable filename (as described in the previous paragraph)
** and if P is the name of the query parameter, then
** sqlite3_uri_parameter(F,P) returns the value of the P
** parameter if it exists or a NULL pointer if P does not appear as a 
** query parameter on F.  If P is a query parameter of F and it
** has no explicit value, then sqlite3_uri_parameter(F,P) returns
** a pointer to an empty string.
**
︙︙
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4662
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** return value from [sqlite3_db_filename()], then the result is
** undefined and is likely a memory access violation.
*/
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_filename_database(const char*);
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_filename_journal(const char*);
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_filename_wal(const char*);










































































/*
** CAPI3REF: Error Codes And Messages
** METHOD: sqlite3
**
** ^If the most recent sqlite3_* API call associated with 
** [database connection] D failed, then the sqlite3_errcode(D) interface








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** return value from [sqlite3_db_filename()], then the result is
** undefined and is likely a memory access violation.
*/
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_filename_database(const char*);
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_filename_journal(const char*);
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_filename_wal(const char*);

/*
** CAPI3REF:  Database File Corresponding To A Journal
**
** ^If X is the name of a rollback or WAL-mode journal file that is
** passed into the xOpen method of [sqlite3_vfs], then 
** sqlite3_database_file_object(X) returns a pointer to the [sqlite3_file]
** object that represents the main database file.
**
** This routine is intended for use in custom [VFS] implementations
** only.  It is not a general-purpose interface.
** The argument sqlite3_file_object(X) must be a filename pointer that
** has been passed into [sqlite3_vfs].xOpen method where the 
** flags parameter to xOpen contains one of the bits
** [SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL] or [SQLITE_OPEN_WAL].  Any other use
** of this routine results in undefined and probably undesirable
** behavior.
*/
SQLITE_API sqlite3_file *sqlite3_database_file_object(const char*);

/*
** CAPI3REF: Create and Destroy VFS Filenames
**
** These interfces are provided for use by [VFS shim] implementations and
** are not useful outside of that context.
**
** The sqlite3_create_filename(D,J,W,N,P) allocates memory to hold a version of
** database filename D with corresponding journal file J and WAL file W and
** with N URI parameters key/values pairs in the array P.  The result from
** sqlite3_create_filename(D,J,W,N,P) is a pointer to a database filename that
** is safe to pass to routines like:
** <ul>
** <li> [sqlite3_uri_parameter()],
** <li> [sqlite3_uri_boolean()],
** <li> [sqlite3_uri_int64()],
** <li> [sqlite3_uri_key()], 
** <li> [sqlite3_filename_database()],
** <li> [sqlite3_filename_journal()], or
** <li> [sqlite3_filename_wal()].
** </ul>
** If a memory allocation error occurs, sqlite3_create_filename() might
** return a NULL pointer.  The memory obtained from sqlite3_create_filename(X)
** must be released by a corresponding call to sqlite3_free_filename(Y).
**
** The P parameter in sqlite3_create_filename(D,J,W,N,P) should be an array
** of 2*N pointers to strings.  Each pair of pointers in this array corresponds
** to a key and value for a query parameter.  The P parameter may be a NULL
** pointer if N is zero.  None of the 2*N pointers in the P array may be
** NULL pointers and key pointers should not be empty strings.
** None of the D, J, or W parameters to sqlite3_create_filename(D,J,W,N,P) may
** be NULL pointers, though they can be empty strings.
**
** The sqlite3_free_filename(Y) routine releases a memory allocation
** previously obtained from sqlite3_create_filename().  Invoking
** sqlite3_free_filename(Y) where Y is a NULL pointer is a harmless no-op.
**
** If the Y parameter to sqlite3_free_filename(Y) is anything other
** than a NULL pointer or a pointer previously acquired from
** sqlite3_create_filename(), then bad things such as heap
** corruption or segfaults may occur. The value Y should be 
** used again after sqlite3_free_filename(Y) has been called.  This means
** that if the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen()] method of a VFS has been called using Y,
** then the corresponding [sqlite3_module.xClose() method should also be
** invoked prior to calling sqlite3_free_filename(Y).
*/
SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_create_filename(
  const char *zDatabase,
  const char *zJournal,
  const char *zWal,
  int nParam,
  const char **azParam
);
SQLITE_API void sqlite3_free_filename(char*);

/*
** CAPI3REF: Error Codes And Messages
** METHOD: sqlite3
**
** ^If the most recent sqlite3_* API call associated with 
** [database connection] D failed, then the sqlite3_errcode(D) interface
︙︙
5237
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5242
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5248
5249


















5250
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** ^The leftmost SQL parameter has an index of 1.  ^When the same named
** SQL parameter is used more than once, second and subsequent
** occurrences have the same index as the first occurrence.
** ^The index for named parameters can be looked up using the
** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()] API if desired.  ^The index
** for "?NNN" parameters is the value of NNN.
** ^The NNN value must be between 1 and the [sqlite3_limit()]
** parameter [SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER] (default value: 999).
**
** ^The third argument is the value to bind to the parameter.
** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_bind_text() or sqlite3_bind_text16()
** or sqlite3_bind_blob() is a NULL pointer then the fourth parameter
** is ignored and the end result is the same as sqlite3_bind_null().


















**
** ^(In those routines that have a fourth argument, its value is the
** number of bytes in the parameter.  To be clear: the value is the
** number of <u>bytes</u> in the value, not the number of characters.)^
** ^If the fourth parameter to sqlite3_bind_text() or sqlite3_bind_text16()
** is negative, then the length of the string is
** the number of bytes up to the first zero terminator.
** If the fourth parameter to sqlite3_bind_blob() is negative, then
** the behavior is undefined.
** If a non-negative fourth parameter is provided to sqlite3_bind_text()
** or sqlite3_bind_text16() or sqlite3_bind_text64() then
** that parameter must be the byte offset
** where the NUL terminator would occur assuming the string were NUL
** terminated.  If any NUL characters occur at byte offsets less than 
** the value of the fourth parameter then the resulting string value will
** contain embedded NULs.  The result of expressions involving strings
** with embedded NULs is undefined.
**
** ^The fifth argument to the BLOB and string binding interfaces
** is a destructor used to dispose of the BLOB or
** string after SQLite has finished with it.  ^The destructor is called








|





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5325
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** ^The leftmost SQL parameter has an index of 1.  ^When the same named
** SQL parameter is used more than once, second and subsequent
** occurrences have the same index as the first occurrence.
** ^The index for named parameters can be looked up using the
** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()] API if desired.  ^The index
** for "?NNN" parameters is the value of NNN.
** ^The NNN value must be between 1 and the [sqlite3_limit()]
** parameter [SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER] (default value: 32766).
**
** ^The third argument is the value to bind to the parameter.
** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_bind_text() or sqlite3_bind_text16()
** or sqlite3_bind_blob() is a NULL pointer then the fourth parameter
** is ignored and the end result is the same as sqlite3_bind_null().
** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_bind_text() is not NULL, then
** it should be a pointer to well-formed UTF8 text.
** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_bind_text16() is not NULL, then
** it should be a pointer to well-formed UTF16 text.
** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_bind_text64() is not NULL, then
** it should be a pointer to a well-formed unicode string that is
** either UTF8 if the sixth parameter is SQLITE_UTF8, or UTF16
** otherwise.
**
** [[byte-order determination rules]] ^The byte-order of
** UTF16 input text is determined by the byte-order mark (BOM, U+FEFF)
** found in first character, which is removed, or in the absence of a BOM
** the byte order is the native byte order of the host
** machine for sqlite3_bind_text16() or the byte order specified in
** the 6th parameter for sqlite3_bind_text64().)^ 
** ^If UTF16 input text contains invalid unicode
** characters, then SQLite might change those invalid characters
** into the unicode replacement character: U+FFFD.
**
** ^(In those routines that have a fourth argument, its value is the
** number of bytes in the parameter.  To be clear: the value is the
** number of <u>bytes</u> in the value, not the number of characters.)^
** ^If the fourth parameter to sqlite3_bind_text() or sqlite3_bind_text16()
** is negative, then the length of the string is
** the number of bytes up to the first zero terminator.
** If the fourth parameter to sqlite3_bind_blob() is negative, then
** the behavior is undefined.
** If a non-negative fourth parameter is provided to sqlite3_bind_text()
** or sqlite3_bind_text16() or sqlite3_bind_text64() then
** that parameter must be the byte offset
** where the NUL terminator would occur assuming the string were NUL
** terminated.  If any NUL characters occurs at byte offsets less than 
** the value of the fourth parameter then the resulting string value will
** contain embedded NULs.  The result of expressions involving strings
** with embedded NULs is undefined.
**
** ^The fifth argument to the BLOB and string binding interfaces
** is a destructor used to dispose of the BLOB or
** string after SQLite has finished with it.  ^The destructor is called
︙︙
6424
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6433
6434
6435
6436
6437
6438

**
** ^The sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) routine returns a NULL pointer 
** when first called if N is less than or equal to zero or if a memory
** allocate error occurs.
**
** ^(The amount of space allocated by sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) is
** determined by the N parameter on first successful call.  Changing the
** value of N in any subsequents call to sqlite3_aggregate_context() within
** the same aggregate function instance will not resize the memory
** allocation.)^  Within the xFinal callback, it is customary to set
** N=0 in calls to sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) so that no 
** pointless memory allocations occur.
**
** ^SQLite automatically frees the memory allocated by 
** sqlite3_aggregate_context() when the aggregate query concludes.








|








6530
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6542
6543
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**
** ^The sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) routine returns a NULL pointer 
** when first called if N is less than or equal to zero or if a memory
** allocate error occurs.
**
** ^(The amount of space allocated by sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) is
** determined by the N parameter on first successful call.  Changing the
** value of N in any subsequent call to sqlite3_aggregate_context() within
** the same aggregate function instance will not resize the memory
** allocation.)^  Within the xFinal callback, it is customary to set
** N=0 in calls to sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) so that no 
** pointless memory allocations occur.
**
** ^SQLite automatically frees the memory allocated by 
** sqlite3_aggregate_context() when the aggregate query concludes.
︙︙
6581
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6585
6586
6587
6588

6589
6590
6591
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**
** ^The sqlite3_result_error() and sqlite3_result_error16() functions
** cause the implemented SQL function to throw an exception.
** ^SQLite uses the string pointed to by the
** 2nd parameter of sqlite3_result_error() or sqlite3_result_error16()
** as the text of an error message.  ^SQLite interprets the error
** message string from sqlite3_result_error() as UTF-8. ^SQLite
** interprets the string from sqlite3_result_error16() as UTF-16 in native

** byte order.  ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_result_error()
** or sqlite3_result_error16() is negative then SQLite takes as the error
** message all text up through the first zero character.
** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_result_error() or
** sqlite3_result_error16() is non-negative then SQLite takes that many
** bytes (not characters) from the 2nd parameter as the error message.
** ^The sqlite3_result_error() and sqlite3_result_error16()
** routines make a private copy of the error message text before








|
>
|








6687
6688
6689
6690
6691
6692
6693
6694
6695
6696
6697
6698
6699
6700
6701
6702
6703

**
** ^The sqlite3_result_error() and sqlite3_result_error16() functions
** cause the implemented SQL function to throw an exception.
** ^SQLite uses the string pointed to by the
** 2nd parameter of sqlite3_result_error() or sqlite3_result_error16()
** as the text of an error message.  ^SQLite interprets the error
** message string from sqlite3_result_error() as UTF-8. ^SQLite
** interprets the string from sqlite3_result_error16() as UTF-16 using
** the same [byte-order determination rules] as [sqlite3_bind_text16()].
** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_result_error()
** or sqlite3_result_error16() is negative then SQLite takes as the error
** message all text up through the first zero character.
** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_result_error() or
** sqlite3_result_error16() is non-negative then SQLite takes that many
** bytes (not characters) from the 2nd parameter as the error message.
** ^The sqlite3_result_error() and sqlite3_result_error16()
** routines make a private copy of the error message text before
︙︙
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6653
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6655



















6656
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6662

** assumes that the text or BLOB result is in constant space and does not
** copy the content of the parameter nor call a destructor on the content
** when it has finished using that result.
** ^If the 4th parameter to the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces
** or sqlite3_result_blob is the special constant SQLITE_TRANSIENT
** then SQLite makes a copy of the result into space obtained
** from [sqlite3_malloc()] before it returns.



















**
** ^The sqlite3_result_value() interface sets the result of
** the application-defined function to be a copy of the
** [unprotected sqlite3_value] object specified by the 2nd parameter.  ^The
** sqlite3_result_value() interface makes a copy of the [sqlite3_value]
** so that the [sqlite3_value] specified in the parameter may change or
** be deallocated after sqlite3_result_value() returns without harm.








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








6756
6757
6758
6759
6760
6761
6762
6763
6764
6765
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6767
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6769
6770
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6774
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6786
6787
6788

** assumes that the text or BLOB result is in constant space and does not
** copy the content of the parameter nor call a destructor on the content
** when it has finished using that result.
** ^If the 4th parameter to the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces
** or sqlite3_result_blob is the special constant SQLITE_TRANSIENT
** then SQLite makes a copy of the result into space obtained
** from [sqlite3_malloc()] before it returns.
**
** ^For the sqlite3_result_text16(), sqlite3_result_text16le(), and
** sqlite3_result_text16be() routines, and for sqlite3_result_text64()
** when the encoding is not UTF8, if the input UTF16 begins with a
** byte-order mark (BOM, U+FEFF) then the BOM is removed from the
** string and the rest of the string is interpreted according to the
** byte-order specified by the BOM.  ^The byte-order specified by
** the BOM at the beginning of the text overrides the byte-order
** specified by the interface procedure.  ^So, for example, if
** sqlite3_result_text16le() is invoked with text that begins
** with bytes 0xfe, 0xff (a big-endian byte-order mark) then the
** first two bytes of input are skipped and the remaining input
** is interpreted as UTF16BE text.
**
** ^For UTF16 input text to the sqlite3_result_text16(),
** sqlite3_result_text16be(), sqlite3_result_text16le(), and
** sqlite3_result_text64() routines, if the text contains invalid
** UTF16 characters, the invalid characters might be converted
** into the unicode replacement character, U+FFFD.
**
** ^The sqlite3_result_value() interface sets the result of
** the application-defined function to be a copy of the
** [unprotected sqlite3_value] object specified by the 2nd parameter.  ^The
** sqlite3_result_value() interface makes a copy of the [sqlite3_value]
** so that the [sqlite3_value] specified in the parameter may change or
** be deallocated after sqlite3_result_value() returns without harm.
︙︙
6855
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6858
6859
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6861
6862
6863
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6867
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6884
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6887
6888
6889
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6900
6901
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6905
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6907
6908
6909
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6911
6912
6913

);
SQLITE_API int sqlite3_collation_needed16(
  sqlite3*, 
  void*,
  void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const void*)
);

#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
/*
** Specify the key for an encrypted database.  This routine should be
** called right after sqlite3_open().
**
** The code to implement this API is not available in the public release
** of SQLite.
*/
SQLITE_API int sqlite3_key(
  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The key */
);
SQLITE_API int sqlite3_key_v2(
  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
  const char *zDbName,           /* Name of the database */
  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The key */
);

/*
** Change the key on an open database.  If the current database is not
** encrypted, this routine will encrypt it.  If pNew==0 or nNew==0, the
** database is decrypted.
**
** The code to implement this API is not available in the public release
** of SQLite.
*/
SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rekey(
  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The new key */
);
SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rekey_v2(
  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
  const char *zDbName,           /* Name of the database */
  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The new key */
);

/*
** Specify the activation key for a SEE database.  Unless 
** activated, none of the SEE routines will work.
*/
SQLITE_API void sqlite3_activate_see(
  const char *zPassPhrase        /* Activation phrase */
);
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD
/*
** Specify the activation key for a CEROD database.  Unless 
** activated, none of the CEROD routines will work.
*/
SQLITE_API void sqlite3_activate_cerod(
  const char *zPassPhrase        /* Activation phrase */








<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
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<
<
<
<
<
<
<
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<
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<
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<
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<








6981
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6987













































6988
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);
SQLITE_API int sqlite3_collation_needed16(
  sqlite3*, 
  void*,
  void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const void*)
);














































#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD
/*
** Specify the activation key for a CEROD database.  Unless 
** activated, none of the CEROD routines will work.
*/
SQLITE_API void sqlite3_activate_cerod(
  const char *zPassPhrase        /* Activation phrase */
︙︙
8642
8643
8644
8645
8646
8647
8648
8649
8650
8651
8652
8653
8654
8655
8656

#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESET               7  /* NOT USED */
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BITVEC_TEST              8
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_FAULT_INSTALL            9
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BENIGN_MALLOC_HOOKS     10
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PENDING_BYTE            11
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ASSERT                  12
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ALWAYS                  13
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_RESERVE                 14
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS           15
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISKEYWORD               16  /* NOT USED */
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SCRATCHMALLOC           17  /* NOT USED */
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_INTERNAL_FUNCTIONS      17
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LOCALTIME_FAULT         18
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_EXPLAIN_STMT            19  /* NOT USED */
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ONCE_RESET_THRESHOLD    19








|








8723
8724
8725
8726
8727
8728
8729
8730
8731
8732
8733
8734
8735
8736
8737

#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESET               7  /* NOT USED */
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BITVEC_TEST              8
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_FAULT_INSTALL            9
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BENIGN_MALLOC_HOOKS     10
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PENDING_BYTE            11
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ASSERT                  12
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ALWAYS                  13
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_RESERVE                 14  /* NOT USED */
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS           15
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISKEYWORD               16  /* NOT USED */
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SCRATCHMALLOC           17  /* NOT USED */
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_INTERNAL_FUNCTIONS      17
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LOCALTIME_FAULT         18
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_EXPLAIN_STMT            19  /* NOT USED */
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ONCE_RESET_THRESHOLD    19
︙︙
13268
13269
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13271
13272
13273
13274



13275
13276
13277
13278
13279
13280
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13282
13283
13284

#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED
# define SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED 10
#endif


/*
** The maximum value of a ?nnn wildcard that the parser will accept.



*/
#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER
# define SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER 999
#endif

/* Maximum page size.  The upper bound on this value is 65536.  This a limit
** imposed by the use of 16-bit offsets within each page.
**
** Earlier versions of SQLite allowed the user to change this value at
** compile time. This is no longer permitted, on the grounds that it creates








>
>
>


|








13349
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13365
13366
13367
13368

#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED
# define SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED 10
#endif


/*
** The maximum value of a ?nnn wildcard that the parser will accept.
** If the value exceeds 32767 then extra space is required for the Expr
** structure.  But otherwise, we believe that the number can be as large
** as a signed 32-bit integer can hold.
*/
#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER
# define SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER 32766
#endif

/* Maximum page size.  The upper bound on this value is 65536.  This a limit
** imposed by the use of 16-bit offsets within each page.
**
** Earlier versions of SQLite allowed the user to change this value at
** compile time. This is no longer permitted, on the grounds that it creates
︙︙
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13361
13362
13363
13364
13365















13366
13367
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13369
13370
13371
13372

#pragma warn -rch /* unreachable code */
#pragma warn -ccc /* Condition is always true or false */
#pragma warn -aus /* Assigned value is never used */
#pragma warn -csu /* Comparing signed and unsigned */
#pragma warn -spa /* Suspicious pointer arithmetic */
#endif
















/*
** Include standard header files as necessary
*/
#ifdef HAVE_STDINT_H
#include <stdint.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_INTTYPES_H








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








13443
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13463
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13469
13470
13471

#pragma warn -rch /* unreachable code */
#pragma warn -ccc /* Condition is always true or false */
#pragma warn -aus /* Assigned value is never used */
#pragma warn -csu /* Comparing signed and unsigned */
#pragma warn -spa /* Suspicious pointer arithmetic */
#endif

/*
** WAL mode depends on atomic aligned 32-bit loads and stores in a few
** places.  The following macros try to make this explicit.
*/
#ifndef __has_feature
# define __has_feature(x) 0       /* compatibility with non-clang compilers */
#endif
#if GCC_VERSION>=4007000 || __has_feature(c_atomic)
# define AtomicLoad(PTR)       __atomic_load_n((PTR),__ATOMIC_RELAXED)
# define AtomicStore(PTR,VAL)  __atomic_store_n((PTR),(VAL),__ATOMIC_RELAXED)
#else
# define AtomicLoad(PTR)       (*(PTR))
# define AtomicStore(PTR,VAL)  (*(PTR) = (VAL))
#endif

/*
** Include standard header files as necessary
*/
#ifdef HAVE_STDINT_H
#include <stdint.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_INTTYPES_H
︙︙
14436
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14439
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14442
14443
14444
14445
14446
14447
14448
14449
14450

** callback is currently invoked only from within pager.c.
*/
typedef struct BusyHandler BusyHandler;
struct BusyHandler {
  int (*xBusyHandler)(void *,int);  /* The busy callback */
  void *pBusyArg;                   /* First arg to busy callback */
  int nBusy;                        /* Incremented with each busy call */
  u8 bExtraFileArg;                 /* Include sqlite3_file as callback arg */
};

/*
** Name of the master database table.  The master database table
** is a special table that holds the names and attributes of all
** user tables and indices.
*/








<








14535
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14538
14539
14540
14541

14542
14543
14544
14545
14546
14547
14548

** callback is currently invoked only from within pager.c.
*/
typedef struct BusyHandler BusyHandler;
struct BusyHandler {
  int (*xBusyHandler)(void *,int);  /* The busy callback */
  void *pBusyArg;                   /* First arg to busy callback */
  int nBusy;                        /* Incremented with each busy call */

};

/*
** Name of the master database table.  The master database table
** is a special table that holds the names and attributes of all
** user tables and indices.
*/
︙︙
14694
14695
14696
14697
14698
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14700
14701
14702
14703
14704
14705
14706
14707
14708

#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetPagerFlags(Btree*,unsigned);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(Btree *p, int nPagesize, int nReserve, int eFix);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(Btree*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeMaxPageCount(Btree*,int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3BtreeLastPage(Btree*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSecureDelete(Btree*,int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetOptimalReserve(Btree*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetReserveNoMutex(Btree *p);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetAutoVacuum(Btree *, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetAutoVacuum(Btree *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(Btree*,int,int*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseOne(Btree*, const char *zMaster);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(Btree*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommit(Btree*);








|








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14806

#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetPagerFlags(Btree*,unsigned);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(Btree *p, int nPagesize, int nReserve, int eFix);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(Btree*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeMaxPageCount(Btree*,int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3BtreeLastPage(Btree*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSecureDelete(Btree*,int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetRequestedReserve(Btree*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetReserveNoMutex(Btree *p);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetAutoVacuum(Btree *, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetAutoVacuum(Btree *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(Btree*,int,int*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseOne(Btree*, const char *zMaster);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo(Btree*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCommit(Btree*);
︙︙
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14962
14963
14964
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14967
14968
14969
14970
14971
14972

SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3HeaderSizeBtree(void);

#ifndef NDEBUG
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(BtCursor*);
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValidNN(BtCursor*);

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCount(sqlite3*, BtCursor*, i64*);
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursorInfo(BtCursor*, int*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeCursorList(Btree*);
#endif

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL








<

<








15054
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15059
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15061

15062
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15068

SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3HeaderSizeBtree(void);

#ifndef NDEBUG
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(BtCursor*);
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValidNN(BtCursor*);


SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCount(sqlite3*, BtCursor*, i64*);


#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursorInfo(BtCursor*, int*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeCursorList(Btree*);
#endif

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
︙︙
15251
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15256
15257
15258
15259
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15261
15262
15263
15264
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#define OP_Lt             56 /* jump, same as TK_LT, synopsis: IF r[P3]<r[P1] */
#define OP_Ge             57 /* jump, same as TK_GE, synopsis: IF r[P3]>=r[P1] */
#define OP_ElseNotEq      58 /* jump, same as TK_ESCAPE                    */
#define OP_DecrJumpZero   59 /* jump, synopsis: if (--r[P1])==0 goto P2    */
#define OP_IncrVacuum     60 /* jump                                       */
#define OP_VNext          61 /* jump                                       */
#define OP_Init           62 /* jump, synopsis: Start at P2                */
#define OP_PureFunc       63 /* synopsis: r[P3]=func(r[P2@P5])             */
#define OP_Function       64 /* synopsis: r[P3]=func(r[P2@P5])             */
#define OP_Return         65
#define OP_EndCoroutine   66
#define OP_HaltIfNull     67 /* synopsis: if r[P3]=null halt               */
#define OP_Halt           68
#define OP_Integer        69 /* synopsis: r[P2]=P1                         */
#define OP_Int64          70 /* synopsis: r[P2]=P4                         */
#define OP_String         71 /* synopsis: r[P2]='P4' (len=P1)              */








|
|








15347
15348
15349
15350
15351
15352
15353
15354
15355
15356
15357
15358
15359
15360
15361
15362

#define OP_Lt             56 /* jump, same as TK_LT, synopsis: IF r[P3]<r[P1] */
#define OP_Ge             57 /* jump, same as TK_GE, synopsis: IF r[P3]>=r[P1] */
#define OP_ElseNotEq      58 /* jump, same as TK_ESCAPE                    */
#define OP_DecrJumpZero   59 /* jump, synopsis: if (--r[P1])==0 goto P2    */
#define OP_IncrVacuum     60 /* jump                                       */
#define OP_VNext          61 /* jump                                       */
#define OP_Init           62 /* jump, synopsis: Start at P2                */
#define OP_PureFunc       63 /* synopsis: r[P3]=func(r[P2@NP])             */
#define OP_Function       64 /* synopsis: r[P3]=func(r[P2@NP])             */
#define OP_Return         65
#define OP_EndCoroutine   66
#define OP_HaltIfNull     67 /* synopsis: if r[P3]=null halt               */
#define OP_Halt           68
#define OP_Integer        69 /* synopsis: r[P2]=P1                         */
#define OP_Int64          70 /* synopsis: r[P2]=P4                         */
#define OP_String         71 /* synopsis: r[P2]='P4' (len=P1)              */
︙︙
15318
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15328
15329
15330
15331
15332
15333

#define OP_ResetCount    123
#define OP_SorterCompare 124 /* synopsis: if key(P1)!=trim(r[P3],P4) goto P2 */
#define OP_SorterData    125 /* synopsis: r[P2]=data                       */
#define OP_RowData       126 /* synopsis: r[P2]=data                       */
#define OP_Rowid         127 /* synopsis: r[P2]=rowid                      */
#define OP_NullRow       128
#define OP_SeekEnd       129
#define OP_SorterInsert  130 /* synopsis: key=r[P2]                        */
#define OP_IdxInsert     131 /* synopsis: key=r[P2]                        */
#define OP_IdxDelete     132 /* synopsis: key=r[P2@P3]                     */
#define OP_DeferredSeek  133 /* synopsis: Move P3 to P1.rowid if needed    */
#define OP_IdxRowid      134 /* synopsis: r[P2]=rowid                      */
#define OP_FinishSeek    135
#define OP_Destroy       136
#define OP_Clear         137
#define OP_ResetSorter   138








|
|








15414
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15428
15429

#define OP_ResetCount    123
#define OP_SorterCompare 124 /* synopsis: if key(P1)!=trim(r[P3],P4) goto P2 */
#define OP_SorterData    125 /* synopsis: r[P2]=data                       */
#define OP_RowData       126 /* synopsis: r[P2]=data                       */
#define OP_Rowid         127 /* synopsis: r[P2]=rowid                      */
#define OP_NullRow       128
#define OP_SeekEnd       129
#define OP_IdxInsert     130 /* synopsis: key=r[P2]                        */
#define OP_SorterInsert  131 /* synopsis: key=r[P2]                        */
#define OP_IdxDelete     132 /* synopsis: key=r[P2@P3]                     */
#define OP_DeferredSeek  133 /* synopsis: Move P3 to P1.rowid if needed    */
#define OP_IdxRowid      134 /* synopsis: r[P2]=rowid                      */
#define OP_FinishSeek    135
#define OP_Destroy       136
#define OP_Clear         137
#define OP_ResetSorter   138
︙︙
15473
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15476
15477
15478
15479

15480
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15486

SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(Vdbe*,int,char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeOpcode(Vdbe*, int addr, u8);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(Vdbe*, int addr, int P1);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(Vdbe*, int addr, int P2);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(Vdbe*, int addr, int P3);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(Vdbe*, u16 P5);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(Vdbe*, int addr);

SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(Vdbe*, int addr);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeDeletePriorOpcode(Vdbe*, u8 op);
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeReleaseRegisters(Parse*,int addr, int n, u32 mask, int);
#else
# define sqlite3VdbeReleaseRegisters(P,A,N,M,F)
#endif








>








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SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(Vdbe*,int,char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeOpcode(Vdbe*, int addr, u8);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(Vdbe*, int addr, int P1);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(Vdbe*, int addr, int P2);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(Vdbe*, int addr, int P3);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(Vdbe*, u16 P5);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(Vdbe*, int addr);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeJumpHereOrPopInst(Vdbe*, int addr);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(Vdbe*, int addr);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeDeletePriorOpcode(Vdbe*, u8 op);
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeReleaseRegisters(Parse*,int addr, int n, u32 mask, int);
#else
# define sqlite3VdbeReleaseRegisters(P,A,N,M,F)
#endif
︙︙
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15538



15539
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typedef int (*RecordCompare)(int,const void*,UnpackedRecord*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE RecordCompare sqlite3VdbeFindCompare(UnpackedRecord*);

SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeLinkSubProgram(Vdbe *, SubProgram *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeHasSubProgram(Vdbe*);

SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3NotPureFunc(sqlite3_context*);




/* Use SQLITE_ENABLE_COMMENTS to enable generation of extra comments on
** each VDBE opcode.
**
** Use the SQLITE_ENABLE_MODULE_COMMENTS macro to see some extra no-op
** comments in VDBE programs that show key decision points in the code
** generator.








>
>
>








15629
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15643
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typedef int (*RecordCompare)(int,const void*,UnpackedRecord*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE RecordCompare sqlite3VdbeFindCompare(UnpackedRecord*);

SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeLinkSubProgram(Vdbe *, SubProgram *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeHasSubProgram(Vdbe*);

SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3NotPureFunc(sqlite3_context*);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_BYTECODE_VTAB
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeBytecodeVtabInit(sqlite3*);
#endif

/* Use SQLITE_ENABLE_COMMENTS to enable generation of extra comments on
** each VDBE opcode.
**
** Use the SQLITE_ENABLE_MODULE_COMMENTS macro to see some extra no-op
** comments in VDBE programs that show key decision points in the code
** generator.
︙︙
15768
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);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerClose(Pager *pPager, sqlite3*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerReadFileheader(Pager*, int, unsigned char*);

/* Functions used to configure a Pager object. */
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetBusyHandler(Pager*, int(*)(void *), void *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSetPagesize(Pager*, u32*, int);
#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerAlignReserve(Pager*,Pager*);
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerMaxPageCount(Pager*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetCachesize(Pager*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSetSpillsize(Pager*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetMmapLimit(Pager *, sqlite3_int64);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerShrink(Pager*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetFlags(Pager*,unsigned);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerLockingMode(Pager *, int);








<
<
<








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);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerClose(Pager *pPager, sqlite3*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerReadFileheader(Pager*, int, unsigned char*);

/* Functions used to configure a Pager object. */
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetBusyHandler(Pager*, int(*)(void *), void *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSetPagesize(Pager*, u32*, int);



SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerMaxPageCount(Pager*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetCachesize(Pager*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSetSpillsize(Pager*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetMmapLimit(Pager *, sqlite3_int64);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerShrink(Pager*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetFlags(Pager*,unsigned);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerLockingMode(Pager *, int);
︙︙
15820
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15831
15832
15833








15834
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15840

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerCheckpoint(Pager *pPager, sqlite3*, int, int*, int*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerWalSupported(Pager *pPager);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerWalCallback(Pager *pPager);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerOpenWal(Pager *pPager, int *pisOpen);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerCloseWal(Pager *pPager, sqlite3*);
# ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SNAPSHOT
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerSnapshotGet(Pager *pPager, sqlite3_snapshot **ppSnapshot);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerSnapshotOpen(Pager *pPager, sqlite3_snapshot *pSnapshot);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerSnapshotRecover(Pager *pPager);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerSnapshotCheck(Pager *pPager, sqlite3_snapshot *pSnapshot);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3PagerSnapshotUnlock(Pager *pPager);
# endif
#endif









#ifdef SQLITE_DIRECT_OVERFLOW_READ
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerDirectReadOk(Pager *pPager, Pgno pgno);
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ZIPVFS
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerWalFramesize(Pager *pPager);








|
|





>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








15917
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15945

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerCheckpoint(Pager *pPager, sqlite3*, int, int*, int*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerWalSupported(Pager *pPager);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerWalCallback(Pager *pPager);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerOpenWal(Pager *pPager, int *pisOpen);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerCloseWal(Pager *pPager, sqlite3*);
# ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SNAPSHOT
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerSnapshotGet(Pager*, sqlite3_snapshot **ppSnapshot);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerSnapshotOpen(Pager*, sqlite3_snapshot *pSnapshot);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerSnapshotRecover(Pager *pPager);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerSnapshotCheck(Pager *pPager, sqlite3_snapshot *pSnapshot);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3PagerSnapshotUnlock(Pager *pPager);
# endif
#endif

#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT)
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerWalWriteLock(Pager*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3PagerWalDb(Pager*, sqlite3*);
#else
# define sqlite3PagerWalWriteLock(y,z) SQLITE_OK
# define sqlite3PagerWalDb(x,y)
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_DIRECT_OVERFLOW_READ
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerDirectReadOk(Pager *pPager, Pgno pgno);
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ZIPVFS
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerWalFramesize(Pager *pPager);
︙︙
15853
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15873
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15879
15880
15881

SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_file *sqlite3PagerJrnlFile(Pager*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerJournalname(Pager*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerTempSpace(Pager*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerIsMemdb(Pager*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerCacheStat(Pager *, int, int, int *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerClearCache(Pager*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SectorSize(sqlite3_file *);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerResetLockTimeout(Pager *pPager);
#else
# define sqlite3PagerResetLockTimeout(X)
#endif

/* Functions used to truncate the database file. */
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(Pager*,Pgno);

SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerRekey(DbPage*, Pgno, u16);

#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL)
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerCodec(DbPage *);
#endif

/* Functions to support testing and debugging. */
#if !defined(NDEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
SQLITE_PRIVATE   Pgno sqlite3PagerPagenumber(DbPage*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerIswriteable(DbPage*);
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int *sqlite3PagerStats(Pager*);








<
<
<
<
<






<
<
<
<








15958
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15964





15965
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15970




15971
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15977

SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_file *sqlite3PagerJrnlFile(Pager*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerJournalname(Pager*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerTempSpace(Pager*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerIsMemdb(Pager*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerCacheStat(Pager *, int, int, int *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerClearCache(Pager*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SectorSize(sqlite3_file *);






/* Functions used to truncate the database file. */
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(Pager*,Pgno);

SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerRekey(DbPage*, Pgno, u16);





/* Functions to support testing and debugging. */
#if !defined(NDEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
SQLITE_PRIVATE   Pgno sqlite3PagerPagenumber(DbPage*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerIswriteable(DbPage*);
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int *sqlite3PagerStats(Pager*);
︙︙
16535
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16549

**
** DB_UnresetViews means that one or more views have column names that
** have been filled out.  If the schema changes, these column names might
** changes and so the view will need to be reset.
*/
#define DB_SchemaLoaded    0x0001  /* The schema has been loaded */
#define DB_UnresetViews    0x0002  /* Some views have defined column names */
#define DB_Empty           0x0004  /* The file is empty (length 0 bytes) */
#define DB_ResetWanted     0x0008  /* Reset the schema when nSchemaLock==0 */

/*
** The number of different kinds of things that can be limited
** using the sqlite3_limit() interface.
*/
#define SQLITE_N_LIMIT (SQLITE_LIMIT_WORKER_THREADS+1)








<








16631
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16637

16638
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16644

**
** DB_UnresetViews means that one or more views have column names that
** have been filled out.  If the schema changes, these column names might
** changes and so the view will need to be reset.
*/
#define DB_SchemaLoaded    0x0001  /* The schema has been loaded */
#define DB_UnresetViews    0x0002  /* Some views have defined column names */

#define DB_ResetWanted     0x0008  /* Reset the schema when nSchemaLock==0 */

/*
** The number of different kinds of things that can be limited
** using the sqlite3_limit() interface.
*/
#define SQLITE_N_LIMIT (SQLITE_LIMIT_WORKER_THREADS+1)
︙︙
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/*
** Each database connection is an instance of the following structure.
*/
struct sqlite3 {
  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs;            /* OS Interface */
  struct Vdbe *pVdbe;           /* List of active virtual machines */
  CollSeq *pDfltColl;           /* The default collating sequence (BINARY) */
  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;         /* Connection mutex */
  Db *aDb;                      /* All backends */
  int nDb;                      /* Number of backends currently in use */
  u32 mDbFlags;                 /* flags recording internal state */
  u64 flags;                    /* flags settable by pragmas. See below */
  i64 lastRowid;                /* ROWID of most recent insert (see above) */
  i64 szMmap;                   /* Default mmap_size setting */








|








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/*
** Each database connection is an instance of the following structure.
*/
struct sqlite3 {
  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs;            /* OS Interface */
  struct Vdbe *pVdbe;           /* List of active virtual machines */
  CollSeq *pDfltColl;           /* BINARY collseq for the database encoding */
  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;         /* Connection mutex */
  Db *aDb;                      /* All backends */
  int nDb;                      /* Number of backends currently in use */
  u32 mDbFlags;                 /* flags recording internal state */
  u64 flags;                    /* flags settable by pragmas. See below */
  i64 lastRowid;                /* ROWID of most recent insert (see above) */
  i64 szMmap;                   /* Default mmap_size setting */
︙︙
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16802

16803
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16807
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16809

  VTable *pDisconnect;          /* Disconnect these in next sqlite3_prepare() */
#endif
  Hash aFunc;                   /* Hash table of connection functions */
  Hash aCollSeq;                /* All collating sequences */
  BusyHandler busyHandler;      /* Busy callback */
  Db aDbStatic[2];              /* Static space for the 2 default backends */
  Savepoint *pSavepoint;        /* List of active savepoints */

  int busyTimeout;              /* Busy handler timeout, in msec */
  int nSavepoint;               /* Number of non-transaction savepoints */
  int nStatement;               /* Number of nested statement-transactions  */
  i64 nDeferredCons;            /* Net deferred constraints this transaction. */
  i64 nDeferredImmCons;         /* Net deferred immediate constraints */
  int *pnBytesFreed;            /* If not NULL, increment this in DbFree() */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY








>








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  VTable *pDisconnect;          /* Disconnect these in next sqlite3_prepare() */
#endif
  Hash aFunc;                   /* Hash table of connection functions */
  Hash aCollSeq;                /* All collating sequences */
  BusyHandler busyHandler;      /* Busy callback */
  Db aDbStatic[2];              /* Static space for the 2 default backends */
  Savepoint *pSavepoint;        /* List of active savepoints */
  int nAnalysisLimit;           /* Number of index rows to ANALYZE */
  int busyTimeout;              /* Busy handler timeout, in msec */
  int nSavepoint;               /* Number of non-transaction savepoints */
  int nStatement;               /* Number of nested statement-transactions  */
  i64 nDeferredCons;            /* Net deferred constraints this transaction. */
  i64 nDeferredImmCons;         /* Net deferred immediate constraints */
  int *pnBytesFreed;            /* If not NULL, increment this in DbFree() */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY
︙︙
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16908

16909
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16915

*/
#define DBFLAG_SchemaChange   0x0001  /* Uncommitted Hash table changes */
#define DBFLAG_PreferBuiltin  0x0002  /* Preference to built-in funcs */
#define DBFLAG_Vacuum         0x0004  /* Currently in a VACUUM */
#define DBFLAG_VacuumInto     0x0008  /* Currently running VACUUM INTO */
#define DBFLAG_SchemaKnownOk  0x0010  /* Schema is known to be valid */
#define DBFLAG_InternalFunc   0x0020  /* Allow use of internal functions */


/*
** Bits of the sqlite3.dbOptFlags field that are used by the
** sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS,...) interface to
** selectively disable various optimizations.
*/
#define SQLITE_QueryFlattener 0x0001   /* Query flattening */








>








16998
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17001
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17004
17005
17006
17007
17008
17009
17010
17011
17012

*/
#define DBFLAG_SchemaChange   0x0001  /* Uncommitted Hash table changes */
#define DBFLAG_PreferBuiltin  0x0002  /* Preference to built-in funcs */
#define DBFLAG_Vacuum         0x0004  /* Currently in a VACUUM */
#define DBFLAG_VacuumInto     0x0008  /* Currently running VACUUM INTO */
#define DBFLAG_SchemaKnownOk  0x0010  /* Schema is known to be valid */
#define DBFLAG_InternalFunc   0x0020  /* Allow use of internal functions */
#define DBFLAG_EncodingFixed  0x0040  /* No longer possible to change enc. */

/*
** Bits of the sqlite3.dbOptFlags field that are used by the
** sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS,...) interface to
** selectively disable various optimizations.
*/
#define SQLITE_QueryFlattener 0x0001   /* Query flattening */
︙︙
17020
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17047

17048
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#define SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE     0x0004 /* Candidate for the LIKE optimization */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_CASE     0x0008 /* Case-sensitive LIKE-type function */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM    0x0010 /* Ephemeral.  Delete with VDBE */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL 0x0020 /* sqlite3GetFuncCollSeq() might be called*/
#define SQLITE_FUNC_LENGTH   0x0040 /* Built-in length() function */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_TYPEOF   0x0080 /* Built-in typeof() function */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT    0x0100 /* Built-in count(*) aggregate */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE 0x0200 /* Built-in coalesce() or ifnull() */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_UNLIKELY 0x0400 /* Built-in unlikely() function */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT 0x0800 /* Constant inputs give a constant output */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_MINMAX   0x1000 /* True for min() and max() aggregates */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_SLOCHNG  0x2000 /* "Slow Change". Value constant during a
                                    ** single query - might change over time */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_TEST     0x4000 /* Built-in testing functions */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_OFFSET   0x8000 /* Built-in sqlite_offset() function */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_WINDOW   0x00010000 /* Built-in window-only function */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_INTERNAL 0x00040000 /* For use by NestedParse() only */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_DIRECT   0x00080000 /* Not for use in TRIGGERs or VIEWs */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_SUBTYPE  0x00100000 /* Result likely to have sub-type */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_UNSAFE   0x00200000 /* Function has side effects */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_INLINE   0x00400000 /* Functions implemented in-line */

/* Identifier numbers for each in-line function */
#define INLINEFUNC_coalesce             0
#define INLINEFUNC_implies_nonnull_row  1
#define INLINEFUNC_expr_implies_expr    2
#define INLINEFUNC_expr_compare         3      
#define INLINEFUNC_affinity             4

#define INLINEFUNC_unlikely            99  /* Default case */

/*
** The following three macros, FUNCTION(), LIKEFUNC() and AGGREGATE() are
** used to create the initializers for the FuncDef structures.
**
**   FUNCTION(zName, nArg, iArg, bNC, xFunc)








|




















>








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#define SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE     0x0004 /* Candidate for the LIKE optimization */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_CASE     0x0008 /* Case-sensitive LIKE-type function */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM    0x0010 /* Ephemeral.  Delete with VDBE */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL 0x0020 /* sqlite3GetFuncCollSeq() might be called*/
#define SQLITE_FUNC_LENGTH   0x0040 /* Built-in length() function */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_TYPEOF   0x0080 /* Built-in typeof() function */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT    0x0100 /* Built-in count(*) aggregate */
/*                           0x0200 -- available for reuse */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_UNLIKELY 0x0400 /* Built-in unlikely() function */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT 0x0800 /* Constant inputs give a constant output */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_MINMAX   0x1000 /* True for min() and max() aggregates */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_SLOCHNG  0x2000 /* "Slow Change". Value constant during a
                                    ** single query - might change over time */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_TEST     0x4000 /* Built-in testing functions */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_OFFSET   0x8000 /* Built-in sqlite_offset() function */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_WINDOW   0x00010000 /* Built-in window-only function */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_INTERNAL 0x00040000 /* For use by NestedParse() only */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_DIRECT   0x00080000 /* Not for use in TRIGGERs or VIEWs */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_SUBTYPE  0x00100000 /* Result likely to have sub-type */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_UNSAFE   0x00200000 /* Function has side effects */
#define SQLITE_FUNC_INLINE   0x00400000 /* Functions implemented in-line */

/* Identifier numbers for each in-line function */
#define INLINEFUNC_coalesce             0
#define INLINEFUNC_implies_nonnull_row  1
#define INLINEFUNC_expr_implies_expr    2
#define INLINEFUNC_expr_compare         3      
#define INLINEFUNC_affinity             4
#define INLINEFUNC_iif                  5
#define INLINEFUNC_unlikely            99  /* Default case */

/*
** The following three macros, FUNCTION(), LIKEFUNC() and AGGREGATE() are
** used to create the initializers for the FuncDef structures.
**
**   FUNCTION(zName, nArg, iArg, bNC, xFunc)
︙︙
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17218

struct Column {
  char *zName;     /* Name of this column, \000, then the type */
  Expr *pDflt;     /* Default value or GENERATED ALWAYS AS value */
  char *zColl;     /* Collating sequence.  If NULL, use the default */
  u8 notNull;      /* An OE_ code for handling a NOT NULL constraint */
  char affinity;   /* One of the SQLITE_AFF_... values */
  u8 szEst;        /* Estimated size of value in this column. sizeof(INT)==1 */

  u16 colFlags;    /* Boolean properties.  See COLFLAG_ defines below */
};

/* Allowed values for Column.colFlags:
*/
#define COLFLAG_PRIMKEY   0x0001   /* Column is part of the primary key */
#define COLFLAG_HIDDEN    0x0002   /* A hidden column in a virtual table */








>








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struct Column {
  char *zName;     /* Name of this column, \000, then the type */
  Expr *pDflt;     /* Default value or GENERATED ALWAYS AS value */
  char *zColl;     /* Collating sequence.  If NULL, use the default */
  u8 notNull;      /* An OE_ code for handling a NOT NULL constraint */
  char affinity;   /* One of the SQLITE_AFF_... values */
  u8 szEst;        /* Estimated size of value in this column. sizeof(INT)==1 */
  u8 hName;        /* Column name hash for faster lookup */
  u16 colFlags;    /* Boolean properties.  See COLFLAG_ defines below */
};

/* Allowed values for Column.colFlags:
*/
#define COLFLAG_PRIMKEY   0x0001   /* Column is part of the primary key */
#define COLFLAG_HIDDEN    0x0002   /* A hidden column in a virtual table */
︙︙
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17871



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struct Expr {
  u8 op;                 /* Operation performed by this node */
  char affExpr;          /* affinity, or RAISE type */
  u8 op2;                /* TK_REGISTER/TK_TRUTH: original value of Expr.op
                         ** TK_COLUMN: the value of p5 for OP_Column
                         ** TK_AGG_FUNCTION: nesting depth
                         ** TK_FUNCTION: NC_SelfRef flag if needs OP_PureFunc */



  u32 flags;             /* Various flags.  EP_* See below */
  union {
    char *zToken;          /* Token value. Zero terminated and dequoted */
    int iValue;            /* Non-negative integer value if EP_IntValue */
  } u;

  /* If the EP_TokenOnly flag is set in the Expr.flags mask, then no








>
>
>








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struct Expr {
  u8 op;                 /* Operation performed by this node */
  char affExpr;          /* affinity, or RAISE type */
  u8 op2;                /* TK_REGISTER/TK_TRUTH: original value of Expr.op
                         ** TK_COLUMN: the value of p5 for OP_Column
                         ** TK_AGG_FUNCTION: nesting depth
                         ** TK_FUNCTION: NC_SelfRef flag if needs OP_PureFunc */
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  u8 vvaFlags;           /* Verification flags. */
#endif
  u32 flags;             /* Various flags.  EP_* See below */
  union {
    char *zToken;          /* Token value. Zero terminated and dequoted */
    int iValue;            /* Non-negative integer value if EP_IntValue */
  } u;

  /* If the EP_TokenOnly flag is set in the Expr.flags mask, then no
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#define EP_IntValue   0x000400 /* Integer value contained in u.iValue */
#define EP_xIsSelect  0x000800 /* x.pSelect is valid (otherwise x.pList is) */
#define EP_Skip       0x001000 /* Operator does not contribute to affinity */
#define EP_Reduced    0x002000 /* Expr struct EXPR_REDUCEDSIZE bytes only */
#define EP_TokenOnly  0x004000 /* Expr struct EXPR_TOKENONLYSIZE bytes only */
#define EP_Win        0x008000 /* Contains window functions */
#define EP_MemToken   0x010000 /* Need to sqlite3DbFree() Expr.zToken */
#define EP_NoReduce   0x020000 /* Cannot EXPRDUP_REDUCE this Expr */
#define EP_Unlikely   0x040000 /* unlikely() or likelihood() function */
#define EP_ConstFunc  0x080000 /* A SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT or _SLOCHNG function */
#define EP_CanBeNull  0x100000 /* Can be null despite NOT NULL constraint */
#define EP_Subquery   0x200000 /* Tree contains a TK_SELECT operator */
#define EP_Alias      0x400000 /* Is an alias for a result set column */
#define EP_Leaf       0x800000 /* Expr.pLeft, .pRight, .u.pSelect all NULL */
#define EP_WinFunc   0x1000000 /* TK_FUNCTION with Expr.y.pWin set */
#define EP_Subrtn    0x2000000 /* Uses Expr.y.sub. TK_IN, _SELECT, or _EXISTS */
#define EP_Quoted    0x4000000 /* TK_ID was originally quoted */
#define EP_Static    0x8000000 /* Held in memory not obtained from malloc() */
#define EP_IsTrue   0x10000000 /* Always has boolean value of TRUE */
#define EP_IsFalse  0x20000000 /* Always has boolean value of FALSE */
#define EP_FromDDL  0x40000000 /* Originates from sqlite_master */


/*
** The EP_Propagate mask is a set of properties that automatically propagate
** upwards into parent nodes.
*/
#define EP_Propagate (EP_Collate|EP_Subquery|EP_HasFunc)

/*
** These macros can be used to test, set, or clear bits in the
** Expr.flags field.
*/
#define ExprHasProperty(E,P)     (((E)->flags&(P))!=0)
#define ExprHasAllProperty(E,P)  (((E)->flags&(P))==(P))
#define ExprSetProperty(E,P)     (E)->flags|=(P)
#define ExprClearProperty(E,P)   (E)->flags&=~(P)
#define ExprAlwaysTrue(E)   (((E)->flags&(EP_FromJoin|EP_IsTrue))==EP_IsTrue)
#define ExprAlwaysFalse(E)  (((E)->flags&(EP_FromJoin|EP_IsFalse))==EP_IsFalse)







/* The ExprSetVVAProperty() macro is used for Verification, Validation,
** and Accreditation only.  It works like ExprSetProperty() during VVA
** processes but is a no-op for delivery.
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
# define ExprSetVVAProperty(E,P)  (E)->flags|=(P)


#else
# define ExprSetVVAProperty(E,P)


#endif

/*
** Macros to determine the number of bytes required by a normal Expr
** struct, an Expr struct with the EP_Reduced flag set in Expr.flags
** and an Expr struct with the EP_TokenOnly flag set.
*/








|













>


















>
>
>
>
>
>





|
>
>


>
>








18041
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18103
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18105

#define EP_IntValue   0x000400 /* Integer value contained in u.iValue */
#define EP_xIsSelect  0x000800 /* x.pSelect is valid (otherwise x.pList is) */
#define EP_Skip       0x001000 /* Operator does not contribute to affinity */
#define EP_Reduced    0x002000 /* Expr struct EXPR_REDUCEDSIZE bytes only */
#define EP_TokenOnly  0x004000 /* Expr struct EXPR_TOKENONLYSIZE bytes only */
#define EP_Win        0x008000 /* Contains window functions */
#define EP_MemToken   0x010000 /* Need to sqlite3DbFree() Expr.zToken */
                  /*  0x020000 // available for reuse */
#define EP_Unlikely   0x040000 /* unlikely() or likelihood() function */
#define EP_ConstFunc  0x080000 /* A SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT or _SLOCHNG function */
#define EP_CanBeNull  0x100000 /* Can be null despite NOT NULL constraint */
#define EP_Subquery   0x200000 /* Tree contains a TK_SELECT operator */
#define EP_Alias      0x400000 /* Is an alias for a result set column */
#define EP_Leaf       0x800000 /* Expr.pLeft, .pRight, .u.pSelect all NULL */
#define EP_WinFunc   0x1000000 /* TK_FUNCTION with Expr.y.pWin set */
#define EP_Subrtn    0x2000000 /* Uses Expr.y.sub. TK_IN, _SELECT, or _EXISTS */
#define EP_Quoted    0x4000000 /* TK_ID was originally quoted */
#define EP_Static    0x8000000 /* Held in memory not obtained from malloc() */
#define EP_IsTrue   0x10000000 /* Always has boolean value of TRUE */
#define EP_IsFalse  0x20000000 /* Always has boolean value of FALSE */
#define EP_FromDDL  0x40000000 /* Originates from sqlite_master */
               /*   0x80000000 // Available */

/*
** The EP_Propagate mask is a set of properties that automatically propagate
** upwards into parent nodes.
*/
#define EP_Propagate (EP_Collate|EP_Subquery|EP_HasFunc)

/*
** These macros can be used to test, set, or clear bits in the
** Expr.flags field.
*/
#define ExprHasProperty(E,P)     (((E)->flags&(P))!=0)
#define ExprHasAllProperty(E,P)  (((E)->flags&(P))==(P))
#define ExprSetProperty(E,P)     (E)->flags|=(P)
#define ExprClearProperty(E,P)   (E)->flags&=~(P)
#define ExprAlwaysTrue(E)   (((E)->flags&(EP_FromJoin|EP_IsTrue))==EP_IsTrue)
#define ExprAlwaysFalse(E)  (((E)->flags&(EP_FromJoin|EP_IsFalse))==EP_IsFalse)


/* Flags for use with Expr.vvaFlags
*/
#define EP_NoReduce   0x01  /* Cannot EXPRDUP_REDUCE this Expr */
#define EP_Immutable  0x02  /* Do not change this Expr node */

/* The ExprSetVVAProperty() macro is used for Verification, Validation,
** and Accreditation only.  It works like ExprSetProperty() during VVA
** processes but is a no-op for delivery.
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
# define ExprSetVVAProperty(E,P)   (E)->vvaFlags|=(P)
# define ExprHasVVAProperty(E,P)   (((E)->vvaFlags&(P))!=0)
# define ExprClearVVAProperties(E) (E)->vvaFlags = 0
#else
# define ExprSetVVAProperty(E,P)
# define ExprHasVVAProperty(E,P)   0
# define ExprClearVVAProperties(E)
#endif

/*
** Macros to determine the number of bytes required by a normal Expr
** struct, an Expr struct with the EP_Reduced flag set in Expr.flags
** and an Expr struct with the EP_TokenOnly flag set.
*/
︙︙
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18958

18959
18960
18961
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18964
18965

    struct IdxExprTrans *pIdxTrans;           /* Convert idxed expr to column */
    ExprList *pGroupBy;                       /* GROUP BY clause */
    Select *pSelect;                          /* HAVING to WHERE clause ctx */
    struct WindowRewrite *pRewrite;           /* Window rewrite context */
    struct WhereConst *pConst;                /* WHERE clause constants */
    struct RenameCtx *pRename;                /* RENAME COLUMN context */
    struct Table *pTab;                       /* Table of generated column */

  } u;
};

/* Forward declarations */
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkExpr(Walker*, Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkExprList(Walker*, ExprList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkSelect(Walker*, Select*);








>








19065
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    struct IdxExprTrans *pIdxTrans;           /* Convert idxed expr to column */
    ExprList *pGroupBy;                       /* GROUP BY clause */
    Select *pSelect;                          /* HAVING to WHERE clause ctx */
    struct WindowRewrite *pRewrite;           /* Window rewrite context */
    struct WhereConst *pConst;                /* WHERE clause constants */
    struct RenameCtx *pRename;                /* RENAME COLUMN context */
    struct Table *pTab;                       /* Table of generated column */
    struct SrcList_item *pSrcItem;            /* A single FROM clause item */
  } u;
};

/* Forward declarations */
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkExpr(Walker*, Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkExprList(Walker*, ExprList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkSelect(Walker*, Select*);
︙︙
19197
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SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3DbStrNDup(sqlite3*,const char*, u64);
SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3DbSpanDup(sqlite3*,const char*,const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3Realloc(void*, u64);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(sqlite3 *, void *, u64);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3DbRealloc(sqlite3 *, void *, u64);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DbFree(sqlite3*, void*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DbFreeNN(sqlite3*, void*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FreeFilename(char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MallocSize(void*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3DbMallocSize(sqlite3*, void*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PageMalloc(int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PageFree(void*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemSetDefault(void);
#ifndef SQLITE_UNTESTABLE
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BenignMallocHooks(void (*)(void), void (*)(void));








<








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19318
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SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3DbStrNDup(sqlite3*,const char*, u64);
SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3DbSpanDup(sqlite3*,const char*,const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3Realloc(void*, u64);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(sqlite3 *, void *, u64);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3DbRealloc(sqlite3 *, void *, u64);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DbFree(sqlite3*, void*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DbFreeNN(sqlite3*, void*);

SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MallocSize(void*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3DbMallocSize(sqlite3*, void*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PageMalloc(int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PageFree(void*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemSetDefault(void);
#ifndef SQLITE_UNTESTABLE
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BenignMallocHooks(void (*)(void), void (*)(void));
︙︙
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SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddCheckConstraint(Parse*, Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddDefaultValue(Parse*,Expr*,const char*,const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddCollateType(Parse*, Token*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddGenerated(Parse*,Expr*,Token*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3EndTable(Parse*,Token*,Token*,u8,Select*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ParseUri(const char*,const char*,unsigned int*,
                    sqlite3_vfs**,char**,char **);
#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CodecQueryParameters(sqlite3*,const char*,const char*);
#else
# define sqlite3CodecQueryParameters(A,B,C) 0
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE Btree *sqlite3DbNameToBtree(sqlite3*,const char*);

#ifdef SQLITE_UNTESTABLE
# define sqlite3FaultSim(X) SQLITE_OK
#else
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3FaultSim(int);
#endif








<
<
<
|
<








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SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddCheckConstraint(Parse*, Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddDefaultValue(Parse*,Expr*,const char*,const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddCollateType(Parse*, Token*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddGenerated(Parse*,Expr*,Token*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3EndTable(Parse*,Token*,Token*,u8,Select*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ParseUri(const char*,const char*,unsigned int*,
                    sqlite3_vfs**,char**,char **);



#define sqlite3CodecQueryParameters(A,B,C) 0

SQLITE_PRIVATE Btree *sqlite3DbNameToBtree(sqlite3*,const char*);

#ifdef SQLITE_UNTESTABLE
# define sqlite3FaultSim(X) SQLITE_OK
#else
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3FaultSim(int);
#endif
︙︙
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SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeMove(Parse*, int, int, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCode(Parse*, Expr*, int);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_GENERATED_COLUMNS
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeGeneratedColumn(Parse*, Column*, int);
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeCopy(Parse*, Expr*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeFactorable(Parse*, Expr*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeAtInit(Parse*, Expr*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(Parse*, Expr*, int*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(Parse*, Expr*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(Parse*, ExprList*, int, int, u8);
#define SQLITE_ECEL_DUP      0x01  /* Deep, not shallow copies */
#define SQLITE_ECEL_FACTOR   0x02  /* Factor out constant terms */
#define SQLITE_ECEL_REF      0x04  /* Use ExprList.u.x.iOrderByCol */
#define SQLITE_ECEL_OMITREF  0x08  /* Omit if ExprList.u.x.iOrderByCol */








|








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SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeMove(Parse*, int, int, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCode(Parse*, Expr*, int);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_GENERATED_COLUMNS
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeGeneratedColumn(Parse*, Column*, int);
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeCopy(Parse*, Expr*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeFactorable(Parse*, Expr*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeRunJustOnce(Parse*, Expr*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(Parse*, Expr*, int*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(Parse*, Expr*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(Parse*, ExprList*, int, int, u8);
#define SQLITE_ECEL_DUP      0x01  /* Deep, not shallow copies */
#define SQLITE_ECEL_FACTOR   0x02  /* Factor out constant terms */
#define SQLITE_ECEL_REF      0x04  /* Use ExprList.u.x.iOrderByCol */
#define SQLITE_ECEL_OMITREF  0x08  /* Omit if ExprList.u.x.iOrderByCol */
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SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3AuthReadCol(Parse*, const char *, const char *, int);
#else
# define sqlite3AuthRead(a,b,c,d)
# define sqlite3AuthCheck(a,b,c,d,e)    SQLITE_OK
# define sqlite3AuthContextPush(a,b,c)
# define sqlite3AuthContextPop(a)  ((void)(a))
#endif

SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Attach(Parse*, Expr*, Expr*, Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Detach(Parse*, Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FixInit(DbFixer*, Parse*, int, const char*, const Token*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixSrcList(DbFixer*, SrcList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixSelect(DbFixer*, Select*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixExpr(DbFixer*, Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixExprList(DbFixer*, ExprList*);








>








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SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3AuthReadCol(Parse*, const char *, const char *, int);
#else
# define sqlite3AuthRead(a,b,c,d)
# define sqlite3AuthCheck(a,b,c,d,e)    SQLITE_OK
# define sqlite3AuthContextPush(a,b,c)
# define sqlite3AuthContextPop(a)  ((void)(a))
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3DbIsNamed(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, const char *zName);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Attach(Parse*, Expr*, Expr*, Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Detach(Parse*, Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FixInit(DbFixer*, Parse*, int, const char*, const Token*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixSrcList(DbFixer*, SrcList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixSelect(DbFixer*, Select*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixExpr(DbFixer*, Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixExprList(DbFixer*, ExprList*);
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  sqlite3PutVarint((A),(B)))
#define getVarint    sqlite3GetVarint
#define putVarint    sqlite3PutVarint


SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(sqlite3*, Index*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TableAffinity(Vdbe*, Table*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3CompareAffinity(Expr *pExpr, char aff2);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(Expr *pExpr, char idx_affinity);
SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3TableColumnAffinity(Table*,int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3ExprAffinity(Expr *pExpr);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Atoi64(const char*, i64*, int, u8);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3DecOrHexToI64(const char*, i64*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ErrorWithMsg(sqlite3*, int, const char*,...);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Error(sqlite3*,int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SystemError(sqlite3*,int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3HexToBlob(sqlite3*, const char *z, int n);
SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3HexToInt(int h);








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|

|








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  sqlite3PutVarint((A),(B)))
#define getVarint    sqlite3GetVarint
#define putVarint    sqlite3PutVarint


SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(sqlite3*, Index*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TableAffinity(Vdbe*, Table*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3CompareAffinity(const Expr *pExpr, char aff2);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(const Expr *pExpr, char idx_affinity);
SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3TableColumnAffinity(Table*,int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3ExprAffinity(const Expr *pExpr);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Atoi64(const char*, i64*, int, u8);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3DecOrHexToI64(const char*, i64*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ErrorWithMsg(sqlite3*, int, const char*,...);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Error(sqlite3*,int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SystemError(sqlite3*,int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3HexToBlob(sqlite3*, const char *z, int n);
SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3HexToInt(int h);
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#endif

SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3ErrStr(int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ReadSchema(Parse *pParse);
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3FindCollSeq(sqlite3*,u8 enc, const char*,int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsBinary(const CollSeq*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3LocateCollSeq(Parse *pParse, const char*zName);

SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprCollSeq(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr);
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprNNCollSeq(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCollSeqMatch(Parse*,Expr*,Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(Parse *pParse, Expr*, const Token*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAddCollateString(Parse*,Expr*,const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSkipCollateAndLikely(Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CheckCollSeq(Parse *, CollSeq *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WritableSchema(sqlite3*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CheckObjectName(Parse*, const char*,const char*,const char*);








>
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|
|








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#endif

SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3ErrStr(int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ReadSchema(Parse *pParse);
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3FindCollSeq(sqlite3*,u8 enc, const char*,int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsBinary(const CollSeq*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3LocateCollSeq(Parse *pParse, const char*zName);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SetTextEncoding(sqlite3 *db, u8);
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprCollSeq(Parse *pParse, const Expr *pExpr);
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprNNCollSeq(Parse *pParse, const Expr *pExpr);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCollSeqMatch(Parse*,const Expr*,const Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(Parse *pParse, Expr*, const Token*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAddCollateString(Parse*,Expr*,const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSkipCollateAndLikely(Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CheckCollSeq(Parse *, CollSeq *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WritableSchema(sqlite3*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CheckObjectName(Parse*, const char*,const char*,const char*);
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SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SelectWrongNumTermsError(Parse *pParse, Select *p);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MatchEName(
  const struct ExprList_item*,
  const char*,
  const char*,
  const char*
);


SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ResolveExprNames(NameContext*, Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ResolveExprListNames(NameContext*, ExprList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResolveSelectNames(Parse*, Select*, NameContext*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ResolveSelfReference(Parse*,Table*,int,Expr*,ExprList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(Parse*, Select*, ExprList*, const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ColumnDefault(Vdbe *, Table *, int, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterFinishAddColumn(Parse *, Token *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterBeginAddColumn(Parse *, SrcList *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3RenameTokenMap(Parse*, void*, Token*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RenameTokenRemap(Parse*, void *pTo, void *pFrom);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RenameExprUnmap(Parse*, Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RenameExprlistUnmap(Parse*, ExprList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3GetCollSeq(Parse*, u8, CollSeq *, const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3AffinityType(const char*, Column*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Analyze(Parse*, Token*, Token*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3InvokeBusyHandler(BusyHandler*, sqlite3_file*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindDb(sqlite3*, Token*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindDbName(sqlite3 *, const char *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AnalysisLoad(sqlite3*,int iDB);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteIndexSamples(sqlite3*,Index*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DefaultRowEst(Index*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterLikeFunctions(sqlite3*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsLikeFunction(sqlite3*,Expr*,int*,char*);








>
>















|








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SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SelectWrongNumTermsError(Parse *pParse, Select *p);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MatchEName(
  const struct ExprList_item*,
  const char*,
  const char*,
  const char*
);
SQLITE_PRIVATE Bitmask sqlite3ExprColUsed(Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3StrIHash(const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ResolveExprNames(NameContext*, Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ResolveExprListNames(NameContext*, ExprList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResolveSelectNames(Parse*, Select*, NameContext*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ResolveSelfReference(Parse*,Table*,int,Expr*,ExprList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(Parse*, Select*, ExprList*, const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ColumnDefault(Vdbe *, Table *, int, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterFinishAddColumn(Parse *, Token *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterBeginAddColumn(Parse *, SrcList *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3RenameTokenMap(Parse*, void*, Token*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RenameTokenRemap(Parse*, void *pTo, void *pFrom);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RenameExprUnmap(Parse*, Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RenameExprlistUnmap(Parse*, ExprList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3GetCollSeq(Parse*, u8, CollSeq *, const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3AffinityType(const char*, Column*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Analyze(Parse*, Token*, Token*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3InvokeBusyHandler(BusyHandler*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindDb(sqlite3*, Token*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindDbName(sqlite3 *, const char *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AnalysisLoad(sqlite3*,int iDB);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteIndexSamples(sqlite3*,Index*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DefaultRowEst(Index*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterLikeFunctions(sqlite3*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsLikeFunction(sqlite3*,Expr*,int*,char*);
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     void(*)(void*)
   );
#  define sqlite3VtabInSync(db) ((db)->nVTrans>0 && (db)->aVTrans==0)
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ReadOnlyShadowTables(sqlite3 *db);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3ShadowTableName(sqlite3 *db, const char *zName);

#else
# define sqlite3ShadowTableName(A,B) 0

#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabEponymousTableInit(Parse*,Module*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabEponymousTableClear(sqlite3*,Module*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabMakeWritable(Parse*,Table*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabBeginParse(Parse*, Token*, Token*, Token*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabFinishParse(Parse*, Token*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabArgInit(Parse*);








>


>








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     void(*)(void*)
   );
#  define sqlite3VtabInSync(db) ((db)->nVTrans>0 && (db)->aVTrans==0)
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ReadOnlyShadowTables(sqlite3 *db);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3ShadowTableName(sqlite3 *db, const char *zName);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3IsShadowTableOf(sqlite3*,Table*,const char*);
#else
# define sqlite3ShadowTableName(A,B) 0
# define sqlite3IsShadowTableOf(A,B,C) 0
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabEponymousTableInit(Parse*,Module*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabEponymousTableClear(sqlite3*,Module*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabMakeWritable(Parse*,Table*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabBeginParse(Parse*, Token*, Token*, Token*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabFinishParse(Parse*, Token*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabArgInit(Parse*);
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SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TransferBindings(sqlite3_stmt *, sqlite3_stmt *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ParserReset(Parse*);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_NORMALIZE
SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Normalize(Vdbe*, const char*);
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Reprepare(Vdbe*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(Parse*, ExprList*, const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprCompareCollSeq(Parse*,Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(Parse *, Expr *, Expr *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TempInMemory(const sqlite3*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3JournalModename(int);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3Checkpoint(sqlite3*, int, int, int*, int*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3WalDefaultHook(void*,sqlite3*,const char*,int);
#endif
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE








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|








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SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TransferBindings(sqlite3_stmt *, sqlite3_stmt *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ParserReset(Parse*);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_NORMALIZE
SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Normalize(Vdbe*, const char*);
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Reprepare(Vdbe*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(Parse*, ExprList*, const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprCompareCollSeq(Parse*,const Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(Parse *, const Expr*, const Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TempInMemory(const sqlite3*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3JournalModename(int);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3Checkpoint(sqlite3*, int, int, int*, int*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3WalDefaultHook(void*,sqlite3*,const char*,int);
#endif
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
︙︙
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**
** EVIDENCE-OF: R-38799-08373 URI filenames can be enabled or disabled
** using the SQLITE_USE_URI=1 or SQLITE_USE_URI=0 compile-time options.
**
** EVIDENCE-OF: R-43642-56306 By default, URI handling is globally
** disabled. The default value may be changed by compiling with the
** SQLITE_USE_URI symbol defined.
**
** URI filenames are enabled by default if SQLITE_HAS_CODEC is
** enabled.
*/
#ifndef SQLITE_USE_URI
# ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
#  define SQLITE_USE_URI 1
# else
#  define SQLITE_USE_URI 0
# endif
#endif

/* EVIDENCE-OF: R-38720-18127 The default setting is determined by the
** SQLITE_ALLOW_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN compile-time option, or is "on" if
** that compile-time option is omitted.
*/
#if !defined(SQLITE_ALLOW_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN)








<
<
<


<
<
<
|
<








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**
** EVIDENCE-OF: R-38799-08373 URI filenames can be enabled or disabled
** using the SQLITE_USE_URI=1 or SQLITE_USE_URI=0 compile-time options.
**
** EVIDENCE-OF: R-43642-56306 By default, URI handling is globally
** disabled. The default value may be changed by compiling with the
** SQLITE_USE_URI symbol defined.



*/
#ifndef SQLITE_USE_URI



# define SQLITE_USE_URI 0

#endif

/* EVIDENCE-OF: R-38720-18127 The default setting is determined by the
** SQLITE_ALLOW_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN compile-time option, or is "on" if
** that compile-time option is omitted.
*/
#if !defined(SQLITE_ALLOW_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN)
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#endif

/*
** VDBE_DISPLAY_P4 is true or false depending on whether or not the
** "explain" P4 display logic is enabled.
*/
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN) || !defined(NDEBUG) \
     || defined(VDBE_PROFILE) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)

# define VDBE_DISPLAY_P4 1
#else
# define VDBE_DISPLAY_P4 0
#endif

/*
** SQL is translated into a sequence of instructions to be








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>








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#endif

/*
** VDBE_DISPLAY_P4 is true or false depending on whether or not the
** "explain" P4 display logic is enabled.
*/
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN) || !defined(NDEBUG) \
     || defined(VDBE_PROFILE) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) \
     || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_BYTECODE_VTAB)
# define VDBE_DISPLAY_P4 1
#else
# define VDBE_DISPLAY_P4 0
#endif

/*
** SQL is translated into a sequence of instructions to be
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  int rcApp;              /* errcode set by sqlite3_result_error_code() */
  u32 nWrite;             /* Number of write operations that have occurred */
#endif
  u16 nResColumn;         /* Number of columns in one row of the result set */
  u8 errorAction;         /* Recovery action to do in case of an error */
  u8 minWriteFileFormat;  /* Minimum file format for writable database files */
  u8 prepFlags;           /* SQLITE_PREPARE_* flags */

  bft expired:2;          /* 1: recompile VM immediately  2: when convenient */
  bft explain:2;          /* True if EXPLAIN present on SQL command */
  bft doingRerun:1;       /* True if rerunning after an auto-reprepare */
  bft changeCntOn:1;      /* True to update the change-counter */
  bft runOnlyOnce:1;      /* Automatically expire on reset */
  bft usesStmtJournal:1;  /* True if uses a statement journal */
  bft readOnly:1;         /* True for statements that do not write */
  bft bIsReader:1;        /* True for statements that read */
  yDbMask btreeMask;      /* Bitmask of db->aDb[] entries referenced */
  yDbMask lockMask;       /* Subset of btreeMask that requires a lock */








>


<








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  int rcApp;              /* errcode set by sqlite3_result_error_code() */
  u32 nWrite;             /* Number of write operations that have occurred */
#endif
  u16 nResColumn;         /* Number of columns in one row of the result set */
  u8 errorAction;         /* Recovery action to do in case of an error */
  u8 minWriteFileFormat;  /* Minimum file format for writable database files */
  u8 prepFlags;           /* SQLITE_PREPARE_* flags */
  u8 doingRerun;          /* True if rerunning after an auto-reprepare */
  bft expired:2;          /* 1: recompile VM immediately  2: when convenient */
  bft explain:2;          /* True if EXPLAIN present on SQL command */

  bft changeCntOn:1;      /* True to update the change-counter */
  bft runOnlyOnce:1;      /* Automatically expire on reset */
  bft usesStmtJournal:1;  /* True if uses a statement journal */
  bft readOnly:1;         /* True for statements that do not write */
  bft bIsReader:1;        /* True for statements that read */
  yDbMask btreeMask;      /* Bitmask of db->aDb[] entries referenced */
  yDbMask lockMask;       /* Subset of btreeMask that requires a lock */
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21037
21038
21039







21040
21041
21042
21043
21044
21045
21046
21047

SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(const unsigned char*, u32, Mem*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(sqlite3*, AuxData**, int, int);

int sqlite2BtreeKeyCompare(BtCursor *, const void *, int, int, int *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeIdxKeyCompare(sqlite3*,VdbeCursor*,UnpackedRecord*,int*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeIdxRowid(sqlite3*, BtCursor*, i64*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(Vdbe*);







#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeList(Vdbe*);
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeHalt(Vdbe*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(Mem *, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(Mem*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemCopy(Mem*, const Mem*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(Mem*, const Mem*, int);








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
|








21142
21143
21144
21145
21146
21147
21148
21149
21150
21151
21152
21153
21154
21155
21156
21157
21158
21159
21160
21161
21162
21163

SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(const unsigned char*, u32, Mem*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(sqlite3*, AuxData**, int, int);

int sqlite2BtreeKeyCompare(BtCursor *, const void *, int, int, int *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeIdxKeyCompare(sqlite3*,VdbeCursor*,UnpackedRecord*,int*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeIdxRowid(sqlite3*, BtCursor*, i64*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(Vdbe*);
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_BYTECODE_VTAB)
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeNextOpcode(Vdbe*,Mem*,int,int*,int*,Op**);
SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3VdbeDisplayP4(sqlite3*,Op*);
#endif
#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS)
SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3VdbeDisplayComment(sqlite3*,const Op*,const char*);
#endif
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN)
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeList(Vdbe*);
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeHalt(Vdbe*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(Mem *, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(Mem*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemCopy(Mem*, const Mem*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(Mem*, const Mem*, int);
︙︙
21069
21070
21071
21072
21073
21074
21075

21076
21077
21078
21079
21080
21081
21082
21083
21084
21085
21086
21087
21088

SQLITE_PRIVATE double sqlite3VdbeRealValue(Mem*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeBooleanValue(Mem*, int ifNull);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeIntegerAffinity(Mem*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemRealify(Mem*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemNumerify(Mem*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemCast(Mem*,u8,u8);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(BtCursor*,u32,u32,Mem*);

SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(Mem *p);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(Mem*, FuncDef*);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemAggValue(Mem*, Mem*, FuncDef*);
#endif
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3OpcodeName(int);
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(Mem *pMem, int n, int preserve);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemClearAndResize(Mem *pMem, int n);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCloseStatement(Vdbe *, int);
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeFrameIsValid(VdbeFrame*);








>





|








21185
21186
21187
21188
21189
21190
21191
21192
21193
21194
21195
21196
21197
21198
21199
21200
21201
21202
21203
21204
21205

SQLITE_PRIVATE double sqlite3VdbeRealValue(Mem*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeBooleanValue(Mem*, int ifNull);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeIntegerAffinity(Mem*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemRealify(Mem*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemNumerify(Mem*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemCast(Mem*,u8,u8);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(BtCursor*,u32,u32,Mem*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtreeZeroOffset(BtCursor*,u32,Mem*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(Mem *p);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(Mem*, FuncDef*);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemAggValue(Mem*, Mem*, FuncDef*);
#endif
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_BYTECODE_VTAB)
SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3OpcodeName(int);
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(Mem *pMem, int n, int preserve);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemClearAndResize(Mem *pMem, int n);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCloseStatement(Vdbe *, int);
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeFrameIsValid(VdbeFrame*);
︙︙
22154
22155
22156
22157
22158
22159
22160
22161
22162
22163
22164
22165
22166
22167
22168
22169
22170
22171
22172
22173

static const struct {
  u8 eType;           /* Transformation type code */
  u8 nName;           /* Length of th name */
  char *zName;        /* Name of the transformation */
  double rLimit;      /* Maximum NNN value for this transform */
  double rXform;      /* Constant used for this transform */
} aXformType[] = {
  { 0, 6, "second", 464269060800.0, 86400000.0/(24.0*60.0*60.0) },
  { 0, 6, "minute", 7737817680.0,   86400000.0/(24.0*60.0)      },
  { 0, 4, "hour",   128963628.0,    86400000.0/24.0             },
  { 0, 3, "day",    5373485.0,      86400000.0                  },
  { 1, 5, "month",  176546.0,       30.0*86400000.0             },
  { 2, 4, "year",   14713.0,        365.0*86400000.0            },
};

/*
** Process a modifier to a date-time stamp.  The modifiers are
** as follows:
**
**     NNN days








|
|
|
|
|
|








22271
22272
22273
22274
22275
22276
22277
22278
22279
22280
22281
22282
22283
22284
22285
22286
22287
22288
22289
22290

static const struct {
  u8 eType;           /* Transformation type code */
  u8 nName;           /* Length of th name */
  char *zName;        /* Name of the transformation */
  double rLimit;      /* Maximum NNN value for this transform */
  double rXform;      /* Constant used for this transform */
} aXformType[] = {
  { 0, 6, "second", 464269060800.0, 1000.0         },
  { 0, 6, "minute", 7737817680.0,   60000.0        },
  { 0, 4, "hour",   128963628.0,    3600000.0      },
  { 0, 3, "day",    5373485.0,      86400000.0     },
  { 1, 5, "month",  176546.0,       2592000000.0   },
  { 2, 4, "year",   14713.0,        31536000000.0  },
};

/*
** Process a modifier to a date-time stamp.  The modifiers are
** as follows:
**
**     NNN days
︙︙
25719
25720
25721
25722
25723
25724
25725

25726
25727
25728
25729
25730
25731
25732

  assert( sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex.xMutexInit );
  rc = sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex.xMutexInit();

#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  GLOBAL(int, mutexIsInit) = 1;
#endif


  return rc;
}

/*
** Shutdown the mutex system. This call frees resources allocated by
** sqlite3MutexInit().
*/








>








25836
25837
25838
25839
25840
25841
25842
25843
25844
25845
25846
25847
25848
25849
25850

  assert( sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex.xMutexInit );
  rc = sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex.xMutexInit();

#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  GLOBAL(int, mutexIsInit) = 1;
#endif

  sqlite3MemoryBarrier();
  return rc;
}

/*
** Shutdown the mutex system. This call frees resources allocated by
** sqlite3MutexInit().
*/
︙︙
27246
27247
27248
27249
27250
27251
27252
27253
27254
27255
27256
27257
27258
27259
27260

    return priorLimit;
  }
  if( mem0.hardLimit>0 && (n>mem0.hardLimit || n==0) ){
    n = mem0.hardLimit;
  }
  mem0.alarmThreshold = n;
  nUsed = sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED);
  mem0.nearlyFull = (n>0 && n<=nUsed);
  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
  excess = sqlite3_memory_used() - n;
  if( excess>0 ) sqlite3_release_memory((int)(excess & 0x7fffffff));
  return priorLimit;
}
SQLITE_API void sqlite3_soft_heap_limit(int n){
  if( n<0 ) n = 0;








|








27364
27365
27366
27367
27368
27369
27370
27371
27372
27373
27374
27375
27376
27377
27378

    return priorLimit;
  }
  if( mem0.hardLimit>0 && (n>mem0.hardLimit || n==0) ){
    n = mem0.hardLimit;
  }
  mem0.alarmThreshold = n;
  nUsed = sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED);
  AtomicStore(&mem0.nearlyFull, n>0 && n<=nUsed);
  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
  excess = sqlite3_memory_used() - n;
  if( excess>0 ) sqlite3_release_memory((int)(excess & 0x7fffffff));
  return priorLimit;
}
SQLITE_API void sqlite3_soft_heap_limit(int n){
  if( n<0 ) n = 0;
︙︙
27314
27315
27316
27317
27318
27319
27320
27321
27322
27323
27324
27325
27326
27327
27328


/*
** Return true if the heap is currently under memory pressure - in other
** words if the amount of heap used is close to the limit set by
** sqlite3_soft_heap_limit().
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3HeapNearlyFull(void){
  return mem0.nearlyFull;
}

/*
** Deinitialize the memory allocation subsystem.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MallocEnd(void){
  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xShutdown ){








|








27432
27433
27434
27435
27436
27437
27438
27439
27440
27441
27442
27443
27444
27445
27446


/*
** Return true if the heap is currently under memory pressure - in other
** words if the amount of heap used is close to the limit set by
** sqlite3_soft_heap_limit().
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3HeapNearlyFull(void){
  return AtomicLoad(&mem0.nearlyFull);
}

/*
** Deinitialize the memory allocation subsystem.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MallocEnd(void){
  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xShutdown ){
︙︙
27378
27379
27380
27381
27382
27383
27384
27385
27386
27387
27388
27389
27390
27391
27392
27393
27394
27395
27396
27397
27398
27399
27400
27401
27402

  ** following xRoundup() call. */
  nFull = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xRoundup(n);

  sqlite3StatusHighwater(SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE, n);
  if( mem0.alarmThreshold>0 ){
    sqlite3_int64 nUsed = sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED);
    if( nUsed >= mem0.alarmThreshold - nFull ){
      mem0.nearlyFull = 1;
      sqlite3MallocAlarm(nFull);
      if( mem0.hardLimit ){
        nUsed = sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED);
        if( nUsed >= mem0.hardLimit - nFull ){
          *pp = 0;
          return;
        }
      }
    }else{
      mem0.nearlyFull = 0;
    }
  }
  p = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc(nFull);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT
  if( p==0 && mem0.alarmThreshold>0 ){
    sqlite3MallocAlarm(nFull);
    p = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc(nFull);








|









|








27496
27497
27498
27499
27500
27501
27502
27503
27504
27505
27506
27507
27508
27509
27510
27511
27512
27513
27514
27515
27516
27517
27518
27519
27520

  ** following xRoundup() call. */
  nFull = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xRoundup(n);

  sqlite3StatusHighwater(SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE, n);
  if( mem0.alarmThreshold>0 ){
    sqlite3_int64 nUsed = sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED);
    if( nUsed >= mem0.alarmThreshold - nFull ){
      AtomicStore(&mem0.nearlyFull, 1);
      sqlite3MallocAlarm(nFull);
      if( mem0.hardLimit ){
        nUsed = sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED);
        if( nUsed >= mem0.hardLimit - nFull ){
          *pp = 0;
          return;
        }
      }
    }else{
      AtomicStore(&mem0.nearlyFull, 0);
    }
  }
  p = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc(nFull);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT
  if( p==0 && mem0.alarmThreshold>0 ){
    sqlite3MallocAlarm(nFull);
    p = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xMalloc(nFull);
︙︙
27617
27618
27619
27620
27621
27622
27623

27624
27625
27626
27627

27628
27629
27630
27631
27632
27633
27634

    sqlite3StatusHighwater(SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE, (int)nBytes);
    nDiff = nNew - nOld;
    if( nDiff>0 && sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED) >= 
          mem0.alarmThreshold-nDiff ){
      sqlite3MallocAlarm(nDiff);
    }
    pNew = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xRealloc(pOld, nNew);

    if( pNew==0 && mem0.alarmThreshold>0 ){
      sqlite3MallocAlarm((int)nBytes);
      pNew = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xRealloc(pOld, nNew);
    }

    if( pNew ){
      nNew = sqlite3MallocSize(pNew);
      sqlite3StatusUp(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, nNew-nOld);
    }
    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
  }else{
    pNew = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xRealloc(pOld, nNew);








>




>








27735
27736
27737
27738
27739
27740
27741
27742
27743
27744
27745
27746
27747
27748
27749
27750
27751
27752
27753
27754

    sqlite3StatusHighwater(SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE, (int)nBytes);
    nDiff = nNew - nOld;
    if( nDiff>0 && sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED) >= 
          mem0.alarmThreshold-nDiff ){
      sqlite3MallocAlarm(nDiff);
    }
    pNew = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xRealloc(pOld, nNew);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT
    if( pNew==0 && mem0.alarmThreshold>0 ){
      sqlite3MallocAlarm((int)nBytes);
      pNew = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xRealloc(pOld, nNew);
    }
#endif
    if( pNew ){
      nNew = sqlite3MallocSize(pNew);
      sqlite3StatusUp(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, nNew-nOld);
    }
    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
  }else{
    pNew = sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xRealloc(pOld, nNew);
︙︙
27805
27806
27807
27808
27809
27810
27811
27812
27813
27814
27815
27816
27817
27818
27819

        memcpy(pNew, p, lookasideMallocSize(db, p));
        sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
      }
    }else{
      assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, (MEMTYPE_LOOKASIDE|MEMTYPE_HEAP)) );
      assert( sqlite3MemdebugNoType(p, (u8)~(MEMTYPE_LOOKASIDE|MEMTYPE_HEAP)) );
      sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_HEAP);
      pNew = sqlite3_realloc64(p, n);
      if( !pNew ){
        sqlite3OomFault(db);
      }
      sqlite3MemdebugSetType(pNew,
            (db->lookaside.bDisable==0 ? MEMTYPE_LOOKASIDE : MEMTYPE_HEAP));
    }
  }








|








27925
27926
27927
27928
27929
27930
27931
27932
27933
27934
27935
27936
27937
27938
27939

        memcpy(pNew, p, lookasideMallocSize(db, p));
        sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
      }
    }else{
      assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, (MEMTYPE_LOOKASIDE|MEMTYPE_HEAP)) );
      assert( sqlite3MemdebugNoType(p, (u8)~(MEMTYPE_LOOKASIDE|MEMTYPE_HEAP)) );
      sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_HEAP);
      pNew = sqlite3Realloc(p, n);
      if( !pNew ){
        sqlite3OomFault(db);
      }
      sqlite3MemdebugSetType(pNew,
            (db->lookaside.bDisable==0 ? MEMTYPE_LOOKASIDE : MEMTYPE_HEAP));
    }
  }
︙︙
27895
27896
27897
27898
27899
27900
27901
27902
27903
27904
27905
27906
27907
27908
27909
27910
27911
27912
27913
27914
27915
27916
27917
27918
27919
27920
27921
27922
27923
27924
27925
27926
27927
27928

** temporarily disable the lookaside memory allocator and interrupt
** any running VDBEs.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OomFault(sqlite3 *db){
  if( db->mallocFailed==0 && db->bBenignMalloc==0 ){
    db->mallocFailed = 1;
    if( db->nVdbeExec>0 ){
      db->u1.isInterrupted = 1;
    }
    DisableLookaside;
    if( db->pParse ){
      db->pParse->rc = SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
    }
  }
}

/*
** This routine reactivates the memory allocator and clears the
** db->mallocFailed flag as necessary.
**
** The memory allocator is not restarted if there are running
** VDBEs.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OomClear(sqlite3 *db){
  if( db->mallocFailed && db->nVdbeExec==0 ){
    db->mallocFailed = 0;
    db->u1.isInterrupted = 0;
    assert( db->lookaside.bDisable>0 );
    EnableLookaside;
  }
}

/*
** Take actions at the end of an API call to indicate an OOM error








|


















|








28015
28016
28017
28018
28019
28020
28021
28022
28023
28024
28025
28026
28027
28028
28029
28030
28031
28032
28033
28034
28035
28036
28037
28038
28039
28040
28041
28042
28043
28044
28045
28046
28047
28048

** temporarily disable the lookaside memory allocator and interrupt
** any running VDBEs.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OomFault(sqlite3 *db){
  if( db->mallocFailed==0 && db->bBenignMalloc==0 ){
    db->mallocFailed = 1;
    if( db->nVdbeExec>0 ){
      AtomicStore(&db->u1.isInterrupted, 1);
    }
    DisableLookaside;
    if( db->pParse ){
      db->pParse->rc = SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
    }
  }
}

/*
** This routine reactivates the memory allocator and clears the
** db->mallocFailed flag as necessary.
**
** The memory allocator is not restarted if there are running
** VDBEs.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OomClear(sqlite3 *db){
  if( db->mallocFailed && db->nVdbeExec==0 ){
    db->mallocFailed = 0;
    AtomicStore(&db->u1.isInterrupted, 0);
    assert( db->lookaside.bDisable>0 );
    EnableLookaside;
  }
}

/*
** Take actions at the end of an API call to indicate an OOM error
︙︙
28882
28883
28884
28885
28886
28887
28888
28889
28890
28891
28892
28893
28894
28895
28896

      return 0;
    }else{
      p->nAlloc = (int)szNew;
    }
    if( p->db ){
      zNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(p->db, zOld, p->nAlloc);
    }else{
      zNew = sqlite3_realloc64(zOld, p->nAlloc);
    }
    if( zNew ){
      assert( p->zText!=0 || p->nChar==0 );
      if( !isMalloced(p) && p->nChar>0 ) memcpy(zNew, p->zText, p->nChar);
      p->zText = zNew;
      p->nAlloc = sqlite3DbMallocSize(p->db, zNew);
      p->printfFlags |= SQLITE_PRINTF_MALLOCED;








|








29002
29003
29004
29005
29006
29007
29008
29009
29010
29011
29012
29013
29014
29015
29016

      return 0;
    }else{
      p->nAlloc = (int)szNew;
    }
    if( p->db ){
      zNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(p->db, zOld, p->nAlloc);
    }else{
      zNew = sqlite3Realloc(zOld, p->nAlloc);
    }
    if( zNew ){
      assert( p->zText!=0 || p->nChar==0 );
      if( !isMalloced(p) && p->nChar>0 ) memcpy(zNew, p->zText, p->nChar);
      p->zText = zNew;
      p->nAlloc = sqlite3DbMallocSize(p->db, zNew);
      p->printfFlags |= SQLITE_PRINTF_MALLOCED;
︙︙
29224
29225
29226
29227
29228
29229
29230
29231
29232
29233
29234
29235
29236
29237
29238

** A version of printf() that understands %lld.  Used for debugging.
** The printf() built into some versions of windows does not understand %lld
** and segfaults if you give it a long long int.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DebugPrintf(const char *zFormat, ...){
  va_list ap;
  StrAccum acc;
  char zBuf[500];
  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&acc, 0, zBuf, sizeof(zBuf), 0);
  va_start(ap,zFormat);
  sqlite3_str_vappendf(&acc, zFormat, ap);
  va_end(ap);
  sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&acc);
#ifdef SQLITE_OS_TRACE_PROC
  {








|








29344
29345
29346
29347
29348
29349
29350
29351
29352
29353
29354
29355
29356
29357
29358

** A version of printf() that understands %lld.  Used for debugging.
** The printf() built into some versions of windows does not understand %lld
** and segfaults if you give it a long long int.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DebugPrintf(const char *zFormat, ...){
  va_list ap;
  StrAccum acc;
  char zBuf[SQLITE_PRINT_BUF_SIZE*10];
  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&acc, 0, zBuf, sizeof(zBuf), 0);
  va_start(ap,zFormat);
  sqlite3_str_vappendf(&acc, zFormat, ap);
  va_end(ap);
  sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&acc);
#ifdef SQLITE_OS_TRACE_PROC
  {
︙︙
29396
29397
29398
29399
29400
29401
29402
29403
29404
29405
29406
29407
29408
29409
29410
29411

    sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "{%d:*}", pItem->iCursor);
    if( pItem->zDatabase ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " %s.%s", pItem->zDatabase, pItem->zName);
    }else if( pItem->zName ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " %s", pItem->zName);
    }
    if( pItem->pTab ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " tab=%Q nCol=%d ptr=%p",
           pItem->pTab->zName, pItem->pTab->nCol, pItem->pTab);
    }
    if( pItem->zAlias ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " (AS %s)", pItem->zAlias);
    }
    if( pItem->fg.jointype & JT_LEFT ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " LEFT-JOIN");
    }








|
|








29516
29517
29518
29519
29520
29521
29522
29523
29524
29525
29526
29527
29528
29529
29530
29531

    sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "{%d:*}", pItem->iCursor);
    if( pItem->zDatabase ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " %s.%s", pItem->zDatabase, pItem->zName);
    }else if( pItem->zName ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " %s", pItem->zName);
    }
    if( pItem->pTab ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " tab=%Q nCol=%d ptr=%p used=%llx",
           pItem->pTab->zName, pItem->pTab->nCol, pItem->pTab, pItem->colUsed);
    }
    if( pItem->zAlias ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " (AS %s)", pItem->zAlias);
    }
    if( pItem->fg.jointype & JT_LEFT ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " LEFT-JOIN");
    }
︙︙
29656
29657
29658
29659
29660
29661
29662
29663
29664
29665
29666
29667
29668
29669
29670
29671
29672
29673
29674
29675
29676
29677
29678
29679



29680
29681
29682
29683
29684
29685
29686


/*
** Generate a human-readable explanation of an expression tree.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewExpr(TreeView *pView, const Expr *pExpr, u8 moreToFollow){
  const char *zBinOp = 0;   /* Binary operator */
  const char *zUniOp = 0;   /* Unary operator */
  char zFlgs[60];
  pView = sqlite3TreeViewPush(pView, moreToFollow);
  if( pExpr==0 ){
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "nil");
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(pView);
    return;
  }
  if( pExpr->flags || pExpr->affExpr ){
    StrAccum x;
    sqlite3StrAccumInit(&x, 0, zFlgs, sizeof(zFlgs), 0);
    sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " fg.af=%x.%c",
      pExpr->flags, pExpr->affExpr ? pExpr->affExpr : 'n');
    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin) ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " iRJT=%d", pExpr->iRightJoinTable);
    }
    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromDDL) ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " DDL");



    }
    sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&x);
  }else{
    zFlgs[0] = 0;
  }
  switch( pExpr->op ){
    case TK_AGG_COLUMN: {








|






|









>
>
>








29776
29777
29778
29779
29780
29781
29782
29783
29784
29785
29786
29787
29788
29789
29790
29791
29792
29793
29794
29795
29796
29797
29798
29799
29800
29801
29802
29803
29804
29805
29806
29807
29808
29809


/*
** Generate a human-readable explanation of an expression tree.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewExpr(TreeView *pView, const Expr *pExpr, u8 moreToFollow){
  const char *zBinOp = 0;   /* Binary operator */
  const char *zUniOp = 0;   /* Unary operator */
  char zFlgs[200];
  pView = sqlite3TreeViewPush(pView, moreToFollow);
  if( pExpr==0 ){
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "nil");
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(pView);
    return;
  }
  if( pExpr->flags || pExpr->affExpr || pExpr->vvaFlags ){
    StrAccum x;
    sqlite3StrAccumInit(&x, 0, zFlgs, sizeof(zFlgs), 0);
    sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " fg.af=%x.%c",
      pExpr->flags, pExpr->affExpr ? pExpr->affExpr : 'n');
    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin) ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " iRJT=%d", pExpr->iRightJoinTable);
    }
    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromDDL) ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " DDL");
    }
    if( ExprHasVVAProperty(pExpr, EP_Immutable) ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " IMMUTABLE");
    }
    sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&x);
  }else{
    zFlgs[0] = 0;
  }
  switch( pExpr->op ){
    case TK_AGG_COLUMN: {
︙︙
29780
29781
29782
29783
29784
29785
29786

29787
29788
29789
29790
29791
29792
29793

    case TK_BITAND:  zBinOp = "BITAND"; break;
    case TK_BITOR:   zBinOp = "BITOR";  break;
    case TK_SLASH:   zBinOp = "DIV";    break;
    case TK_LSHIFT:  zBinOp = "LSHIFT"; break;
    case TK_RSHIFT:  zBinOp = "RSHIFT"; break;
    case TK_CONCAT:  zBinOp = "CONCAT"; break;
    case TK_DOT:     zBinOp = "DOT";    break;


    case TK_UMINUS:  zUniOp = "UMINUS"; break;
    case TK_UPLUS:   zUniOp = "UPLUS";  break;
    case TK_BITNOT:  zUniOp = "BITNOT"; break;
    case TK_NOT:     zUniOp = "NOT";    break;
    case TK_ISNULL:  zUniOp = "ISNULL"; break;
    case TK_NOTNULL: zUniOp = "NOTNULL"; break;








>








29903
29904
29905
29906
29907
29908
29909
29910
29911
29912
29913
29914
29915
29916
29917

    case TK_BITAND:  zBinOp = "BITAND"; break;
    case TK_BITOR:   zBinOp = "BITOR";  break;
    case TK_SLASH:   zBinOp = "DIV";    break;
    case TK_LSHIFT:  zBinOp = "LSHIFT"; break;
    case TK_RSHIFT:  zBinOp = "RSHIFT"; break;
    case TK_CONCAT:  zBinOp = "CONCAT"; break;
    case TK_DOT:     zBinOp = "DOT";    break;
    case TK_LIMIT:   zBinOp = "LIMIT";  break;

    case TK_UMINUS:  zUniOp = "UMINUS"; break;
    case TK_UPLUS:   zUniOp = "UPLUS";  break;
    case TK_BITNOT:  zUniOp = "BITNOT"; break;
    case TK_NOT:     zUniOp = "NOT";    break;
    case TK_ISNULL:  zUniOp = "ISNULL"; break;
    case TK_NOTNULL: zUniOp = "NOTNULL"; break;
︙︙
30551
30552
30553
30554
30555
30556
30557
30558
30559
30560
30561
30562
30563
30564
30565
30566
30567
30568
30569
30570
30571
30572
30573
30574
30575
30576
30577
30578
30579
30580
30581
30582
30583
30584

    *zOut++ = (u8)(0x00D8 + (((c-0x10000)>>18)&0x03));              \
    *zOut++ = (u8)(((c>>10)&0x003F) + (((c-0x10000)>>10)&0x00C0));  \
    *zOut++ = (u8)(0x00DC + ((c>>8)&0x03));                         \
    *zOut++ = (u8)(c&0x00FF);                                       \
  }                                                                 \
}

#define READ_UTF16LE(zIn, TERM, c){                                   \
  c = (*zIn++);                                                       \
  c += ((*zIn++)<<8);                                                 \
  if( c>=0xD800 && c<0xE000 && TERM ){                                \
    int c2 = (*zIn++);                                                \
    c2 += ((*zIn++)<<8);                                              \
    c = (c2&0x03FF) + ((c&0x003F)<<10) + (((c&0x03C0)+0x0040)<<10);   \
  }                                                                   \
}

#define READ_UTF16BE(zIn, TERM, c){                                   \
  c = ((*zIn++)<<8);                                                  \
  c += (*zIn++);                                                      \
  if( c>=0xD800 && c<0xE000 && TERM ){                                \
    int c2 = ((*zIn++)<<8);                                           \
    c2 += (*zIn++);                                                   \
    c = (c2&0x03FF) + ((c&0x003F)<<10) + (((c&0x03C0)+0x0040)<<10);   \
  }                                                                   \
}

/*
** Translate a single UTF-8 character.  Return the unicode value.
**
** During translation, assume that the byte that zTerm points
** is a 0x00.
**
** Write a pointer to the next unread byte back into *pzNext.








<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<








30675
30676
30677
30678
30679
30680
30681




















30682
30683
30684
30685
30686
30687
30688

    *zOut++ = (u8)(0x00D8 + (((c-0x10000)>>18)&0x03));              \
    *zOut++ = (u8)(((c>>10)&0x003F) + (((c-0x10000)>>10)&0x00C0));  \
    *zOut++ = (u8)(0x00DC + ((c>>8)&0x03));                         \
    *zOut++ = (u8)(c&0x00FF);                                       \
  }                                                                 \
}





















/*
** Translate a single UTF-8 character.  Return the unicode value.
**
** During translation, assume that the byte that zTerm points
** is a 0x00.
**
** Write a pointer to the next unread byte back into *pzNext.
︙︙
30747
30748
30749
30750
30751
30752
30753

















30754






30755
30756
30757
30758
30759

















30760






30761
30762
30763
30764
30765
30766
30767

    pMem->n = (int)(z - zOut);
    *z++ = 0;
  }else{
    assert( desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF8 );
    if( pMem->enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE ){
      /* UTF-16 Little-endian -> UTF-8 */
      while( zIn<zTerm ){

















        READ_UTF16LE(zIn, zIn<zTerm, c); 






        WRITE_UTF8(z, c);
      }
    }else{
      /* UTF-16 Big-endian -> UTF-8 */
      while( zIn<zTerm ){

















        READ_UTF16BE(zIn, zIn<zTerm, c); 






        WRITE_UTF8(z, c);
      }
    }
    pMem->n = (int)(z - zOut);
  }
  *z = 0;
  assert( (pMem->n+(desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF8?1:2))<=len );








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
|
>
>
>
>
>
>





>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
|
>
>
>
>
>
>








30851
30852
30853
30854
30855
30856
30857
30858
30859
30860
30861
30862
30863
30864
30865
30866
30867
30868
30869
30870
30871
30872
30873
30874
30875
30876
30877
30878
30879
30880
30881
30882
30883
30884
30885
30886
30887
30888
30889
30890
30891
30892
30893
30894
30895
30896
30897
30898
30899
30900
30901
30902
30903
30904
30905
30906
30907
30908
30909
30910
30911
30912
30913
30914
30915
30916
30917

    pMem->n = (int)(z - zOut);
    *z++ = 0;
  }else{
    assert( desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF8 );
    if( pMem->enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE ){
      /* UTF-16 Little-endian -> UTF-8 */
      while( zIn<zTerm ){
        c = *(zIn++);
        c += (*(zIn++))<<8;
        if( c>=0xd800 && c<0xe000 ){
#ifdef SQLITE_REPLACE_INVALID_UTF
          if( c>=0xdc00 || zIn>=zTerm ){
            c = 0xfffd;
          }else{
            int c2 = *(zIn++);
            c2 += (*(zIn++))<<8;
            if( c2<0xdc00 || c2>=0xe000 ){
              zIn -= 2;
              c = 0xfffd;
            }else{
              c = ((c&0x3ff)<<10) + (c2&0x3ff) + 0x10000;
            }
          }
#else
          if( zIn<zTerm ){
            int c2 = (*zIn++);
            c2 += ((*zIn++)<<8);
            c = (c2&0x03FF) + ((c&0x003F)<<10) + (((c&0x03C0)+0x0040)<<10);
          }
#endif
        }
        WRITE_UTF8(z, c);
      }
    }else{
      /* UTF-16 Big-endian -> UTF-8 */
      while( zIn<zTerm ){
        c = (*(zIn++))<<8;
        c += *(zIn++);
        if( c>=0xd800 && c<0xe000 ){
#ifdef SQLITE_REPLACE_INVALID_UTF
          if( c>=0xdc00 || zIn>=zTerm ){
            c = 0xfffd;
          }else{
            int c2 = (*(zIn++))<<8;
            c2 += *(zIn++);
            if( c2<0xdc00 || c2>=0xe000 ){
              zIn -= 2;
              c = 0xfffd;
            }else{
              c = ((c&0x3ff)<<10) + (c2&0x3ff) + 0x10000;
            }
          }
#else
          if( zIn<zTerm ){
            int c2 = ((*zIn++)<<8);
            c2 += (*zIn++);
            c = (c2&0x03FF) + ((c&0x003F)<<10) + (((c&0x03C0)+0x0040)<<10);
          }
#endif
        }
        WRITE_UTF8(z, c);
      }
    }
    pMem->n = (int)(z - zOut);
  }
  *z = 0;
  assert( (pMem->n+(desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF8?1:2))<=len );
︙︙
30912
30913
30914
30915
30916
30917
30918
30919
30920
30921
30922
30923
30924
30925
30926

30927
30928
30929
30930

30931
30932
30933
30934
30935
30936
30937

** in pZ.  nChar must be non-negative.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Utf16ByteLen(const void *zIn, int nChar){
  int c;
  unsigned char const *z = zIn;
  int n = 0;
  
  if( SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE==SQLITE_UTF16BE ){
    while( n<nChar ){
      READ_UTF16BE(z, 1, c);
      n++;
    }
  }else{
    while( n<nChar ){
      READ_UTF16LE(z, 1, c);

      n++;
    }
  }
  return (int)(z-(unsigned char const *)zIn);

}

#if defined(SQLITE_TEST)
/*
** This routine is called from the TCL test function "translate_selftest".
** It checks that the primitives for serializing and deserializing
** characters in each encoding are inverses of each other.








|
|
|
|
<
<
<
<
>
|
|
<
|
>








31062
31063
31064
31065
31066
31067
31068
31069
31070
31071
31072




31073
31074
31075

31076
31077
31078
31079
31080
31081
31082
31083
31084

** in pZ.  nChar must be non-negative.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Utf16ByteLen(const void *zIn, int nChar){
  int c;
  unsigned char const *z = zIn;
  int n = 0;
  
  if( SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE==SQLITE_UTF16LE ) z++;
  while( n<nChar ){
    c = z[0];
    z += 2;




    if( c>=0xd8 && c<0xdc && z[0]>=0xdc && z[0]<0xe0 ) z += 2;
    n++;
  }

  return (int)(z-(unsigned char const *)zIn) 
              - (SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE==SQLITE_UTF16LE);
}

#if defined(SQLITE_TEST)
/*
** This routine is called from the TCL test function "translate_selftest".
** It checks that the primitives for serializing and deserializing
** characters in each encoding are inverses of each other.
︙︙
30951
30952
30953
30954
30955
30956
30957
30958
30959
30960
30961
30962
30963
30964
30965
30966
30967
30968
30969
30970
30971
30972
30973
30974
30975
30976
30977
30978
30979
30980
30981
30982
30983
30984
30985
30986
30987
30988

    z[0] = 0;
    z = zBuf;
    c = sqlite3Utf8Read((const u8**)&z);
    t = i;
    if( i>=0xD800 && i<=0xDFFF ) t = 0xFFFD;
    if( (i&0xFFFFFFFE)==0xFFFE ) t = 0xFFFD;
    assert( c==t );
    assert( (z-zBuf)==n );
  }
  for(i=0; i<0x00110000; i++){
    if( i>=0xD800 && i<0xE000 ) continue;
    z = zBuf;
    WRITE_UTF16LE(z, i);
    n = (int)(z-zBuf);
    assert( n>0 && n<=4 );
    z[0] = 0;
    z = zBuf;
    READ_UTF16LE(z, 1, c);
    assert( c==i );
    assert( (z-zBuf)==n );
  }
  for(i=0; i<0x00110000; i++){
    if( i>=0xD800 && i<0xE000 ) continue;
    z = zBuf;
    WRITE_UTF16BE(z, i);
    n = (int)(z-zBuf);
    assert( n>0 && n<=4 );
    z[0] = 0;
    z = zBuf;
    READ_UTF16BE(z, 1, c);
    assert( c==i );
    assert( (z-zBuf)==n );
  }
}
#endif /* SQLITE_TEST */
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */

/************** End of utf.c *************************************************/








<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<








31098
31099
31100
31101
31102
31103
31104
























31105
31106
31107
31108
31109
31110
31111

    z[0] = 0;
    z = zBuf;
    c = sqlite3Utf8Read((const u8**)&z);
    t = i;
    if( i>=0xD800 && i<=0xDFFF ) t = 0xFFFD;
    if( (i&0xFFFFFFFE)==0xFFFE ) t = 0xFFFD;
    assert( c==t );
























    assert( (z-zBuf)==n );
  }
}
#endif /* SQLITE_TEST */
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */

/************** End of utf.c *************************************************/
︙︙
31301
31302
31303
31304
31305
31306
31307













31308
31309
31310
31311
31312
31313
31314

    return 1;
  }
  a = (unsigned char *)zLeft;
  b = (unsigned char *)zRight;
  while( N-- > 0 && *a!=0 && UpperToLower[*a]==UpperToLower[*b]){ a++; b++; }
  return N<0 ? 0 : UpperToLower[*a] - UpperToLower[*b];
}














/*
** Compute 10 to the E-th power.  Examples:  E==1 results in 10.
** E==2 results in 100.  E==50 results in 1.0e50.
**
** This routine only works for values of E between 1 and 341.
*/








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








31424
31425
31426
31427
31428
31429
31430
31431
31432
31433
31434
31435
31436
31437
31438
31439
31440
31441
31442
31443
31444
31445
31446
31447
31448
31449
31450

    return 1;
  }
  a = (unsigned char *)zLeft;
  b = (unsigned char *)zRight;
  while( N-- > 0 && *a!=0 && UpperToLower[*a]==UpperToLower[*b]){ a++; b++; }
  return N<0 ? 0 : UpperToLower[*a] - UpperToLower[*b];
}

/*
** Compute an 8-bit hash on a string that is insensitive to case differences
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3StrIHash(const char *z){
  u8 h = 0;
  if( z==0 ) return 0;
  while( z[0] ){
    h += UpperToLower[(unsigned char)z[0]];
    z++;
  }
  return h;
}

/*
** Compute 10 to the E-th power.  Examples:  E==1 results in 10.
** E==2 results in 100.  E==50 results in 1.0e50.
**
** This routine only works for values of E between 1 and 341.
*/
︙︙
32241
32242
32243
32244
32245
32246
32247
32248
32249
32250
32251
32252
32253
32254
32255
32256
32257
32258
32259
32260
32261
32262
32263
32264
32265
32266
32267
32268
32269
32270
32271
32272
32273
32274
32275
32276

#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_EBCDIC
  h += 9*(1&~(h>>4));
#endif
  return (u8)(h & 0xf);
}

#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL) || defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
/*
** Convert a BLOB literal of the form "x'hhhhhh'" into its binary
** value.  Return a pointer to its binary value.  Space to hold the
** binary value has been obtained from malloc and must be freed by
** the calling routine.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3HexToBlob(sqlite3 *db, const char *z, int n){
  char *zBlob;
  int i;

  zBlob = (char *)sqlite3DbMallocRawNN(db, n/2 + 1);
  n--;
  if( zBlob ){
    for(i=0; i<n; i+=2){
      zBlob[i/2] = (sqlite3HexToInt(z[i])<<4) | sqlite3HexToInt(z[i+1]);
    }
    zBlob[i/2] = 0;
  }
  return zBlob;
}
#endif /* !SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL || SQLITE_HAS_CODEC */

/*
** Log an error that is an API call on a connection pointer that should
** not have been used.  The "type" of connection pointer is given as the
** argument.  The zType is a word like "NULL" or "closed" or "invalid".
*/
static void logBadConnection(const char *zType){








|




















|








32377
32378
32379
32380
32381
32382
32383
32384
32385
32386
32387
32388
32389
32390
32391
32392
32393
32394
32395
32396
32397
32398
32399
32400
32401
32402
32403
32404
32405
32406
32407
32408
32409
32410
32411
32412

#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_EBCDIC
  h += 9*(1&~(h>>4));
#endif
  return (u8)(h & 0xf);
}

#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL)
/*
** Convert a BLOB literal of the form "x'hhhhhh'" into its binary
** value.  Return a pointer to its binary value.  Space to hold the
** binary value has been obtained from malloc and must be freed by
** the calling routine.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3HexToBlob(sqlite3 *db, const char *z, int n){
  char *zBlob;
  int i;

  zBlob = (char *)sqlite3DbMallocRawNN(db, n/2 + 1);
  n--;
  if( zBlob ){
    for(i=0; i<n; i+=2){
      zBlob[i/2] = (sqlite3HexToInt(z[i])<<4) | sqlite3HexToInt(z[i+1]);
    }
    zBlob[i/2] = 0;
  }
  return zBlob;
}
#endif /* !SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL */

/*
** Log an error that is an API call on a connection pointer that should
** not have been used.  The "type" of connection pointer is given as the
** argument.  The zType is a word like "NULL" or "closed" or "invalid".
*/
static void logBadConnection(const char *zType){
︙︙
32973
32974
32975
32976
32977
32978
32979
32980
32981
32982
32983
32984
32985
32986
32987
32988

    /*  56 */ "Lt"               OpHelp("IF r[P3]<r[P1]"),
    /*  57 */ "Ge"               OpHelp("IF r[P3]>=r[P1]"),
    /*  58 */ "ElseNotEq"        OpHelp(""),
    /*  59 */ "DecrJumpZero"     OpHelp("if (--r[P1])==0 goto P2"),
    /*  60 */ "IncrVacuum"       OpHelp(""),
    /*  61 */ "VNext"            OpHelp(""),
    /*  62 */ "Init"             OpHelp("Start at P2"),
    /*  63 */ "PureFunc"         OpHelp("r[P3]=func(r[P2@P5])"),
    /*  64 */ "Function"         OpHelp("r[P3]=func(r[P2@P5])"),
    /*  65 */ "Return"           OpHelp(""),
    /*  66 */ "EndCoroutine"     OpHelp(""),
    /*  67 */ "HaltIfNull"       OpHelp("if r[P3]=null halt"),
    /*  68 */ "Halt"             OpHelp(""),
    /*  69 */ "Integer"          OpHelp("r[P2]=P1"),
    /*  70 */ "Int64"            OpHelp("r[P2]=P4"),
    /*  71 */ "String"           OpHelp("r[P2]='P4' (len=P1)"),








|
|








33109
33110
33111
33112
33113
33114
33115
33116
33117
33118
33119
33120
33121
33122
33123
33124

    /*  56 */ "Lt"               OpHelp("IF r[P3]<r[P1]"),
    /*  57 */ "Ge"               OpHelp("IF r[P3]>=r[P1]"),
    /*  58 */ "ElseNotEq"        OpHelp(""),
    /*  59 */ "DecrJumpZero"     OpHelp("if (--r[P1])==0 goto P2"),
    /*  60 */ "IncrVacuum"       OpHelp(""),
    /*  61 */ "VNext"            OpHelp(""),
    /*  62 */ "Init"             OpHelp("Start at P2"),
    /*  63 */ "PureFunc"         OpHelp("r[P3]=func(r[P2@NP])"),
    /*  64 */ "Function"         OpHelp("r[P3]=func(r[P2@NP])"),
    /*  65 */ "Return"           OpHelp(""),
    /*  66 */ "EndCoroutine"     OpHelp(""),
    /*  67 */ "HaltIfNull"       OpHelp("if r[P3]=null halt"),
    /*  68 */ "Halt"             OpHelp(""),
    /*  69 */ "Integer"          OpHelp("r[P2]=P1"),
    /*  70 */ "Int64"            OpHelp("r[P2]=P4"),
    /*  71 */ "String"           OpHelp("r[P2]='P4' (len=P1)"),
︙︙
33040
33041
33042
33043
33044
33045
33046
33047
33048
33049
33050
33051
33052
33053
33054
33055

    /* 123 */ "ResetCount"       OpHelp(""),
    /* 124 */ "SorterCompare"    OpHelp("if key(P1)!=trim(r[P3],P4) goto P2"),
    /* 125 */ "SorterData"       OpHelp("r[P2]=data"),
    /* 126 */ "RowData"          OpHelp("r[P2]=data"),
    /* 127 */ "Rowid"            OpHelp("r[P2]=rowid"),
    /* 128 */ "NullRow"          OpHelp(""),
    /* 129 */ "SeekEnd"          OpHelp(""),
    /* 130 */ "SorterInsert"     OpHelp("key=r[P2]"),
    /* 131 */ "IdxInsert"        OpHelp("key=r[P2]"),
    /* 132 */ "IdxDelete"        OpHelp("key=r[P2@P3]"),
    /* 133 */ "DeferredSeek"     OpHelp("Move P3 to P1.rowid if needed"),
    /* 134 */ "IdxRowid"         OpHelp("r[P2]=rowid"),
    /* 135 */ "FinishSeek"       OpHelp(""),
    /* 136 */ "Destroy"          OpHelp(""),
    /* 137 */ "Clear"            OpHelp(""),
    /* 138 */ "ResetSorter"      OpHelp(""),








|
|








33176
33177
33178
33179
33180
33181
33182
33183
33184
33185
33186
33187
33188
33189
33190
33191

    /* 123 */ "ResetCount"       OpHelp(""),
    /* 124 */ "SorterCompare"    OpHelp("if key(P1)!=trim(r[P3],P4) goto P2"),
    /* 125 */ "SorterData"       OpHelp("r[P2]=data"),
    /* 126 */ "RowData"          OpHelp("r[P2]=data"),
    /* 127 */ "Rowid"            OpHelp("r[P2]=rowid"),
    /* 128 */ "NullRow"          OpHelp(""),
    /* 129 */ "SeekEnd"          OpHelp(""),
    /* 130 */ "IdxInsert"        OpHelp("key=r[P2]"),
    /* 131 */ "SorterInsert"     OpHelp("key=r[P2]"),
    /* 132 */ "IdxDelete"        OpHelp("key=r[P2@P3]"),
    /* 133 */ "DeferredSeek"     OpHelp("Move P3 to P1.rowid if needed"),
    /* 134 */ "IdxRowid"         OpHelp("r[P2]=rowid"),
    /* 135 */ "FinishSeek"       OpHelp(""),
    /* 136 */ "Destroy"          OpHelp(""),
    /* 137 */ "Clear"            OpHelp(""),
    /* 138 */ "ResetSorter"      OpHelp(""),
︙︙
33982
33983
33984
33985
33986
33987
33988
33989
33990
33991
33992
33993
33994
33995
33996

      break;
    }
    if( fd>=SQLITE_MINIMUM_FILE_DESCRIPTOR ) break;
    osClose(fd);
    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_WARNING, 
                "attempt to open \"%s\" as file descriptor %d", z, fd);
    fd = -1;
    if( osOpen("/dev/null", f, m)<0 ) break;
  }
  if( fd>=0 ){
    if( m!=0 ){
      struct stat statbuf;
      if( osFstat(fd, &statbuf)==0 
       && statbuf.st_size==0
       && (statbuf.st_mode&0777)!=m 








|








34118
34119
34120
34121
34122
34123
34124
34125
34126
34127
34128
34129
34130
34131
34132

      break;
    }
    if( fd>=SQLITE_MINIMUM_FILE_DESCRIPTOR ) break;
    osClose(fd);
    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_WARNING, 
                "attempt to open \"%s\" as file descriptor %d", z, fd);
    fd = -1;
    if( osOpen("/dev/null", O_RDONLY, m)<0 ) break;
  }
  if( fd>=0 ){
    if( m!=0 ){
      struct stat statbuf;
      if( osFstat(fd, &statbuf)==0 
       && statbuf.st_size==0
       && (statbuf.st_mode&0777)!=m
︙︙
34858
34859
34860
34861
34862
34863
34864

34865
34866
34867
34868
34869
34870
34871
34872
34873
34874
34875
34876
34877
34878
34879
34880
34881

# define osSetPosixAdvisoryLock(h,x,t) osFcntl(h,F_SETLK,x)
#else
static int osSetPosixAdvisoryLock(
  int h,                /* The file descriptor on which to take the lock */
  struct flock *pLock,  /* The description of the lock */
  unixFile *pFile       /* Structure holding timeout value */
){

  int rc = osFcntl(h,F_SETLK,pLock);
  while( rc<0 && pFile->iBusyTimeout>0 ){
    /* On systems that support some kind of blocking file lock with a timeout,
    ** make appropriate changes here to invoke that blocking file lock.  On
    ** generic posix, however, there is no such API.  So we simply try the
    ** lock once every millisecond until either the timeout expires, or until
    ** the lock is obtained. */
    usleep(1000);
    rc = osFcntl(h,F_SETLK,pLock);
    pFile->iBusyTimeout--;
  }
  return rc;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT */


/*








>

|







|








34994
34995
34996
34997
34998
34999
35000
35001
35002
35003
35004
35005
35006
35007
35008
35009
35010
35011
35012
35013
35014
35015
35016
35017
35018

# define osSetPosixAdvisoryLock(h,x,t) osFcntl(h,F_SETLK,x)
#else
static int osSetPosixAdvisoryLock(
  int h,                /* The file descriptor on which to take the lock */
  struct flock *pLock,  /* The description of the lock */
  unixFile *pFile       /* Structure holding timeout value */
){
  int tm = pFile->iBusyTimeout;
  int rc = osFcntl(h,F_SETLK,pLock);
  while( rc<0 && tm>0 ){
    /* On systems that support some kind of blocking file lock with a timeout,
    ** make appropriate changes here to invoke that blocking file lock.  On
    ** generic posix, however, there is no such API.  So we simply try the
    ** lock once every millisecond until either the timeout expires, or until
    ** the lock is obtained. */
    usleep(1000);
    rc = osFcntl(h,F_SETLK,pLock);
    tm--;
  }
  return rc;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT */


/*
︙︙
36978
36979
36980
36981
36982
36983
36984
36985
36986
36987
36988
36989
36990
36991
36992

  for(ii=(int)strlen(zDirname); ii>0 && zDirname[ii]!='/'; ii--);
  if( ii>0 ){
    zDirname[ii] = '\0';
  }else{
    if( zDirname[0]!='/' ) zDirname[0] = '.';
    zDirname[1] = 0;
  }
  fd = robust_open(zDirname, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY|O_NOFOLLOW, 0);
  if( fd>=0 ){
    OSTRACE(("OPENDIR %-3d %s\n", fd, zDirname));
  }
  *pFd = fd;
  if( fd>=0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
  return unixLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT, "openDirectory", zDirname);
}








|








37115
37116
37117
37118
37119
37120
37121
37122
37123
37124
37125
37126
37127
37128
37129

  for(ii=(int)strlen(zDirname); ii>0 && zDirname[ii]!='/'; ii--);
  if( ii>0 ){
    zDirname[ii] = '\0';
  }else{
    if( zDirname[0]!='/' ) zDirname[0] = '.';
    zDirname[1] = 0;
  }
  fd = robust_open(zDirname, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY, 0);
  if( fd>=0 ){
    OSTRACE(("OPENDIR %-3d %s\n", fd, zDirname));
  }
  *pFd = fd;
  if( fd>=0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
  return unixLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT, "openDirectory", zDirname);
}
︙︙
37288
37289
37290
37291
37292
37293
37294

37295

37296
37297
37298
37299
37300
37301
37302

    }
    case SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED: {
      *(int*)pArg = fileHasMoved(pFile);
      return SQLITE_OK;
    }
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT
    case SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT: {

      pFile->iBusyTimeout = *(int*)pArg;

      return SQLITE_OK;
    }
#endif
#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
    case SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE: {
      i64 newLimit = *(i64*)pArg;
      int rc = SQLITE_OK;








>

>








37425
37426
37427
37428
37429
37430
37431
37432
37433
37434
37435
37436
37437
37438
37439
37440
37441

    }
    case SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED: {
      *(int*)pArg = fileHasMoved(pFile);
      return SQLITE_OK;
    }
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT
    case SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT: {
      int iOld = pFile->iBusyTimeout;
      pFile->iBusyTimeout = *(int*)pArg;
      *(int*)pArg = iOld;
      return SQLITE_OK;
    }
#endif
#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
    case SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE: {
      i64 newLimit = *(i64*)pArg;
      int rc = SQLITE_OK;
︙︙
37607
37608
37609
37610
37611
37612
37613

37614
37615
37616
37617
37618
37619




37620


37621
37622
37623
37624
37625
37626
37627

  /* Shared locks never span more than one byte */
  assert( n==1 || lockType!=F_RDLCK );

  /* Locks are within range */
  assert( n>=1 && n<=SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK );

  if( pShmNode->hShm>=0 ){

    /* Initialize the locking parameters */
    f.l_type = lockType;
    f.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
    f.l_start = ofst;
    f.l_len = n;
    rc = osSetPosixAdvisoryLock(pShmNode->hShm, &f, pFile);




    rc = (rc!=(-1)) ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_BUSY;


  }

  /* Update the global lock state and do debug tracing */
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  { u16 mask;
  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK "));
  mask = ofst>31 ? 0xffff : (1<<(ofst+n)) - (1<<ofst);








>





|
>
>
>
>
|
>
>








37746
37747
37748
37749
37750
37751
37752
37753
37754
37755
37756
37757
37758
37759
37760
37761
37762
37763
37764
37765
37766
37767
37768
37769
37770
37771
37772
37773

  /* Shared locks never span more than one byte */
  assert( n==1 || lockType!=F_RDLCK );

  /* Locks are within range */
  assert( n>=1 && n<=SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK );

  if( pShmNode->hShm>=0 ){
    int res;
    /* Initialize the locking parameters */
    f.l_type = lockType;
    f.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
    f.l_start = ofst;
    f.l_len = n;
    res = osSetPosixAdvisoryLock(pShmNode->hShm, &f, pFile);
    if( res==-1 ){
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT
      rc = (pFile->iBusyTimeout ? SQLITE_BUSY_TIMEOUT : SQLITE_BUSY);
#else
      rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
#endif
    }
  }

  /* Update the global lock state and do debug tracing */
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  { u16 mask;
  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK "));
  mask = ofst>31 ? 0xffff : (1<<(ofst+n)) - (1<<ofst);
︙︙
38109
38110
38111
38112
38113
38114
38115



















38116
38117
38118
38119
38120
38121
38122

  assert( flags==(SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED)
       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE)
       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED)
       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE) );
  assert( n==1 || (flags & SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE)!=0 );
  assert( pShmNode->hShm>=0 || pDbFd->pInode->bProcessLock==1 );
  assert( pShmNode->hShm<0 || pDbFd->pInode->bProcessLock==0 );




















  mask = (1<<(ofst+n)) - (1<<ofst);
  assert( n>1 || mask==(1<<ofst) );
  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pShmNode->pShmMutex);
  if( flags & SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK ){
    u16 allMask = 0; /* Mask of locks held by siblings */









>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








38255
38256
38257
38258
38259
38260
38261
38262
38263
38264
38265
38266
38267
38268
38269
38270
38271
38272
38273
38274
38275
38276
38277
38278
38279
38280
38281
38282
38283
38284
38285
38286
38287

  assert( flags==(SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED)
       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE)
       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED)
       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE) );
  assert( n==1 || (flags & SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE)!=0 );
  assert( pShmNode->hShm>=0 || pDbFd->pInode->bProcessLock==1 );
  assert( pShmNode->hShm<0 || pDbFd->pInode->bProcessLock==0 );

  /* Check that, if this to be a blocking lock, no locks that occur later
  ** in the following list than the lock being obtained are already held:
  **
  **   1. Checkpointer lock (ofst==1).
  **   2. Write lock (ofst==0).
  **   3. Read locks (ofst>=3 && ofst<SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK).
  **
  ** In other words, if this is a blocking lock, none of the locks that
  ** occur later in the above list than the lock being obtained may be
  ** held.  */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT
  assert( (flags & SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK) || pDbFd->iBusyTimeout==0 || (
         (ofst!=2)                                   /* not RECOVER */
      && (ofst!=1 || (p->exclMask|p->sharedMask)==0)
      && (ofst!=0 || (p->exclMask|p->sharedMask)<3)
      && (ofst<3  || (p->exclMask|p->sharedMask)<(1<<ofst))
  ));
#endif

  mask = (1<<(ofst+n)) - (1<<ofst);
  assert( n>1 || mask==(1<<ofst) );
  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pShmNode->pShmMutex);
  if( flags & SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK ){
    u16 allMask = 0; /* Mask of locks held by siblings */
︙︙
44900
44901
44902
44903
44904
44905
44906

44907
44908
44909
44910
44911
44912
44913

    pFile->ctrlFlags |= mask;
  }
}

/* Forward references to VFS helper methods used for temporary files */
static int winGetTempname(sqlite3_vfs *, char **);
static int winIsDir(const void *);

static BOOL winIsDriveLetterAndColon(const char *);

/*
** Control and query of the open file handle.
*/
static int winFileControl(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
  winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;








>








45065
45066
45067
45068
45069
45070
45071
45072
45073
45074
45075
45076
45077
45078
45079

    pFile->ctrlFlags |= mask;
  }
}

/* Forward references to VFS helper methods used for temporary files */
static int winGetTempname(sqlite3_vfs *, char **);
static int winIsDir(const void *);
static BOOL winIsLongPathPrefix(const char *);
static BOOL winIsDriveLetterAndColon(const char *);

/*
** Control and query of the open file handle.
*/
static int winFileControl(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
  winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
︙︙
46669
46670
46671
46672
46673
46674
46675

46676

46677
46678
46679
46680
46681
46682
46683

  sqlite3_free(zTmpname);
  pFile->pMethod = pAppData ? pAppData->pMethod : &winIoMethod;
  pFile->pVfs = pVfs;
  pFile->h = h;
  if( isReadonly ){
    pFile->ctrlFlags |= WINFILE_RDONLY;
  }

  if( sqlite3_uri_boolean(zName, "psow", SQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE) ){

    pFile->ctrlFlags |= WINFILE_PSOW;
  }
  pFile->lastErrno = NO_ERROR;
  pFile->zPath = zName;
#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
  pFile->hMap = NULL;
  pFile->pMapRegion = 0;








>
|
>








46835
46836
46837
46838
46839
46840
46841
46842
46843
46844
46845
46846
46847
46848
46849
46850
46851

  sqlite3_free(zTmpname);
  pFile->pMethod = pAppData ? pAppData->pMethod : &winIoMethod;
  pFile->pVfs = pVfs;
  pFile->h = h;
  if( isReadonly ){
    pFile->ctrlFlags |= WINFILE_RDONLY;
  }
  if( (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB)
   && sqlite3_uri_boolean(zName, "psow", SQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE) 
  ){
    pFile->ctrlFlags |= WINFILE_PSOW;
  }
  pFile->lastErrno = NO_ERROR;
  pFile->zPath = zName;
#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
  pFile->hMap = NULL;
  pFile->pMapRegion = 0;
︙︙
46878
46879
46880
46881
46882
46883
46884











46885
46886
46887
46888
46889
46890
46891

      assert(!"Invalid flags argument");
  }
  *pResOut = rc;
  OSTRACE(("ACCESS name=%s, pResOut=%p, *pResOut=%d, rc=SQLITE_OK\n",
           zFilename, pResOut, *pResOut));
  return SQLITE_OK;
}












/*
** Returns non-zero if the specified path name starts with a drive letter
** followed by a colon character.
*/
static BOOL winIsDriveLetterAndColon(
  const char *zPathname








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








47046
47047
47048
47049
47050
47051
47052
47053
47054
47055
47056
47057
47058
47059
47060
47061
47062
47063
47064
47065
47066
47067
47068
47069
47070

      assert(!"Invalid flags argument");
  }
  *pResOut = rc;
  OSTRACE(("ACCESS name=%s, pResOut=%p, *pResOut=%d, rc=SQLITE_OK\n",
           zFilename, pResOut, *pResOut));
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** Returns non-zero if the specified path name starts with the "long path"
** prefix.
*/
static BOOL winIsLongPathPrefix(
  const char *zPathname
){
  return ( zPathname[0]=='\\' && zPathname[1]=='\\'
        && zPathname[2]=='?'  && zPathname[3]=='\\' );
}

/*
** Returns non-zero if the specified path name starts with a drive letter
** followed by a colon character.
*/
static BOOL winIsDriveLetterAndColon(
  const char *zPathname
︙︙
46943
46944
46945
46946
46947
46948
46949
46950
46951
46952
46953

46954
46955
46956
46957
46958
46959
46960

){
#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
  DWORD nByte;
  void *zConverted;
  char *zOut;
#endif

  /* If this path name begins with "/X:", where "X" is any alphabetic
  ** character, discard the initial "/" from the pathname.
  */
  if( zRelative[0]=='/' && winIsDriveLetterAndColon(zRelative+1) ){

    zRelative++;
  }

#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_ERROR );
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nFull);
  assert( nFull>=pVfs->mxPathname );








|
|

|
>








47122
47123
47124
47125
47126
47127
47128
47129
47130
47131
47132
47133
47134
47135
47136
47137
47138
47139
47140

){
#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
  DWORD nByte;
  void *zConverted;
  char *zOut;
#endif

  /* If this path name begins with "/X:" or "\\?\", where "X" is any
  ** alphabetic character, discard the initial "/" from the pathname.
  */
  if( zRelative[0]=='/' && (winIsDriveLetterAndColon(zRelative+1)
       || winIsLongPathPrefix(zRelative+1)) ){
    zRelative++;
  }

#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_ERROR );
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nFull);
  assert( nFull>=pVfs->mxPathname );
︙︙
47702
47703
47704
47705
47706
47707
47708
47709
47710
47711
47712
47713
47714
47715
47716

    return SQLITE_FULL;
  }
  if( newSz>p->szMax ){
    return SQLITE_FULL;
  }
  newSz *= 2;
  if( newSz>p->szMax ) newSz = p->szMax;
  pNew = sqlite3_realloc64(p->aData, newSz);
  if( pNew==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
  p->aData = pNew;
  p->szAlloc = newSz;
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*








|








47882
47883
47884
47885
47886
47887
47888
47889
47890
47891
47892
47893
47894
47895
47896

    return SQLITE_FULL;
  }
  if( newSz>p->szMax ){
    return SQLITE_FULL;
  }
  newSz *= 2;
  if( newSz>p->szMax ) newSz = p->szMax;
  pNew = sqlite3Realloc(p->aData, newSz);
  if( pNew==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
  p->aData = pNew;
  p->szAlloc = newSz;
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
︙︙
48149
48150
48151
48152
48153
48154
48155
48156
48157
48158



48159
48160
48161
48162
48163
48164
48165
48166

** This routine is called when the extension is loaded.
** Register the new VFS.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemdbInit(void){
  sqlite3_vfs *pLower = sqlite3_vfs_find(0);
  int sz = pLower->szOsFile;
  memdb_vfs.pAppData = pLower;
  /* In all known configurations of SQLite, the size of a default
  ** sqlite3_file is greater than the size of a memdb sqlite3_file.
  ** Should that ever change, remove the following NEVER() */



  if( NEVER(sz<sizeof(MemFile)) ) sz = sizeof(MemFile);
  memdb_vfs.szOsFile = sz;
  return sqlite3_vfs_register(&memdb_vfs, 0);
}
#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_DESERIALIZE */

/************** End of memdb.c ***********************************************/
/************** Begin file bitvec.c ******************************************/








<
<
|
>
>
>
|








48329
48330
48331
48332
48333
48334
48335


48336
48337
48338
48339
48340
48341
48342
48343
48344
48345
48346
48347

** This routine is called when the extension is loaded.
** Register the new VFS.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemdbInit(void){
  sqlite3_vfs *pLower = sqlite3_vfs_find(0);
  int sz = pLower->szOsFile;
  memdb_vfs.pAppData = pLower;


  /* The following conditional can only be true when compiled for
  ** Windows x86 and SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE=0.  We always leave
  ** it in, to be safe, but it is marked as NO_TEST since there
  ** is no way to reach it under most builds. */
  if( sz<sizeof(MemFile) ) sz = sizeof(MemFile); /*NO_TEST*/
  memdb_vfs.szOsFile = sz;
  return sqlite3_vfs_register(&memdb_vfs, 0);
}
#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_DESERIALIZE */

/************** End of memdb.c ***********************************************/
/************** Begin file bitvec.c ******************************************/
︙︙
50918
50919
50920
50921
50922
50923
50924
50925
50926
50927
50928
50929
50930
50931
50932

  sqlite3RowSetClear(pArg);
  sqlite3DbFree(((RowSet*)pArg)->db, pArg);
}

/*
** Allocate a new RowSetEntry object that is associated with the
** given RowSet.  Return a pointer to the new and completely uninitialized
** objected.
**
** In an OOM situation, the RowSet.db->mallocFailed flag is set and this
** routine returns NULL.
*/
static struct RowSetEntry *rowSetEntryAlloc(RowSet *p){
  assert( p!=0 );
  if( p->nFresh==0 ){  /*OPTIMIZATION-IF-FALSE*/








|








51099
51100
51101
51102
51103
51104
51105
51106
51107
51108
51109
51110
51111
51112
51113

  sqlite3RowSetClear(pArg);
  sqlite3DbFree(((RowSet*)pArg)->db, pArg);
}

/*
** Allocate a new RowSetEntry object that is associated with the
** given RowSet.  Return a pointer to the new and completely uninitialized
** object.
**
** In an OOM situation, the RowSet.db->mallocFailed flag is set and this
** routine returns NULL.
*/
static struct RowSetEntry *rowSetEntryAlloc(RowSet *p){
  assert( p!=0 );
  if( p->nFresh==0 ){  /*OPTIMIZATION-IF-FALSE*/
︙︙
51194
51195
51196
51197
51198
51199
51200
51201
51202
51203
51204
51205
51206
51207
51208

  ** To save unnecessary work, only do this when the batch number changes.
  */
  if( iBatch!=pRowSet->iBatch ){  /*OPTIMIZATION-IF-FALSE*/
    p = pRowSet->pEntry;
    if( p ){
      struct RowSetEntry **ppPrevTree = &pRowSet->pForest;
      if( (pRowSet->rsFlags & ROWSET_SORTED)==0 ){ /*OPTIMIZATION-IF-FALSE*/
        /* Only sort the current set of entiries if they need it */
        p = rowSetEntrySort(p);
      }
      for(pTree = pRowSet->pForest; pTree; pTree=pTree->pRight){
        ppPrevTree = &pTree->pRight;
        if( pTree->pLeft==0 ){
          pTree->pLeft = rowSetListToTree(p);
          break;








|








51375
51376
51377
51378
51379
51380
51381
51382
51383
51384
51385
51386
51387
51388
51389

  ** To save unnecessary work, only do this when the batch number changes.
  */
  if( iBatch!=pRowSet->iBatch ){  /*OPTIMIZATION-IF-FALSE*/
    p = pRowSet->pEntry;
    if( p ){
      struct RowSetEntry **ppPrevTree = &pRowSet->pForest;
      if( (pRowSet->rsFlags & ROWSET_SORTED)==0 ){ /*OPTIMIZATION-IF-FALSE*/
        /* Only sort the current set of entries if they need it */
        p = rowSetEntrySort(p);
      }
      for(pTree = pRowSet->pForest; pTree; pTree=pTree->pRight){
        ppPrevTree = &pTree->pRight;
        if( pTree->pLeft==0 ){
          pTree->pLeft = rowSetListToTree(p);
          break;
︙︙
51415
51416
51417
51418
51419
51420
51421





51422
51423
51424
51425
51426
51427
51428

** stored in each frame (i.e. the db page-size when the WAL was created).
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalFramesize(Wal *pWal);
#endif

/* Return the sqlite3_file object for the WAL file */
SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_file *sqlite3WalFile(Wal *pWal);






#endif /* ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
#endif /* SQLITE_WAL_H */

/************** End of wal.h *************************************************/
/************** Continuing where we left off in pager.c **********************/









>
>
>
>
>








51596
51597
51598
51599
51600
51601
51602
51603
51604
51605
51606
51607
51608
51609
51610
51611
51612
51613
51614

** stored in each frame (i.e. the db page-size when the WAL was created).
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalFramesize(Wal *pWal);
#endif

/* Return the sqlite3_file object for the WAL file */
SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_file *sqlite3WalFile(Wal *pWal);

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalWriteLock(Wal *pWal, int bLock);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WalDb(Wal *pWal, sqlite3 *db);
#endif

#endif /* ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
#endif /* SQLITE_WAL_H */

/************** End of wal.h *************************************************/
/************** Continuing where we left off in pager.c **********************/
︙︙
51806
51807
51808
51809
51810
51811
51812
51813
51814
51815
51816
51817
51818
51819
51820
51821
51822
51823
51824
51825
51826
51827
51828
51829
51830
51831
51832
51833

** PagerSharedLock() for more detail.
**
** Pager.eLock may only be set to UNKNOWN_LOCK when the pager is in 
** PAGER_OPEN state.
*/
#define UNKNOWN_LOCK                (EXCLUSIVE_LOCK+1)

/*
** A macro used for invoking the codec if there is one
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
# define CODEC1(P,D,N,X,E) \
    if( P->xCodec && P->xCodec(P->pCodec,D,N,X)==0 ){ E; }
# define CODEC2(P,D,N,X,E,O) \
    if( P->xCodec==0 ){ O=(char*)D; }else \
    if( (O=(char*)(P->xCodec(P->pCodec,D,N,X)))==0 ){ E; }
#else
# define CODEC1(P,D,N,X,E)   /* NO-OP */
# define CODEC2(P,D,N,X,E,O) O=(char*)D
#endif

/*
** The maximum allowed sector size. 64KiB. If the xSectorsize() method 
** returns a value larger than this, then MAX_SECTOR_SIZE is used instead.
** This could conceivably cause corruption following a power failure on
** such a system. This is currently an undocumented limit.
*/
#define MAX_SECTOR_SIZE 0x10000








<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<








51992
51993
51994
51995
51996
51997
51998














51999
52000
52001
52002
52003
52004
52005

** PagerSharedLock() for more detail.
**
** Pager.eLock may only be set to UNKNOWN_LOCK when the pager is in 
** PAGER_OPEN state.
*/
#define UNKNOWN_LOCK                (EXCLUSIVE_LOCK+1)















/*
** The maximum allowed sector size. 64KiB. If the xSectorsize() method 
** returns a value larger than this, then MAX_SECTOR_SIZE is used instead.
** This could conceivably cause corruption following a power failure on
** such a system. This is currently an undocumented limit.
*/
#define MAX_SECTOR_SIZE 0x10000
︙︙
52105
52106
52107
52108
52109
52110
52111
52112
52113
52114
52115
52116
52117
52118
52119
52120
52121
52122
52123
52124

  void *pBusyHandlerArg;      /* Context argument for xBusyHandler */
  int aStat[4];               /* Total cache hits, misses, writes, spills */
#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
  int nRead;                  /* Database pages read */
#endif
  void (*xReiniter)(DbPage*); /* Call this routine when reloading pages */
  int (*xGet)(Pager*,Pgno,DbPage**,int); /* Routine to fetch a patch */
#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
  void *(*xCodec)(void*,void*,Pgno,int); /* Routine for en/decoding data */
  void (*xCodecSizeChng)(void*,int,int); /* Notify of page size changes */
  void (*xCodecFree)(void*);             /* Destructor for the codec */
  void *pCodec;               /* First argument to xCodec... methods */
#endif
  char *pTmpSpace;            /* Pager.pageSize bytes of space for tmp use */
  PCache *pPCache;            /* Pointer to page cache object */
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
  Wal *pWal;                  /* Write-ahead log used by "journal_mode=wal" */
  char *zWal;                 /* File name for write-ahead log */
#endif
};








<
<
<
<
<
<








52277
52278
52279
52280
52281
52282
52283






52284
52285
52286
52287
52288
52289
52290

  void *pBusyHandlerArg;      /* Context argument for xBusyHandler */
  int aStat[4];               /* Total cache hits, misses, writes, spills */
#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
  int nRead;                  /* Database pages read */
#endif
  void (*xReiniter)(DbPage*); /* Call this routine when reloading pages */
  int (*xGet)(Pager*,Pgno,DbPage**,int); /* Routine to fetch a patch */






  char *pTmpSpace;            /* Pager.pageSize bytes of space for tmp use */
  PCache *pPCache;            /* Pointer to page cache object */
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
  Wal *pWal;                  /* Write-ahead log used by "journal_mode=wal" */
  char *zWal;                 /* File name for write-ahead log */
#endif
};
︙︙
52237
52238
52239
52240
52241
52242
52243
52244
52245
52246
52247
52248
52249
52250
52251
52252
52253

**   * the database file is open,
**   * there are no dirty pages in the cache, and
**   * the desired page is not currently in the wal file.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerDirectReadOk(Pager *pPager, Pgno pgno){
  if( pPager->fd->pMethods==0 ) return 0;
  if( sqlite3PCacheIsDirty(pPager->pPCache) ) return 0;
#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
  if( pPager->xCodec!=0 ) return 0;
#endif
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
  if( pPager->pWal ){
    u32 iRead = 0;
    int rc;
    rc = sqlite3WalFindFrame(pPager->pWal, pgno, &iRead);
    return (rc==SQLITE_OK && iRead==0);
  }








<
<
<








52403
52404
52405
52406
52407
52408
52409



52410
52411
52412
52413
52414
52415
52416

**   * the database file is open,
**   * there are no dirty pages in the cache, and
**   * the desired page is not currently in the wal file.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerDirectReadOk(Pager *pPager, Pgno pgno){
  if( pPager->fd->pMethods==0 ) return 0;
  if( sqlite3PCacheIsDirty(pPager->pPCache) ) return 0;



#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
  if( pPager->pWal ){
    u32 iRead = 0;
    int rc;
    rc = sqlite3WalFindFrame(pPager->pWal, pgno, &iRead);
    return (rc==SQLITE_OK && iRead==0);
  }
︙︙
52473
52474
52475
52476
52477
52478
52479
52480
52481
52482
52483
52484
52485
52486
52487
52488
52489
52490
52491

** Set the Pager.xGet method for the appropriate routine used to fetch
** content from the pager.
*/
static void setGetterMethod(Pager *pPager){
  if( pPager->errCode ){
    pPager->xGet = getPageError;
#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
  }else if( USEFETCH(pPager)
#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
   && pPager->xCodec==0
#endif
  ){
    pPager->xGet = getPageMMap;
#endif /* SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0 */
  }else{
    pPager->xGet = getPageNormal;
  }
}









|
<
<
<
<








52636
52637
52638
52639
52640
52641
52642
52643




52644
52645
52646
52647
52648
52649
52650

** Set the Pager.xGet method for the appropriate routine used to fetch
** content from the pager.
*/
static void setGetterMethod(Pager *pPager){
  if( pPager->errCode ){
    pPager->xGet = getPageError;
#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
  }else if( USEFETCH(pPager) ){




    pPager->xGet = getPageMMap;
#endif /* SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0 */
  }else{
    pPager->xGet = getPageNormal;
  }
}
︙︙
53625
53626
53627
53628
53629
53630
53631
53632
53633
53634
53635
53636
53637
53638
53639
53640
53641
53642
53643
53644
53645
53646
53647
53648
53649
53650
53651
53652
53653
53654
53655
53656
53657
53658
53659
53660
53661
53662
53663
53664
53665
53666
53667

  while( i>0 ){
    cksum += aData[i];
    i -= 200;
  }
  return cksum;
}

/*
** Report the current page size and number of reserved bytes back
** to the codec.
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
static void pagerReportSize(Pager *pPager){
  if( pPager->xCodecSizeChng ){
    pPager->xCodecSizeChng(pPager->pCodec, pPager->pageSize,
                           (int)pPager->nReserve);
  }
}
#else
# define pagerReportSize(X)     /* No-op if we do not support a codec */
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
/*
** Make sure the number of reserved bits is the same in the destination
** pager as it is in the source.  This comes up when a VACUUM changes the
** number of reserved bits to the "optimal" amount.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerAlignReserve(Pager *pDest, Pager *pSrc){
  if( pDest->nReserve!=pSrc->nReserve ){
    pDest->nReserve = pSrc->nReserve;
    pagerReportSize(pDest);
  }
}
#endif

/*
** Read a single page from either the journal file (if isMainJrnl==1) or
** from the sub-journal (if isMainJrnl==0) and playback that page.
** The page begins at offset *pOffset into the file. The *pOffset
** value is increased to the start of the next page in the journal.
**
** The main rollback journal uses checksums - the statement journal does 








<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<








53784
53785
53786
53787
53788
53789
53790





























53791
53792
53793
53794
53795
53796
53797

  while( i>0 ){
    cksum += aData[i];
    i -= 200;
  }
  return cksum;
}






























/*
** Read a single page from either the journal file (if isMainJrnl==1) or
** from the sub-journal (if isMainJrnl==0) and playback that page.
** The page begins at offset *pOffset into the file. The *pOffset
** value is increased to the start of the next page in the journal.
**
** The main rollback journal uses checksums - the statement journal does
︙︙
53705
53706
53707
53708
53709
53710
53711
53712
53713
53714
53715
53716
53717
53718
53719
53720
53721
53722
53723

  int rc;
  PgHdr *pPg;                   /* An existing page in the cache */
  Pgno pgno;                    /* The page number of a page in journal */
  u32 cksum;                    /* Checksum used for sanity checking */
  char *aData;                  /* Temporary storage for the page */
  sqlite3_file *jfd;            /* The file descriptor for the journal file */
  int isSynced;                 /* True if journal page is synced */
#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
  /* The jrnlEnc flag is true if Journal pages should be passed through
  ** the codec.  It is false for pure in-memory journals. */
  const int jrnlEnc = (isMainJrnl || pPager->subjInMemory==0);
#endif

  assert( (isMainJrnl&~1)==0 );      /* isMainJrnl is 0 or 1 */
  assert( (isSavepnt&~1)==0 );       /* isSavepnt is 0 or 1 */
  assert( isMainJrnl || pDone );     /* pDone always used on sub-journals */
  assert( isSavepnt || pDone==0 );   /* pDone never used on non-savepoint */

  aData = pPager->pTmpSpace;








<
<
<
<
<








53835
53836
53837
53838
53839
53840
53841





53842
53843
53844
53845
53846
53847
53848

  int rc;
  PgHdr *pPg;                   /* An existing page in the cache */
  Pgno pgno;                    /* The page number of a page in journal */
  u32 cksum;                    /* Checksum used for sanity checking */
  char *aData;                  /* Temporary storage for the page */
  sqlite3_file *jfd;            /* The file descriptor for the journal file */
  int isSynced;                 /* True if journal page is synced */






  assert( (isMainJrnl&~1)==0 );      /* isMainJrnl is 0 or 1 */
  assert( (isSavepnt&~1)==0 );       /* isSavepnt is 0 or 1 */
  assert( isMainJrnl || pDone );     /* pDone always used on sub-journals */
  assert( isSavepnt || pDone==0 );   /* pDone never used on non-savepoint */

  aData = pPager->pTmpSpace;
︙︙
53772
53773
53774
53775
53776
53777
53778
53779
53780
53781
53782
53783
53784
53785
53786

    return rc;
  }

  /* When playing back page 1, restore the nReserve setting
  */
  if( pgno==1 && pPager->nReserve!=((u8*)aData)[20] ){
    pPager->nReserve = ((u8*)aData)[20];
    pagerReportSize(pPager);
  }

  /* If the pager is in CACHEMOD state, then there must be a copy of this
  ** page in the pager cache. In this case just update the pager cache,
  ** not the database file. The page is left marked dirty in this case.
  **
  ** An exception to the above rule: If the database is in no-sync mode








<








53897
53898
53899
53900
53901
53902
53903

53904
53905
53906
53907
53908
53909
53910

    return rc;
  }

  /* When playing back page 1, restore the nReserve setting
  */
  if( pgno==1 && pPager->nReserve!=((u8*)aData)[20] ){
    pPager->nReserve = ((u8*)aData)[20];

  }

  /* If the pager is in CACHEMOD state, then there must be a copy of this
  ** page in the pager cache. In this case just update the pager cache,
  ** not the database file. The page is left marked dirty in this case.
  **
  ** An exception to the above rule: If the database is in no-sync mode
︙︙
53840
53841
53842
53843
53844
53845
53846
53847
53848
53849
53850
53851
53852
53853
53854
53855
53856
53857
53858
53859
53860
53861
53862
53863
53864
53865
53866
53867
53868
53869
53870
53871
53872
53873


    /* Write the data read from the journal back into the database file.
    ** This is usually safe even for an encrypted database - as the data
    ** was encrypted before it was written to the journal file. The exception
    ** is if the data was just read from an in-memory sub-journal. In that
    ** case it must be encrypted here before it is copied into the database
    ** file.  */
#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
    if( !jrnlEnc ){
      CODEC2(pPager, aData, pgno, 7, rc=SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT, aData);
      rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, (u8 *)aData, pPager->pageSize, ofst);
      CODEC1(pPager, aData, pgno, 3, rc=SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT);
    }else
#endif
    rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, (u8 *)aData, pPager->pageSize, ofst);

    if( pgno>pPager->dbFileSize ){
      pPager->dbFileSize = pgno;
    }
    if( pPager->pBackup ){
#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
      if( jrnlEnc ){
        CODEC1(pPager, aData, pgno, 3, rc=SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT);
        sqlite3BackupUpdate(pPager->pBackup, pgno, (u8*)aData);
        CODEC2(pPager, aData, pgno, 7, rc=SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT,aData);
      }else
#endif
      sqlite3BackupUpdate(pPager->pBackup, pgno, (u8*)aData);
    }
  }else if( !isMainJrnl && pPg==0 ){
    /* If this is a rollback of a savepoint and data was not written to
    ** the database and the page is not in-memory, there is a potential
    ** problem. When the page is next fetched by the b-tree layer, it 
    ** will be read from the database file, which may or may not be 








<
<
<
<
<
<
<






<
<
<
<
<
<
<








53964
53965
53966
53967
53968
53969
53970







53971
53972
53973
53974
53975
53976







53977
53978
53979
53980
53981
53982
53983


    /* Write the data read from the journal back into the database file.
    ** This is usually safe even for an encrypted database - as the data
    ** was encrypted before it was written to the journal file. The exception
    ** is if the data was just read from an in-memory sub-journal. In that
    ** case it must be encrypted here before it is copied into the database
    ** file.  */







    rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, (u8 *)aData, pPager->pageSize, ofst);

    if( pgno>pPager->dbFileSize ){
      pPager->dbFileSize = pgno;
    }
    if( pPager->pBackup ){







      sqlite3BackupUpdate(pPager->pBackup, pgno, (u8*)aData);
    }
  }else if( !isMainJrnl && pPg==0 ){
    /* If this is a rollback of a savepoint and data was not written to
    ** the database and the page is not in-memory, there is a potential
    ** problem. When the page is next fetched by the b-tree layer, it 
    ** will be read from the database file, which may or may not be
︙︙
53910
53911
53912
53913
53914
53915
53916
53917
53918
53919
53920
53921
53922
53923
53924
53925
53926
53927
53928

    pager_set_pagehash(pPg);

    /* If this was page 1, then restore the value of Pager.dbFileVers.
    ** Do this before any decoding. */
    if( pgno==1 ){
      memcpy(&pPager->dbFileVers, &((u8*)pData)[24],sizeof(pPager->dbFileVers));
    }

    /* Decode the page just read from disk */
#if SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
    if( jrnlEnc ){ CODEC1(pPager, pData, pPg->pgno, 3, rc=SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT); }
#endif
    sqlite3PcacheRelease(pPg);
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** Parameter zMaster is the name of a master journal file. A single journal








<
<
<
<
<








54020
54021
54022
54023
54024
54025
54026





54027
54028
54029
54030
54031
54032
54033

    pager_set_pagehash(pPg);

    /* If this was page 1, then restore the value of Pager.dbFileVers.
    ** Do this before any decoding. */
    if( pgno==1 ){
      memcpy(&pPager->dbFileVers, &((u8*)pData)[24],sizeof(pPager->dbFileVers));
    }





    sqlite3PcacheRelease(pPg);
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** Parameter zMaster is the name of a master journal file. A single journal
︙︙
54017
54018
54019
54020
54021
54022
54023



54024
54025
54026
54027
54028
54029
54030
54031
54032
54033

    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      goto delmaster_out;
    }
    if( exists ){
      /* One of the journals pointed to by the master journal exists.
      ** Open it and check if it points at the master journal. If
      ** so, return without deleting the master journal file.



      */
      int c;
      int flags = (SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY|SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL);
      rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, zJournal, pJournal, flags, 0);
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
        goto delmaster_out;
      }

      rc = readMasterJournal(pJournal, zMasterPtr, nMasterPtr);
      sqlite3OsClose(pJournal);








>
>
>


|








54122
54123
54124
54125
54126
54127
54128
54129
54130
54131
54132
54133
54134
54135
54136
54137
54138
54139
54140
54141

    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      goto delmaster_out;
    }
    if( exists ){
      /* One of the journals pointed to by the master journal exists.
      ** Open it and check if it points at the master journal. If
      ** so, return without deleting the master journal file.
      ** NB:  zJournal is really a MAIN_JOURNAL.  But call it a 
      ** MASTER_JOURNAL here so that the VFS will not send the zJournal
      ** name into sqlite3_database_file_object().
      */
      int c;
      int flags = (SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY|SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL);
      rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, zJournal, pJournal, flags, 0);
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
        goto delmaster_out;
      }

      rc = readMasterJournal(pJournal, zMasterPtr, nMasterPtr);
      sqlite3OsClose(pJournal);
︙︙
54474
54475
54476
54477
54478
54479
54480
54481
54482
54483
54484
54485
54486
54487
54488
54489

      */
      memset(pPager->dbFileVers, 0xff, sizeof(pPager->dbFileVers));
    }else{
      u8 *dbFileVers = &((u8*)pPg->pData)[24];
      memcpy(&pPager->dbFileVers, dbFileVers, sizeof(pPager->dbFileVers));
    }
  }
  CODEC1(pPager, pPg->pData, pPg->pgno, 3, rc = SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT);

  PAGER_INCR(sqlite3_pager_readdb_count);
  PAGER_INCR(pPager->nRead);
  IOTRACE(("PGIN %p %d\n", pPager, pPg->pgno));
  PAGERTRACE(("FETCH %d page %d hash(%08x)\n",
               PAGERID(pPager), pPg->pgno, pager_pagehash(pPg)));

  return rc;








<
<








54582
54583
54584
54585
54586
54587
54588


54589
54590
54591
54592
54593
54594
54595

      */
      memset(pPager->dbFileVers, 0xff, sizeof(pPager->dbFileVers));
    }else{
      u8 *dbFileVers = &((u8*)pPg->pData)[24];
      memcpy(&pPager->dbFileVers, dbFileVers, sizeof(pPager->dbFileVers));
    }
  }


  PAGER_INCR(sqlite3_pager_readdb_count);
  PAGER_INCR(pPager->nRead);
  IOTRACE(("PGIN %p %d\n", pPager, pPg->pgno));
  PAGERTRACE(("FETCH %d page %d hash(%08x)\n",
               PAGERID(pPager), pPg->pgno, pager_pagehash(pPg)));

  return rc;
︙︙
55219
55220
55221
55222
55223
55224
55225
55226
55227
55228
55229
55230
55231
55232
55233

  }

  *pPageSize = pPager->pageSize;
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    if( nReserve<0 ) nReserve = pPager->nReserve;
    assert( nReserve>=0 && nReserve<1000 );
    pPager->nReserve = (i16)nReserve;
    pagerReportSize(pPager);
    pagerFixMaplimit(pPager);
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** Return a pointer to the "temporary page" buffer held internally








<








55325
55326
55327
55328
55329
55330
55331

55332
55333
55334
55335
55336
55337
55338

  }

  *pPageSize = pPager->pageSize;
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    if( nReserve<0 ) nReserve = pPager->nReserve;
    assert( nReserve>=0 && nReserve<1000 );
    pPager->nReserve = (i16)nReserve;

    pagerFixMaplimit(pPager);
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** Return a pointer to the "temporary page" buffer held internally
︙︙
55615
55616
55617
55618
55619
55620
55621
55622
55623
55624
55625
55626
55627
55628
55629
55630
55631
55632
55633

  enable_simulated_io_errors();
  PAGERTRACE(("CLOSE %d\n", PAGERID(pPager)));
  IOTRACE(("CLOSE %p\n", pPager))
  sqlite3OsClose(pPager->jfd);
  sqlite3OsClose(pPager->fd);
  sqlite3PageFree(pTmp);
  sqlite3PcacheClose(pPager->pPCache);

#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
  if( pPager->xCodecFree ) pPager->xCodecFree(pPager->pCodec);
#endif

  assert( !pPager->aSavepoint && !pPager->pInJournal );
  assert( !isOpen(pPager->jfd) && !isOpen(pPager->sjfd) );

  sqlite3_free(pPager);
  return SQLITE_OK;
}









<
<
<
<
<








55720
55721
55722
55723
55724
55725
55726





55727
55728
55729
55730
55731
55732
55733

  enable_simulated_io_errors();
  PAGERTRACE(("CLOSE %d\n", PAGERID(pPager)));
  IOTRACE(("CLOSE %p\n", pPager))
  sqlite3OsClose(pPager->jfd);
  sqlite3OsClose(pPager->fd);
  sqlite3PageFree(pTmp);
  sqlite3PcacheClose(pPager->pPCache);





  assert( !pPager->aSavepoint && !pPager->pInJournal );
  assert( !isOpen(pPager->jfd) && !isOpen(pPager->sjfd) );

  sqlite3_free(pPager);
  return SQLITE_OK;
}
︙︙
55870
55871
55872
55873
55874
55875
55876
55877
55878
55879
55880
55881
55882
55883
55884
55885

    if( pgno<=pPager->dbSize && 0==(pList->flags&PGHDR_DONT_WRITE) ){
      i64 offset = (pgno-1)*(i64)pPager->pageSize;   /* Offset to write */
      char *pData;                                   /* Data to write */    

      assert( (pList->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)==0 );
      if( pList->pgno==1 ) pager_write_changecounter(pList);

      /* Encode the database */
      CODEC2(pPager, pList->pData, pgno, 6, return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT, pData);

      /* Write out the page data. */
      rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, pData, pPager->pageSize, offset);

      /* If page 1 was just written, update Pager.dbFileVers to match
      ** the value now stored in the database file. If writing this 
      ** page caused the database file to grow, update dbFileSize. 








<
|








55970
55971
55972
55973
55974
55975
55976

55977
55978
55979
55980
55981
55982
55983
55984

    if( pgno<=pPager->dbSize && 0==(pList->flags&PGHDR_DONT_WRITE) ){
      i64 offset = (pgno-1)*(i64)pPager->pageSize;   /* Offset to write */
      char *pData;                                   /* Data to write */    

      assert( (pList->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)==0 );
      if( pList->pgno==1 ) pager_write_changecounter(pList);


      pData = pList->pData;

      /* Write out the page data. */
      rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, pData, pPager->pageSize, offset);

      /* If page 1 was just written, update Pager.dbFileVers to match
      ** the value now stored in the database file. If writing this 
      ** page caused the database file to grow, update dbFileSize.
︙︙
55960
55961
55962
55963
55964
55965
55966
55967
55968
55969
55970
55971
55972
55973
55974
55975
55976
55977
55978
55979


    /* If the sub-journal was opened successfully (or was already open),
    ** write the journal record into the file.  */
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      void *pData = pPg->pData;
      i64 offset = (i64)pPager->nSubRec*(4+pPager->pageSize);
      char *pData2;

#if SQLITE_HAS_CODEC   
      if( !pPager->subjInMemory ){
        CODEC2(pPager, pData, pPg->pgno, 7, return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT, pData2);
      }else
#endif
      pData2 = pData;
      PAGERTRACE(("STMT-JOURNAL %d page %d\n", PAGERID(pPager), pPg->pgno));
      rc = write32bits(pPager->sjfd, offset, pPg->pgno);
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->sjfd, pData2, pPager->pageSize, offset+4);
      }
    }








<
<
<
<
<
<








56059
56060
56061
56062
56063
56064
56065






56066
56067
56068
56069
56070
56071
56072


    /* If the sub-journal was opened successfully (or was already open),
    ** write the journal record into the file.  */
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      void *pData = pPg->pData;
      i64 offset = (i64)pPager->nSubRec*(4+pPager->pageSize);
      char *pData2;






      pData2 = pData;
      PAGERTRACE(("STMT-JOURNAL %d page %d\n", PAGERID(pPager), pPg->pgno));
      rc = write32bits(pPager->sjfd, offset, pPg->pgno);
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->sjfd, pData2, pPager->pageSize, offset+4);
      }
    }
︙︙
56238
56239
56240
56241
56242
56243
56244

56245
56246
56247
56248
56249
56250
56251

  ** file name. The layout in memory is as follows:
  **
  **     Pager object                    (sizeof(Pager) bytes)
  **     PCache object                   (sqlite3PcacheSize() bytes)
  **     Database file handle            (pVfs->szOsFile bytes)
  **     Sub-journal file handle         (journalFileSize bytes)
  **     Main journal file handle        (journalFileSize bytes)

  **     \0\0\0\0 database prefix        (4 bytes)
  **     Database file name              (nPathname+1 bytes)
  **     URI query parameters            (nUriByte bytes)
  **     Journal filename                (nPathname+8+1 bytes)
  **     WAL filename                    (nPathname+4+1 bytes)
  **     \0\0\0 terminator               (3 bytes)
  **








>








56331
56332
56333
56334
56335
56336
56337
56338
56339
56340
56341
56342
56343
56344
56345

  ** file name. The layout in memory is as follows:
  **
  **     Pager object                    (sizeof(Pager) bytes)
  **     PCache object                   (sqlite3PcacheSize() bytes)
  **     Database file handle            (pVfs->szOsFile bytes)
  **     Sub-journal file handle         (journalFileSize bytes)
  **     Main journal file handle        (journalFileSize bytes)
  **     Ptr back to the Pager           (sizeof(Pager*) bytes)
  **     \0\0\0\0 database prefix        (4 bytes)
  **     Database file name              (nPathname+1 bytes)
  **     URI query parameters            (nUriByte bytes)
  **     Journal filename                (nPathname+8+1 bytes)
  **     WAL filename                    (nPathname+4+1 bytes)
  **     \0\0\0 terminator               (3 bytes)
  **
︙︙
56266
56267
56268
56269
56270
56271
56272





56273
56274
56275
56276
56277
56278

56279
56280
56281
56282
56283
56284
56285
56286
56287
56288
56289
56290
56291
56292
56293
56294
56295
56296
56297
56298

56299
56300
56301
56302
56303
56304
56305

  **     - Value
  **     - \0
  **   - \0
  **   - Journal Path
  **   - \0
  **   - WAL Path (zWALName)
  **   - \0





  */
  pPtr = (u8 *)sqlite3MallocZero(
    ROUND8(sizeof(*pPager)) +            /* Pager structure */
    ROUND8(pcacheSize) +                 /* PCache object */
    ROUND8(pVfs->szOsFile) +             /* The main db file */
    journalFileSize * 2 +                /* The two journal files */

    4 +                                  /* Database prefix */
    nPathname + 1 +                      /* database filename */
    nUriByte +                           /* query parameters */
    nPathname + 8 + 1 +                  /* Journal filename */
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
    nPathname + 4 + 1 +                  /* WAL filename */
#endif
    3                                    /* Terminator */
  );
  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(journalFileSize)) );
  if( !pPtr ){
    sqlite3DbFree(0, zPathname);
    return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
  }
  pPager = (Pager*)pPtr;                  pPtr += ROUND8(sizeof(*pPager));
  pPager->pPCache = (PCache*)pPtr;        pPtr += ROUND8(pcacheSize);
  pPager->fd = (sqlite3_file*)pPtr;       pPtr += ROUND8(pVfs->szOsFile);
  pPager->sjfd = (sqlite3_file*)pPtr;     pPtr += journalFileSize;
  pPager->jfd =  (sqlite3_file*)pPtr;     pPtr += journalFileSize;
  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pPager->jfd) );


  /* Fill in the Pager.zFilename and pPager.zQueryParam fields */
                                          pPtr += 4;  /* Skip zero prefix */
  pPager->zFilename = (char*)pPtr;
  if( nPathname>0 ){
    memcpy(pPtr, zPathname, nPathname);   pPtr += nPathname + 1;
    if( zUri ){








>
>
>
>
>






>




















>








56360
56361
56362
56363
56364
56365
56366
56367
56368
56369
56370
56371
56372
56373
56374
56375
56376
56377
56378
56379
56380
56381
56382
56383
56384
56385
56386
56387
56388
56389
56390
56391
56392
56393
56394
56395
56396
56397
56398
56399
56400
56401
56402
56403
56404
56405
56406

  **     - Value
  **     - \0
  **   - \0
  **   - Journal Path
  **   - \0
  **   - WAL Path (zWALName)
  **   - \0
  **
  ** The sqlite3_create_filename() interface and the databaseFilename() utility
  ** that is used by sqlite3_filename_database() and kin also depend on the
  ** specific formatting and order of the various filenames, so if the format
  ** changes here, be sure to change it there as well.
  */
  pPtr = (u8 *)sqlite3MallocZero(
    ROUND8(sizeof(*pPager)) +            /* Pager structure */
    ROUND8(pcacheSize) +                 /* PCache object */
    ROUND8(pVfs->szOsFile) +             /* The main db file */
    journalFileSize * 2 +                /* The two journal files */
    sizeof(pPager) +                     /* Space to hold a pointer */
    4 +                                  /* Database prefix */
    nPathname + 1 +                      /* database filename */
    nUriByte +                           /* query parameters */
    nPathname + 8 + 1 +                  /* Journal filename */
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
    nPathname + 4 + 1 +                  /* WAL filename */
#endif
    3                                    /* Terminator */
  );
  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(journalFileSize)) );
  if( !pPtr ){
    sqlite3DbFree(0, zPathname);
    return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
  }
  pPager = (Pager*)pPtr;                  pPtr += ROUND8(sizeof(*pPager));
  pPager->pPCache = (PCache*)pPtr;        pPtr += ROUND8(pcacheSize);
  pPager->fd = (sqlite3_file*)pPtr;       pPtr += ROUND8(pVfs->szOsFile);
  pPager->sjfd = (sqlite3_file*)pPtr;     pPtr += journalFileSize;
  pPager->jfd =  (sqlite3_file*)pPtr;     pPtr += journalFileSize;
  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pPager->jfd) );
  memcpy(pPtr, &pPager, sizeof(pPager));  pPtr += sizeof(pPager);

  /* Fill in the Pager.zFilename and pPager.zQueryParam fields */
                                          pPtr += 4;  /* Skip zero prefix */
  pPager->zFilename = (char*)pPtr;
  if( nPathname>0 ){
    memcpy(pPtr, zPathname, nPathname);   pPtr += nPathname + 1;
    if( zUri ){
︙︙
56492
56493
56494
56495
56496
56497
56498













56499
56500
56501
56502
56503
56504
56505

  /* memset(pPager->aHash, 0, sizeof(pPager->aHash)); */
  /* pPager->szMmap = SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE // will be set by btree.c */

  *ppPager = pPager;
  return SQLITE_OK;
}
















/*
** This function is called after transitioning from PAGER_UNLOCK to
** PAGER_SHARED state. It tests if there is a hot journal present in
** the file-system for the given pager. A hot journal is one that 
** needs to be played back. According to this function, a hot-journal








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








56593
56594
56595
56596
56597
56598
56599
56600
56601
56602
56603
56604
56605
56606
56607
56608
56609
56610
56611
56612
56613
56614
56615
56616
56617
56618
56619

  /* memset(pPager->aHash, 0, sizeof(pPager->aHash)); */
  /* pPager->szMmap = SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE // will be set by btree.c */

  *ppPager = pPager;
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** Return the sqlite3_file for the main database given the name
** of the corresonding WAL or Journal name as passed into
** xOpen.
*/
SQLITE_API sqlite3_file *sqlite3_database_file_object(const char *zName){
  Pager *pPager;
  while( zName[-1]!=0 || zName[-2]!=0 || zName[-3]!=0 || zName[-4]!=0 ){
    zName--;
  }
  pPager = *(Pager**)(zName - 4 - sizeof(Pager*));
  return pPager->fd;
}


/*
** This function is called after transitioning from PAGER_UNLOCK to
** PAGER_SHARED state. It tests if there is a hot journal present in
** the file-system for the given pager. A hot journal is one that 
** needs to be played back. According to this function, a hot-journal
︙︙
57047
57048
57049
57050
57051
57052
57053
57054
57055
57056
57057
57058
57059
57060
57061
57062
57063

  ** flag was specified by the caller. And so long as the db is not a 
  ** temporary or in-memory database.  */
  const int bMmapOk = (pgno>1
   && (pPager->eState==PAGER_READER || (flags & PAGER_GET_READONLY))
  );

  assert( USEFETCH(pPager) );
#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
  assert( pPager->xCodec==0 );
#endif

  /* Optimization note:  Adding the "pgno<=1" term before "pgno==0" here
  ** allows the compiler optimizer to reuse the results of the "pgno>1"
  ** test in the previous statement, and avoid testing pgno==0 in the
  ** common case where pgno is large. */
  if( pgno<=1 && pgno==0 ){
    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;








<
<
<








57161
57162
57163
57164
57165
57166
57167



57168
57169
57170
57171
57172
57173
57174

  ** flag was specified by the caller. And so long as the db is not a 
  ** temporary or in-memory database.  */
  const int bMmapOk = (pgno>1
   && (pPager->eState==PAGER_READER || (flags & PAGER_GET_READONLY))
  );

  assert( USEFETCH(pPager) );




  /* Optimization note:  Adding the "pgno<=1" term before "pgno==0" here
  ** allows the compiler optimizer to reuse the results of the "pgno>1"
  ** test in the previous statement, and avoid testing pgno==0 in the
  ** common case where pgno is large. */
  if( pgno<=1 && pgno==0 ){
    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
︙︙
57180
57181
57182
57183
57184
57185
57186
57187
57188
57189
57190
57191
57192
57193
57194

}
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerUnrefPageOne(DbPage *pPg){
  Pager *pPager;
  assert( pPg!=0 );
  assert( pPg->pgno==1 );
  assert( (pPg->flags & PGHDR_MMAP)==0 ); /* Page1 is never memory mapped */
  pPager = pPg->pPager;
  sqlite3PagerResetLockTimeout(pPager);
  sqlite3PcacheRelease(pPg);
  pagerUnlockIfUnused(pPager);
}

/*
** This function is called at the start of every write transaction.
** There must already be a RESERVED or EXCLUSIVE lock on the database 








<








57291
57292
57293
57294
57295
57296
57297

57298
57299
57300
57301
57302
57303
57304

}
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerUnrefPageOne(DbPage *pPg){
  Pager *pPager;
  assert( pPg!=0 );
  assert( pPg->pgno==1 );
  assert( (pPg->flags & PGHDR_MMAP)==0 ); /* Page1 is never memory mapped */
  pPager = pPg->pPager;

  sqlite3PcacheRelease(pPg);
  pagerUnlockIfUnused(pPager);
}

/*
** This function is called at the start of every write transaction.
** There must already be a RESERVED or EXCLUSIVE lock on the database
︙︙
57378
57379
57380
57381
57382
57383
57384
57385
57386
57387
57388
57389
57390
57391
57392


  /* We should never write to the journal file the page that
  ** contains the database locks.  The following assert verifies
  ** that we do not. */
  assert( pPg->pgno!=PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager) );

  assert( pPager->journalHdr<=pPager->journalOff );
  CODEC2(pPager, pPg->pData, pPg->pgno, 7, return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT, pData2);
  cksum = pager_cksum(pPager, (u8*)pData2);

  /* Even if an IO or diskfull error occurs while journalling the
  ** page in the block above, set the need-sync flag for the page.
  ** Otherwise, when the transaction is rolled back, the logic in
  ** playback_one_page() will think that the page needs to be restored
  ** in the database file. And if an IO error occurs while doing so,








|








57488
57489
57490
57491
57492
57493
57494
57495
57496
57497
57498
57499
57500
57501
57502


  /* We should never write to the journal file the page that
  ** contains the database locks.  The following assert verifies
  ** that we do not. */
  assert( pPg->pgno!=PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager) );

  assert( pPager->journalHdr<=pPager->journalOff );
  pData2 = pPg->pData;
  cksum = pager_cksum(pPager, (u8*)pData2);

  /* Even if an IO or diskfull error occurs while journalling the
  ** page in the block above, set the need-sync flag for the page.
  ** Otherwise, when the transaction is rolled back, the logic in
  ** playback_one_page() will think that the page needs to be restored
  ** in the database file. And if an IO error occurs while doing so,
︙︙
57743
57744
57745
57746
57747
57748
57749
57750
57751
57752
57753
57754
57755
57756
57757

      /* Actually do the update of the change counter */
      pager_write_changecounter(pPgHdr);

      /* If running in direct mode, write the contents of page 1 to the file. */
      if( DIRECT_MODE ){
        const void *zBuf;
        assert( pPager->dbFileSize>0 );
        CODEC2(pPager, pPgHdr->pData, 1, 6, rc=SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT, zBuf);
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
          rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, zBuf, pPager->pageSize, 0);
          pPager->aStat[PAGER_STAT_WRITE]++;
        }
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
          /* Update the pager's copy of the change-counter. Otherwise, the
          ** next time a read transaction is opened the cache will be








|








57853
57854
57855
57856
57857
57858
57859
57860
57861
57862
57863
57864
57865
57866
57867

      /* Actually do the update of the change counter */
      pager_write_changecounter(pPgHdr);

      /* If running in direct mode, write the contents of page 1 to the file. */
      if( DIRECT_MODE ){
        const void *zBuf;
        assert( pPager->dbFileSize>0 );
        zBuf = pPgHdr->pData;
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
          rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, zBuf, pPager->pageSize, 0);
          pPager->aStat[PAGER_STAT_WRITE]++;
        }
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
          /* Update the pager's copy of the change-counter. Otherwise, the
          ** next time a read transaction is opened the cache will be
︙︙
58453
58454
58455
58456
58457
58458
58459
58460
58461
58462
58463
58464
58465
58466
58467
58468
58469
58470
58471
58472
58473
58474
58475
58476
58477
58478
58479
58480
58481
58482
58483
58484
58485
58486
58487
58488
58489
58490
58491
58492
58493
58494
58495
58496
58497
58498
58499
58500
58501
58502
58503
58504
58505
58506
58507
58508
58509
58510
58511
58512
58513
58514
58515
58516
58517
58518
58519
58520
58521
58522
58523
58524
58525
58526
58527
58528
58529
58530
58531
58532
58533
58534
58535
58536
58537
58538
58539
58540
58541
58542
58543
58544
58545
58546
58547
58548
58549
58550
58551
58552
58553
58554
58555
58556
58557
58558
58559
58560
58561
58562
58563

** shared cache, it uses nullIfMemDb==0 so that in-memory databases can
** participate in shared-cache.
**
** The return value to this routine is always safe to use with
** sqlite3_uri_parameter() and sqlite3_filename_database() and friends.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerFilename(const Pager *pPager, int nullIfMemDb){
  static const char zFake[] = { 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 };
  return (nullIfMemDb && pPager->memDb) ? &zFake[4] : pPager->zFilename;
}

/*
** Return the VFS structure for the pager.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_vfs *sqlite3PagerVfs(Pager *pPager){
  return pPager->pVfs;
}

/*
** Return the file handle for the database file associated
** with the pager.  This might return NULL if the file has
** not yet been opened.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_file *sqlite3PagerFile(Pager *pPager){
  return pPager->fd;
}

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT
/*
** Reset the lock timeout for pager.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerResetLockTimeout(Pager *pPager){
  int x = 0;
  sqlite3OsFileControl(pPager->fd, SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT, &x);
}
#endif

/*
** Return the file handle for the journal file (if it exists).
** This will be either the rollback journal or the WAL file.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_file *sqlite3PagerJrnlFile(Pager *pPager){
#if SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
  return pPager->jfd;
#else
  return pPager->pWal ? sqlite3WalFile(pPager->pWal) : pPager->jfd;
#endif
}

/*
** Return the full pathname of the journal file.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerJournalname(Pager *pPager){
  return pPager->zJournal;
}

#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
/*
** Set or retrieve the codec for this pager
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetCodec(
  Pager *pPager,
  void *(*xCodec)(void*,void*,Pgno,int),
  void (*xCodecSizeChng)(void*,int,int),
  void (*xCodecFree)(void*),
  void *pCodec
){
  if( pPager->xCodecFree ){
    pPager->xCodecFree(pPager->pCodec);
  }else{
    pager_reset(pPager);
  }
  pPager->xCodec = pPager->memDb ? 0 : xCodec;
  pPager->xCodecSizeChng = xCodecSizeChng;
  pPager->xCodecFree = xCodecFree;
  pPager->pCodec = pCodec;
  setGetterMethod(pPager);
  pagerReportSize(pPager);
}
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerGetCodec(Pager *pPager){
  return pPager->pCodec;
}

/*
** This function is called by the wal module when writing page content
** into the log file.
**
** This function returns a pointer to a buffer containing the encrypted
** page content. If a malloc fails, this function may return NULL.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerCodec(PgHdr *pPg){
  void *aData = 0;
  CODEC2(pPg->pPager, pPg->pData, pPg->pgno, 6, return 0, aData);
  return aData;
}

/*
** Return the current pager state
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerState(Pager *pPager){
  return pPager->eState;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_HAS_CODEC */

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
/*
** Move the page pPg to location pgno in the file.
**
** There must be no references to the page previously located at
** pgno (which we call pPgOld) though that page is allowed to be
** in cache.  If the page previously located at pgno is not already








|



















<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<



















<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<








58563
58564
58565
58566
58567
58568
58569
58570
58571
58572
58573
58574
58575
58576
58577
58578
58579
58580
58581
58582
58583
58584
58585
58586
58587
58588
58589










58590
58591
58592
58593
58594
58595
58596
58597
58598
58599
58600
58601
58602
58603
58604
58605
58606
58607
58608
















































58609
58610
58611
58612
58613
58614
58615

** shared cache, it uses nullIfMemDb==0 so that in-memory databases can
** participate in shared-cache.
**
** The return value to this routine is always safe to use with
** sqlite3_uri_parameter() and sqlite3_filename_database() and friends.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerFilename(const Pager *pPager, int nullIfMemDb){
  static const char zFake[8] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
  return (nullIfMemDb && pPager->memDb) ? &zFake[4] : pPager->zFilename;
}

/*
** Return the VFS structure for the pager.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_vfs *sqlite3PagerVfs(Pager *pPager){
  return pPager->pVfs;
}

/*
** Return the file handle for the database file associated
** with the pager.  This might return NULL if the file has
** not yet been opened.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_file *sqlite3PagerFile(Pager *pPager){
  return pPager->fd;
}











/*
** Return the file handle for the journal file (if it exists).
** This will be either the rollback journal or the WAL file.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_file *sqlite3PagerJrnlFile(Pager *pPager){
#if SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
  return pPager->jfd;
#else
  return pPager->pWal ? sqlite3WalFile(pPager->pWal) : pPager->jfd;
#endif
}

/*
** Return the full pathname of the journal file.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerJournalname(Pager *pPager){
  return pPager->zJournal;
}

















































#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
/*
** Move the page pPg to location pgno in the file.
**
** There must be no references to the page previously located at
** pgno (which we call pPgOld) though that page is allowed to be
** in cache.  If the page previously located at pgno is not already
︙︙
58944
58945
58946
58947
58948
58949
58950
58951
58952
58953
58954
58955
58956
58957
58958

  if( pPager->pWal ){
    rc = sqlite3WalCheckpoint(pPager->pWal, db, eMode,
        (eMode==SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE ? 0 : pPager->xBusyHandler),
        pPager->pBusyHandlerArg,
        pPager->walSyncFlags, pPager->pageSize, (u8 *)pPager->pTmpSpace,
        pnLog, pnCkpt
    );
    sqlite3PagerResetLockTimeout(pPager);
  }
  return rc;
}

SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWalCallback(Pager *pPager){
  return sqlite3WalCallback(pPager->pWal);
}








<








58996
58997
58998
58999
59000
59001
59002

59003
59004
59005
59006
59007
59008
59009

  if( pPager->pWal ){
    rc = sqlite3WalCheckpoint(pPager->pWal, db, eMode,
        (eMode==SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE ? 0 : pPager->xBusyHandler),
        pPager->pBusyHandlerArg,
        pPager->walSyncFlags, pPager->pageSize, (u8 *)pPager->pTmpSpace,
        pnLog, pnCkpt
    );

  }
  return rc;
}

SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWalCallback(Pager *pPager){
  return sqlite3WalCallback(pPager->pWal);
}
︙︙
59109
59110
59111
59112
59113
59114
59115











59116













59117
59118
59119
59120
59121
59122
59123
59124
59125
59126
59127
59128
59129
59130
59131
59132
59133
59134
59135
59136



59137
59138
59139
59140
59141
59142
59143

      pagerFixMaplimit(pPager);
      if( rc && !pPager->exclusiveMode ) pagerUnlockDb(pPager, SHARED_LOCK);
    }
  }
  return rc;
}



























#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SNAPSHOT
/*
** If this is a WAL database, obtain a snapshot handle for the snapshot
** currently open. Otherwise, return an error.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSnapshotGet(Pager *pPager, sqlite3_snapshot **ppSnapshot){
  int rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
  if( pPager->pWal ){
    rc = sqlite3WalSnapshotGet(pPager->pWal, ppSnapshot);
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** If this is a WAL database, store a pointer to pSnapshot. Next time a
** read transaction is opened, attempt to read from the snapshot it 
** identifies. If this is not a WAL database, return an error.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSnapshotOpen(Pager *pPager, sqlite3_snapshot *pSnapshot){



  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  if( pPager->pWal ){
    sqlite3WalSnapshotOpen(pPager->pWal, pSnapshot);
  }else{
    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
  }
  return rc;








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
|
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>



















|
>
>
>








59160
59161
59162
59163
59164
59165
59166
59167
59168
59169
59170
59171
59172
59173
59174
59175
59176
59177
59178
59179
59180
59181
59182
59183
59184
59185
59186
59187
59188
59189
59190
59191
59192
59193
59194
59195
59196
59197
59198
59199
59200
59201
59202
59203
59204
59205
59206
59207
59208
59209
59210
59211
59212
59213
59214
59215
59216
59217
59218
59219
59220
59221

      pagerFixMaplimit(pPager);
      if( rc && !pPager->exclusiveMode ) pagerUnlockDb(pPager, SHARED_LOCK);
    }
  }
  return rc;
}

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT
/*
** If pager pPager is a wal-mode database not in exclusive locking mode,
** invoke the sqlite3WalWriteLock() function on the associated Wal object 
** with the same db and bLock parameters as were passed to this function.
** Return an SQLite error code if an error occurs, or SQLITE_OK otherwise.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWalWriteLock(Pager *pPager, int bLock){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  if( pagerUseWal(pPager) && pPager->exclusiveMode==0 ){
    rc = sqlite3WalWriteLock(pPager->pWal, bLock);
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** Set the database handle used by the wal layer to determine if 
** blocking locks are required.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerWalDb(Pager *pPager, sqlite3 *db){
  if( pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
    sqlite3WalDb(pPager->pWal, db);
  }
}
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SNAPSHOT
/*
** If this is a WAL database, obtain a snapshot handle for the snapshot
** currently open. Otherwise, return an error.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSnapshotGet(Pager *pPager, sqlite3_snapshot **ppSnapshot){
  int rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
  if( pPager->pWal ){
    rc = sqlite3WalSnapshotGet(pPager->pWal, ppSnapshot);
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** If this is a WAL database, store a pointer to pSnapshot. Next time a
** read transaction is opened, attempt to read from the snapshot it 
** identifies. If this is not a WAL database, return an error.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSnapshotOpen(
  Pager *pPager, 
  sqlite3_snapshot *pSnapshot
){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  if( pPager->pWal ){
    sqlite3WalSnapshotOpen(pPager->pWal, pSnapshot);
  }else{
    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
  }
  return rc;
︙︙
59465
59466
59467
59468
59469
59470
59471
59472
59473
59474
59475
59476
59477
59478
59479
59480
59481
59482
59483
59484
59485
59486
59487
59488
59489
59490

#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalTrace = 0;
# define WALTRACE(X)  if(sqlite3WalTrace) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
#else
# define WALTRACE(X)
#endif

/*
** WAL mode depends on atomic aligned 32-bit loads and stores in a few
** places.  The following macros try to make this explicit.
*/
#if GCC_VESRION>=5004000
# define AtomicLoad(PTR)       __atomic_load_n((PTR),__ATOMIC_RELAXED)
# define AtomicStore(PTR,VAL)  __atomic_store_n((PTR),(VAL),__ATOMIC_RELAXED)
#else
# define AtomicLoad(PTR)       (*(PTR))
# define AtomicStore(PTR,VAL)  (*(PTR) = (VAL))
#endif

/*
** The maximum (and only) versions of the wal and wal-index formats
** that may be interpreted by this version of SQLite.
**
** If a client begins recovering a WAL file and finds that (a) the checksum
** values in the wal-header are correct and (b) the version field is not
** WAL_MAX_VERSION, recovery fails and SQLite returns SQLITE_CANTOPEN.








<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<








59543
59544
59545
59546
59547
59548
59549












59550
59551
59552
59553
59554
59555
59556

#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalTrace = 0;
# define WALTRACE(X)  if(sqlite3WalTrace) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
#else
# define WALTRACE(X)
#endif













/*
** The maximum (and only) versions of the wal and wal-index formats
** that may be interpreted by this version of SQLite.
**
** If a client begins recovering a WAL file and finds that (a) the checksum
** values in the wal-header are correct and (b) the version field is not
** WAL_MAX_VERSION, recovery fails and SQLite returns SQLITE_CANTOPEN.
︙︙
59686
59687
59688
59689
59690
59691
59692



59693
59694
59695
59696
59697
59698
59699

  u32 nCkpt;                 /* Checkpoint sequence counter in the wal-header */
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  u8 lockError;              /* True if a locking error has occurred */
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SNAPSHOT
  WalIndexHdr *pSnapshot;    /* Start transaction here if not NULL */
#endif



};

/*
** Candidate values for Wal.exclusiveMode.
*/
#define WAL_NORMAL_MODE     0
#define WAL_EXCLUSIVE_MODE  1     








>
>
>








59752
59753
59754
59755
59756
59757
59758
59759
59760
59761
59762
59763
59764
59765
59766
59767
59768

  u32 nCkpt;                 /* Checkpoint sequence counter in the wal-header */
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  u8 lockError;              /* True if a locking error has occurred */
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SNAPSHOT
  WalIndexHdr *pSnapshot;    /* Start transaction here if not NULL */
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT
  sqlite3 *db;
#endif
};

/*
** Candidate values for Wal.exclusiveMode.
*/
#define WAL_NORMAL_MODE     0
#define WAL_EXCLUSIVE_MODE  1
︙︙
59784
59785
59786
59787
59788
59789
59790
59791
59792
59793
59794
59795
59796
59797
59798

){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;

  /* Enlarge the pWal->apWiData[] array if required */
  if( pWal->nWiData<=iPage ){
    sqlite3_int64 nByte = sizeof(u32*)*(iPage+1);
    volatile u32 **apNew;
    apNew = (volatile u32 **)sqlite3_realloc64((void *)pWal->apWiData, nByte);
    if( !apNew ){
      *ppPage = 0;
      return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
    }
    memset((void*)&apNew[pWal->nWiData], 0,
           sizeof(u32*)*(iPage+1-pWal->nWiData));
    pWal->apWiData = apNew;








|








59853
59854
59855
59856
59857
59858
59859
59860
59861
59862
59863
59864
59865
59866
59867

){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;

  /* Enlarge the pWal->apWiData[] array if required */
  if( pWal->nWiData<=iPage ){
    sqlite3_int64 nByte = sizeof(u32*)*(iPage+1);
    volatile u32 **apNew;
    apNew = (volatile u32 **)sqlite3Realloc((void *)pWal->apWiData, nByte);
    if( !apNew ){
      *ppPage = 0;
      return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
    }
    memset((void*)&apNew[pWal->nWiData], 0,
           sizeof(u32*)*(iPage+1-pWal->nWiData));
    pWal->apWiData = apNew;
︙︙
59905
59906
59907
59908
59909
59910
59911




59912
59913
59914
59915
59916
59917













59918
59919
59920
59921
59922
59923
59924
59925
59926
59927
59928
59929
59930

59931
59932
59933
59934
59935
59936
59937

    }while( aData<aEnd );
  }

  aOut[0] = s1;
  aOut[1] = s2;
}





static void walShmBarrier(Wal *pWal){
  if( pWal->exclusiveMode!=WAL_HEAPMEMORY_MODE ){
    sqlite3OsShmBarrier(pWal->pDbFd);
  }
}














/*
** Write the header information in pWal->hdr into the wal-index.
**
** The checksum on pWal->hdr is updated before it is written.
*/
static void walIndexWriteHdr(Wal *pWal){
  volatile WalIndexHdr *aHdr = walIndexHdr(pWal);
  const int nCksum = offsetof(WalIndexHdr, aCksum);

  assert( pWal->writeLock );
  pWal->hdr.isInit = 1;
  pWal->hdr.iVersion = WALINDEX_MAX_VERSION;
  walChecksumBytes(1, (u8*)&pWal->hdr, nCksum, 0, pWal->hdr.aCksum);

  memcpy((void*)&aHdr[1], (const void*)&pWal->hdr, sizeof(WalIndexHdr));
  walShmBarrier(pWal);
  memcpy((void*)&aHdr[0], (const void*)&pWal->hdr, sizeof(WalIndexHdr));
}

/*
** This function encodes a single frame header and writes it to a buffer








>
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>






>
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>





|







>








59974
59975
59976
59977
59978
59979
59980
59981
59982
59983
59984
59985
59986
59987
59988
59989
59990
59991
59992
59993
59994
59995
59996
59997
59998
59999
60000
60001
60002
60003
60004
60005
60006
60007
60008
60009
60010
60011
60012
60013
60014
60015
60016
60017
60018
60019
60020
60021
60022
60023
60024

    }while( aData<aEnd );
  }

  aOut[0] = s1;
  aOut[1] = s2;
}

/*
** If there is the possibility of concurrent access to the SHM file
** from multiple threads and/or processes, then do a memory barrier.
*/
static void walShmBarrier(Wal *pWal){
  if( pWal->exclusiveMode!=WAL_HEAPMEMORY_MODE ){
    sqlite3OsShmBarrier(pWal->pDbFd);
  }
}

/*
** Add the SQLITE_NO_TSAN as part of the return-type of a function
** definition as a hint that the function contains constructs that
** might give false-positive TSAN warnings.
**
** See tag-20200519-1.
*/
#if defined(__clang__) && !defined(SQLITE_NO_TSAN)
# define SQLITE_NO_TSAN __attribute__((no_sanitize_thread))
#else
# define SQLITE_NO_TSAN
#endif

/*
** Write the header information in pWal->hdr into the wal-index.
**
** The checksum on pWal->hdr is updated before it is written.
*/
static SQLITE_NO_TSAN void walIndexWriteHdr(Wal *pWal){
  volatile WalIndexHdr *aHdr = walIndexHdr(pWal);
  const int nCksum = offsetof(WalIndexHdr, aCksum);

  assert( pWal->writeLock );
  pWal->hdr.isInit = 1;
  pWal->hdr.iVersion = WALINDEX_MAX_VERSION;
  walChecksumBytes(1, (u8*)&pWal->hdr, nCksum, 0, pWal->hdr.aCksum);
  /* Possible TSAN false-positive.  See tag-20200519-1 */
  memcpy((void*)&aHdr[1], (const void*)&pWal->hdr, sizeof(WalIndexHdr));
  walShmBarrier(pWal);
  memcpy((void*)&aHdr[0], (const void*)&pWal->hdr, sizeof(WalIndexHdr));
}

/*
** This function encodes a single frame header and writes it to a buffer
︙︙
60059
60060
60061
60062
60063
60064
60065
60066
60067
60068
60069
60070
60071
60072
60073
60074
60075
60076
60077
60078
60079
60080
60081
60082
60083
60084
60085
60086
60087
60088
60089

static int walLockShared(Wal *pWal, int lockIdx){
  int rc;
  if( pWal->exclusiveMode ) return SQLITE_OK;
  rc = sqlite3OsShmLock(pWal->pDbFd, lockIdx, 1,
                        SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED);
  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: acquire SHARED-%s %s\n", pWal,
            walLockName(lockIdx), rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
  VVA_ONLY( pWal->lockError = (u8)(rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_BUSY); )
  return rc;
}
static void walUnlockShared(Wal *pWal, int lockIdx){
  if( pWal->exclusiveMode ) return;
  (void)sqlite3OsShmLock(pWal->pDbFd, lockIdx, 1,
                         SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED);
  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: release SHARED-%s\n", pWal, walLockName(lockIdx)));
}
static int walLockExclusive(Wal *pWal, int lockIdx, int n){
  int rc;
  if( pWal->exclusiveMode ) return SQLITE_OK;
  rc = sqlite3OsShmLock(pWal->pDbFd, lockIdx, n,
                        SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE);
  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: acquire EXCLUSIVE-%s cnt=%d %s\n", pWal,
            walLockName(lockIdx), n, rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
  VVA_ONLY( pWal->lockError = (u8)(rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_BUSY); )
  return rc;
}
static void walUnlockExclusive(Wal *pWal, int lockIdx, int n){
  if( pWal->exclusiveMode ) return;
  (void)sqlite3OsShmLock(pWal->pDbFd, lockIdx, n,
                         SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE);
  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: release EXCLUSIVE-%s cnt=%d\n", pWal,








|















|








60146
60147
60148
60149
60150
60151
60152
60153
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60156
60157
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60161
60162
60163
60164
60165
60166
60167
60168
60169
60170
60171
60172
60173
60174
60175
60176

static int walLockShared(Wal *pWal, int lockIdx){
  int rc;
  if( pWal->exclusiveMode ) return SQLITE_OK;
  rc = sqlite3OsShmLock(pWal->pDbFd, lockIdx, 1,
                        SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED);
  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: acquire SHARED-%s %s\n", pWal,
            walLockName(lockIdx), rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
  VVA_ONLY( pWal->lockError = (u8)(rc!=SQLITE_OK && (rc&0xFF)!=SQLITE_BUSY); )
  return rc;
}
static void walUnlockShared(Wal *pWal, int lockIdx){
  if( pWal->exclusiveMode ) return;
  (void)sqlite3OsShmLock(pWal->pDbFd, lockIdx, 1,
                         SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED);
  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: release SHARED-%s\n", pWal, walLockName(lockIdx)));
}
static int walLockExclusive(Wal *pWal, int lockIdx, int n){
  int rc;
  if( pWal->exclusiveMode ) return SQLITE_OK;
  rc = sqlite3OsShmLock(pWal->pDbFd, lockIdx, n,
                        SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE);
  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: acquire EXCLUSIVE-%s cnt=%d %s\n", pWal,
            walLockName(lockIdx), n, rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
  VVA_ONLY( pWal->lockError = (u8)(rc!=SQLITE_OK && (rc&0xFF)!=SQLITE_BUSY); )
  return rc;
}
static void walUnlockExclusive(Wal *pWal, int lockIdx, int n){
  if( pWal->exclusiveMode ) return;
  (void)sqlite3OsShmLock(pWal->pDbFd, lockIdx, n,
                         SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE);
  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: release EXCLUSIVE-%s cnt=%d\n", pWal,
︙︙
60894
60895
60896
60897
60898
60899
60900



















































































60901
60902
60903
60904
60905
60906
60907
60908
60909
60910
60911
60912
60913
60914
60915
60916
60917
60918






60919
60920
60921
60922
60923
60924
60925

  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
    walIteratorFree(p);
    p = 0;
  }
  *pp = p;
  return rc;
}




















































































/*
** Attempt to obtain the exclusive WAL lock defined by parameters lockIdx and
** n. If the attempt fails and parameter xBusy is not NULL, then it is a
** busy-handler function. Invoke it and retry the lock until either the
** lock is successfully obtained or the busy-handler returns 0.
*/
static int walBusyLock(
  Wal *pWal,                      /* WAL connection */
  int (*xBusy)(void*),            /* Function to call when busy */
  void *pBusyArg,                 /* Context argument for xBusyHandler */
  int lockIdx,                    /* Offset of first byte to lock */
  int n                           /* Number of bytes to lock */
){
  int rc;
  do {
    rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, lockIdx, n);
  }while( xBusy && rc==SQLITE_BUSY && xBusy(pBusyArg) );






  return rc;
}

/*
** The cache of the wal-index header must be valid to call this function.
** Return the page-size in bytes used by the database.
*/








>
>
>
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>
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>
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>
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>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>


















>
>
>
>
>
>








60981
60982
60983
60984
60985
60986
60987
60988
60989
60990
60991
60992
60993
60994
60995
60996
60997
60998
60999
61000
61001
61002
61003
61004
61005
61006
61007
61008
61009
61010
61011
61012
61013
61014
61015
61016
61017
61018
61019
61020
61021
61022
61023
61024
61025
61026
61027
61028
61029
61030
61031
61032
61033
61034
61035
61036
61037
61038
61039
61040
61041
61042
61043
61044
61045
61046
61047
61048
61049
61050
61051
61052
61053
61054
61055
61056
61057
61058
61059
61060
61061
61062
61063
61064
61065
61066
61067
61068
61069
61070
61071
61072
61073
61074
61075
61076
61077
61078
61079
61080
61081
61082
61083
61084
61085
61086
61087
61088
61089
61090
61091
61092
61093
61094
61095
61096
61097
61098
61099
61100
61101

  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
    walIteratorFree(p);
    p = 0;
  }
  *pp = p;
  return rc;
}

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT
/*
** Attempt to enable blocking locks. Blocking locks are enabled only if (a)
** they are supported by the VFS, and (b) the database handle is configured 
** with a busy-timeout. Return 1 if blocking locks are successfully enabled, 
** or 0 otherwise.
*/
static int walEnableBlocking(Wal *pWal){
  int res = 0;
  if( pWal->db ){
    int tmout = pWal->db->busyTimeout;
    if( tmout ){
      int rc;
      rc = sqlite3OsFileControl(
          pWal->pDbFd, SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT, (void*)&tmout
      );
      res = (rc==SQLITE_OK);
    }
  }
  return res;
}

/*
** Disable blocking locks.
*/
static void walDisableBlocking(Wal *pWal){
  int tmout = 0;
  sqlite3OsFileControl(pWal->pDbFd, SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT, (void*)&tmout);
}

/*
** If parameter bLock is true, attempt to enable blocking locks, take
** the WRITER lock, and then disable blocking locks. If blocking locks
** cannot be enabled, no attempt to obtain the WRITER lock is made. Return 
** an SQLite error code if an error occurs, or SQLITE_OK otherwise. It is not
** an error if blocking locks can not be enabled.
**
** If the bLock parameter is false and the WRITER lock is held, release it.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalWriteLock(Wal *pWal, int bLock){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  assert( pWal->readLock<0 || bLock==0 );
  if( bLock ){
    assert( pWal->db );
    if( walEnableBlocking(pWal) ){
      rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1);
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        pWal->writeLock = 1;
      }
      walDisableBlocking(pWal);
    }
  }else if( pWal->writeLock ){
    walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1);
    pWal->writeLock = 0;
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** Set the database handle used to determine if blocking locks are required.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WalDb(Wal *pWal, sqlite3 *db){
  pWal->db = db;
}

/*
** Take an exclusive WRITE lock. Blocking if so configured.
*/
static int walLockWriter(Wal *pWal){
  int rc;
  walEnableBlocking(pWal);
  rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1);
  walDisableBlocking(pWal);
  return rc;
}
#else
# define walEnableBlocking(x) 0
# define walDisableBlocking(x)
# define walLockWriter(pWal) walLockExclusive((pWal), WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1)
# define sqlite3WalDb(pWal, db)
#endif   /* ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT */


/*
** Attempt to obtain the exclusive WAL lock defined by parameters lockIdx and
** n. If the attempt fails and parameter xBusy is not NULL, then it is a
** busy-handler function. Invoke it and retry the lock until either the
** lock is successfully obtained or the busy-handler returns 0.
*/
static int walBusyLock(
  Wal *pWal,                      /* WAL connection */
  int (*xBusy)(void*),            /* Function to call when busy */
  void *pBusyArg,                 /* Context argument for xBusyHandler */
  int lockIdx,                    /* Offset of first byte to lock */
  int n                           /* Number of bytes to lock */
){
  int rc;
  do {
    rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, lockIdx, n);
  }while( xBusy && rc==SQLITE_BUSY && xBusy(pBusyArg) );
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT
  if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY_TIMEOUT ){
    walDisableBlocking(pWal);
    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
  }
#endif
  return rc;
}

/*
** The cache of the wal-index header must be valid to call this function.
** Return the page-size in bytes used by the database.
*/
︙︙
60949
60950
60951
60952
60953
60954
60955
60956
60957
60958
60959
60960
60961
60962
60963

  int i;                          /* Loop counter */
  u32 *aSalt = pWal->hdr.aSalt;   /* Big-endian salt values */
  pWal->nCkpt++;
  pWal->hdr.mxFrame = 0;
  sqlite3Put4byte((u8*)&aSalt[0], 1 + sqlite3Get4byte((u8*)&aSalt[0]));
  memcpy(&pWal->hdr.aSalt[1], &salt1, 4);
  walIndexWriteHdr(pWal);
  pInfo->nBackfill = 0;
  pInfo->nBackfillAttempted = 0;
  pInfo->aReadMark[1] = 0;
  for(i=2; i<WAL_NREADER; i++) pInfo->aReadMark[i] = READMARK_NOT_USED;
  assert( pInfo->aReadMark[0]==0 );
}

/*








|








61125
61126
61127
61128
61129
61130
61131
61132
61133
61134
61135
61136
61137
61138
61139

  int i;                          /* Loop counter */
  u32 *aSalt = pWal->hdr.aSalt;   /* Big-endian salt values */
  pWal->nCkpt++;
  pWal->hdr.mxFrame = 0;
  sqlite3Put4byte((u8*)&aSalt[0], 1 + sqlite3Get4byte((u8*)&aSalt[0]));
  memcpy(&pWal->hdr.aSalt[1], &salt1, 4);
  walIndexWriteHdr(pWal);
  AtomicStore(&pInfo->nBackfill, 0);
  pInfo->nBackfillAttempted = 0;
  pInfo->aReadMark[1] = 0;
  for(i=2; i<WAL_NREADER; i++) pInfo->aReadMark[i] = READMARK_NOT_USED;
  assert( pInfo->aReadMark[0]==0 );
}

/*
︙︙
61024
61025
61026
61027
61028
61029
61030
61031
61032
61033
61034
61035
61036
61037
61038
61039
61040
61041
61042
61043
61044
61045
61046
61047
61048
61049
61050
61051
61052
61053
61054
61055
61056

61057
61058
61059
61060
61061
61062
61063
61064
61065
61066
61067
61068
61069
61070
61071
61072
61073
61074
61075
61076
61077
61078
61079
61080
61081
61082
61083
61084
61085
61086
61087
61088

61089
61090
61091
61092
61093
61094
61095
61096
61097
61098
61099
61100
61101
61102
61103
61104
61105
61106
61107
61108
61109
61110
61111
61112
61113
61114
61115

61116
61117
61118
61119
61120
61121
61122
61123
61124
61125
61126
61127
61128
61129
61130
61131
61132
61133
61134
61135
61136
61137
61138
61139

    ** safe to write into the database.  Frames beyond mxSafeFrame might
    ** overwrite database pages that are in use by active readers and thus
    ** cannot be backfilled from the WAL.
    */
    mxSafeFrame = pWal->hdr.mxFrame;
    mxPage = pWal->hdr.nPage;
    for(i=1; i<WAL_NREADER; i++){
      /* Thread-sanitizer reports that the following is an unsafe read,
      ** as some other thread may be in the process of updating the value
      ** of the aReadMark[] slot. The assumption here is that if that is
      ** happening, the other client may only be increasing the value,
      ** not decreasing it. So assuming either that either the "old" or
      ** "new" version of the value is read, and not some arbitrary value
      ** that would never be written by a real client, things are still 
      ** safe.
      **
      ** Astute readers have pointed out that the assumption stated in the
      ** last sentence of the previous paragraph is not guaranteed to be
      ** true for all conforming systems.  However, the assumption is true
      ** for all compilers and architectures in common use today (circa
      ** 2019-11-27) and the alternatives are both slow and complex, and
      ** so we will continue to go with the current design for now.  If this
      ** bothers you, or if you really are running on a system where aligned
      ** 32-bit reads and writes are not atomic, then you can simply avoid
      ** the use of WAL mode, or only use WAL mode together with
      ** PRAGMA locking_mode=EXCLUSIVE and all will be well.
      */
      u32 y = pInfo->aReadMark[i];
      if( mxSafeFrame>y ){
        assert( y<=pWal->hdr.mxFrame );
        rc = walBusyLock(pWal, xBusy, pBusyArg, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
          pInfo->aReadMark[i] = (i==1 ? mxSafeFrame : READMARK_NOT_USED);

          walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
        }else if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
          mxSafeFrame = y;
          xBusy = 0;
        }else{
          goto walcheckpoint_out;
        }
      }
    }

    /* Allocate the iterator */
    if( pInfo->nBackfill<mxSafeFrame ){
      rc = walIteratorInit(pWal, pInfo->nBackfill, &pIter);
      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pIter==0 );
    }

    if( pIter
     && (rc = walBusyLock(pWal, xBusy, pBusyArg, WAL_READ_LOCK(0),1))==SQLITE_OK
    ){
      u32 nBackfill = pInfo->nBackfill;

      pInfo->nBackfillAttempted = mxSafeFrame;

      /* Sync the WAL to disk */
      rc = sqlite3OsSync(pWal->pWalFd, CKPT_SYNC_FLAGS(sync_flags));

      /* If the database may grow as a result of this checkpoint, hint
      ** about the eventual size of the db file to the VFS layer.
      */
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        i64 nReq = ((i64)mxPage * szPage);
        i64 nSize;                    /* Current size of database file */

        rc = sqlite3OsFileSize(pWal->pDbFd, &nSize);
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK && nSize<nReq ){
          sqlite3OsFileControlHint(pWal->pDbFd, SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT, &nReq);
        }
      }


      /* Iterate through the contents of the WAL, copying data to the db file */
      while( rc==SQLITE_OK && 0==walIteratorNext(pIter, &iDbpage, &iFrame) ){
        i64 iOffset;
        assert( walFramePgno(pWal, iFrame)==iDbpage );
        if( db->u1.isInterrupted ){
          rc = db->mallocFailed ? SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT : SQLITE_INTERRUPT;
          break;
        }
        if( iFrame<=nBackfill || iFrame>mxSafeFrame || iDbpage>mxPage ){
          continue;
        }
        iOffset = walFrameOffset(iFrame, szPage) + WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE;
        /* testcase( IS_BIG_INT(iOffset) ); // requires a 4GiB WAL file */
        rc = sqlite3OsRead(pWal->pWalFd, zBuf, szPage, iOffset);
        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
        iOffset = (iDbpage-1)*(i64)szPage;
        testcase( IS_BIG_INT(iOffset) );
        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pWal->pDbFd, zBuf, szPage, iOffset);
        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
      }


      /* If work was actually accomplished... */
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        if( mxSafeFrame==walIndexHdr(pWal)->mxFrame ){
          i64 szDb = pWal->hdr.nPage*(i64)szPage;
          testcase( IS_BIG_INT(szDb) );
          rc = sqlite3OsTruncate(pWal->pDbFd, szDb);
          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
            rc = sqlite3OsSync(pWal->pDbFd, CKPT_SYNC_FLAGS(sync_flags));
          }
        }
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
          rc = sqlite3OsFileControl(pWal->pDbFd, SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_DONE, 0);
          if( rc==SQLITE_NOTFOUND ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
        }
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
          pInfo->nBackfill = mxSafeFrame;
        }
      }

      /* Release the reader lock held while backfilling */
      walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(0), 1);
    }









<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
|




|
>

















|














>











|















>












<
<
<
<
|








61200
61201
61202
61203
61204
61205
61206




















61207
61208
61209
61210
61211
61212
61213
61214
61215
61216
61217
61218
61219
61220
61221
61222
61223
61224
61225
61226
61227
61228
61229
61230
61231
61232
61233
61234
61235
61236
61237
61238
61239
61240
61241
61242
61243
61244
61245
61246
61247
61248
61249
61250
61251
61252
61253
61254
61255
61256
61257
61258
61259
61260
61261
61262
61263
61264
61265
61266
61267
61268
61269
61270
61271
61272
61273
61274
61275
61276
61277
61278
61279
61280
61281
61282
61283
61284
61285
61286




61287
61288
61289
61290
61291
61292
61293
61294

    ** safe to write into the database.  Frames beyond mxSafeFrame might
    ** overwrite database pages that are in use by active readers and thus
    ** cannot be backfilled from the WAL.
    */
    mxSafeFrame = pWal->hdr.mxFrame;
    mxPage = pWal->hdr.nPage;
    for(i=1; i<WAL_NREADER; i++){




















      u32 y = AtomicLoad(pInfo->aReadMark+i);
      if( mxSafeFrame>y ){
        assert( y<=pWal->hdr.mxFrame );
        rc = walBusyLock(pWal, xBusy, pBusyArg, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
          u32 iMark = (i==1 ? mxSafeFrame : READMARK_NOT_USED);
          AtomicStore(pInfo->aReadMark+i, iMark);
          walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
        }else if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
          mxSafeFrame = y;
          xBusy = 0;
        }else{
          goto walcheckpoint_out;
        }
      }
    }

    /* Allocate the iterator */
    if( pInfo->nBackfill<mxSafeFrame ){
      rc = walIteratorInit(pWal, pInfo->nBackfill, &pIter);
      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pIter==0 );
    }

    if( pIter
     && (rc = walBusyLock(pWal,xBusy,pBusyArg,WAL_READ_LOCK(0),1))==SQLITE_OK
    ){
      u32 nBackfill = pInfo->nBackfill;

      pInfo->nBackfillAttempted = mxSafeFrame;

      /* Sync the WAL to disk */
      rc = sqlite3OsSync(pWal->pWalFd, CKPT_SYNC_FLAGS(sync_flags));

      /* If the database may grow as a result of this checkpoint, hint
      ** about the eventual size of the db file to the VFS layer.
      */
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        i64 nReq = ((i64)mxPage * szPage);
        i64 nSize;                    /* Current size of database file */
        sqlite3OsFileControl(pWal->pDbFd, SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_START, 0);
        rc = sqlite3OsFileSize(pWal->pDbFd, &nSize);
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK && nSize<nReq ){
          sqlite3OsFileControlHint(pWal->pDbFd, SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT, &nReq);
        }
      }


      /* Iterate through the contents of the WAL, copying data to the db file */
      while( rc==SQLITE_OK && 0==walIteratorNext(pIter, &iDbpage, &iFrame) ){
        i64 iOffset;
        assert( walFramePgno(pWal, iFrame)==iDbpage );
        if( AtomicLoad(&db->u1.isInterrupted) ){
          rc = db->mallocFailed ? SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT : SQLITE_INTERRUPT;
          break;
        }
        if( iFrame<=nBackfill || iFrame>mxSafeFrame || iDbpage>mxPage ){
          continue;
        }
        iOffset = walFrameOffset(iFrame, szPage) + WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE;
        /* testcase( IS_BIG_INT(iOffset) ); // requires a 4GiB WAL file */
        rc = sqlite3OsRead(pWal->pWalFd, zBuf, szPage, iOffset);
        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
        iOffset = (iDbpage-1)*(i64)szPage;
        testcase( IS_BIG_INT(iOffset) );
        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pWal->pDbFd, zBuf, szPage, iOffset);
        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
      }
      sqlite3OsFileControl(pWal->pDbFd, SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_DONE, 0);

      /* If work was actually accomplished... */
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        if( mxSafeFrame==walIndexHdr(pWal)->mxFrame ){
          i64 szDb = pWal->hdr.nPage*(i64)szPage;
          testcase( IS_BIG_INT(szDb) );
          rc = sqlite3OsTruncate(pWal->pDbFd, szDb);
          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
            rc = sqlite3OsSync(pWal->pDbFd, CKPT_SYNC_FLAGS(sync_flags));
          }
        }
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){




          AtomicStore(&pInfo->nBackfill, mxSafeFrame);
        }
      }

      /* Release the reader lock held while backfilling */
      walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(0), 1);
    }
︙︙
61284
61285
61286
61287
61288
61289
61290
61291
61292
61293
61294
61295
61296
61297
61298
61299
61300
61301
61302
61303

61304
61305
61306
61307





61308
61309
61310
61311
61312
61313
61314
61315
61316
61317

** If and only if the read is consistent and the header is different from
** pWal->hdr, then pWal->hdr is updated to the content of the new header
** and *pChanged is set to 1.
**
** If the checksum cannot be verified return non-zero. If the header
** is read successfully and the checksum verified, return zero.
*/
static int walIndexTryHdr(Wal *pWal, int *pChanged){
  u32 aCksum[2];                  /* Checksum on the header content */
  WalIndexHdr h1, h2;             /* Two copies of the header content */
  WalIndexHdr volatile *aHdr;     /* Header in shared memory */

  /* The first page of the wal-index must be mapped at this point. */
  assert( pWal->nWiData>0 && pWal->apWiData[0] );

  /* Read the header. This might happen concurrently with a write to the
  ** same area of shared memory on a different CPU in a SMP,
  ** meaning it is possible that an inconsistent snapshot is read
  ** from the file. If this happens, return non-zero.
  **

  ** There are two copies of the header at the beginning of the wal-index.
  ** When reading, read [0] first then [1].  Writes are in the reverse order.
  ** Memory barriers are used to prevent the compiler or the hardware from
  ** reordering the reads and writes.





  */
  aHdr = walIndexHdr(pWal);
  memcpy(&h1, (void *)&aHdr[0], sizeof(h1));
  walShmBarrier(pWal);
  memcpy(&h2, (void *)&aHdr[1], sizeof(h2));

  if( memcmp(&h1, &h2, sizeof(h1))!=0 ){
    return 1;   /* Dirty read */
  }  
  if( h1.isInit==0 ){








|












>



|
>
>
>
>
>


|








61439
61440
61441
61442
61443
61444
61445
61446
61447
61448
61449
61450
61451
61452
61453
61454
61455
61456
61457
61458
61459
61460
61461
61462
61463
61464
61465
61466
61467
61468
61469
61470
61471
61472
61473
61474
61475
61476
61477
61478

** If and only if the read is consistent and the header is different from
** pWal->hdr, then pWal->hdr is updated to the content of the new header
** and *pChanged is set to 1.
**
** If the checksum cannot be verified return non-zero. If the header
** is read successfully and the checksum verified, return zero.
*/
static SQLITE_NO_TSAN int walIndexTryHdr(Wal *pWal, int *pChanged){
  u32 aCksum[2];                  /* Checksum on the header content */
  WalIndexHdr h1, h2;             /* Two copies of the header content */
  WalIndexHdr volatile *aHdr;     /* Header in shared memory */

  /* The first page of the wal-index must be mapped at this point. */
  assert( pWal->nWiData>0 && pWal->apWiData[0] );

  /* Read the header. This might happen concurrently with a write to the
  ** same area of shared memory on a different CPU in a SMP,
  ** meaning it is possible that an inconsistent snapshot is read
  ** from the file. If this happens, return non-zero.
  **
  ** tag-20200519-1:
  ** There are two copies of the header at the beginning of the wal-index.
  ** When reading, read [0] first then [1].  Writes are in the reverse order.
  ** Memory barriers are used to prevent the compiler or the hardware from
  ** reordering the reads and writes.  TSAN and similar tools can sometimes
  ** give false-positive warnings about these accesses because the tools do not
  ** account for the double-read and the memory barrier. The use of mutexes
  ** here would be problematic as the memory being accessed is potentially
  ** shared among multiple processes and not all mutex implementions work
  ** reliably in that environment.
  */
  aHdr = walIndexHdr(pWal);
  memcpy(&h1, (void *)&aHdr[0], sizeof(h1)); /* Possible TSAN false-positive */
  walShmBarrier(pWal);
  memcpy(&h2, (void *)&aHdr[1], sizeof(h2));

  if( memcmp(&h1, &h2, sizeof(h1))!=0 ){
    return 1;   /* Dirty read */
  }  
  if( h1.isInit==0 ){
︙︙
61393
61394
61395
61396
61397
61398
61399
61400
61401
61402
61403
61404
61405
61406


61407
61408
61409
61410
61411
61412
61413
61414
61415
61416
61417
61418
61419

61420
61421


61422
61423
61424
61425
61426
61427
61428

  ** being modified by another thread or process.
  */
  badHdr = (page0 ? walIndexTryHdr(pWal, pChanged) : 1);

  /* If the first attempt failed, it might have been due to a race
  ** with a writer.  So get a WRITE lock and try again.
  */
  assert( badHdr==0 || pWal->writeLock==0 );
  if( badHdr ){
    if( pWal->bShmUnreliable==0 && (pWal->readOnly & WAL_SHM_RDONLY) ){
      if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = walLockShared(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK)) ){
        walUnlockShared(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK);
        rc = SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY;
      }


    }else if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1)) ){
      pWal->writeLock = 1;
      if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = walIndexPage(pWal, 0, &page0)) ){
        badHdr = walIndexTryHdr(pWal, pChanged);
        if( badHdr ){
          /* If the wal-index header is still malformed even while holding
          ** a WRITE lock, it can only mean that the header is corrupted and
          ** needs to be reconstructed.  So run recovery to do exactly that.
          */
          rc = walIndexRecover(pWal);
          *pChanged = 1;
        }
      }

      pWal->writeLock = 0;
      walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1);


    }
  }

  /* If the header is read successfully, check the version number to make
  ** sure the wal-index was not constructed with some future format that
  ** this version of SQLite cannot understand.
  */








<






>
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>
|
|
>
>








61554
61555
61556
61557
61558
61559
61560

61561
61562
61563
61564
61565
61566
61567
61568
61569
61570
61571
61572
61573
61574
61575
61576
61577
61578
61579
61580
61581
61582
61583
61584
61585
61586
61587
61588
61589
61590
61591
61592
61593

  ** being modified by another thread or process.
  */
  badHdr = (page0 ? walIndexTryHdr(pWal, pChanged) : 1);

  /* If the first attempt failed, it might have been due to a race
  ** with a writer.  So get a WRITE lock and try again.
  */

  if( badHdr ){
    if( pWal->bShmUnreliable==0 && (pWal->readOnly & WAL_SHM_RDONLY) ){
      if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = walLockShared(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK)) ){
        walUnlockShared(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK);
        rc = SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY;
      }
    }else{
      int bWriteLock = pWal->writeLock;
      if( bWriteLock || SQLITE_OK==(rc = walLockWriter(pWal)) ){
        pWal->writeLock = 1;
        if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = walIndexPage(pWal, 0, &page0)) ){
          badHdr = walIndexTryHdr(pWal, pChanged);
          if( badHdr ){
            /* If the wal-index header is still malformed even while holding
            ** a WRITE lock, it can only mean that the header is corrupted and
            ** needs to be reconstructed.  So run recovery to do exactly that.
            */
            rc = walIndexRecover(pWal);
            *pChanged = 1;
          }
        }
        if( bWriteLock==0 ){
          pWal->writeLock = 0;
          walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1);
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /* If the header is read successfully, check the version number to make
  ** sure the wal-index was not constructed with some future format that
  ** this version of SQLite cannot understand.
  */
︙︙
61744
61745
61746
61747
61748
61749
61750
61751
61752
61753
61754
61755
61756
61757
61758

      return walBeginShmUnreliable(pWal, pChanged);
    }
  }

  assert( pWal->nWiData>0 );
  assert( pWal->apWiData[0]!=0 );
  pInfo = walCkptInfo(pWal);
  if( !useWal && pInfo->nBackfill==pWal->hdr.mxFrame
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SNAPSHOT
   && (pWal->pSnapshot==0 || pWal->hdr.mxFrame==0)
#endif
  ){
    /* The WAL has been completely backfilled (or it is empty).
    ** and can be safely ignored.
    */








|








61909
61910
61911
61912
61913
61914
61915
61916
61917
61918
61919
61920
61921
61922
61923

      return walBeginShmUnreliable(pWal, pChanged);
    }
  }

  assert( pWal->nWiData>0 );
  assert( pWal->apWiData[0]!=0 );
  pInfo = walCkptInfo(pWal);
  if( !useWal && AtomicLoad(&pInfo->nBackfill)==pWal->hdr.mxFrame
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SNAPSHOT
   && (pWal->pSnapshot==0 || pWal->hdr.mxFrame==0)
#endif
  ){
    /* The WAL has been completely backfilled (or it is empty).
    ** and can be safely ignored.
    */
︙︙
61806
61807
61808
61809
61810
61811
61812
61813

61814
61815
61816
61817
61818
61819
61820

  }
  if( (pWal->readOnly & WAL_SHM_RDONLY)==0
   && (mxReadMark<mxFrame || mxI==0)
  ){
    for(i=1; i<WAL_NREADER; i++){
      rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        mxReadMark = AtomicStore(pInfo->aReadMark+i,mxFrame);

        mxI = i;
        walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
        break;
      }else if( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY ){
        return rc;
      }
    }








|
>








61971
61972
61973
61974
61975
61976
61977
61978
61979
61980
61981
61982
61983
61984
61985
61986

  }
  if( (pWal->readOnly & WAL_SHM_RDONLY)==0
   && (mxReadMark<mxFrame || mxI==0)
  ){
    for(i=1; i<WAL_NREADER; i++){
      rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        AtomicStore(pInfo->aReadMark+i,mxFrame);
        mxReadMark = mxFrame;
        mxI = i;
        walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
        break;
      }else if( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY ){
        return rc;
      }
    }
︙︙
61910
61911
61912
61913
61914
61915
61916
61917
61918
61919
61920
61921
61922
61923
61924

    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      void *pBuf1 = sqlite3_malloc(szPage);
      void *pBuf2 = sqlite3_malloc(szPage);
      if( pBuf1==0 || pBuf2==0 ){
        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
      }else{
        u32 i = pInfo->nBackfillAttempted;
        for(i=pInfo->nBackfillAttempted; i>pInfo->nBackfill; i--){
          WalHashLoc sLoc;          /* Hash table location */
          u32 pgno;                 /* Page number in db file */
          i64 iDbOff;               /* Offset of db file entry */
          i64 iWalOff;              /* Offset of wal file entry */

          rc = walHashGet(pWal, walFramePage(i), &sLoc);
          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;








|








62076
62077
62078
62079
62080
62081
62082
62083
62084
62085
62086
62087
62088
62089
62090

    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      void *pBuf1 = sqlite3_malloc(szPage);
      void *pBuf2 = sqlite3_malloc(szPage);
      if( pBuf1==0 || pBuf2==0 ){
        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
      }else{
        u32 i = pInfo->nBackfillAttempted;
        for(i=pInfo->nBackfillAttempted; i>AtomicLoad(&pInfo->nBackfill); i--){
          WalHashLoc sLoc;          /* Hash table location */
          u32 pgno;                 /* Page number in db file */
          i64 iDbOff;               /* Offset of db file entry */
          i64 iWalOff;              /* Offset of wal file entry */

          rc = walHashGet(pWal, walFramePage(i), &sLoc);
          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
︙︙
61966
61967
61968
61969
61970
61971
61972


61973
61974
61975

61976
61977


















61978
61979
61980
61981
61982
61983
61984

** Pager layer will use this to know that its cache is stale and
** needs to be flushed.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalBeginReadTransaction(Wal *pWal, int *pChanged){
  int rc;                         /* Return code */
  int cnt = 0;                    /* Number of TryBeginRead attempts */



#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SNAPSHOT
  int bChanged = 0;
  WalIndexHdr *pSnapshot = pWal->pSnapshot;

  if( pSnapshot && memcmp(pSnapshot, &pWal->hdr, sizeof(WalIndexHdr))!=0 ){
    bChanged = 1;


















  }
#endif

  do{
    rc = walTryBeginRead(pWal, pChanged, 0, ++cnt);
  }while( rc==WAL_RETRY );
  testcase( (rc&0xff)==SQLITE_BUSY );








>
>



>
|
|
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








62132
62133
62134
62135
62136
62137
62138
62139
62140
62141
62142
62143
62144
62145
62146
62147
62148
62149
62150
62151
62152
62153
62154
62155
62156
62157
62158
62159
62160
62161
62162
62163
62164
62165
62166
62167
62168
62169
62170
62171

** Pager layer will use this to know that its cache is stale and
** needs to be flushed.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalBeginReadTransaction(Wal *pWal, int *pChanged){
  int rc;                         /* Return code */
  int cnt = 0;                    /* Number of TryBeginRead attempts */

  assert( pWal->ckptLock==0 );

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SNAPSHOT
  int bChanged = 0;
  WalIndexHdr *pSnapshot = pWal->pSnapshot;
  if( pSnapshot ){
    if( memcmp(pSnapshot, &pWal->hdr, sizeof(WalIndexHdr))!=0 ){
      bChanged = 1;
    }

    /* It is possible that there is a checkpointer thread running 
    ** concurrent with this code. If this is the case, it may be that the
    ** checkpointer has already determined that it will checkpoint 
    ** snapshot X, where X is later in the wal file than pSnapshot, but 
    ** has not yet set the pInfo->nBackfillAttempted variable to indicate 
    ** its intent. To avoid the race condition this leads to, ensure that
    ** there is no checkpointer process by taking a shared CKPT lock 
    ** before checking pInfo->nBackfillAttempted.  */
    (void)walEnableBlocking(pWal);
    rc = walLockShared(pWal, WAL_CKPT_LOCK);
    walDisableBlocking(pWal);

    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      return rc;
    }
    pWal->ckptLock = 1;
  }
#endif

  do{
    rc = walTryBeginRead(pWal, pChanged, 0, ++cnt);
  }while( rc==WAL_RETRY );
  testcase( (rc&0xff)==SQLITE_BUSY );
︙︙
62003
62004
62005
62006
62007
62008
62009
62010
62011
62012
62013
62014
62015
62016
62017
62018
62019
62020
62021
62022
62023
62024
62025
62026
62027
62028
62029
62030
62031
62032
62033
62034
62035
62036
62037
62038
62039
62040





62041
62042
62043
62044
62045
62046
62047
62048
62049
62050
62051







62052
62053
62054
62055
62056
62057
62058

      **         checkpoint need not have completed for this to cause problems.
      */
      volatile WalCkptInfo *pInfo = walCkptInfo(pWal);

      assert( pWal->readLock>0 || pWal->hdr.mxFrame==0 );
      assert( pInfo->aReadMark[pWal->readLock]<=pSnapshot->mxFrame );

      /* It is possible that there is a checkpointer thread running 
      ** concurrent with this code. If this is the case, it may be that the
      ** checkpointer has already determined that it will checkpoint 
      ** snapshot X, where X is later in the wal file than pSnapshot, but 
      ** has not yet set the pInfo->nBackfillAttempted variable to indicate 
      ** its intent. To avoid the race condition this leads to, ensure that
      ** there is no checkpointer process by taking a shared CKPT lock 
      ** before checking pInfo->nBackfillAttempted.  
      **
      ** TODO: Does the aReadMark[] lock prevent a checkpointer from doing
      **       this already?
      */
      rc = walLockShared(pWal, WAL_CKPT_LOCK);

      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        /* Check that the wal file has not been wrapped. Assuming that it has
        ** not, also check that no checkpointer has attempted to checkpoint any
        ** frames beyond pSnapshot->mxFrame. If either of these conditions are
        ** true, return SQLITE_ERROR_SNAPSHOT. Otherwise, overwrite pWal->hdr
        ** with *pSnapshot and set *pChanged as appropriate for opening the
        ** snapshot.  */
        if( !memcmp(pSnapshot->aSalt, pWal->hdr.aSalt, sizeof(pWal->hdr.aSalt))
         && pSnapshot->mxFrame>=pInfo->nBackfillAttempted
        ){
          assert( pWal->readLock>0 );
          memcpy(&pWal->hdr, pSnapshot, sizeof(WalIndexHdr));
          *pChanged = bChanged;
        }else{
          rc = SQLITE_ERROR_SNAPSHOT;
        }






        /* Release the shared CKPT lock obtained above. */
        walUnlockShared(pWal, WAL_CKPT_LOCK);
        pWal->minFrame = 1;
      }


      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
        sqlite3WalEndReadTransaction(pWal);
      }
    }
  }







#endif
  return rc;
}

/*
** Finish with a read transaction.  All this does is release the
** read-lock.








<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

>
>
>
>
>
|
<
|
<
<






>
>
>
>
>
>
>








62190
62191
62192
62193
62194
62195
62196















62197
62198
62199
62200
62201
62202
62203
62204
62205
62206
62207
62208
62209
62210
62211
62212
62213
62214
62215
62216
62217
62218

62219


62220
62221
62222
62223
62224
62225
62226
62227
62228
62229
62230
62231
62232
62233
62234
62235
62236
62237
62238
62239

      **         checkpoint need not have completed for this to cause problems.
      */
      volatile WalCkptInfo *pInfo = walCkptInfo(pWal);

      assert( pWal->readLock>0 || pWal->hdr.mxFrame==0 );
      assert( pInfo->aReadMark[pWal->readLock]<=pSnapshot->mxFrame );
















      /* Check that the wal file has not been wrapped. Assuming that it has
      ** not, also check that no checkpointer has attempted to checkpoint any
      ** frames beyond pSnapshot->mxFrame. If either of these conditions are
      ** true, return SQLITE_ERROR_SNAPSHOT. Otherwise, overwrite pWal->hdr
      ** with *pSnapshot and set *pChanged as appropriate for opening the
      ** snapshot.  */
      if( !memcmp(pSnapshot->aSalt, pWal->hdr.aSalt, sizeof(pWal->hdr.aSalt))
       && pSnapshot->mxFrame>=pInfo->nBackfillAttempted
      ){
        assert( pWal->readLock>0 );
        memcpy(&pWal->hdr, pSnapshot, sizeof(WalIndexHdr));
        *pChanged = bChanged;
      }else{
        rc = SQLITE_ERROR_SNAPSHOT;
      }

      /* A client using a non-current snapshot may not ignore any frames
      ** from the start of the wal file. This is because, for a system
      ** where (minFrame < iSnapshot < maxFrame), a checkpointer may
      ** have omitted to checkpoint a frame earlier than minFrame in 
      ** the file because there exists a frame after iSnapshot that
      ** is the same database page.  */

      pWal->minFrame = 1;



      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
        sqlite3WalEndReadTransaction(pWal);
      }
    }
  }

  /* Release the shared CKPT lock obtained above. */
  if( pWal->ckptLock ){
    assert( pSnapshot );
    walUnlockShared(pWal, WAL_CKPT_LOCK);
    pWal->ckptLock = 0;
  }
#endif
  return rc;
}

/*
** Finish with a read transaction.  All this does is release the
** read-lock.
︙︙
62124
62125
62126
62127
62128
62129
62130

62131
62132
62133
62134
62135
62136
62137
62138
62139
62140
62141
62142
62143
62144
62145
62146

62147
62148
62149
62150
62151
62152
62153

  */
  iMinHash = walFramePage(pWal->minFrame);
  for(iHash=walFramePage(iLast); iHash>=iMinHash; iHash--){
    WalHashLoc sLoc;              /* Hash table location */
    int iKey;                     /* Hash slot index */
    int nCollide;                 /* Number of hash collisions remaining */
    int rc;                       /* Error code */


    rc = walHashGet(pWal, iHash, &sLoc);
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      return rc;
    }
    nCollide = HASHTABLE_NSLOT;
    for(iKey=walHash(pgno); sLoc.aHash[iKey]; iKey=walNextHash(iKey)){
      u32 iH = sLoc.aHash[iKey];
      u32 iFrame = iH + sLoc.iZero;
      if( iFrame<=iLast && iFrame>=pWal->minFrame && sLoc.aPgno[iH]==pgno ){
        assert( iFrame>iRead || CORRUPT_DB );
        iRead = iFrame;
      }
      if( (nCollide--)==0 ){
        return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
      }

    }
    if( iRead ) break;
  }

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPENSIVE_ASSERT
  /* If expensive assert() statements are available, do a linear search
  ** of the wal-index file content. Make sure the results agree with the








>






|
|








>








62305
62306
62307
62308
62309
62310
62311
62312
62313
62314
62315
62316
62317
62318
62319
62320
62321
62322
62323
62324
62325
62326
62327
62328
62329
62330
62331
62332
62333
62334
62335
62336

  */
  iMinHash = walFramePage(pWal->minFrame);
  for(iHash=walFramePage(iLast); iHash>=iMinHash; iHash--){
    WalHashLoc sLoc;              /* Hash table location */
    int iKey;                     /* Hash slot index */
    int nCollide;                 /* Number of hash collisions remaining */
    int rc;                       /* Error code */
    u32 iH;

    rc = walHashGet(pWal, iHash, &sLoc);
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      return rc;
    }
    nCollide = HASHTABLE_NSLOT;
    iKey = walHash(pgno);
    while( (iH = AtomicLoad(&sLoc.aHash[iKey]))!=0 ){
      u32 iFrame = iH + sLoc.iZero;
      if( iFrame<=iLast && iFrame>=pWal->minFrame && sLoc.aPgno[iH]==pgno ){
        assert( iFrame>iRead || CORRUPT_DB );
        iRead = iFrame;
      }
      if( (nCollide--)==0 ){
        return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
      }
      iKey = walNextHash(iKey);
    }
    if( iRead ) break;
  }

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPENSIVE_ASSERT
  /* If expensive assert() statements are available, do a linear search
  ** of the wal-index file content. Make sure the results agree with the
︙︙
62214
62215
62216
62217
62218
62219
62220










62221
62222
62223
62224
62225
62226
62227

** thread to write as doing so would cause a fork.  So this routine
** returns SQLITE_BUSY in that case and no write transaction is started.
**
** There can only be a single writer active at a time.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalBeginWriteTransaction(Wal *pWal){
  int rc;











  /* Cannot start a write transaction without first holding a read
  ** transaction. */
  assert( pWal->readLock>=0 );
  assert( pWal->writeLock==0 && pWal->iReCksum==0 );

  if( pWal->readOnly ){








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








62397
62398
62399
62400
62401
62402
62403
62404
62405
62406
62407
62408
62409
62410
62411
62412
62413
62414
62415
62416
62417
62418
62419
62420

** thread to write as doing so would cause a fork.  So this routine
** returns SQLITE_BUSY in that case and no write transaction is started.
**
** There can only be a single writer active at a time.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalBeginWriteTransaction(Wal *pWal){
  int rc;

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT
  /* If the write-lock is already held, then it was obtained before the
  ** read-transaction was even opened, making this call a no-op.
  ** Return early. */
  if( pWal->writeLock ){
    assert( !memcmp(&pWal->hdr,(void *)walIndexHdr(pWal),sizeof(WalIndexHdr)) );
    return SQLITE_OK;
  }
#endif

  /* Cannot start a write transaction without first holding a read
  ** transaction. */
  assert( pWal->readLock>=0 );
  assert( pWal->writeLock==0 && pWal->iReCksum==0 );

  if( pWal->readOnly ){
︙︙
62460
62461
62462
62463
62464
62465
62466
62467
62468
62469
62470
62471
62472
62473
62474
62475
62476
62477
62478

  PgHdr *pPage,               /* The page of the frame to be written */
  int nTruncate,              /* The commit flag.  Usually 0.  >0 for commit */
  sqlite3_int64 iOffset       /* Byte offset at which to write */
){
  int rc;                         /* Result code from subfunctions */
  void *pData;                    /* Data actually written */
  u8 aFrame[WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE];   /* Buffer to assemble frame-header in */
#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
  if( (pData = sqlite3PagerCodec(pPage))==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
#else
  pData = pPage->pData;
#endif
  walEncodeFrame(p->pWal, pPage->pgno, nTruncate, pData, aFrame);
  rc = walWriteToLog(p, aFrame, sizeof(aFrame), iOffset);
  if( rc ) return rc;
  /* Write the page data */
  rc = walWriteToLog(p, pData, p->szPage, iOffset+sizeof(aFrame));
  return rc;
}








<
<
<

<








62653
62654
62655
62656
62657
62658
62659



62660

62661
62662
62663
62664
62665
62666
62667

  PgHdr *pPage,               /* The page of the frame to be written */
  int nTruncate,              /* The commit flag.  Usually 0.  >0 for commit */
  sqlite3_int64 iOffset       /* Byte offset at which to write */
){
  int rc;                         /* Result code from subfunctions */
  void *pData;                    /* Data actually written */
  u8 aFrame[WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE];   /* Buffer to assemble frame-header in */



  pData = pPage->pData;

  walEncodeFrame(p->pWal, pPage->pgno, nTruncate, pData, aFrame);
  rc = walWriteToLog(p, aFrame, sizeof(aFrame), iOffset);
  if( rc ) return rc;
  /* Write the page data */
  rc = walWriteToLog(p, pData, p->szPage, iOffset+sizeof(aFrame));
  return rc;
}
︙︙
62647
62648
62649
62650
62651
62652
62653
62654
62655
62656
62657
62658
62659
62660
62661
62662
62663
62664
62665

      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || iWrite==0 );
      if( iWrite>=iFirst ){
        i64 iOff = walFrameOffset(iWrite, szPage) + WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE;
        void *pData;
        if( pWal->iReCksum==0 || iWrite<pWal->iReCksum ){
          pWal->iReCksum = iWrite;
        }
#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
        if( (pData = sqlite3PagerCodec(p))==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
#else
        pData = p->pData;
#endif
        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pWal->pWalFd, pData, szPage, iOff);
        if( rc ) return rc;
        p->flags &= ~PGHDR_WAL_APPEND;
        continue;
      }
    }









<
<
<

<








62836
62837
62838
62839
62840
62841
62842



62843

62844
62845
62846
62847
62848
62849
62850

      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || iWrite==0 );
      if( iWrite>=iFirst ){
        i64 iOff = walFrameOffset(iWrite, szPage) + WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE;
        void *pData;
        if( pWal->iReCksum==0 || iWrite<pWal->iReCksum ){
          pWal->iReCksum = iWrite;
        }



        pData = p->pData;

        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pWal->pWalFd, pData, szPage, iOff);
        if( rc ) return rc;
        p->flags &= ~PGHDR_WAL_APPEND;
        continue;
      }
    }
︙︙
62798
62799
62800
62801
62802
62803
62804
62805





62806
62807






62808
62809
62810
62811
62812
62813
62814
62815
62816
62817
62818
62819
62820
62821
62822
62823
62824
62825
62826
62827
62828
62829
62830
62831
62832
62833
62834
62835
62836
62837
62838
62839
62840
62841


62842
62843

62844

62845
62846
62847
62848
62849
62850
62851


  /* EVIDENCE-OF: R-62920-47450 The busy-handler callback is never invoked
  ** in the SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE mode. */
  assert( eMode!=SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE || xBusy==0 );

  if( pWal->readOnly ) return SQLITE_READONLY;
  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: checkpoint begins\n", pWal));






  /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-62028-47212 All calls obtain an exclusive 
  ** "checkpoint" lock on the database file. */






  rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_CKPT_LOCK, 1);
  if( rc ){
    /* EVIDENCE-OF: R-10421-19736 If any other process is running a
    ** checkpoint operation at the same time, the lock cannot be obtained and
    ** SQLITE_BUSY is returned.
    ** EVIDENCE-OF: R-53820-33897 Even if there is a busy-handler configured,
    ** it will not be invoked in this case.
    */
    testcase( rc==SQLITE_BUSY );
    testcase( xBusy!=0 );
    return rc;
  }
  pWal->ckptLock = 1;

  /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-59782-36818 The SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL, RESTART and
  ** TRUNCATE modes also obtain the exclusive "writer" lock on the database
  ** file.
  **
  ** EVIDENCE-OF: R-60642-04082 If the writer lock cannot be obtained
  ** immediately, and a busy-handler is configured, it is invoked and the
  ** writer lock retried until either the busy-handler returns 0 or the
  ** lock is successfully obtained.
  */
  if( eMode!=SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE ){
    rc = walBusyLock(pWal, xBusy, pBusyArg, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1);
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      pWal->writeLock = 1;
    }else if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
      eMode2 = SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE;
      xBusy2 = 0;
      rc = SQLITE_OK;
    }
  }



  /* Read the wal-index header. */
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){

    rc = walIndexReadHdr(pWal, &isChanged);

    if( isChanged && pWal->pDbFd->pMethods->iVersion>=3 ){
      sqlite3OsUnfetch(pWal->pDbFd, 0, 0);
    }
  }

  /* Copy data from the log to the database file. */
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){









>
>
>
>
>

|
>
>
>
>
>
>

<
<
<
<
<
<
<
|
|
|
<
|

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>
>


>

>








62983
62984
62985
62986
62987
62988
62989
62990
62991
62992
62993
62994
62995
62996
62997
62998
62999
63000
63001
63002
63003
63004







63005
63006
63007

63008
63009
63010
63011
63012
63013
63014
63015
63016
63017
63018
63019
63020
63021
63022
63023
63024
63025
63026
63027
63028
63029
63030
63031
63032
63033
63034
63035
63036
63037
63038
63039
63040
63041
63042
63043


  /* EVIDENCE-OF: R-62920-47450 The busy-handler callback is never invoked
  ** in the SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE mode. */
  assert( eMode!=SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE || xBusy==0 );

  if( pWal->readOnly ) return SQLITE_READONLY;
  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: checkpoint begins\n", pWal));

  /* Enable blocking locks, if possible. If blocking locks are successfully
  ** enabled, set xBusy2=0 so that the busy-handler is never invoked. */
  sqlite3WalDb(pWal, db);
  (void)walEnableBlocking(pWal);

  /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-62028-47212 All calls obtain an exclusive 
  ** "checkpoint" lock on the database file.
  ** EVIDENCE-OF: R-10421-19736 If any other process is running a
  ** checkpoint operation at the same time, the lock cannot be obtained and
  ** SQLITE_BUSY is returned.
  ** EVIDENCE-OF: R-53820-33897 Even if there is a busy-handler configured,
  ** it will not be invoked in this case.
  */
  rc = walLockExclusive(pWal, WAL_CKPT_LOCK, 1);







  testcase( rc==SQLITE_BUSY );
  testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK && xBusy2!=0 );
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){

    pWal->ckptLock = 1;

    /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-59782-36818 The SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL, RESTART and
    ** TRUNCATE modes also obtain the exclusive "writer" lock on the database
    ** file.
    **
    ** EVIDENCE-OF: R-60642-04082 If the writer lock cannot be obtained
    ** immediately, and a busy-handler is configured, it is invoked and the
    ** writer lock retried until either the busy-handler returns 0 or the
    ** lock is successfully obtained.
    */
    if( eMode!=SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE ){
      rc = walBusyLock(pWal, xBusy2, pBusyArg, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1);
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        pWal->writeLock = 1;
      }else if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
        eMode2 = SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE;
        xBusy2 = 0;
        rc = SQLITE_OK;
      }
    }
  }


  /* Read the wal-index header. */
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    walDisableBlocking(pWal);
    rc = walIndexReadHdr(pWal, &isChanged);
    (void)walEnableBlocking(pWal);
    if( isChanged && pWal->pDbFd->pMethods->iVersion>=3 ){
      sqlite3OsUnfetch(pWal->pDbFd, 0, 0);
    }
  }

  /* Copy data from the log to the database file. */
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
︙︙
62868
62869
62870
62871
62872
62873
62874



62875
62876
62877

62878
62879

62880



62881
62882
62883
62884
62885
62886
62887

    ** performed, then the pager-cache associated with pWal is now
    ** out of date. So zero the cached wal-index header to ensure that
    ** next time the pager opens a snapshot on this database it knows that
    ** the cache needs to be reset.
    */
    memset(&pWal->hdr, 0, sizeof(WalIndexHdr));
  }




  /* Release the locks. */
  sqlite3WalEndWriteTransaction(pWal);

  walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_CKPT_LOCK, 1);
  pWal->ckptLock = 0;

  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: checkpoint %s\n", pWal, rc ? "failed" : "ok"));



  return (rc==SQLITE_OK && eMode!=eMode2 ? SQLITE_BUSY : rc);
}

/* Return the value to pass to a sqlite3_wal_hook callback, the
** number of frames in the WAL at the point of the last commit since
** sqlite3WalCallback() was called.  If no commits have occurred since
** the last call, then return 0.








>
>
>



>
|
|
>

>
>
>








63060
63061
63062
63063
63064
63065
63066
63067
63068
63069
63070
63071
63072
63073
63074
63075
63076
63077
63078
63079
63080
63081
63082
63083
63084
63085
63086
63087

    ** performed, then the pager-cache associated with pWal is now
    ** out of date. So zero the cached wal-index header to ensure that
    ** next time the pager opens a snapshot on this database it knows that
    ** the cache needs to be reset.
    */
    memset(&pWal->hdr, 0, sizeof(WalIndexHdr));
  }

  walDisableBlocking(pWal);
  sqlite3WalDb(pWal, 0);

  /* Release the locks. */
  sqlite3WalEndWriteTransaction(pWal);
  if( pWal->ckptLock ){
    walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_CKPT_LOCK, 1);
    pWal->ckptLock = 0;
  }
  WALTRACE(("WAL%p: checkpoint %s\n", pWal, rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT
  if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY_TIMEOUT ) rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
#endif
  return (rc==SQLITE_OK && eMode!=eMode2 ? SQLITE_BUSY : rc);
}

/* Return the value to pass to a sqlite3_wal_hook callback, the
** number of frames in the WAL at the point of the last commit since
** sqlite3WalCallback() was called.  If no commits have occurred since
** the last call, then return 0.
︙︙
62990
62991
62992
62993
62994
62995
62996
62997



62998
62999
63000
63001
63002
63003
63004

  }

  return rc;
}

/* Try to open on pSnapshot when the next read-transaction starts
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WalSnapshotOpen(Wal *pWal, sqlite3_snapshot *pSnapshot){



  pWal->pSnapshot = (WalIndexHdr*)pSnapshot;
}

/* 
** Return a +ve value if snapshot p1 is newer than p2. A -ve value if
** p1 is older than p2 and zero if p1 and p2 are the same snapshot.
*/








|
>
>
>








63190
63191
63192
63193
63194
63195
63196
63197
63198
63199
63200
63201
63202
63203
63204
63205
63206
63207

  }

  return rc;
}

/* Try to open on pSnapshot when the next read-transaction starts
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WalSnapshotOpen(
  Wal *pWal, 
  sqlite3_snapshot *pSnapshot
){
  pWal->pSnapshot = (WalIndexHdr*)pSnapshot;
}

/* 
** Return a +ve value if snapshot p1 is newer than p2. A -ve value if
** p1 is older than p2 and zero if p1 and p2 are the same snapshot.
*/
︙︙
63509
63510
63511
63512
63513
63514
63515
63516
63517
63518
63519
63520
63521
63522
63523
63524
63525

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
  u8 autoVacuum;        /* True if auto-vacuum is enabled */
  u8 incrVacuum;        /* True if incr-vacuum is enabled */
  u8 bDoTruncate;       /* True to truncate db on commit */
#endif
  u8 inTransaction;     /* Transaction state */
  u8 max1bytePayload;   /* Maximum first byte of cell for a 1-byte payload */
#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
  u8 optimalReserve;    /* Desired amount of reserved space per page */
#endif
  u16 btsFlags;         /* Boolean parameters.  See BTS_* macros below */
  u16 maxLocal;         /* Maximum local payload in non-LEAFDATA tables */
  u16 minLocal;         /* Minimum local payload in non-LEAFDATA tables */
  u16 maxLeaf;          /* Maximum local payload in a LEAFDATA table */
  u16 minLeaf;          /* Minimum local payload in a LEAFDATA table */
  u32 pageSize;         /* Total number of bytes on a page */
  u32 usableSize;       /* Number of usable bytes on each page */








<
|
<








63712
63713
63714
63715
63716
63717
63718

63719

63720
63721
63722
63723
63724
63725
63726

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
  u8 autoVacuum;        /* True if auto-vacuum is enabled */
  u8 incrVacuum;        /* True if incr-vacuum is enabled */
  u8 bDoTruncate;       /* True to truncate db on commit */
#endif
  u8 inTransaction;     /* Transaction state */
  u8 max1bytePayload;   /* Maximum first byte of cell for a 1-byte payload */

  u8 nReserveWanted;    /* Desired number of extra bytes per page */

  u16 btsFlags;         /* Boolean parameters.  See BTS_* macros below */
  u16 maxLocal;         /* Maximum local payload in non-LEAFDATA tables */
  u16 minLocal;         /* Minimum local payload in non-LEAFDATA tables */
  u16 maxLeaf;          /* Maximum local payload in a LEAFDATA table */
  u16 minLeaf;          /* Minimum local payload in a LEAFDATA table */
  u32 pageSize;         /* Total number of bytes on a page */
  u32 usableSize;       /* Number of usable bytes on each page */
︙︙
64712
64713
64714
64715
64716
64717
64718
64719
64720
64721
64722
64723
64724
64725
64726

**
** This function is called when a free-list leaf page is removed from the
** free-list for reuse. It returns false if it is safe to retrieve the
** page from the pager layer with the 'no-content' flag set. True otherwise.
*/
static int btreeGetHasContent(BtShared *pBt, Pgno pgno){
  Bitvec *p = pBt->pHasContent;
  return (p && (pgno>sqlite3BitvecSize(p) || sqlite3BitvecTest(p, pgno)));
}

/*
** Clear (destroy) the BtShared.pHasContent bitvec. This should be
** invoked at the conclusion of each write-transaction.
*/
static void btreeClearHasContent(BtShared *pBt){








|








64913
64914
64915
64916
64917
64918
64919
64920
64921
64922
64923
64924
64925
64926
64927

**
** This function is called when a free-list leaf page is removed from the
** free-list for reuse. It returns false if it is safe to retrieve the
** page from the pager layer with the 'no-content' flag set. True otherwise.
*/
static int btreeGetHasContent(BtShared *pBt, Pgno pgno){
  Bitvec *p = pBt->pHasContent;
  return p && (pgno>sqlite3BitvecSize(p) || sqlite3BitvecTestNotNull(p, pgno));
}

/*
** Clear (destroy) the BtShared.pHasContent bitvec. This should be
** invoked at the conclusion of each write-transaction.
*/
static void btreeClearHasContent(BtShared *pBt){
︙︙
65550
65551
65552
65553
65554
65555
65556
65557
65558
65559
65560
65561
65562
65563
65564

      if( iFree2>usableSize-4 ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_PAGE(pPage);
      if( 0==iFree2 || (data[iFree2]==0 && data[iFree2+1]==0) ){
        u8 *pEnd = &data[cellOffset + nCell*2];
        u8 *pAddr;
        int sz2 = 0;
        int sz = get2byte(&data[iFree+2]);
        int top = get2byte(&data[hdr+5]);
        if( NEVER(top>=iFree) ){
          return SQLITE_CORRUPT_PAGE(pPage);
        }
        if( iFree2 ){
          if( iFree+sz>iFree2 ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_PAGE(pPage);
          sz2 = get2byte(&data[iFree2+2]);
          if( iFree2+sz2 > usableSize ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_PAGE(pPage);
          memmove(&data[iFree+sz+sz2], &data[iFree+sz], iFree2-(iFree+sz));








|








65751
65752
65753
65754
65755
65756
65757
65758
65759
65760
65761
65762
65763
65764
65765

      if( iFree2>usableSize-4 ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_PAGE(pPage);
      if( 0==iFree2 || (data[iFree2]==0 && data[iFree2+1]==0) ){
        u8 *pEnd = &data[cellOffset + nCell*2];
        u8 *pAddr;
        int sz2 = 0;
        int sz = get2byte(&data[iFree+2]);
        int top = get2byte(&data[hdr+5]);
        if( top>=iFree ){
          return SQLITE_CORRUPT_PAGE(pPage);
        }
        if( iFree2 ){
          if( iFree+sz>iFree2 ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_PAGE(pPage);
          sz2 = get2byte(&data[iFree2+2]);
          if( iFree2+sz2 > usableSize ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_PAGE(pPage);
          memmove(&data[iFree+sz+sz2], &data[iFree+sz], iFree2-(iFree+sz));
︙︙
65881
65882
65883
65884
65885
65886
65887
65888
65889
65890
65891
65892
65893
65894
65895

  }
  x = get2byte(&data[hdr+5]);
  if( iStart<=x ){
    /* The new freeblock is at the beginning of the cell content area,
    ** so just extend the cell content area rather than create another
    ** freelist entry */
    if( iStart<x ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_PAGE(pPage);
    if( NEVER(iPtr!=hdr+1) ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_PAGE(pPage);
    put2byte(&data[hdr+1], iFreeBlk);
    put2byte(&data[hdr+5], iEnd);
  }else{
    /* Insert the new freeblock into the freelist */
    put2byte(&data[iPtr], iStart);
  }
  if( pPage->pBt->btsFlags & BTS_FAST_SECURE ){








|








66082
66083
66084
66085
66086
66087
66088
66089
66090
66091
66092
66093
66094
66095
66096

  }
  x = get2byte(&data[hdr+5]);
  if( iStart<=x ){
    /* The new freeblock is at the beginning of the cell content area,
    ** so just extend the cell content area rather than create another
    ** freelist entry */
    if( iStart<x ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_PAGE(pPage);
    if( iPtr!=hdr+1 ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_PAGE(pPage);
    put2byte(&data[hdr+1], iFreeBlk);
    put2byte(&data[hdr+5], iEnd);
  }else{
    /* Insert the new freeblock into the freelist */
    put2byte(&data[iPtr], iStart);
  }
  if( pPage->pBt->btsFlags & BTS_FAST_SECURE ){
︙︙
66405
66406
66407
66408
66409
66410
66411
66412
66413
66414
66415
66416
66417
66418
66419
66420

/*
** Invoke the busy handler for a btree.
*/
static int btreeInvokeBusyHandler(void *pArg){
  BtShared *pBt = (BtShared*)pArg;
  assert( pBt->db );
  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->db->mutex) );
  return sqlite3InvokeBusyHandler(&pBt->db->busyHandler,
                                  sqlite3PagerFile(pBt->pPager));
}

/*
** Open a database file.
** 
** zFilename is the name of the database file.  If zFilename is NULL
** then an ephemeral database is created.  The ephemeral database might








|
<








66606
66607
66608
66609
66610
66611
66612
66613

66614
66615
66616
66617
66618
66619
66620

/*
** Invoke the busy handler for a btree.
*/
static int btreeInvokeBusyHandler(void *pArg){
  BtShared *pBt = (BtShared*)pArg;
  assert( pBt->db );
  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->db->mutex) );
  return sqlite3InvokeBusyHandler(&pBt->db->busyHandler);

}

/*
** Open a database file.
** 
** zFilename is the name of the database file.  If zFilename is NULL
** then an ephemeral database is created.  The ephemeral database might
︙︙
66957
66958
66959
66960
66961
66962
66963

66964
66965
66966
66967
66968

66969
66970
66971
66972
66973
66974
66975
66976
66977
66978
66979
66980
66981
66982
66983

** bytes per page is left unchanged.
**
** If the iFix!=0 then the BTS_PAGESIZE_FIXED flag is set so that the page size
** and autovacuum mode can no longer be changed.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(Btree *p, int pageSize, int nReserve, int iFix){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;

  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
  assert( nReserve>=-1 && nReserve<=255 );
  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
#if SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
  if( nReserve>pBt->optimalReserve ) pBt->optimalReserve = (u8)nReserve;

#endif
  if( pBt->btsFlags & BTS_PAGESIZE_FIXED ){
    sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
    return SQLITE_READONLY;
  }
  if( nReserve<0 ){
    nReserve = pBt->pageSize - pBt->usableSize;
  }
  assert( nReserve>=0 && nReserve<=255 );
  if( pageSize>=512 && pageSize<=SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE &&
        ((pageSize-1)&pageSize)==0 ){
    assert( (pageSize & 7)==0 );
    assert( !pBt->pCursor );
    pBt->pageSize = (u32)pageSize;
    freeTempSpace(pBt);








>

|

<
|
>
|




<
<
<








67157
67158
67159
67160
67161
67162
67163
67164
67165
67166
67167

67168
67169
67170
67171
67172
67173
67174



67175
67176
67177
67178
67179
67180
67181

** bytes per page is left unchanged.
**
** If the iFix!=0 then the BTS_PAGESIZE_FIXED flag is set so that the page size
** and autovacuum mode can no longer be changed.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(Btree *p, int pageSize, int nReserve, int iFix){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  int x;
  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
  assert( nReserve>=0 && nReserve<=255 );
  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);

  pBt->nReserveWanted = nReserve;
  x = pBt->pageSize - pBt->usableSize;
  if( nReserve<x ) nReserve = x;
  if( pBt->btsFlags & BTS_PAGESIZE_FIXED ){
    sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
    return SQLITE_READONLY;
  }



  assert( nReserve>=0 && nReserve<=255 );
  if( pageSize>=512 && pageSize<=SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE &&
        ((pageSize-1)&pageSize)==0 ){
    assert( (pageSize & 7)==0 );
    assert( !pBt->pCursor );
    pBt->pageSize = (u32)pageSize;
    freeTempSpace(pBt);
︙︙
67015
67016
67017
67018
67019
67020
67021
67022
67023

67024
67025
67026
67027
67028

67029
67030
67031
67032
67033
67034
67035
67036
67037
67038
67039
67040
67041

}

/*
** Return the number of bytes of space at the end of every page that
** are intentually left unused.  This is the "reserved" space that is
** sometimes used by extensions.
**
** If SQLITE_HAS_MUTEX is defined then the number returned is the
** greater of the current reserved space and the maximum requested

** reserve space.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetOptimalReserve(Btree *p){
  int n;
  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);

  n = sqlite3BtreeGetReserveNoMutex(p);
#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
  if( n<p->pBt->optimalReserve ) n = p->pBt->optimalReserve;
#endif
  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
  return n;
}


/*
** Set the maximum page count for a database if mxPage is positive.
** No changes are made if mxPage is 0 or negative.
** Regardless of the value of mxPage, return the maximum page count.








<
|
>
|

|
|

>
|
<
<
<

|








67213
67214
67215
67216
67217
67218
67219

67220
67221
67222
67223
67224
67225
67226
67227
67228



67229
67230
67231
67232
67233
67234
67235
67236
67237

}

/*
** Return the number of bytes of space at the end of every page that
** are intentually left unused.  This is the "reserved" space that is
** sometimes used by extensions.
**

** The value returned is the larger of the current reserve size and
** the latest reserve size requested by SQLITE_FILECTRL_RESERVE_BYTES.
** The amount of reserve can only grow - never shrink.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetRequestedReserve(Btree *p){
  int n1, n2;
  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
  n1 = (int)p->pBt->nReserveWanted;
  n2 = sqlite3BtreeGetReserveNoMutex(p);



  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
  return n1>n2 ? n1 : n2;
}


/*
** Set the maximum page count for a database if mxPage is positive.
** No changes are made if mxPage is 0 or negative.
** Regardless of the value of mxPage, return the maximum page count.
︙︙
67477
67478
67479
67480
67481
67482
67483

67484
67485
67486
67487
67488
67489
67490
67491
67492
67493
67494
67495
67496
67497
67498
67499
67500
67501
67502
67503
67504
67505
67506

** One or the other of the two processes must give way or there can be
** no progress.  By returning SQLITE_BUSY and not invoking the busy callback
** when A already has a read lock, we encourage A to give up and let B
** proceed.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(Btree *p, int wrflag, int *pSchemaVersion){
  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;

  int rc = SQLITE_OK;

  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
  btreeIntegrity(p);

  /* If the btree is already in a write-transaction, or it
  ** is already in a read-transaction and a read-transaction
  ** is requested, this is a no-op.
  */
  if( p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE || (p->inTrans==TRANS_READ && !wrflag) ){
    goto trans_begun;
  }
  assert( pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE || IfNotOmitAV(pBt->bDoTruncate)==0 );

  if( (p->db->flags & SQLITE_ResetDatabase) 
   && sqlite3PagerIsreadonly(pBt->pPager)==0 
  ){
    pBt->btsFlags &= ~BTS_READ_ONLY;
  }

  /* Write transactions are not possible on a read-only database */
  if( (pBt->btsFlags & BTS_READ_ONLY)!=0 && wrflag ){
    rc = SQLITE_READONLY;








>















|








67673
67674
67675
67676
67677
67678
67679
67680
67681
67682
67683
67684
67685
67686
67687
67688
67689
67690
67691
67692
67693
67694
67695
67696
67697
67698
67699
67700
67701
67702
67703

** One or the other of the two processes must give way or there can be
** no progress.  By returning SQLITE_BUSY and not invoking the busy callback
** when A already has a read lock, we encourage A to give up and let B
** proceed.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(Btree *p, int wrflag, int *pSchemaVersion){
  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
  Pager *pPager = pBt->pPager;
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;

  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
  btreeIntegrity(p);

  /* If the btree is already in a write-transaction, or it
  ** is already in a read-transaction and a read-transaction
  ** is requested, this is a no-op.
  */
  if( p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE || (p->inTrans==TRANS_READ && !wrflag) ){
    goto trans_begun;
  }
  assert( pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE || IfNotOmitAV(pBt->bDoTruncate)==0 );

  if( (p->db->flags & SQLITE_ResetDatabase) 
   && sqlite3PagerIsreadonly(pPager)==0 
  ){
    pBt->btsFlags &= ~BTS_READ_ONLY;
  }

  /* Write transactions are not possible on a read-only database */
  if( (pBt->btsFlags & BTS_READ_ONLY)!=0 && wrflag ){
    rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
︙︙
67540
67541
67542
67543
67544
67545
67546












67547
67548
67549
67550
67551
67552
67553
67554
67555
67556
67557
67558
67559
67560
67561
67562
67563
67564
67565
67566
67567
67568
67569
67570
67571
67572

67573
67574
67575
67576
67577



67578
67579
67580
67581
67582
67583
67584

  ** on page 1, the transaction cannot be opened. */
  rc = querySharedCacheTableLock(p, MASTER_ROOT, READ_LOCK);
  if( SQLITE_OK!=rc ) goto trans_begun;

  pBt->btsFlags &= ~BTS_INITIALLY_EMPTY;
  if( pBt->nPage==0 ) pBt->btsFlags |= BTS_INITIALLY_EMPTY;
  do {












    /* Call lockBtree() until either pBt->pPage1 is populated or
    ** lockBtree() returns something other than SQLITE_OK. lockBtree()
    ** may return SQLITE_OK but leave pBt->pPage1 set to 0 if after
    ** reading page 1 it discovers that the page-size of the database 
    ** file is not pBt->pageSize. In this case lockBtree() will update
    ** pBt->pageSize to the page-size of the file on disk.
    */
    while( pBt->pPage1==0 && SQLITE_OK==(rc = lockBtree(pBt)) );

    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && wrflag ){
      if( (pBt->btsFlags & BTS_READ_ONLY)!=0 ){
        rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
      }else{
        rc = sqlite3PagerBegin(pBt->pPager,wrflag>1,sqlite3TempInMemory(p->db));
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
          rc = newDatabase(pBt);
        }else if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT && pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_NONE ){
          /* if there was no transaction opened when this function was
          ** called and SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT is returned, change the error
          ** code to SQLITE_BUSY. */
          rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
        }
      }
    }
  
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){

      unlockBtreeIfUnused(pBt);
    }
  }while( (rc&0xFF)==SQLITE_BUSY && pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_NONE &&
          btreeInvokeBusyHandler(pBt) );
  sqlite3PagerResetLockTimeout(pBt->pPager);




  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    if( p->inTrans==TRANS_NONE ){
      pBt->nTransaction++;
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
      if( p->sharable ){
        assert( p->lock.pBtree==p && p->lock.iTable==1 );








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>













|












>




|
>
>
>








67737
67738
67739
67740
67741
67742
67743
67744
67745
67746
67747
67748
67749
67750
67751
67752
67753
67754
67755
67756
67757
67758
67759
67760
67761
67762
67763
67764
67765
67766
67767
67768
67769
67770
67771
67772
67773
67774
67775
67776
67777
67778
67779
67780
67781
67782
67783
67784
67785
67786
67787
67788
67789
67790
67791
67792
67793
67794
67795
67796
67797

  ** on page 1, the transaction cannot be opened. */
  rc = querySharedCacheTableLock(p, MASTER_ROOT, READ_LOCK);
  if( SQLITE_OK!=rc ) goto trans_begun;

  pBt->btsFlags &= ~BTS_INITIALLY_EMPTY;
  if( pBt->nPage==0 ) pBt->btsFlags |= BTS_INITIALLY_EMPTY;
  do {
    sqlite3PagerWalDb(pPager, p->db);

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT
    /* If transitioning from no transaction directly to a write transaction,
    ** block for the WRITER lock first if possible. */
    if( pBt->pPage1==0 && wrflag ){
      assert( pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_NONE );
      rc = sqlite3PagerWalWriteLock(pPager, 1);
      if( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY && rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
    }
#endif

    /* Call lockBtree() until either pBt->pPage1 is populated or
    ** lockBtree() returns something other than SQLITE_OK. lockBtree()
    ** may return SQLITE_OK but leave pBt->pPage1 set to 0 if after
    ** reading page 1 it discovers that the page-size of the database 
    ** file is not pBt->pageSize. In this case lockBtree() will update
    ** pBt->pageSize to the page-size of the file on disk.
    */
    while( pBt->pPage1==0 && SQLITE_OK==(rc = lockBtree(pBt)) );

    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && wrflag ){
      if( (pBt->btsFlags & BTS_READ_ONLY)!=0 ){
        rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
      }else{
        rc = sqlite3PagerBegin(pPager, wrflag>1, sqlite3TempInMemory(p->db));
        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
          rc = newDatabase(pBt);
        }else if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT && pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_NONE ){
          /* if there was no transaction opened when this function was
          ** called and SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT is returned, change the error
          ** code to SQLITE_BUSY. */
          rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
        }
      }
    }
  
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      (void)sqlite3PagerWalWriteLock(pPager, 0);
      unlockBtreeIfUnused(pBt);
    }
  }while( (rc&0xFF)==SQLITE_BUSY && pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_NONE &&
          btreeInvokeBusyHandler(pBt) );
  sqlite3PagerWalDb(pPager, 0);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT
  if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY_TIMEOUT ) rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
#endif

  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    if( p->inTrans==TRANS_NONE ){
      pBt->nTransaction++;
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
      if( p->sharable ){
        assert( p->lock.pBtree==p && p->lock.iTable==1 );
︙︙
67622
67623
67624
67625
67626
67627
67628
67629
67630
67631
67632
67633
67634
67635
67636

      *pSchemaVersion = get4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[40]);
    }
    if( wrflag ){
      /* This call makes sure that the pager has the correct number of
      ** open savepoints. If the second parameter is greater than 0 and
      ** the sub-journal is not already open, then it will be opened here.
      */
      rc = sqlite3PagerOpenSavepoint(pBt->pPager, p->db->nSavepoint);
    }
  }

  btreeIntegrity(p);
  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
  return rc;
}








|








67835
67836
67837
67838
67839
67840
67841
67842
67843
67844
67845
67846
67847
67848
67849

      *pSchemaVersion = get4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[40]);
    }
    if( wrflag ){
      /* This call makes sure that the pager has the correct number of
      ** open savepoints. If the second parameter is greater than 0 and
      ** the sub-journal is not already open, then it will be opened here.
      */
      rc = sqlite3PagerOpenSavepoint(pPager, p->db->nSavepoint);
    }
  }

  btreeIntegrity(p);
  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
  return rc;
}
︙︙
71258
71259
71260
71261
71262
71263
71264
71265
71266
71267
71268
71269
71270
71271
71272

  memcpy(pTmp, aData, pPg->pBt->usableSize);
#endif

  /* Remove cells from the start and end of the page */
  assert( nCell>=0 );
  if( iOld<iNew ){
    int nShift = pageFreeArray(pPg, iOld, iNew-iOld, pCArray);
    if( nShift>nCell ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
    memmove(pPg->aCellIdx, &pPg->aCellIdx[nShift*2], nCell*2);
    nCell -= nShift;
  }
  if( iNewEnd < iOldEnd ){
    int nTail = pageFreeArray(pPg, iNewEnd, iOldEnd - iNewEnd, pCArray);
    assert( nCell>=nTail );
    nCell -= nTail;








|








71471
71472
71473
71474
71475
71476
71477
71478
71479
71480
71481
71482
71483
71484
71485

  memcpy(pTmp, aData, pPg->pBt->usableSize);
#endif

  /* Remove cells from the start and end of the page */
  assert( nCell>=0 );
  if( iOld<iNew ){
    int nShift = pageFreeArray(pPg, iOld, iNew-iOld, pCArray);
    if( NEVER(nShift>nCell) ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
    memmove(pPg->aCellIdx, &pPg->aCellIdx[nShift*2], nCell*2);
    nCell -= nShift;
  }
  if( iNewEnd < iOldEnd ){
    int nTail = pageFreeArray(pPg, iNewEnd, iOldEnd - iNewEnd, pCArray);
    assert( nCell>=nTail );
    nCell -= nTail;
︙︙
73615
73616
73617
73618
73619
73620
73621
73622
73623
73624
73625
73626
73627
73628
73629

    }
#endif
  }
  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
  return rc;
}

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT
/*
** The first argument, pCur, is a cursor opened on some b-tree. Count the
** number of entries in the b-tree and write the result to *pnEntry.
**
** SQLITE_OK is returned if the operation is successfully executed. 
** Otherwise, if an error is encountered (i.e. an IO error or database
** corruption) an SQLite error code is returned.








<








73828
73829
73830
73831
73832
73833
73834

73835
73836
73837
73838
73839
73840
73841

    }
#endif
  }
  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
  return rc;
}


/*
** The first argument, pCur, is a cursor opened on some b-tree. Count the
** number of entries in the b-tree and write the result to *pnEntry.
**
** SQLITE_OK is returned if the operation is successfully executed. 
** Otherwise, if an error is encountered (i.e. an IO error or database
** corruption) an SQLite error code is returned.
︙︙
73637
73638
73639
73640
73641
73642
73643
73644
73645
73646
73647
73648
73649
73650
73651

    *pnEntry = 0;
    return SQLITE_OK;
  }

  /* Unless an error occurs, the following loop runs one iteration for each
  ** page in the B-Tree structure (not including overflow pages). 
  */
  while( rc==SQLITE_OK && !db->u1.isInterrupted ){
    int iIdx;                          /* Index of child node in parent */
    MemPage *pPage;                    /* Current page of the b-tree */

    /* If this is a leaf page or the tree is not an int-key tree, then 
    ** this page contains countable entries. Increment the entry counter
    ** accordingly.
    */








|








73849
73850
73851
73852
73853
73854
73855
73856
73857
73858
73859
73860
73861
73862
73863

    *pnEntry = 0;
    return SQLITE_OK;
  }

  /* Unless an error occurs, the following loop runs one iteration for each
  ** page in the B-Tree structure (not including overflow pages). 
  */
  while( rc==SQLITE_OK && !AtomicLoad(&db->u1.isInterrupted) ){
    int iIdx;                          /* Index of child node in parent */
    MemPage *pPage;                    /* Current page of the b-tree */

    /* If this is a leaf page or the tree is not an int-key tree, then 
    ** this page contains countable entries. Increment the entry counter
    ** accordingly.
    */
︙︙
73688
73689
73690
73691
73692
73693
73694
73695
73696
73697
73698
73699
73700
73701
73702

      rc = moveToChild(pCur, get4byte(findCell(pPage, iIdx)));
    }
  }

  /* An error has occurred. Return an error code. */
  return rc;
}
#endif

/*
** Return the pager associated with a BTree.  This routine is used for
** testing and debugging only.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE Pager *sqlite3BtreePager(Btree *p){
  return p->pBt->pPager;








<








73900
73901
73902
73903
73904
73905
73906

73907
73908
73909
73910
73911
73912
73913

      rc = moveToChild(pCur, get4byte(findCell(pPage, iIdx)));
    }
  }

  /* An error has occurred. Return an error code. */
  return rc;
}


/*
** Return the pager associated with a BTree.  This routine is used for
** testing and debugging only.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE Pager *sqlite3BtreePager(Btree *p){
  return p->pBt->pPager;
︙︙
73763
73764
73765
73766
73767
73768
73769
73770
73771
73772
73773
73774
73775
73776
73777

    checkAppendMsg(pCheck, "invalid page number %d", iPage);
    return 1;
  }
  if( getPageReferenced(pCheck, iPage) ){
    checkAppendMsg(pCheck, "2nd reference to page %d", iPage);
    return 1;
  }
  if( pCheck->db->u1.isInterrupted ) return 1;
  setPageReferenced(pCheck, iPage);
  return 0;
}

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
/*
** Check that the entry in the pointer-map for page iChild maps to 








|








73974
73975
73976
73977
73978
73979
73980
73981
73982
73983
73984
73985
73986
73987
73988

    checkAppendMsg(pCheck, "invalid page number %d", iPage);
    return 1;
  }
  if( getPageReferenced(pCheck, iPage) ){
    checkAppendMsg(pCheck, "2nd reference to page %d", iPage);
    return 1;
  }
  if( AtomicLoad(&pCheck->db->u1.isInterrupted) ) return 1;
  setPageReferenced(pCheck, iPage);
  return 0;
}

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
/*
** Check that the entry in the pointer-map for page iChild maps to
︙︙
74739
74740
74741
74742
74743
74744
74745
74746
74747
74748
74749
74750
74751
74752
74753


/*
** Attempt to set the page size of the destination to match the page size
** of the source.
*/
static int setDestPgsz(sqlite3_backup *p){
  int rc;
  rc = sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(p->pDest,sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pSrc),-1,0);
  return rc;
}

/*
** Check that there is no open read-transaction on the b-tree passed as the
** second argument. If there is not, return SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, if there
** is an open read-transaction, return SQLITE_ERROR and leave an error 








|








74950
74951
74952
74953
74954
74955
74956
74957
74958
74959
74960
74961
74962
74963
74964


/*
** Attempt to set the page size of the destination to match the page size
** of the source.
*/
static int setDestPgsz(sqlite3_backup *p){
  int rc;
  rc = sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(p->pDest,sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pSrc),0,0);
  return rc;
}

/*
** Check that there is no open read-transaction on the b-tree passed as the
** second argument. If there is not, return SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, if there
** is an open read-transaction, return SQLITE_ERROR and leave an error
︙︙
74862
74863
74864
74865
74866
74867
74868
74869
74870
74871
74872
74873
74874
74875
74876
74877
74878
74879
74880
74881
74882
74883
74884
74885
74886
74887
74888
74889
74890
74891
74892
74893
74894
74895
74896
74897
74898
74899
74900
74901
74902
74903
74904
74905
74906
74907
74908
74909
74910
74911
74912
74913
74914
74915
74916
74917
74918

  int bUpdate                     /* True for an update, false otherwise */
){
  Pager * const pDestPager = sqlite3BtreePager(p->pDest);
  const int nSrcPgsz = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pSrc);
  int nDestPgsz = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pDest);
  const int nCopy = MIN(nSrcPgsz, nDestPgsz);
  const i64 iEnd = (i64)iSrcPg*(i64)nSrcPgsz;
#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
  /* Use BtreeGetReserveNoMutex() for the source b-tree, as although it is
  ** guaranteed that the shared-mutex is held by this thread, handle
  ** p->pSrc may not actually be the owner.  */
  int nSrcReserve = sqlite3BtreeGetReserveNoMutex(p->pSrc);
  int nDestReserve = sqlite3BtreeGetOptimalReserve(p->pDest);
#endif
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  i64 iOff;

  assert( sqlite3BtreeGetReserveNoMutex(p->pSrc)>=0 );
  assert( p->bDestLocked );
  assert( !isFatalError(p->rc) );
  assert( iSrcPg!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pSrc->pBt) );
  assert( zSrcData );

  /* Catch the case where the destination is an in-memory database and the
  ** page sizes of the source and destination differ. 
  */
  if( nSrcPgsz!=nDestPgsz && sqlite3PagerIsMemdb(pDestPager) ){
    rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
  }

#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
  /* Backup is not possible if the page size of the destination is changing
  ** and a codec is in use.
  */
  if( nSrcPgsz!=nDestPgsz && sqlite3PagerGetCodec(pDestPager)!=0 ){
    rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
  }

  /* Backup is not possible if the number of bytes of reserve space differ
  ** between source and destination.  If there is a difference, try to
  ** fix the destination to agree with the source.  If that is not possible,
  ** then the backup cannot proceed.
  */
  if( nSrcReserve!=nDestReserve ){
    u32 newPgsz = nSrcPgsz;
    rc = sqlite3PagerSetPagesize(pDestPager, &newPgsz, nSrcReserve);
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && newPgsz!=(u32)nSrcPgsz ) rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
  }
#endif

  /* This loop runs once for each destination page spanned by the source 
  ** page. For each iteration, variable iOff is set to the byte offset
  ** of the destination page.
  */
  for(iOff=iEnd-(i64)nSrcPgsz; rc==SQLITE_OK && iOff<iEnd; iOff+=nDestPgsz){
    DbPage *pDestPg = 0;
    Pgno iDest = (Pgno)(iOff/nDestPgsz)+1;








<
<
<
<
<
<
<
















<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<








75073
75074
75075
75076
75077
75078
75079







75080
75081
75082
75083
75084
75085
75086
75087
75088
75089
75090
75091
75092
75093
75094
75095




















75096
75097
75098
75099
75100
75101
75102

  int bUpdate                     /* True for an update, false otherwise */
){
  Pager * const pDestPager = sqlite3BtreePager(p->pDest);
  const int nSrcPgsz = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pSrc);
  int nDestPgsz = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pDest);
  const int nCopy = MIN(nSrcPgsz, nDestPgsz);
  const i64 iEnd = (i64)iSrcPg*(i64)nSrcPgsz;







  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  i64 iOff;

  assert( sqlite3BtreeGetReserveNoMutex(p->pSrc)>=0 );
  assert( p->bDestLocked );
  assert( !isFatalError(p->rc) );
  assert( iSrcPg!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pSrc->pBt) );
  assert( zSrcData );

  /* Catch the case where the destination is an in-memory database and the
  ** page sizes of the source and destination differ. 
  */
  if( nSrcPgsz!=nDestPgsz && sqlite3PagerIsMemdb(pDestPager) ){
    rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
  }





















  /* This loop runs once for each destination page spanned by the source 
  ** page. For each iteration, variable iOff is set to the byte offset
  ** of the destination page.
  */
  for(iOff=iEnd-(i64)nSrcPgsz; rc==SQLITE_OK && iOff<iEnd; iOff+=nDestPgsz){
    DbPage *pDestPg = 0;
    Pgno iDest = (Pgno)(iOff/nDestPgsz)+1;
︙︙
75400
75401
75402
75403
75404
75405
75406
75407
75408
75409
75410
75411
75412
75413
75414
75415
75416
75417

  */
  memset(&b, 0, sizeof(b));
  b.pSrcDb = pFrom->db;
  b.pSrc = pFrom;
  b.pDest = pTo;
  b.iNext = 1;

#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
  sqlite3PagerAlignReserve(sqlite3BtreePager(pTo), sqlite3BtreePager(pFrom));
#endif

  /* 0x7FFFFFFF is the hard limit for the number of pages in a database
  ** file. By passing this as the number of pages to copy to
  ** sqlite3_backup_step(), we can guarantee that the copy finishes 
  ** within a single call (unless an error occurs). The assert() statement
  ** checks this assumption - (p->rc) should be set to either SQLITE_DONE 
  ** or an error code.  */
  sqlite3_backup_step(&b, 0x7FFFFFFF);








<
<
<
<








75584
75585
75586
75587
75588
75589
75590




75591
75592
75593
75594
75595
75596
75597

  */
  memset(&b, 0, sizeof(b));
  b.pSrcDb = pFrom->db;
  b.pSrc = pFrom;
  b.pDest = pTo;
  b.iNext = 1;





  /* 0x7FFFFFFF is the hard limit for the number of pages in a database
  ** file. By passing this as the number of pages to copy to
  ** sqlite3_backup_step(), we can guarantee that the copy finishes 
  ** within a single call (unless an error occurs). The assert() statement
  ** checks this assumption - (p->rc) should be set to either SQLITE_DONE 
  ** or an error code.  */
  sqlite3_backup_step(&b, 0x7FFFFFFF);
︙︙
76393
76394
76395
76396
76397
76398
76399
76400
76401
76402
76403
76404
76405
76406
76407
76408
76409
76410
76411
76412
76413
76414
76415
76416
76417
76418
76419

  for(i=1, pX=pVdbe->aMem+1; i<pVdbe->nMem; i++, pX++){
    if( pX->pScopyFrom==pMem ){
      u16 mFlags;
      if( pVdbe->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeTrace ){
        sqlite3DebugPrintf("Invalidate R[%d] due to change in R[%d]\n",
          (int)(pX - pVdbe->aMem), (int)(pMem - pVdbe->aMem));
      }
      /* If pX is marked as a shallow copy of pMem, then verify that
      ** no significant changes have been made to pX since the OP_SCopy.
      ** A significant change would indicated a missed call to this
      ** function for pX.  Minor changes, such as adding or removing a
      ** dual type, are allowed, as long as the underlying value is the
      ** same. */
      mFlags = pMem->flags & pX->flags & pX->mScopyFlags;
      assert( (mFlags&(MEM_Int|MEM_IntReal))==0 || pMem->u.i==pX->u.i );
      /* assert( (mFlags&MEM_Real)==0 || pMem->u.r==pX->u.r ); */
      /*                                          ^^           */
      /*       Cannot reliably compare doubles for equality    */
      assert( (mFlags&MEM_Str)==0  || (pMem->n==pX->n && pMem->z==pX->z) );
      assert( (mFlags&MEM_Blob)==0  || sqlite3BlobCompare(pMem,pX)==0 );
      
      /* pMem is the register that is changing.  But also mark pX as
      ** undefined so that we can quickly detect the shallow-copy error */
      pX->flags = MEM_Undefined;
      pX->pScopyFrom = 0;
    }
  }








|







<
<
<
<
<








76573
76574
76575
76576
76577
76578
76579
76580
76581
76582
76583
76584
76585
76586
76587





76588
76589
76590
76591
76592
76593
76594

  for(i=1, pX=pVdbe->aMem+1; i<pVdbe->nMem; i++, pX++){
    if( pX->pScopyFrom==pMem ){
      u16 mFlags;
      if( pVdbe->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeTrace ){
        sqlite3DebugPrintf("Invalidate R[%d] due to change in R[%d]\n",
          (int)(pX - pVdbe->aMem), (int)(pMem - pVdbe->aMem));
      }
      /* If pX is marked as a shallow copy of pMem, then try to verify that
      ** no significant changes have been made to pX since the OP_SCopy.
      ** A significant change would indicated a missed call to this
      ** function for pX.  Minor changes, such as adding or removing a
      ** dual type, are allowed, as long as the underlying value is the
      ** same. */
      mFlags = pMem->flags & pX->flags & pX->mScopyFlags;
      assert( (mFlags&(MEM_Int|MEM_IntReal))==0 || pMem->u.i==pX->u.i );





      
      /* pMem is the register that is changing.  But also mark pX as
      ** undefined so that we can quickly detect the shallow-copy error */
      pX->flags = MEM_Undefined;
      pX->pScopyFrom = 0;
    }
  }
︙︙
76601
76602
76603
76604
76605
76606
76607
76608
76609
76610
76611
76612
76613
76614
76615

** pMem->zMalloc space will be allocated if necessary.  The calling routine
** is responsible for making sure that the pMem object is eventually
** destroyed.
**
** If this routine fails for any reason (malloc returns NULL or unable
** to read from the disk) then the pMem is left in an inconsistent state.
*/
static SQLITE_NOINLINE int vdbeMemFromBtreeResize(
  BtCursor *pCur,   /* Cursor pointing at record to retrieve. */
  u32 offset,       /* Offset from the start of data to return bytes from. */
  u32 amt,          /* Number of bytes to return. */
  Mem *pMem         /* OUT: Return data in this Mem structure. */
){
  int rc;
  pMem->flags = MEM_Null;








|








76776
76777
76778
76779
76780
76781
76782
76783
76784
76785
76786
76787
76788
76789
76790

** pMem->zMalloc space will be allocated if necessary.  The calling routine
** is responsible for making sure that the pMem object is eventually
** destroyed.
**
** If this routine fails for any reason (malloc returns NULL or unable
** to read from the disk) then the pMem is left in an inconsistent state.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(
  BtCursor *pCur,   /* Cursor pointing at record to retrieve. */
  u32 offset,       /* Offset from the start of data to return bytes from. */
  u32 amt,          /* Number of bytes to return. */
  Mem *pMem         /* OUT: Return data in this Mem structure. */
){
  int rc;
  pMem->flags = MEM_Null;
︙︙
76624
76625
76626
76627
76628
76629
76630
76631
76632
76633
76634
76635
76636
76637
76638
76639
76640
76641
76642
76643
76644
76645
76646
76647
76648
76649
76650
76651
76652
76653
76654
76655
76656
76657
76658
76659
76660
76661
76662

      pMem->n = (int)amt;
    }else{
      sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
    }
  }
  return rc;
}
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(
  BtCursor *pCur,   /* Cursor pointing at record to retrieve. */
  u32 offset,       /* Offset from the start of data to return bytes from. */
  u32 amt,          /* Number of bytes to return. */
  Mem *pMem         /* OUT: Return data in this Mem structure. */
){
  char *zData;        /* Data from the btree layer */
  u32 available = 0;  /* Number of bytes available on the local btree page */
  int rc = SQLITE_OK; /* Return code */

  assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCur) );
  assert( !VdbeMemDynamic(pMem) );

  /* Note: the calls to BtreeKeyFetch() and DataFetch() below assert() 
  ** that both the BtShared and database handle mutexes are held. */
  assert( !sqlite3VdbeMemIsRowSet(pMem) );
  zData = (char *)sqlite3BtreePayloadFetch(pCur, &available);
  assert( zData!=0 );

  if( offset+amt<=available ){
    pMem->z = &zData[offset];
    pMem->flags = MEM_Blob|MEM_Ephem;
    pMem->n = (int)amt;
  }else{
    rc = vdbeMemFromBtreeResize(pCur, offset, amt, pMem);
  }

  return rc;
}

/*
** The pVal argument is known to be a value other than NULL.








|

<



<









|
|

|
<



|








76799
76800
76801
76802
76803
76804
76805
76806
76807

76808
76809
76810

76811
76812
76813
76814
76815
76816
76817
76818
76819
76820
76821
76822
76823

76824
76825
76826
76827
76828
76829
76830
76831
76832
76833
76834

      pMem->n = (int)amt;
    }else{
      sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
    }
  }
  return rc;
}
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtreeZeroOffset(
  BtCursor *pCur,   /* Cursor pointing at record to retrieve. */

  u32 amt,          /* Number of bytes to return. */
  Mem *pMem         /* OUT: Return data in this Mem structure. */
){

  u32 available = 0;  /* Number of bytes available on the local btree page */
  int rc = SQLITE_OK; /* Return code */

  assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCur) );
  assert( !VdbeMemDynamic(pMem) );

  /* Note: the calls to BtreeKeyFetch() and DataFetch() below assert() 
  ** that both the BtShared and database handle mutexes are held. */
  assert( !sqlite3VdbeMemIsRowSet(pMem) );
  pMem->z = (char *)sqlite3BtreePayloadFetch(pCur, &available);
  assert( pMem->z!=0 );

  if( amt<=available ){

    pMem->flags = MEM_Blob|MEM_Ephem;
    pMem->n = (int)amt;
  }else{
    rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pCur, 0, amt, pMem);
  }

  return rc;
}

/*
** The pVal argument is known to be a value other than NULL.
︙︙
77763
77764
77765
77766
77767
77768
77769
77770
77771
77772
77773
77774
77775
77776
77777

SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExplainBreakpoint(const char *z1, const char *z2){
  (void)z1;
  (void)z2;
}
#endif

/*
** Add a new OP_ opcode.
**
** If the bPush flag is true, then make this opcode the parent for
** subsequent Explains until sqlite3VdbeExplainPop() is called.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeExplain(Parse *pParse, u8 bPush, const char *zFmt, ...){
#ifndef SQLITE_DEBUG
  /* Always include the OP_Explain opcodes if SQLITE_DEBUG is defined.








|








77935
77936
77937
77938
77939
77940
77941
77942
77943
77944
77945
77946
77947
77948
77949

SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExplainBreakpoint(const char *z1, const char *z2){
  (void)z1;
  (void)z2;
}
#endif

/*
** Add a new OP_Explain opcode.
**
** If the bPush flag is true, then make this opcode the parent for
** subsequent Explains until sqlite3VdbeExplainPop() is called.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeExplain(Parse *pParse, u8 bPush, const char *zFmt, ...){
#ifndef SQLITE_DEBUG
  /* Always include the OP_Explain opcodes if SQLITE_DEBUG is defined.
︙︙
78404
78405
78406
78407
78408
78409
78410




























78411
78412
78413
78414
78415
78416
78417

** Change the P2 operand of instruction addr so that it points to
** the address of the next instruction to be coded.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(Vdbe *p, int addr){
  sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(p, addr, p->nOp);
}






























/*
** If the input FuncDef structure is ephemeral, then free it.  If
** the FuncDef is not ephermal, then do nothing.
*/
static void freeEphemeralFunction(sqlite3 *db, FuncDef *pDef){
  if( (pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM)!=0 ){








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








78576
78577
78578
78579
78580
78581
78582
78583
78584
78585
78586
78587
78588
78589
78590
78591
78592
78593
78594
78595
78596
78597
78598
78599
78600
78601
78602
78603
78604
78605
78606
78607
78608
78609
78610
78611
78612
78613
78614
78615
78616
78617

** Change the P2 operand of instruction addr so that it points to
** the address of the next instruction to be coded.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(Vdbe *p, int addr){
  sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(p, addr, p->nOp);
}

/*
** Change the P2 operand of the jump instruction at addr so that
** the jump lands on the next opcode.  Or if the jump instruction was
** the previous opcode (and is thus a no-op) then simply back up
** the next instruction counter by one slot so that the jump is
** overwritten by the next inserted opcode.
**
** This routine is an optimization of sqlite3VdbeJumpHere() that
** strives to omit useless byte-code like this:
**
**        7   Once 0 8 0
**        8   ...
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeJumpHereOrPopInst(Vdbe *p, int addr){
  if( addr==p->nOp-1 ){
    assert( p->aOp[addr].opcode==OP_Once
         || p->aOp[addr].opcode==OP_If
         || p->aOp[addr].opcode==OP_FkIfZero );
    assert( p->aOp[addr].p4type==0 );
#ifdef SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE
    sqlite3VdbeGetOp(p,-1)->iSrcLine = 0;  /* Erase VdbeCoverage() macros */
#endif
    p->nOp--;
  }else{
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(p, addr, p->nOp);
  }
}


/*
** If the input FuncDef structure is ephemeral, then free it.  If
** the FuncDef is not ephermal, then do nothing.
*/
static void freeEphemeralFunction(sqlite3 *db, FuncDef *pDef){
  if( (pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM)!=0 ){
︙︙
78775
78776
78777
78778
78779
78780
78781
78782

78783
78784
78785
78786
78787
78788
78789
78790
78791
78792



78793
78794
78795
78796
78797
78798
78799
78800
78801
78802
78803
78804
78805
78806
78807
78808
78809
78810
78811
78812
78813
78814
78815
78816
78817
78818
78819
78820
78821
78822
78823
78824
78825
78826
78827
78828


78829














78830
78831
78832
78833
78834

78835
78836

78837
78838
78839
78840
78841
78842
78843
78844
78845


78846
78847
78848
78849
78850
78851
78852
78853
78854
78855
78856
78857
78858
78859
78860

** Some translation occurs:
**
**       "PX"      ->  "r[X]"
**       "PX@PY"   ->  "r[X..X+Y-1]"  or "r[x]" if y is 0 or 1
**       "PX@PY+1" ->  "r[X..X+Y]"    or "r[x]" if y is 0
**       "PY..PY"  ->  "r[X..Y]"      or "r[x]" if y<=x
*/
static int displayComment(

  const Op *pOp,     /* The opcode to be commented */
  const char *zP4,   /* Previously obtained value for P4 */
  char *zTemp,       /* Write result here */
  int nTemp          /* Space available in zTemp[] */
){
  const char *zOpName;
  const char *zSynopsis;
  int nOpName;
  int ii, jj;
  char zAlt[50];



  zOpName = sqlite3OpcodeName(pOp->opcode);
  nOpName = sqlite3Strlen30(zOpName);
  if( zOpName[nOpName+1] ){
    int seenCom = 0;
    char c;
    zSynopsis = zOpName += nOpName + 1;
    if( strncmp(zSynopsis,"IF ",3)==0 ){
      if( pOp->p5 & SQLITE_STOREP2 ){
        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zAlt), zAlt, "r[P2] = (%s)", zSynopsis+3);
      }else{
        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zAlt), zAlt, "if %s goto P2", zSynopsis+3);
      }
      zSynopsis = zAlt;
    }
    for(ii=jj=0; jj<nTemp-1 && (c = zSynopsis[ii])!=0; ii++){
      if( c=='P' ){
        c = zSynopsis[++ii];
        if( c=='4' ){
          sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp-jj, zTemp+jj, "%s", zP4);
        }else if( c=='X' ){
          sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp-jj, zTemp+jj, "%s", pOp->zComment);
          seenCom = 1;
        }else{
          int v1 = translateP(c, pOp);
          int v2;
          sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp-jj, zTemp+jj, "%d", v1);
          if( strncmp(zSynopsis+ii+1, "@P", 2)==0 ){
            ii += 3;
            jj += sqlite3Strlen30(zTemp+jj);
            v2 = translateP(zSynopsis[ii], pOp);
            if( strncmp(zSynopsis+ii+1,"+1",2)==0 ){
              ii += 2;
              v2++;
            }
            if( v2>1 ){
              sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp-jj, zTemp+jj, "..%d", v1+v2-1);


            }














          }else if( strncmp(zSynopsis+ii+1, "..P3", 4)==0 && pOp->p3==0 ){
            ii += 4;
          }
        }
        jj += sqlite3Strlen30(zTemp+jj);

      }else{
        zTemp[jj++] = c;

      }
    }
    if( !seenCom && jj<nTemp-5 && pOp->zComment ){
      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp-jj, zTemp+jj, "; %s", pOp->zComment);
      jj += sqlite3Strlen30(zTemp+jj);
    }
    if( jj<nTemp ) zTemp[jj] = 0;
  }else if( pOp->zComment ){
    sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "%s", pOp->zComment);


    jj = sqlite3Strlen30(zTemp);
  }else{
    zTemp[0] = 0;
    jj = 0;
  }
  return jj;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */

#if VDBE_DISPLAY_P4 && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_CURSOR_HINTS)
/*
** Translate the P4.pExpr value for an OP_CursorHint opcode into text
** that can be displayed in the P4 column of EXPLAIN output.
*/
static void displayP4Expr(StrAccum *p, Expr *pExpr){








|
>

|
<
<




|

>
>
>














|



|

|




<


<





|
|
>
>

>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
|
|
|
|
<
>

<
>


|
|
<

<

|
>
>
|
<
<
<

|

|








78975
78976
78977
78978
78979
78980
78981
78982
78983
78984
78985


78986
78987
78988
78989
78990
78991
78992
78993
78994
78995
78996
78997
78998
78999
79000
79001
79002
79003
79004
79005
79006
79007
79008
79009
79010
79011
79012
79013
79014
79015
79016
79017
79018
79019

79020
79021

79022
79023
79024
79025
79026
79027
79028
79029
79030
79031
79032
79033
79034
79035
79036
79037
79038
79039
79040
79041
79042
79043
79044
79045
79046
79047
79048
79049

79050
79051

79052
79053
79054
79055
79056

79057

79058
79059
79060
79061
79062



79063
79064
79065
79066
79067
79068
79069
79070
79071
79072
79073

** Some translation occurs:
**
**       "PX"      ->  "r[X]"
**       "PX@PY"   ->  "r[X..X+Y-1]"  or "r[x]" if y is 0 or 1
**       "PX@PY+1" ->  "r[X..X+Y]"    or "r[x]" if y is 0
**       "PY..PY"  ->  "r[X..Y]"      or "r[x]" if y<=x
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3VdbeDisplayComment(
  sqlite3 *db,       /* Optional - Oom error reporting only */
  const Op *pOp,     /* The opcode to be commented */
  const char *zP4    /* Previously obtained value for P4 */


){
  const char *zOpName;
  const char *zSynopsis;
  int nOpName;
  int ii;
  char zAlt[50];
  StrAccum x;

  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&x, 0, 0, 0, SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH);
  zOpName = sqlite3OpcodeName(pOp->opcode);
  nOpName = sqlite3Strlen30(zOpName);
  if( zOpName[nOpName+1] ){
    int seenCom = 0;
    char c;
    zSynopsis = zOpName += nOpName + 1;
    if( strncmp(zSynopsis,"IF ",3)==0 ){
      if( pOp->p5 & SQLITE_STOREP2 ){
        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zAlt), zAlt, "r[P2] = (%s)", zSynopsis+3);
      }else{
        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zAlt), zAlt, "if %s goto P2", zSynopsis+3);
      }
      zSynopsis = zAlt;
    }
    for(ii=0; (c = zSynopsis[ii])!=0; ii++){
      if( c=='P' ){
        c = zSynopsis[++ii];
        if( c=='4' ){
          sqlite3_str_appendall(&x, zP4);
        }else if( c=='X' ){
          sqlite3_str_appendall(&x, pOp->zComment);
          seenCom = 1;
        }else{
          int v1 = translateP(c, pOp);
          int v2;

          if( strncmp(zSynopsis+ii+1, "@P", 2)==0 ){
            ii += 3;

            v2 = translateP(zSynopsis[ii], pOp);
            if( strncmp(zSynopsis+ii+1,"+1",2)==0 ){
              ii += 2;
              v2++;
            }
            if( v2<2 ){
              sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "%d", v1);
            }else{
              sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "%d..%d", v1, v1+v2-1);
            }
          }else if( strncmp(zSynopsis+ii+1, "@NP", 3)==0 ){
            sqlite3_context *pCtx = pOp->p4.pCtx;
            if( pOp->p4type!=P4_FUNCCTX || pCtx->argc==1 ){
              sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "%d", v1);
            }else if( pCtx->argc>1 ){
              sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "%d..%d", v1, v1+pCtx->argc-1);
            }else{
              assert( x.nChar>2 );
              x.nChar -= 2;
              ii++;
            }
            ii += 3;
          }else{
            sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "%d", v1);
            if( strncmp(zSynopsis+ii+1, "..P3", 4)==0 && pOp->p3==0 ){
              ii += 4;
            }
          }

        }
      }else{

        sqlite3_str_appendchar(&x, 1, c);
      }
    }
    if( !seenCom && pOp->zComment ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "; %s", pOp->zComment);

    }

  }else if( pOp->zComment ){
    sqlite3_str_appendall(&x, pOp->zComment);
  }
  if( (x.accError & SQLITE_NOMEM)!=0 && db!=0 ){
    sqlite3OomFault(db);



  }
  return sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&x);
}
#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS */

#if VDBE_DISPLAY_P4 && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_CURSOR_HINTS)
/*
** Translate the P4.pExpr value for an OP_CursorHint opcode into text
** that can be displayed in the P4 column of EXPLAIN output.
*/
static void displayP4Expr(StrAccum *p, Expr *pExpr){
︙︙
78927
78928
78929
78930
78931
78932
78933
78934
78935
78936
78937
78938
78939
78940
78941
78942
78943
78944
78945



#if VDBE_DISPLAY_P4
/*
** Compute a string that describes the P4 parameter for an opcode.
** Use zTemp for any required temporary buffer space.
*/
static char *displayP4(Op *pOp, char *zTemp, int nTemp){
  char *zP4 = zTemp;
  StrAccum x;
  assert( nTemp>=20 );
  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&x, 0, zTemp, nTemp, 0);
  switch( pOp->p4type ){
    case P4_KEYINFO: {
      int j;
      KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
      assert( pKeyInfo->aSortFlags!=0 );
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "k(%d", pKeyInfo->nKeyField);
      for(j=0; j<pKeyInfo->nKeyField; j++){








|
|

|
|








79140
79141
79142
79143
79144
79145
79146
79147
79148
79149
79150
79151
79152
79153
79154
79155
79156
79157
79158



#if VDBE_DISPLAY_P4
/*
** Compute a string that describes the P4 parameter for an opcode.
** Use zTemp for any required temporary buffer space.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3VdbeDisplayP4(sqlite3 *db, Op *pOp){
  char *zP4 = 0;
  StrAccum x;

  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&x, 0, 0, 0, SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH);
  switch( pOp->p4type ){
    case P4_KEYINFO: {
      int j;
      KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
      assert( pKeyInfo->aSortFlags!=0 );
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "k(%d", pKeyInfo->nKeyField);
      for(j=0; j<pKeyInfo->nKeyField; j++){
︙︙
78957
78958
78959
78960
78961
78962
78963

78964

78965

78966
78967
78968
78969
78970
78971
78972

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_CURSOR_HINTS
    case P4_EXPR: {
      displayP4Expr(&x, pOp->p4.pExpr);
      break;
    }
#endif
    case P4_COLLSEQ: {

      CollSeq *pColl = pOp->p4.pColl;

      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "(%.20s)", pColl->zName);

      break;
    }
    case P4_FUNCDEF: {
      FuncDef *pDef = pOp->p4.pFunc;
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "%s(%d)", pDef->zName, pDef->nArg);
      break;
    }








>

>
|
>








79170
79171
79172
79173
79174
79175
79176
79177
79178
79179
79180
79181
79182
79183
79184
79185
79186
79187
79188

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_CURSOR_HINTS
    case P4_EXPR: {
      displayP4Expr(&x, pOp->p4.pExpr);
      break;
    }
#endif
    case P4_COLLSEQ: {
      static const char *const encnames[] = {"?", "8", "16LE", "16BE"};
      CollSeq *pColl = pOp->p4.pColl;
      assert( pColl->enc>=0 && pColl->enc<4 );
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "%.18s-%s", pColl->zName,
                          encnames[pColl->enc]);
      break;
    }
    case P4_FUNCDEF: {
      FuncDef *pDef = pOp->p4.pFunc;
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "%s(%d)", pDef->zName, pDef->nArg);
      break;
    }
︙︙
79012
79013
79014
79015
79016
79017
79018
79019
79020
79021
79022
79023
79024
79025
79026
79027
79028
79029
79030
79031
79032
79033
79034
79035
79036
79037
79038
79039
79040
79041
79042
79043
79044



79045
79046
79047
79048
79049
79050
79051
79052
79053
79054
79055

#endif
    case P4_INTARRAY: {
      int i;
      int *ai = pOp->p4.ai;
      int n = ai[0];   /* The first element of an INTARRAY is always the
                       ** count of the number of elements to follow */
      for(i=1; i<=n; i++){
        sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, ",%d", ai[i]);
      }
      zTemp[0] = '[';
      sqlite3_str_append(&x, "]", 1);
      break;
    }
    case P4_SUBPROGRAM: {
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "program");
      break;
    }
    case P4_DYNBLOB:
    case P4_ADVANCE: {
      zTemp[0] = 0;
      break;
    }
    case P4_TABLE: {
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "%s", pOp->p4.pTab->zName);
      break;
    }
    default: {
      zP4 = pOp->p4.z;
      if( zP4==0 ){
        zP4 = zTemp;
        zTemp[0] = 0;
      }
    }



  }
  sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&x);
  assert( zP4!=0 );
  return zP4;
}
#endif /* VDBE_DISPLAY_P4 */

/*
** Declare to the Vdbe that the BTree object at db->aDb[i] is used.
**
** The prepared statements need to know in advance the complete set of








|

<




|




<



|




<
<
<
|
|
>
>
>

|
<
<








79228
79229
79230
79231
79232
79233
79234
79235
79236

79237
79238
79239
79240
79241
79242
79243
79244
79245

79246
79247
79248
79249
79250
79251
79252
79253



79254
79255
79256
79257
79258
79259
79260


79261
79262
79263
79264
79265
79266
79267

#endif
    case P4_INTARRAY: {
      int i;
      int *ai = pOp->p4.ai;
      int n = ai[0];   /* The first element of an INTARRAY is always the
                       ** count of the number of elements to follow */
      for(i=1; i<=n; i++){
        sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "%c%d", (i==1 ? '[' : ','), ai[i]);
      }

      sqlite3_str_append(&x, "]", 1);
      break;
    }
    case P4_SUBPROGRAM: {
      zP4 = "program";
      break;
    }
    case P4_DYNBLOB:
    case P4_ADVANCE: {

      break;
    }
    case P4_TABLE: {
      zP4 = pOp->p4.pTab->zName;
      break;
    }
    default: {
      zP4 = pOp->p4.z;



    }
  }
  if( zP4 ) sqlite3_str_appendall(&x, zP4);
  if( (x.accError & SQLITE_NOMEM)!=0 ){
    sqlite3OomFault(db);
  }
  return sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&x);


}
#endif /* VDBE_DISPLAY_P4 */

/*
** Declare to the Vdbe that the BTree object at db->aDb[i] is used.
**
** The prepared statements need to know in advance the complete set of
︙︙
79131
79132
79133
79134
79135
79136
79137
79138
79139
79140
79141


79142
79143
79144
79145
79146
79147
79148
79149
79150
79151
79152

79153
79154
79155



79156
79157
79158
79159
79160
79161
79162


#if defined(VDBE_PROFILE) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
/*
** Print a single opcode.  This routine is used for debugging only.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbePrintOp(FILE *pOut, int pc, VdbeOp *pOp){
  char *zP4;
  char zPtr[50];
  char zCom[100];
  static const char *zFormat1 = "%4d %-13s %4d %4d %4d %-13s %.2X %s\n";
  if( pOut==0 ) pOut = stdout;


  zP4 = displayP4(pOp, zPtr, sizeof(zPtr));
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
  displayComment(pOp, zP4, zCom, sizeof(zCom));
#else
  zCom[0] = 0;
#endif
  /* NB:  The sqlite3OpcodeName() function is implemented by code created
  ** by the mkopcodeh.awk and mkopcodec.awk scripts which extract the
  ** information from the vdbe.c source text */
  fprintf(pOut, zFormat1, pc, 
      sqlite3OpcodeName(pOp->opcode), pOp->p1, pOp->p2, pOp->p3, zP4, pOp->p5,

      zCom
  );
  fflush(pOut);



}
#endif

/*
** Initialize an array of N Mem element.
*/
static void initMemArray(Mem *p, int N, sqlite3 *db, u16 flags){








|
|


>
>
|

|

|





|
>
|


>
>
>








79343
79344
79345
79346
79347
79348
79349
79350
79351
79352
79353
79354
79355
79356
79357
79358
79359
79360
79361
79362
79363
79364
79365
79366
79367
79368
79369
79370
79371
79372
79373
79374
79375
79376
79377
79378
79379
79380


#if defined(VDBE_PROFILE) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
/*
** Print a single opcode.  This routine is used for debugging only.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbePrintOp(FILE *pOut, int pc, VdbeOp *pOp){
  char *zP4;
  char *zCom;
  sqlite3 dummyDb;
  static const char *zFormat1 = "%4d %-13s %4d %4d %4d %-13s %.2X %s\n";
  if( pOut==0 ) pOut = stdout;
  sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
  dummyDb.mallocFailed = 1;
  zP4 = sqlite3VdbeDisplayP4(&dummyDb, pOp);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
  zCom = sqlite3VdbeDisplayComment(0, pOp, zP4);
#else
  zCom = 0;
#endif
  /* NB:  The sqlite3OpcodeName() function is implemented by code created
  ** by the mkopcodeh.awk and mkopcodec.awk scripts which extract the
  ** information from the vdbe.c source text */
  fprintf(pOut, zFormat1, pc, 
      sqlite3OpcodeName(pOp->opcode), pOp->p1, pOp->p2, pOp->p3, 
      zP4 ? zP4 : "", pOp->p5,
      zCom ? zCom : ""
  );
  fflush(pOut);
  sqlite3_free(zP4);
  sqlite3_free(zCom);
  sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
}
#endif

/*
** Initialize an array of N Mem element.
*/
static void initMemArray(Mem *p, int N, sqlite3 *db, u16 flags){
︙︙
79239
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79245



















































































































79246
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79252

SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeFrameMemDel(void *pArg){
  VdbeFrame *pFrame = (VdbeFrame*)pArg;
  assert( sqlite3VdbeFrameIsValid(pFrame) );
  pFrame->pParent = pFrame->v->pDelFrame;
  pFrame->v->pDelFrame = pFrame;
}





















































































































/*
** Delete a VdbeFrame object and its contents. VdbeFrame objects are
** allocated by the OP_Program opcode in sqlite3VdbeExec().
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeFrameDelete(VdbeFrame *p){
  int i;








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79457
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79585

SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeFrameMemDel(void *pArg){
  VdbeFrame *pFrame = (VdbeFrame*)pArg;
  assert( sqlite3VdbeFrameIsValid(pFrame) );
  pFrame->pParent = pFrame->v->pDelFrame;
  pFrame->v->pDelFrame = pFrame;
}

#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_BYTECODE_VTAB) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN)
/*
** Locate the next opcode to be displayed in EXPLAIN or EXPLAIN
** QUERY PLAN output.
**
** Return SQLITE_ROW on success.  Return SQLITE_DONE if there are no
** more opcodes to be displayed.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeNextOpcode(
  Vdbe *p,         /* The statement being explained */
  Mem *pSub,       /* Storage for keeping track of subprogram nesting */
  int eMode,       /* 0: normal.  1: EQP.  2:  TablesUsed */
  int *piPc,       /* IN/OUT: Current rowid.  Overwritten with next rowid */
  int *piAddr,     /* OUT: Write index into (*paOp)[] here */
  Op **paOp        /* OUT: Write the opcode array here */
){
  int nRow;                            /* Stop when row count reaches this */
  int nSub = 0;                        /* Number of sub-vdbes seen so far */
  SubProgram **apSub = 0;              /* Array of sub-vdbes */
  int i;                               /* Next instruction address */
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;                  /* Result code */
  Op *aOp = 0;                         /* Opcode array */
  int iPc;                             /* Rowid.  Copy of value in *piPc */

  /* When the number of output rows reaches nRow, that means the
  ** listing has finished and sqlite3_step() should return SQLITE_DONE.
  ** nRow is the sum of the number of rows in the main program, plus
  ** the sum of the number of rows in all trigger subprograms encountered
  ** so far.  The nRow value will increase as new trigger subprograms are
  ** encountered, but p->pc will eventually catch up to nRow.
  */
  nRow = p->nOp;
  if( pSub!=0 ){
    if( pSub->flags&MEM_Blob ){
      /* pSub is initiallly NULL.  It is initialized to a BLOB by
      ** the P4_SUBPROGRAM processing logic below */
      nSub = pSub->n/sizeof(Vdbe*);
      apSub = (SubProgram **)pSub->z;
    }
    for(i=0; i<nSub; i++){
      nRow += apSub[i]->nOp;
    }
  }
  iPc = *piPc;
  while(1){  /* Loop exits via break */
    i = iPc++;
    if( i>=nRow ){
      p->rc = SQLITE_OK;
      rc = SQLITE_DONE;
      break;
    }
    if( i<p->nOp ){
      /* The rowid is small enough that we are still in the
      ** main program. */
      aOp = p->aOp;
    }else{
      /* We are currently listing subprograms.  Figure out which one and
      ** pick up the appropriate opcode. */
      int j;
      i -= p->nOp;
      assert( apSub!=0 );
      assert( nSub>0 );
      for(j=0; i>=apSub[j]->nOp; j++){
        i -= apSub[j]->nOp;
        assert( i<apSub[j]->nOp || j+1<nSub );
      }
      aOp = apSub[j]->aOp;
    }

    /* When an OP_Program opcode is encounter (the only opcode that has
    ** a P4_SUBPROGRAM argument), expand the size of the array of subprograms
    ** kept in p->aMem[9].z to hold the new program - assuming this subprogram
    ** has not already been seen.
    */
    if( pSub!=0 && aOp[i].p4type==P4_SUBPROGRAM ){
      int nByte = (nSub+1)*sizeof(SubProgram*);
      int j;
      for(j=0; j<nSub; j++){
        if( apSub[j]==aOp[i].p4.pProgram ) break;
      }
      if( j==nSub ){
        p->rc = sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pSub, nByte, nSub!=0);
        if( p->rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
          break;
        }
        apSub = (SubProgram **)pSub->z;
        apSub[nSub++] = aOp[i].p4.pProgram;
        MemSetTypeFlag(pSub, MEM_Blob);
        pSub->n = nSub*sizeof(SubProgram*);
        nRow += aOp[i].p4.pProgram->nOp;
      }
    }
    if( eMode==0 ) break;
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_BYTECODE_VTAB
    if( eMode==2 ){
      Op *pOp = aOp + i;
      if( pOp->opcode==OP_OpenRead ) break;
      if( pOp->opcode==OP_OpenWrite && (pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_P2ISREG)==0 ) break;
      if( pOp->opcode==OP_ReopenIdx ) break;      
    }else
#endif
    {
      assert( eMode==1 );
      if( aOp[i].opcode==OP_Explain ) break;
      if( aOp[i].opcode==OP_Init && iPc>1 ) break;
    }
  }
  *piPc = iPc;
  *piAddr = i;
  *paOp = aOp;
  return rc;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_BYTECODE_VTAB || !SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN */


/*
** Delete a VdbeFrame object and its contents. VdbeFrame objects are
** allocated by the OP_Program opcode in sqlite3VdbeExec().
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeFrameDelete(VdbeFrame *p){
  int i;
︙︙
79279
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79468




79469
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79471
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79477

**
** When p->explain==1, first the main program is listed, then each of
** the trigger subprograms are listed one by one.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeList(
  Vdbe *p                   /* The VDBE */
){
  int nRow;                            /* Stop when row count reaches this */
  int nSub = 0;                        /* Number of sub-vdbes seen so far */
  SubProgram **apSub = 0;              /* Array of sub-vdbes */
  Mem *pSub = 0;                       /* Memory cell hold array of subprogs */
  sqlite3 *db = p->db;                 /* The database connection */
  int i;                               /* Loop counter */
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;                  /* Return code */
  Mem *pMem = &p->aMem[1];             /* First Mem of result set */
  int bListSubprogs = (p->explain==1 || (db->flags & SQLITE_TriggerEQP)!=0);

  Op *pOp = 0;

  assert( p->explain );
  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN );
  assert( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || p->rc==SQLITE_BUSY || p->rc==SQLITE_NOMEM );

  /* Even though this opcode does not use dynamic strings for
  ** the result, result columns may become dynamic if the user calls
  ** sqlite3_column_text16(), causing a translation to UTF-16 encoding.
  */
  releaseMemArray(pMem, 8);
  p->pResultSet = 0;

  if( p->rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
    /* This happens if a malloc() inside a call to sqlite3_column_text() or
    ** sqlite3_column_text16() failed.  */
    sqlite3OomFault(db);
    return SQLITE_ERROR;
  }

  /* When the number of output rows reaches nRow, that means the
  ** listing has finished and sqlite3_step() should return SQLITE_DONE.
  ** nRow is the sum of the number of rows in the main program, plus
  ** the sum of the number of rows in all trigger subprograms encountered
  ** so far.  The nRow value will increase as new trigger subprograms are
  ** encountered, but p->pc will eventually catch up to nRow.
  */
  nRow = p->nOp;
  if( bListSubprogs ){
    /* The first 8 memory cells are used for the result set.  So we will
    ** commandeer the 9th cell to use as storage for an array of pointers
    ** to trigger subprograms.  The VDBE is guaranteed to have at least 9
    ** cells.  */
    assert( p->nMem>9 );
    pSub = &p->aMem[9];
    if( pSub->flags&MEM_Blob ){
      /* On the first call to sqlite3_step(), pSub will hold a NULL.  It is
      ** initialized to a BLOB by the P4_SUBPROGRAM processing logic below */
      nSub = pSub->n/sizeof(Vdbe*);
      apSub = (SubProgram **)pSub->z;
    }
    for(i=0; i<nSub; i++){
      nRow += apSub[i]->nOp;
    }
  }

  while(1){  /* Loop exits via break */
    i = p->pc++;
    if( i>=nRow ){
      p->rc = SQLITE_OK;
      rc = SQLITE_DONE;
      break;
    }
    if( i<p->nOp ){
      /* The output line number is small enough that we are still in the
      ** main program. */
      pOp = &p->aOp[i];
    }else{
      /* We are currently listing subprograms.  Figure out which one and
      ** pick up the appropriate opcode. */
      int j;
      i -= p->nOp;
      assert( apSub!=0 );
      assert( nSub>0 );
      for(j=0; i>=apSub[j]->nOp; j++){
        i -= apSub[j]->nOp;
        assert( i<apSub[j]->nOp || j+1<nSub );
      }
      pOp = &apSub[j]->aOp[i];
    }

    /* When an OP_Program opcode is encounter (the only opcode that has
    ** a P4_SUBPROGRAM argument), expand the size of the array of subprograms
    ** kept in p->aMem[9].z to hold the new program - assuming this subprogram
    ** has not already been seen.
    */
    if( bListSubprogs && pOp->p4type==P4_SUBPROGRAM ){
      int nByte = (nSub+1)*sizeof(SubProgram*);
      int j;
      for(j=0; j<nSub; j++){
        if( apSub[j]==pOp->p4.pProgram ) break;
      }
      if( j==nSub ){
        p->rc = sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pSub, nByte, nSub!=0);
        if( p->rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
          break;
        }
        apSub = (SubProgram **)pSub->z;
        apSub[nSub++] = pOp->p4.pProgram;
        pSub->flags |= MEM_Blob;
        pSub->n = nSub*sizeof(SubProgram*);
        nRow += pOp->p4.pProgram->nOp;
      }
    }
    if( p->explain<2 ) break;
    if( pOp->opcode==OP_Explain ) break;
    if( pOp->opcode==OP_Init && p->pc>1 ) break;
  }

  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){

    if( db->u1.isInterrupted ){
      p->rc = SQLITE_INTERRUPT;
      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
      sqlite3VdbeError(p, sqlite3ErrStr(p->rc));
    }else{
      char *zP4;
      if( p->explain==1 ){
        pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
        pMem->u.i = i;                                /* Program counter */
        pMem++;
    
        pMem->flags = MEM_Static|MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
        pMem->z = (char*)sqlite3OpcodeName(pOp->opcode); /* Opcode */
        assert( pMem->z!=0 );
        pMem->n = sqlite3Strlen30(pMem->z);
        pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
        pMem++;
      }

      pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
      pMem->u.i = pOp->p1;                          /* P1 */
      pMem++;

      pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
      pMem->u.i = pOp->p2;                          /* P2 */
      pMem++;

      pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
      pMem->u.i = pOp->p3;                          /* P3 */
      pMem++;

      if( sqlite3VdbeMemClearAndResize(pMem, 100) ){ /* P4 */
        assert( p->db->mallocFailed );
        return SQLITE_ERROR;
      }
      pMem->flags = MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
      zP4 = displayP4(pOp, pMem->z, pMem->szMalloc);
      if( zP4!=pMem->z ){
        pMem->n = 0;
        sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pMem, zP4, -1, SQLITE_UTF8, 0);
      }else{
        assert( pMem->z!=0 );
        pMem->n = sqlite3Strlen30(pMem->z);
        pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
      }
      pMem++;

      if( p->explain==1 ){
        if( sqlite3VdbeMemClearAndResize(pMem, 4) ){
          assert( p->db->mallocFailed );
          return SQLITE_ERROR;
        }
        pMem->flags = MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
        pMem->n = 2;
        sqlite3_snprintf(3, pMem->z, "%.2x", pOp->p5);   /* P5 */
        pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
        pMem++;
    
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS

        if( sqlite3VdbeMemClearAndResize(pMem, 500) ){
          assert( p->db->mallocFailed );
          return SQLITE_ERROR;
        }
        pMem->flags = MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
        pMem->n = displayComment(pOp, zP4, pMem->z, 500);
        pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
#else
        pMem->flags = MEM_Null;                       /* Comment */

#endif
      }

      p->nResColumn = 8 - 4*(p->explain-1);

      p->pResultSet = &p->aMem[1];




      p->rc = SQLITE_OK;
      rc = SQLITE_ROW;

    }
  }
  return rc;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN */

#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG








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79708

**
** When p->explain==1, first the main program is listed, then each of
** the trigger subprograms are listed one by one.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeList(
  Vdbe *p                   /* The VDBE */
){



  Mem *pSub = 0;                       /* Memory cell hold array of subprogs */
  sqlite3 *db = p->db;                 /* The database connection */
  int i;                               /* Loop counter */
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;                  /* Return code */
  Mem *pMem = &p->aMem[1];             /* First Mem of result set */
  int bListSubprogs = (p->explain==1 || (db->flags & SQLITE_TriggerEQP)!=0);
  Op *aOp;                             /* Array of opcodes */
  Op *pOp;                             /* Current opcode */

  assert( p->explain );
  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN );
  assert( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || p->rc==SQLITE_BUSY || p->rc==SQLITE_NOMEM );

  /* Even though this opcode does not use dynamic strings for
  ** the result, result columns may become dynamic if the user calls
  ** sqlite3_column_text16(), causing a translation to UTF-16 encoding.
  */
  releaseMemArray(pMem, 8);
  p->pResultSet = 0;

  if( p->rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
    /* This happens if a malloc() inside a call to sqlite3_column_text() or
    ** sqlite3_column_text16() failed.  */
    sqlite3OomFault(db);
    return SQLITE_ERROR;
  }









  if( bListSubprogs ){
    /* The first 8 memory cells are used for the result set.  So we will
    ** commandeer the 9th cell to use as storage for an array of pointers
    ** to trigger subprograms.  The VDBE is guaranteed to have at least 9
    ** cells.  */
    assert( p->nMem>9 );
    pSub = &p->aMem[9];






















  }else{




    pSub = 0;




  }


  /* Figure out which opcode is next to display */












  rc = sqlite3VdbeNextOpcode(p, pSub, p->explain==2, &p->pc, &i, &aOp);
















  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    pOp = aOp + i;
    if( AtomicLoad(&db->u1.isInterrupted) ){
      p->rc = SQLITE_INTERRUPT;
      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
      sqlite3VdbeError(p, sqlite3ErrStr(p->rc));
    }else{
      char *zP4 = sqlite3VdbeDisplayP4(db, pOp);
      if( p->explain==2 ){



        sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pMem, pOp->p1);







        sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pMem+1, pOp->p2);



        sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pMem+2, pOp->p3);



        sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pMem+3, zP4, -1, SQLITE_UTF8, sqlite3_free);     



        p->nResColumn = 4;









      }else{
        sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pMem+0, i);
        sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pMem+1, (char*)sqlite3OpcodeName(pOp->opcode),
                             -1, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_STATIC);

        sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pMem+2, pOp->p1);
        sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pMem+3, pOp->p2);

        sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pMem+4, pOp->p3);







        /* pMem+5 for p4 is done last */
        sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pMem+6, pOp->p5);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
        {
          char *zCom = sqlite3VdbeDisplayComment(db, pOp, zP4);

          sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pMem+7, zCom, -1, SQLITE_UTF8, sqlite3_free);
        }



#else

        sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pMem+7);
#endif

        sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pMem+5, zP4, -1, SQLITE_UTF8, sqlite3_free);
        p->nResColumn = 8;
      }
      p->pResultSet = pMem;
      if( db->mallocFailed ){
        p->rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
        rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
      }else{
        p->rc = SQLITE_OK;
        rc = SQLITE_ROW;
      }
    }
  }
  return rc;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN */

#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
︙︙
79671
79672
79673
79674
79675
79676
79677

79678
79679
79680
79681
79682
79683
79684

  if( pParse->explain ){
    static const char * const azColName[] = {
       "addr", "opcode", "p1", "p2", "p3", "p4", "p5", "comment",
       "id", "parent", "notused", "detail"
    };
    int iFirst, mx, i;
    if( nMem<10 ) nMem = 10;

    if( pParse->explain==2 ){
      sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(p, 4);
      iFirst = 8;
      mx = 12;
    }else{
      sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(p, 8);
      iFirst = 0;








>








79902
79903
79904
79905
79906
79907
79908
79909
79910
79911
79912
79913
79914
79915
79916

  if( pParse->explain ){
    static const char * const azColName[] = {
       "addr", "opcode", "p1", "p2", "p3", "p4", "p5", "comment",
       "id", "parent", "notused", "detail"
    };
    int iFirst, mx, i;
    if( nMem<10 ) nMem = 10;
    p->explain = pParse->explain;
    if( pParse->explain==2 ){
      sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(p, 4);
      iFirst = 8;
      mx = 12;
    }else{
      sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(p, 8);
      iFirst = 0;
︙︙
79721
79722
79723
79724
79725
79726
79727
79728
79729
79730
79731
79732
79733
79734
79735

      p->anExec = allocSpace(&x, p->anExec, p->nOp*sizeof(i64));
#endif
    }
  }

  p->pVList = pParse->pVList;
  pParse->pVList =  0;
  p->explain = pParse->explain;
  if( db->mallocFailed ){
    p->nVar = 0;
    p->nCursor = 0;
    p->nMem = 0;
  }else{
    p->nCursor = nCursor;
    p->nVar = (ynVar)nVar;








<








79953
79954
79955
79956
79957
79958
79959

79960
79961
79962
79963
79964
79965
79966

      p->anExec = allocSpace(&x, p->anExec, p->nOp*sizeof(i64));
#endif
    }
  }

  p->pVList = pParse->pVList;
  pParse->pVList =  0;

  if( db->mallocFailed ){
    p->nVar = 0;
    p->nCursor = 0;
    p->nMem = 0;
  }else{
    p->nCursor = nCursor;
    p->nVar = (ynVar)nVar;
︙︙
80033
80034
80035
80036
80037
80038
80039
80040
80041

80042
80043
80044
80045
80046
80047
80048

    i64 offset = 0;
    int res;
    int retryCount = 0;
    int nMainFile;

    /* Select a master journal file name */
    nMainFile = sqlite3Strlen30(zMainFile);
    zMaster = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s-mjXXXXXX9XXz%c%c", zMainFile, 0, 0);
    if( zMaster==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;

    do {
      u32 iRandom;
      if( retryCount ){
        if( retryCount>100 ){
          sqlite3_log(SQLITE_FULL, "MJ delete: %s", zMaster);
          sqlite3OsDelete(pVfs, zMaster, 0);
          break;








|

>








80264
80265
80266
80267
80268
80269
80270
80271
80272
80273
80274
80275
80276
80277
80278
80279
80280

    i64 offset = 0;
    int res;
    int retryCount = 0;
    int nMainFile;

    /* Select a master journal file name */
    nMainFile = sqlite3Strlen30(zMainFile);
    zMaster = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%.4c%s%.16c", 0,zMainFile,0);
    if( zMaster==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
    zMaster += 4;
    do {
      u32 iRandom;
      if( retryCount ){
        if( retryCount>100 ){
          sqlite3_log(SQLITE_FULL, "MJ delete: %s", zMaster);
          sqlite3OsDelete(pVfs, zMaster, 0);
          break;
︙︙
80064
80065
80066
80067
80068
80069
80070
80071
80072
80073
80074
80075
80076
80077
80078

      /* Open the master journal. */
      rc = sqlite3OsOpenMalloc(pVfs, zMaster, &pMaster, 
          SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|
          SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE|SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL, 0
      );
    }
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      sqlite3DbFree(db, zMaster);
      return rc;
    }
 
    /* Write the name of each database file in the transaction into the new
    ** master journal file. If an error occurs at this point close
    ** and delete the master journal file. All the individual journal files
    ** still have 'null' as the master journal pointer, so they will roll








|








80296
80297
80298
80299
80300
80301
80302
80303
80304
80305
80306
80307
80308
80309
80310

      /* Open the master journal. */
      rc = sqlite3OsOpenMalloc(pVfs, zMaster, &pMaster, 
          SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|
          SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE|SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL, 0
      );
    }
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      sqlite3DbFree(db, zMaster-4);
      return rc;
    }
 
    /* Write the name of each database file in the transaction into the new
    ** master journal file. If an error occurs at this point close
    ** and delete the master journal file. All the individual journal files
    ** still have 'null' as the master journal pointer, so they will roll
︙︙
80087
80088
80089
80090
80091
80092
80093
80094
80095
80096
80097
80098
80099
80100
80101
80102
80103
80104
80105
80106
80107
80108
80109
80110
80111
80112
80113
80114
80115

        }
        assert( zFile[0]!=0 );
        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pMaster, zFile, sqlite3Strlen30(zFile)+1, offset);
        offset += sqlite3Strlen30(zFile)+1;
        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
          sqlite3OsCloseFree(pMaster);
          sqlite3OsDelete(pVfs, zMaster, 0);
          sqlite3DbFree(db, zMaster);
          return rc;
        }
      }
    }

    /* Sync the master journal file. If the IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL device
    ** flag is set this is not required.
    */
    if( 0==(sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pMaster)&SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL)
     && SQLITE_OK!=(rc = sqlite3OsSync(pMaster, SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL))
    ){
      sqlite3OsCloseFree(pMaster);
      sqlite3OsDelete(pVfs, zMaster, 0);
      sqlite3DbFree(db, zMaster);
      return rc;
    }

    /* Sync all the db files involved in the transaction. The same call
    ** sets the master journal pointer in each individual journal. If
    ** an error occurs here, do not delete the master journal file.
    **








|













|








80319
80320
80321
80322
80323
80324
80325
80326
80327
80328
80329
80330
80331
80332
80333
80334
80335
80336
80337
80338
80339
80340
80341
80342
80343
80344
80345
80346
80347

        }
        assert( zFile[0]!=0 );
        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pMaster, zFile, sqlite3Strlen30(zFile)+1, offset);
        offset += sqlite3Strlen30(zFile)+1;
        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
          sqlite3OsCloseFree(pMaster);
          sqlite3OsDelete(pVfs, zMaster, 0);
          sqlite3DbFree(db, zMaster-4);
          return rc;
        }
      }
    }

    /* Sync the master journal file. If the IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL device
    ** flag is set this is not required.
    */
    if( 0==(sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pMaster)&SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL)
     && SQLITE_OK!=(rc = sqlite3OsSync(pMaster, SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL))
    ){
      sqlite3OsCloseFree(pMaster);
      sqlite3OsDelete(pVfs, zMaster, 0);
      sqlite3DbFree(db, zMaster-4);
      return rc;
    }

    /* Sync all the db files involved in the transaction. The same call
    ** sets the master journal pointer in each individual journal. If
    ** an error occurs here, do not delete the master journal file.
    **
︙︙
80124
80125
80126
80127
80128
80129
80130
80131
80132
80133
80134
80135
80136
80137
80138
80139
80140
80141
80142
80143
80144
80145
80146
80147

      if( pBt ){
        rc = sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseOne(pBt, zMaster);
      }
    }
    sqlite3OsCloseFree(pMaster);
    assert( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY );
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      sqlite3DbFree(db, zMaster);
      return rc;
    }

    /* Delete the master journal file. This commits the transaction. After
    ** doing this the directory is synced again before any individual
    ** transaction files are deleted.
    */
    rc = sqlite3OsDelete(pVfs, zMaster, 1);
    sqlite3DbFree(db, zMaster);
    zMaster = 0;
    if( rc ){
      return rc;
    }

    /* All files and directories have already been synced, so the following
    ** calls to sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo() are only closing files and








|








|








80356
80357
80358
80359
80360
80361
80362
80363
80364
80365
80366
80367
80368
80369
80370
80371
80372
80373
80374
80375
80376
80377
80378
80379

      if( pBt ){
        rc = sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseOne(pBt, zMaster);
      }
    }
    sqlite3OsCloseFree(pMaster);
    assert( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY );
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      sqlite3DbFree(db, zMaster-4);
      return rc;
    }

    /* Delete the master journal file. This commits the transaction. After
    ** doing this the directory is synced again before any individual
    ** transaction files are deleted.
    */
    rc = sqlite3OsDelete(pVfs, zMaster, 1);
    sqlite3DbFree(db, zMaster-4);
    zMaster = 0;
    if( rc ){
      return rc;
    }

    /* All files and directories have already been synced, so the following
    ** calls to sqlite3BtreeCommitPhaseTwo() are only closing files and
︙︙
80839
80840
80841
80842
80843
80844
80845
80846
80847
80848
80849
80850
80851
80852
80853

** not been deleted out from under the cursor, then this routine is a no-op.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(VdbeCursor **pp, int *piCol){
  VdbeCursor *p = *pp;
  assert( p->eCurType==CURTYPE_BTREE || p->eCurType==CURTYPE_PSEUDO );
  if( p->deferredMoveto ){
    int iMap;
    if( p->aAltMap && (iMap = p->aAltMap[1+*piCol])>0 ){
      *pp = p->pAltCursor;
      *piCol = iMap - 1;
      return SQLITE_OK;
    }
    return sqlite3VdbeFinishMoveto(p);
  }
  if( sqlite3BtreeCursorHasMoved(p->uc.pCursor) ){








|








81071
81072
81073
81074
81075
81076
81077
81078
81079
81080
81081
81082
81083
81084
81085

** not been deleted out from under the cursor, then this routine is a no-op.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(VdbeCursor **pp, int *piCol){
  VdbeCursor *p = *pp;
  assert( p->eCurType==CURTYPE_BTREE || p->eCurType==CURTYPE_PSEUDO );
  if( p->deferredMoveto ){
    int iMap;
    if( p->aAltMap && (iMap = p->aAltMap[1+*piCol])>0 && !p->nullRow ){
      *pp = p->pAltCursor;
      *piCol = iMap - 1;
      return SQLITE_OK;
    }
    return sqlite3VdbeFinishMoveto(p);
  }
  if( sqlite3BtreeCursorHasMoved(p->uc.pCursor) ){
︙︙
81842
81843
81844
81845
81846
81847
81848
81849
81850
81851
81852
81853
81854
81855
81856

          rc = sqlite3IntFloatCompare(mem1.u.i, pRhs->u.r);
        }
      }
    }

    /* RHS is a string */
    else if( pRhs->flags & MEM_Str ){
      getVarint32(&aKey1[idx1], serial_type);
      testcase( serial_type==12 );
      if( serial_type<12 ){
        rc = -1;
      }else if( !(serial_type & 0x01) ){
        rc = +1;
      }else{
        mem1.n = (serial_type - 12) / 2;








|








82074
82075
82076
82077
82078
82079
82080
82081
82082
82083
82084
82085
82086
82087
82088

          rc = sqlite3IntFloatCompare(mem1.u.i, pRhs->u.r);
        }
      }
    }

    /* RHS is a string */
    else if( pRhs->flags & MEM_Str ){
      getVarint32NR(&aKey1[idx1], serial_type);
      testcase( serial_type==12 );
      if( serial_type<12 ){
        rc = -1;
      }else if( !(serial_type & 0x01) ){
        rc = +1;
      }else{
        mem1.n = (serial_type - 12) / 2;
︙︙
81876
81877
81878
81879
81880
81881
81882
81883
81884
81885
81886
81887
81888
81889
81890

        }
      }
    }

    /* RHS is a blob */
    else if( pRhs->flags & MEM_Blob ){
      assert( (pRhs->flags & MEM_Zero)==0 || pRhs->n==0 );
      getVarint32(&aKey1[idx1], serial_type);
      testcase( serial_type==12 );
      if( serial_type<12 || (serial_type & 0x01) ){
        rc = -1;
      }else{
        int nStr = (serial_type - 12) / 2;
        testcase( (d1+nStr)==(unsigned)nKey1 );
        testcase( (d1+nStr+1)==(unsigned)nKey1 );








|








82108
82109
82110
82111
82112
82113
82114
82115
82116
82117
82118
82119
82120
82121
82122

        }
      }
    }

    /* RHS is a blob */
    else if( pRhs->flags & MEM_Blob ){
      assert( (pRhs->flags & MEM_Zero)==0 || pRhs->n==0 );
      getVarint32NR(&aKey1[idx1], serial_type);
      testcase( serial_type==12 );
      if( serial_type<12 || (serial_type & 0x01) ){
        rc = -1;
      }else{
        int nStr = (serial_type - 12) / 2;
        testcase( (d1+nStr)==(unsigned)nKey1 );
        testcase( (d1+nStr+1)==(unsigned)nKey1 );
︙︙
82065
82066
82067
82068
82069
82070
82071


82072

82073
82074
82075
82076
82077
82078
82079

){
  const u8 *aKey1 = (const u8*)pKey1;
  int serial_type;
  int res;

  assert( pPKey2->aMem[0].flags & MEM_Str );
  vdbeAssertFieldCountWithinLimits(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2->pKeyInfo);


  getVarint32(&aKey1[1], serial_type);

  if( serial_type<12 ){
    res = pPKey2->r1;      /* (pKey1/nKey1) is a number or a null */
  }else if( !(serial_type & 0x01) ){ 
    res = pPKey2->r2;      /* (pKey1/nKey1) is a blob */
  }else{
    int nCmp;
    int nStr;








>
>
|
>








82297
82298
82299
82300
82301
82302
82303
82304
82305
82306
82307
82308
82309
82310
82311
82312
82313
82314

){
  const u8 *aKey1 = (const u8*)pKey1;
  int serial_type;
  int res;

  assert( pPKey2->aMem[0].flags & MEM_Str );
  vdbeAssertFieldCountWithinLimits(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2->pKeyInfo);
  serial_type = (u8)(aKey1[1]);
  if( serial_type >= 0x80 ){
    sqlite3GetVarint32(&aKey1[1], (u32*)&serial_type);
  }
  if( serial_type<12 ){
    res = pPKey2->r1;      /* (pKey1/nKey1) is a number or a null */
  }else if( !(serial_type & 0x01) ){ 
    res = pPKey2->r2;      /* (pKey1/nKey1) is a blob */
  }else{
    int nCmp;
    int nStr;
︙︙
82186
82187
82188
82189
82190
82191
82192
82193
82194
82195
82196
82197
82198
82199
82200
82201
82202
82203
82204
82205
82206
82207
82208
82209
82210
82211
82212
82213
82214
82215
82216
82217

  */
  assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCur) );
  nCellKey = sqlite3BtreePayloadSize(pCur);
  assert( (nCellKey & SQLITE_MAX_U32)==(u64)nCellKey );

  /* Read in the complete content of the index entry */
  sqlite3VdbeMemInit(&m, db, 0);
  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pCur, 0, (u32)nCellKey, &m);
  if( rc ){
    return rc;
  }

  /* The index entry must begin with a header size */
  (void)getVarint32((u8*)m.z, szHdr);
  testcase( szHdr==3 );
  testcase( szHdr==m.n );
  testcase( szHdr>0x7fffffff );
  assert( m.n>=0 );
  if( unlikely(szHdr<3 || szHdr>(unsigned)m.n) ){
    goto idx_rowid_corruption;
  }

  /* The last field of the index should be an integer - the ROWID.
  ** Verify that the last entry really is an integer. */
  (void)getVarint32((u8*)&m.z[szHdr-1], typeRowid);
  testcase( typeRowid==1 );
  testcase( typeRowid==2 );
  testcase( typeRowid==3 );
  testcase( typeRowid==4 );
  testcase( typeRowid==5 );
  testcase( typeRowid==6 );
  testcase( typeRowid==8 );








|





|










|








82421
82422
82423
82424
82425
82426
82427
82428
82429
82430
82431
82432
82433
82434
82435
82436
82437
82438
82439
82440
82441
82442
82443
82444
82445
82446
82447
82448
82449
82450
82451
82452

  */
  assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCur) );
  nCellKey = sqlite3BtreePayloadSize(pCur);
  assert( (nCellKey & SQLITE_MAX_U32)==(u64)nCellKey );

  /* Read in the complete content of the index entry */
  sqlite3VdbeMemInit(&m, db, 0);
  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtreeZeroOffset(pCur, (u32)nCellKey, &m);
  if( rc ){
    return rc;
  }

  /* The index entry must begin with a header size */
  getVarint32NR((u8*)m.z, szHdr);
  testcase( szHdr==3 );
  testcase( szHdr==m.n );
  testcase( szHdr>0x7fffffff );
  assert( m.n>=0 );
  if( unlikely(szHdr<3 || szHdr>(unsigned)m.n) ){
    goto idx_rowid_corruption;
  }

  /* The last field of the index should be an integer - the ROWID.
  ** Verify that the last entry really is an integer. */
  getVarint32NR((u8*)&m.z[szHdr-1], typeRowid);
  testcase( typeRowid==1 );
  testcase( typeRowid==2 );
  testcase( typeRowid==3 );
  testcase( typeRowid==4 );
  testcase( typeRowid==5 );
  testcase( typeRowid==6 );
  testcase( typeRowid==8 );
︙︙
82268
82269
82270
82271
82272
82273
82274
82275
82276
82277
82278
82279
82280
82281
82282

  /* nCellKey will always be between 0 and 0xffffffff because of the way
  ** that btreeParseCellPtr() and sqlite3GetVarint32() are implemented */
  if( nCellKey<=0 || nCellKey>0x7fffffff ){
    *res = 0;
    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
  }
  sqlite3VdbeMemInit(&m, db, 0);
  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pCur, 0, (u32)nCellKey, &m);
  if( rc ){
    return rc;
  }
  *res = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompareWithSkip(m.n, m.z, pUnpacked, 0);
  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&m);
  return SQLITE_OK;
}








|








82503
82504
82505
82506
82507
82508
82509
82510
82511
82512
82513
82514
82515
82516
82517

  /* nCellKey will always be between 0 and 0xffffffff because of the way
  ** that btreeParseCellPtr() and sqlite3GetVarint32() are implemented */
  if( nCellKey<=0 || nCellKey>0x7fffffff ){
    *res = 0;
    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
  }
  sqlite3VdbeMemInit(&m, db, 0);
  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtreeZeroOffset(pCur, (u32)nCellKey, &m);
  if( rc ){
    return rc;
  }
  *res = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompareWithSkip(m.n, m.z, pUnpacked, 0);
  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&m);
  return SQLITE_OK;
}
︙︙
83181
83182
83183
83184
83185
83186
83187
83188
83189
83190
83191
83192
83193
83194
83195

  }
  if( p->pc<0 ){
    /* If there are no other statements currently running, then
    ** reset the interrupt flag.  This prevents a call to sqlite3_interrupt
    ** from interrupting a statement that has not yet started.
    */
    if( db->nVdbeActive==0 ){
      db->u1.isInterrupted = 0;
    }

    assert( db->nVdbeWrite>0 || db->autoCommit==0 
        || (db->nDeferredCons==0 && db->nDeferredImmCons==0)
    );

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE








|








83416
83417
83418
83419
83420
83421
83422
83423
83424
83425
83426
83427
83428
83429
83430

  }
  if( p->pc<0 ){
    /* If there are no other statements currently running, then
    ** reset the interrupt flag.  This prevents a call to sqlite3_interrupt
    ** from interrupting a statement that has not yet started.
    */
    if( db->nVdbeActive==0 ){
      AtomicStore(&db->u1.isInterrupted, 0);
    }

    assert( db->nVdbeWrite>0 || db->autoCommit==0 
        || (db->nDeferredCons==0 && db->nDeferredImmCons==0)
    );

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
︙︙
83873
83874
83875
83876
83877
83878
83879
83880
83881
83882
83883
83884
83885
83886
83887

  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pVar);
  pVar->flags = MEM_Null;
  p->db->errCode = SQLITE_OK;

  /* If the bit corresponding to this variable in Vdbe.expmask is set, then 
  ** binding a new value to this variable invalidates the current query plan.
  **
  ** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-48440-37595 If the specific value bound to host
  ** parameter in the WHERE clause might influence the choice of query plan
  ** for a statement, then the statement will be automatically recompiled,
  ** as if there had been a schema change, on the first sqlite3_step() call
  ** following any change to the bindings of that parameter.
  */
  assert( (p->prepFlags & SQLITE_PREPARE_SAVESQL)!=0 || p->expmask==0 );
  if( p->expmask!=0 && (p->expmask & (i>=31 ? 0x80000000 : (u32)1<<i))!=0 ){








|








84108
84109
84110
84111
84112
84113
84114
84115
84116
84117
84118
84119
84120
84121
84122

  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pVar);
  pVar->flags = MEM_Null;
  p->db->errCode = SQLITE_OK;

  /* If the bit corresponding to this variable in Vdbe.expmask is set, then 
  ** binding a new value to this variable invalidates the current query plan.
  **
  ** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-57496-20354 If the specific value bound to a host
  ** parameter in the WHERE clause might influence the choice of query plan
  ** for a statement, then the statement will be automatically recompiled,
  ** as if there had been a schema change, on the first sqlite3_step() call
  ** following any change to the bindings of that parameter.
  */
  assert( (p->prepFlags & SQLITE_PREPARE_SAVESQL)!=0 || p->expmask==0 );
  if( p->expmask!=0 && (p->expmask & (i>=31 ? 0x80000000 : (u32)1<<i))!=0 ){
︙︙
85566
85567
85568
85569
85570
85571
85572
85573
85574
85575
85576
85577
85578
85579
85580

  }
  assert( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || (p->rc&0xff)==SQLITE_BUSY );
  assert( p->bIsReader || p->readOnly!=0 );
  p->iCurrentTime = 0;
  assert( p->explain==0 );
  p->pResultSet = 0;
  db->busyHandler.nBusy = 0;
  if( db->u1.isInterrupted ) goto abort_due_to_interrupt;
  sqlite3VdbeIOTraceSql(p);
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
  if( p->pc==0
   && (p->db->flags & (SQLITE_VdbeListing|SQLITE_VdbeEQP|SQLITE_VdbeTrace))!=0
  ){
    int i;








|








85801
85802
85803
85804
85805
85806
85807
85808
85809
85810
85811
85812
85813
85814
85815

  }
  assert( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || (p->rc&0xff)==SQLITE_BUSY );
  assert( p->bIsReader || p->readOnly!=0 );
  p->iCurrentTime = 0;
  assert( p->explain==0 );
  p->pResultSet = 0;
  db->busyHandler.nBusy = 0;
  if( AtomicLoad(&db->u1.isInterrupted) ) goto abort_due_to_interrupt;
  sqlite3VdbeIOTraceSql(p);
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
  if( p->pc==0
   && (p->db->flags & (SQLITE_VdbeListing|SQLITE_VdbeEQP|SQLITE_VdbeTrace))!=0
  ){
    int i;
︙︙
85750
85751
85752
85753
85754
85755
85756
85757
85758
85759
85760
85761
85762
85763
85764

  **
  ** This code uses unstructured "goto" statements and does not look clean.
  ** But that is not due to sloppy coding habits. The code is written this
  ** way for performance, to avoid having to run the interrupt and progress
  ** checks on every opcode.  This helps sqlite3_step() to run about 1.5%
  ** faster according to "valgrind --tool=cachegrind" */
check_for_interrupt:
  if( db->u1.isInterrupted ) goto abort_due_to_interrupt;
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
  /* Call the progress callback if it is configured and the required number
  ** of VDBE ops have been executed (either since this invocation of
  ** sqlite3VdbeExec() or since last time the progress callback was called).
  ** If the progress callback returns non-zero, exit the virtual machine with
  ** a return code SQLITE_ABORT.
  */








|








85985
85986
85987
85988
85989
85990
85991
85992
85993
85994
85995
85996
85997
85998
85999

  **
  ** This code uses unstructured "goto" statements and does not look clean.
  ** But that is not due to sloppy coding habits. The code is written this
  ** way for performance, to avoid having to run the interrupt and progress
  ** checks on every opcode.  This helps sqlite3_step() to run about 1.5%
  ** faster according to "valgrind --tool=cachegrind" */
check_for_interrupt:
  if( AtomicLoad(&db->u1.isInterrupted) ) goto abort_due_to_interrupt;
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
  /* Call the progress callback if it is configured and the required number
  ** of VDBE ops have been executed (either since this invocation of
  ** sqlite3VdbeExec() or since last time the progress callback was called).
  ** If the progress callback returns non-zero, exit the virtual machine with
  ** a return code SQLITE_ABORT.
  */
︙︙
86403
86404
86405
86406
86407
86408
86409
86410
86411
86412
86413
86414
86415
86416
86417

  i64 nByte;          /* Total size of the output string or blob */
  u16 flags1;         /* Initial flags for P1 */
  u16 flags2;         /* Initial flags for P2 */

  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
  pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
  testcase( pIn1==pIn2 );
  testcase( pOut==pIn2 );
  assert( pIn1!=pOut );
  flags1 = pIn1->flags;
  testcase( flags1 & MEM_Null );
  testcase( pIn2->flags & MEM_Null );
  if( (flags1 | pIn2->flags) & MEM_Null ){
    sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pOut);








<








86638
86639
86640
86641
86642
86643
86644

86645
86646
86647
86648
86649
86650
86651

  i64 nByte;          /* Total size of the output string or blob */
  u16 flags1;         /* Initial flags for P1 */
  u16 flags2;         /* Initial flags for P2 */

  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
  pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];

  testcase( pOut==pIn2 );
  assert( pIn1!=pOut );
  flags1 = pIn1->flags;
  testcase( flags1 & MEM_Null );
  testcase( pIn2->flags & MEM_Null );
  if( (flags1 | pIn2->flags) & MEM_Null ){
    sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pOut);
︙︙
86934
86935
86936
86937
86938
86939
86940
86941
86942
86943
86944
86945
86946
86947
86948

  }else{
    /* Neither operand is NULL.  Do a comparison. */
    affinity = pOp->p5 & SQLITE_AFF_MASK;
    if( affinity>=SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC ){
      if( (flags1 | flags3)&MEM_Str ){
        if( (flags1 & (MEM_Int|MEM_IntReal|MEM_Real|MEM_Str))==MEM_Str ){
          applyNumericAffinity(pIn1,0);
          testcase( flags3!=pIn3->flags );
          flags3 = pIn3->flags;
        }
        if( (flags3 & (MEM_Int|MEM_IntReal|MEM_Real|MEM_Str))==MEM_Str ){
          applyNumericAffinity(pIn3,0);
        }
      }
      /* Handle the common case of integer comparison here, as an








|








87168
87169
87170
87171
87172
87173
87174
87175
87176
87177
87178
87179
87180
87181
87182

  }else{
    /* Neither operand is NULL.  Do a comparison. */
    affinity = pOp->p5 & SQLITE_AFF_MASK;
    if( affinity>=SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC ){
      if( (flags1 | flags3)&MEM_Str ){
        if( (flags1 & (MEM_Int|MEM_IntReal|MEM_Real|MEM_Str))==MEM_Str ){
          applyNumericAffinity(pIn1,0);
          assert( flags3==pIn3->flags );
          flags3 = pIn3->flags;
        }
        if( (flags3 & (MEM_Int|MEM_IntReal|MEM_Real|MEM_Str))==MEM_Str ){
          applyNumericAffinity(pIn3,0);
        }
      }
      /* Handle the common case of integer comparison here, as an
︙︙
86957
86958
86959
86960
86961
86962
86963
86964
86965
86966
86967
86968
86969
86970
86971

      if( (flags1 & MEM_Str)==0 && (flags1&(MEM_Int|MEM_Real|MEM_IntReal))!=0 ){
        testcase( pIn1->flags & MEM_Int );
        testcase( pIn1->flags & MEM_Real );
        testcase( pIn1->flags & MEM_IntReal );
        sqlite3VdbeMemStringify(pIn1, encoding, 1);
        testcase( (flags1&MEM_Dyn) != (pIn1->flags&MEM_Dyn) );
        flags1 = (pIn1->flags & ~MEM_TypeMask) | (flags1 & MEM_TypeMask);
        if( pIn1==pIn3 ) flags3 = flags1 | MEM_Str;
      }
      if( (flags3 & MEM_Str)==0 && (flags3&(MEM_Int|MEM_Real|MEM_IntReal))!=0 ){
        testcase( pIn3->flags & MEM_Int );
        testcase( pIn3->flags & MEM_Real );
        testcase( pIn3->flags & MEM_IntReal );
        sqlite3VdbeMemStringify(pIn3, encoding, 1);
        testcase( (flags3&MEM_Dyn) != (pIn3->flags&MEM_Dyn) );








|








87191
87192
87193
87194
87195
87196
87197
87198
87199
87200
87201
87202
87203
87204
87205

      if( (flags1 & MEM_Str)==0 && (flags1&(MEM_Int|MEM_Real|MEM_IntReal))!=0 ){
        testcase( pIn1->flags & MEM_Int );
        testcase( pIn1->flags & MEM_Real );
        testcase( pIn1->flags & MEM_IntReal );
        sqlite3VdbeMemStringify(pIn1, encoding, 1);
        testcase( (flags1&MEM_Dyn) != (pIn1->flags&MEM_Dyn) );
        flags1 = (pIn1->flags & ~MEM_TypeMask) | (flags1 & MEM_TypeMask);
        if( NEVER(pIn1==pIn3) ) flags3 = flags1 | MEM_Str;
      }
      if( (flags3 & MEM_Str)==0 && (flags3&(MEM_Int|MEM_Real|MEM_IntReal))!=0 ){
        testcase( pIn3->flags & MEM_Int );
        testcase( pIn3->flags & MEM_Real );
        testcase( pIn3->flags & MEM_IntReal );
        sqlite3VdbeMemStringify(pIn3, encoding, 1);
        testcase( (flags3&MEM_Dyn) != (pIn3->flags&MEM_Dyn) );
︙︙
87572
87573
87574
87575
87576
87577
87578
87579
87580
87581
87582
87583
87584
87585
87586

    /* If there is more header available for parsing in the record, try
    ** to extract additional fields up through the p2+1-th field 
    */
    if( pC->iHdrOffset<aOffset[0] ){
      /* Make sure zData points to enough of the record to cover the header. */
      if( pC->aRow==0 ){
        memset(&sMem, 0, sizeof(sMem));
        rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pC->uc.pCursor, 0, aOffset[0], &sMem);
        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
        zData = (u8*)sMem.z;
      }else{
        zData = pC->aRow;
      }
  
      /* Fill in pC->aType[i] and aOffset[i] values through the p2-th field. */








|








87806
87807
87808
87809
87810
87811
87812
87813
87814
87815
87816
87817
87818
87819
87820

    /* If there is more header available for parsing in the record, try
    ** to extract additional fields up through the p2+1-th field 
    */
    if( pC->iHdrOffset<aOffset[0] ){
      /* Make sure zData points to enough of the record to cover the header. */
      if( pC->aRow==0 ){
        memset(&sMem, 0, sizeof(sMem));
        rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtreeZeroOffset(pC->uc.pCursor,aOffset[0],&sMem);
        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
        zData = (u8*)sMem.z;
      }else{
        zData = pC->aRow;
      }
  
      /* Fill in pC->aType[i] and aOffset[i] values through the p2-th field. */
︙︙
88047
88048
88049
88050
88051
88052
88053
88054
88055
88056
88057
88058




88059
88060
88061
88062
88063
88064
88065
88066
88067



88068
88069
88070

88071
88072
88073
88074
88075
88076
88077
88078
88079
88080
88081
88082

  assert( nByte==(int)(zPayload - (u8*)pOut->z) );

  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=(p->nMem+1 - p->nCursor) );
  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, pOut);
  break;
}

/* Opcode: Count P1 P2 * * *
** Synopsis: r[P2]=count()
**
** Store the number of entries (an integer value) in the table or index 
** opened by cursor P1 in register P2




*/
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT
case OP_Count: {         /* out2 */
  i64 nEntry;
  BtCursor *pCrsr;

  assert( p->apCsr[pOp->p1]->eCurType==CURTYPE_BTREE );
  pCrsr = p->apCsr[pOp->p1]->uc.pCursor;
  assert( pCrsr );



  nEntry = 0;  /* Not needed.  Only used to silence a warning. */
  rc = sqlite3BtreeCount(db, pCrsr, &nEntry);
  if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;

  pOut = out2Prerelease(p, pOp);
  pOut->u.i = nEntry;
  goto check_for_interrupt;
}
#endif

/* Opcode: Savepoint P1 * * P4 *
**
** Open, release or rollback the savepoint named by parameter P4, depending
** on the value of P1. To open a new savepoint set P1==0 (SAVEPOINT_BEGIN).
** To release (commit) an existing savepoint set P1==1 (SAVEPOINT_RELEASE).
** To rollback an existing savepoint set P1==2 (SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK).








|



|
>
>
>
>

<







>
>
>
|
|
|
>




<








88281
88282
88283
88284
88285
88286
88287
88288
88289
88290
88291
88292
88293
88294
88295
88296
88297

88298
88299
88300
88301
88302
88303
88304
88305
88306
88307
88308
88309
88310
88311
88312
88313
88314
88315

88316
88317
88318
88319
88320
88321
88322

  assert( nByte==(int)(zPayload - (u8*)pOut->z) );

  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=(p->nMem+1 - p->nCursor) );
  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, pOut);
  break;
}

/* Opcode: Count P1 P2 p3 * *
** Synopsis: r[P2]=count()
**
** Store the number of entries (an integer value) in the table or index 
** opened by cursor P1 in register P2.
**
** If P3==0, then an exact count is obtained, which involves visiting
** every btree page of the table.  But if P3 is non-zero, an estimate
** is returned based on the current cursor position.  
*/

case OP_Count: {         /* out2 */
  i64 nEntry;
  BtCursor *pCrsr;

  assert( p->apCsr[pOp->p1]->eCurType==CURTYPE_BTREE );
  pCrsr = p->apCsr[pOp->p1]->uc.pCursor;
  assert( pCrsr );
  if( pOp->p3 ){
    nEntry = sqlite3BtreeRowCountEst(pCrsr);
  }else{
    nEntry = 0;  /* Not needed.  Only used to silence a warning. */
    rc = sqlite3BtreeCount(db, pCrsr, &nEntry);
    if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
  }
  pOut = out2Prerelease(p, pOp);
  pOut->u.i = nEntry;
  goto check_for_interrupt;
}


/* Opcode: Savepoint P1 * * P4 *
**
** Open, release or rollback the savepoint named by parameter P4, depending
** on the value of P1. To open a new savepoint set P1==0 (SAVEPOINT_BEGIN).
** To release (commit) an existing savepoint set P1==1 (SAVEPOINT_RELEASE).
** To rollback an existing savepoint set P1==2 (SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK).
︙︙
88524
88525
88526
88527
88528
88529
88530
88531
88532
88533
88534
88535
88536
88537
88538

** values need not be contiguous but all P1 values should be small integers.
** It is an error for P1 to be negative.
**
** Allowed P5 bits:
** <ul>
** <li>  <b>0x02 OPFLAG_SEEKEQ</b>: This cursor will only be used for
**       equality lookups (implemented as a pair of opcodes OP_SeekGE/OP_IdxGT
**       of OP_SeekLE/OP_IdxGT)
** </ul>
**
** The P4 value may be either an integer (P4_INT32) or a pointer to
** a KeyInfo structure (P4_KEYINFO). If it is a pointer to a KeyInfo 
** object, then table being opened must be an [index b-tree] where the
** KeyInfo object defines the content and collating 
** sequence of that index b-tree. Otherwise, if P4 is an integer 








|








88764
88765
88766
88767
88768
88769
88770
88771
88772
88773
88774
88775
88776
88777
88778

** values need not be contiguous but all P1 values should be small integers.
** It is an error for P1 to be negative.
**
** Allowed P5 bits:
** <ul>
** <li>  <b>0x02 OPFLAG_SEEKEQ</b>: This cursor will only be used for
**       equality lookups (implemented as a pair of opcodes OP_SeekGE/OP_IdxGT
**       of OP_SeekLE/OP_IdxLT)
** </ul>
**
** The P4 value may be either an integer (P4_INT32) or a pointer to
** a KeyInfo structure (P4_KEYINFO). If it is a pointer to a KeyInfo 
** object, then table being opened must be an [index b-tree] where the
** KeyInfo object defines the content and collating 
** sequence of that index b-tree. Otherwise, if P4 is an integer
︙︙
88554
88555
88556
88557
88558
88559
88560
88561
88562
88563
88564
88565
88566
88567
88568

** be the same as every other ReopenIdx or OpenRead for the same cursor
** number.
**
** Allowed P5 bits:
** <ul>
** <li>  <b>0x02 OPFLAG_SEEKEQ</b>: This cursor will only be used for
**       equality lookups (implemented as a pair of opcodes OP_SeekGE/OP_IdxGT
**       of OP_SeekLE/OP_IdxGT)
** </ul>
**
** See also: OP_OpenRead, OP_OpenWrite
*/
/* Opcode: OpenWrite P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
** Synopsis: root=P2 iDb=P3
**








|








88794
88795
88796
88797
88798
88799
88800
88801
88802
88803
88804
88805
88806
88807
88808

** be the same as every other ReopenIdx or OpenRead for the same cursor
** number.
**
** Allowed P5 bits:
** <ul>
** <li>  <b>0x02 OPFLAG_SEEKEQ</b>: This cursor will only be used for
**       equality lookups (implemented as a pair of opcodes OP_SeekGE/OP_IdxGT
**       of OP_SeekLE/OP_IdxLT)
** </ul>
**
** See also: OP_OpenRead, OP_OpenWrite
*/
/* Opcode: OpenWrite P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
** Synopsis: root=P2 iDb=P3
**
︙︙
88578
88579
88580
88581
88582
88583
88584
88585
88586
88587
88588
88589
88590
88591
88592

** value, then the table being opened must be a [table b-tree] with a
** number of columns no less than the value of P4.
**
** Allowed P5 bits:
** <ul>
** <li>  <b>0x02 OPFLAG_SEEKEQ</b>: This cursor will only be used for
**       equality lookups (implemented as a pair of opcodes OP_SeekGE/OP_IdxGT
**       of OP_SeekLE/OP_IdxGT)
** <li>  <b>0x08 OPFLAG_FORDELETE</b>: This cursor is used only to seek
**       and subsequently delete entries in an index btree.  This is a
**       hint to the storage engine that the storage engine is allowed to
**       ignore.  The hint is not used by the official SQLite b*tree storage
**       engine, but is used by COMDB2.
** <li>  <b>0x10 OPFLAG_P2ISREG</b>: Use the content of register P2
**       as the root page, not the value of P2 itself.








|








88818
88819
88820
88821
88822
88823
88824
88825
88826
88827
88828
88829
88830
88831
88832

** value, then the table being opened must be a [table b-tree] with a
** number of columns no less than the value of P4.
**
** Allowed P5 bits:
** <ul>
** <li>  <b>0x02 OPFLAG_SEEKEQ</b>: This cursor will only be used for
**       equality lookups (implemented as a pair of opcodes OP_SeekGE/OP_IdxGT
**       of OP_SeekLE/OP_IdxLT)
** <li>  <b>0x08 OPFLAG_FORDELETE</b>: This cursor is used only to seek
**       and subsequently delete entries in an index btree.  This is a
**       hint to the storage engine that the storage engine is allowed to
**       ignore.  The hint is not used by the official SQLite b*tree storage
**       engine, but is used by COMDB2.
** <li>  <b>0x10 OPFLAG_P2ISREG</b>: Use the content of register P2
**       as the root page, not the value of P2 itself.
︙︙
88690
88691
88692
88693
88694
88695
88696
88697
88698
88699
88700
88701
88702
88703
88704
88705
88706

  ** since moved into the btree layer.  */  
  pCur->isTable = pOp->p4type!=P4_KEYINFO;

open_cursor_set_hints:
  assert( OPFLAG_BULKCSR==BTREE_BULKLOAD );
  assert( OPFLAG_SEEKEQ==BTREE_SEEK_EQ );
  testcase( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_BULKCSR );
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_CURSOR_HINTS
  testcase( pOp->p2 & OPFLAG_SEEKEQ );
#endif
  sqlite3BtreeCursorHintFlags(pCur->uc.pCursor,
                               (pOp->p5 & (OPFLAG_BULKCSR|OPFLAG_SEEKEQ)));
  if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
  break;
}

/* Opcode: OpenDup P1 P2 * * *








<

<








88930
88931
88932
88933
88934
88935
88936

88937

88938
88939
88940
88941
88942
88943
88944

  ** since moved into the btree layer.  */  
  pCur->isTable = pOp->p4type!=P4_KEYINFO;

open_cursor_set_hints:
  assert( OPFLAG_BULKCSR==BTREE_BULKLOAD );
  assert( OPFLAG_SEEKEQ==BTREE_SEEK_EQ );
  testcase( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_BULKCSR );

  testcase( pOp->p2 & OPFLAG_SEEKEQ );

  sqlite3BtreeCursorHintFlags(pCur->uc.pCursor,
                               (pOp->p5 & (OPFLAG_BULKCSR|OPFLAG_SEEKEQ)));
  if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
  break;
}

/* Opcode: OpenDup P1 P2 * * *
︙︙
88948
88949
88950
88951
88952
88953
88954
88955
88956
88957
88958
88959


88960
88961
88962
88963
88964
88965
88966
88967
88968
88969
88970
88971
88972
88973
88974
88975
88976
88977
88978
88979
88980
88981
88982

** that are used as an unpacked index key. 
**
** Reposition cursor P1 so that  it points to the smallest entry that 
** is greater than or equal to the key value. If there are no records 
** greater than or equal to the key and P2 is not zero, then jump to P2.
**
** If the cursor P1 was opened using the OPFLAG_SEEKEQ flag, then this
** opcode will always land on a record that equally equals the key, or
** else jump immediately to P2.  When the cursor is OPFLAG_SEEKEQ, this
** opcode must be followed by an IdxLE opcode with the same arguments.
** The IdxLE opcode will be skipped if this opcode succeeds, but the
** IdxLE opcode will be used on subsequent loop iterations.


**
** This opcode leaves the cursor configured to move in forward order,
** from the beginning toward the end.  In other words, the cursor is
** configured to use Next, not Prev.
**
** See also: Found, NotFound, SeekLt, SeekGt, SeekLe
*/
/* Opcode: SeekGT P1 P2 P3 P4 *
** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
**
** If cursor P1 refers to an SQL table (B-Tree that uses integer keys), 
** use the value in register P3 as a key. If cursor P1 refers 
** to an SQL index, then P3 is the first in an array of P4 registers 
** that are used as an unpacked index key. 
**
** Reposition cursor P1 so that  it points to the smallest entry that 
** is greater than the key value. If there are no records greater than 
** the key and P2 is not zero, then jump to P2.
**
** This opcode leaves the cursor configured to move in forward order,
** from the beginning toward the end.  In other words, the cursor is
** configured to use Next, not Prev.
**








|
|
|
|
|
>
>















|








89186
89187
89188
89189
89190
89191
89192
89193
89194
89195
89196
89197
89198
89199
89200
89201
89202
89203
89204
89205
89206
89207
89208
89209
89210
89211
89212
89213
89214
89215
89216
89217
89218
89219
89220
89221
89222

** that are used as an unpacked index key. 
**
** Reposition cursor P1 so that  it points to the smallest entry that 
** is greater than or equal to the key value. If there are no records 
** greater than or equal to the key and P2 is not zero, then jump to P2.
**
** If the cursor P1 was opened using the OPFLAG_SEEKEQ flag, then this
** opcode will either land on a record that exactly matches the key, or
** else it will cause a jump to P2.  When the cursor is OPFLAG_SEEKEQ,
** this opcode must be followed by an IdxLE opcode with the same arguments.
** The IdxGT opcode will be skipped if this opcode succeeds, but the
** IdxGT opcode will be used on subsequent loop iterations.  The 
** OPFLAG_SEEKEQ flags is a hint to the btree layer to say that this
** is an equality search.
**
** This opcode leaves the cursor configured to move in forward order,
** from the beginning toward the end.  In other words, the cursor is
** configured to use Next, not Prev.
**
** See also: Found, NotFound, SeekLt, SeekGt, SeekLe
*/
/* Opcode: SeekGT P1 P2 P3 P4 *
** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
**
** If cursor P1 refers to an SQL table (B-Tree that uses integer keys), 
** use the value in register P3 as a key. If cursor P1 refers 
** to an SQL index, then P3 is the first in an array of P4 registers 
** that are used as an unpacked index key. 
**
** Reposition cursor P1 so that it points to the smallest entry that 
** is greater than the key value. If there are no records greater than 
** the key and P2 is not zero, then jump to P2.
**
** This opcode leaves the cursor configured to move in forward order,
** from the beginning toward the end.  In other words, the cursor is
** configured to use Next, not Prev.
**
︙︙
89013
89014
89015
89016
89017
89018
89019
89020
89021
89022
89023
89024


89025
89026
89027
89028
89029
89030
89031

** less than or equal to the key and P2 is not zero, then jump to P2.
**
** This opcode leaves the cursor configured to move in reverse order,
** from the end toward the beginning.  In other words, the cursor is
** configured to use Prev, not Next.
**
** If the cursor P1 was opened using the OPFLAG_SEEKEQ flag, then this
** opcode will always land on a record that equally equals the key, or
** else jump immediately to P2.  When the cursor is OPFLAG_SEEKEQ, this
** opcode must be followed by an IdxGE opcode with the same arguments.
** The IdxGE opcode will be skipped if this opcode succeeds, but the
** IdxGE opcode will be used on subsequent loop iterations.


**
** See also: Found, NotFound, SeekGt, SeekGe, SeekLt
*/
case OP_SeekLT:         /* jump, in3, group */
case OP_SeekLE:         /* jump, in3, group */
case OP_SeekGE:         /* jump, in3, group */
case OP_SeekGT: {       /* jump, in3, group */








|
|
|

|
>
>








89253
89254
89255
89256
89257
89258
89259
89260
89261
89262
89263
89264
89265
89266
89267
89268
89269
89270
89271
89272
89273

** less than or equal to the key and P2 is not zero, then jump to P2.
**
** This opcode leaves the cursor configured to move in reverse order,
** from the end toward the beginning.  In other words, the cursor is
** configured to use Prev, not Next.
**
** If the cursor P1 was opened using the OPFLAG_SEEKEQ flag, then this
** opcode will either land on a record that exactly matches the key, or
** else it will cause a jump to P2.  When the cursor is OPFLAG_SEEKEQ,
** this opcode must be followed by an IdxLE opcode with the same arguments.
** The IdxGE opcode will be skipped if this opcode succeeds, but the
** IdxGE opcode will be used on subsequent loop iterations.  The 
** OPFLAG_SEEKEQ flags is a hint to the btree layer to say that this
** is an equality search.
**
** See also: Found, NotFound, SeekGt, SeekGe, SeekLt
*/
case OP_SeekLT:         /* jump, in3, group */
case OP_SeekLE:         /* jump, in3, group */
case OP_SeekGE:         /* jump, in3, group */
case OP_SeekGT: {       /* jump, in3, group */
︙︙
89054
89055
89056
89057
89058
89059
89060
89061
89062
89063
89064
89065
89066
89067
89068

  pC->seekOp = pOp->opcode;
#endif

  pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
  if( pC->isTable ){
    u16 flags3, newType;
    /* The BTREE_SEEK_EQ flag is only set on index cursors */
    assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorHasHint(pC->uc.pCursor, BTREE_SEEK_EQ)==0
              || CORRUPT_DB );

    /* The input value in P3 might be of any type: integer, real, string,
    ** blob, or NULL.  But it needs to be an integer before we can do
    ** the seek, so convert it. */
    pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];








|








89296
89297
89298
89299
89300
89301
89302
89303
89304
89305
89306
89307
89308
89309
89310

  pC->seekOp = pOp->opcode;
#endif

  pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
  if( pC->isTable ){
    u16 flags3, newType;
    /* The OPFLAG_SEEKEQ/BTREE_SEEK_EQ flag is only set on index cursors */
    assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorHasHint(pC->uc.pCursor, BTREE_SEEK_EQ)==0
              || CORRUPT_DB );

    /* The input value in P3 might be of any type: integer, real, string,
    ** blob, or NULL.  But it needs to be an integer before we can do
    ** the seek, so convert it. */
    pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
︙︙
89113
89114
89115
89116
89117
89118
89119
89120
89121
89122

89123
89124
89125
89126
89127


89128
89129
89130
89131
89132
89133
89134

    }
    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(pC->uc.pCursor, 0, (u64)iKey, 0, &res);
    pC->movetoTarget = iKey;  /* Used by OP_Delete */
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      goto abort_due_to_error;
    }
  }else{
    /* For a cursor with the BTREE_SEEK_EQ hint, only the OP_SeekGE and
    ** OP_SeekLE opcodes are allowed, and these must be immediately followed
    ** by an OP_IdxGT or OP_IdxLT opcode, respectively, with the same key.

    */
    if( sqlite3BtreeCursorHasHint(pC->uc.pCursor, BTREE_SEEK_EQ) ){
      eqOnly = 1;
      assert( pOp->opcode==OP_SeekGE || pOp->opcode==OP_SeekLE );
      assert( pOp[1].opcode==OP_IdxLT || pOp[1].opcode==OP_IdxGT );


      assert( pOp[1].p1==pOp[0].p1 );
      assert( pOp[1].p2==pOp[0].p2 );
      assert( pOp[1].p3==pOp[0].p3 );
      assert( pOp[1].p4.i==pOp[0].p4.i );
    }

    nField = pOp->p4.i;








|
|
|
>





>
>








89355
89356
89357
89358
89359
89360
89361
89362
89363
89364
89365
89366
89367
89368
89369
89370
89371
89372
89373
89374
89375
89376
89377
89378
89379

    }
    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(pC->uc.pCursor, 0, (u64)iKey, 0, &res);
    pC->movetoTarget = iKey;  /* Used by OP_Delete */
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      goto abort_due_to_error;
    }
  }else{
    /* For a cursor with the OPFLAG_SEEKEQ/BTREE_SEEK_EQ hint, only the
    ** OP_SeekGE and OP_SeekLE opcodes are allowed, and these must be
    ** immediately followed by an OP_IdxGT or OP_IdxLT opcode, respectively,
    ** with the same key.
    */
    if( sqlite3BtreeCursorHasHint(pC->uc.pCursor, BTREE_SEEK_EQ) ){
      eqOnly = 1;
      assert( pOp->opcode==OP_SeekGE || pOp->opcode==OP_SeekLE );
      assert( pOp[1].opcode==OP_IdxLT || pOp[1].opcode==OP_IdxGT );
      assert( pOp->opcode==OP_SeekGE || pOp[1].opcode==OP_IdxLT );
      assert( pOp->opcode==OP_SeekLE || pOp[1].opcode==OP_IdxGT );
      assert( pOp[1].p1==pOp[0].p1 );
      assert( pOp[1].p2==pOp[0].p2 );
      assert( pOp[1].p3==pOp[0].p3 );
      assert( pOp[1].p4.i==pOp[0].p4.i );
    }

    nField = pOp->p4.i;
︙︙
90068
90069
90070
90071
90072
90073
90074
90075
90076
90077
90078
90079
90080
90081
90082

#endif

  n = sqlite3BtreePayloadSize(pCrsr);
  if( n>(u32)db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
    goto too_big;
  }
  testcase( n==0 );
  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pCrsr, 0, n, pOut);
  if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
  if( !pOp->p3 ) Deephemeralize(pOut);
  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
  break;
}









|








90313
90314
90315
90316
90317
90318
90319
90320
90321
90322
90323
90324
90325
90326
90327

#endif

  n = sqlite3BtreePayloadSize(pCrsr);
  if( n>(u32)db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
    goto too_big;
  }
  testcase( n==0 );
  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtreeZeroOffset(pCrsr, n, pOut);
  if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
  if( !pOp->p3 ) Deephemeralize(pOut);
  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
  break;
}
︙︙
90446
90447
90448
90449
90450
90451
90452
90453
90454
90455
90456
90457
90458
90459
90460
90461
90462
90463
90464
90465
90466
90467
90468
90469
90470
90471
90472
90473
90474
90475
90476
90477
90478
90479
90480
90481
90482
90483
90484
90485
90486
90487
90488
90489


90490






















90491
90492
90493
90494
90495
90496
90497
90498
90499
90500







90501
90502
90503
90504
90505
90506
90507
90508
90509
90510
90511
90512
90513
90514
90515
90516
90517
90518
90519
90520
90521
90522
90523
90524
90525
90526



90527
90528
90529
90530
90531
90532
90533

** the OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT flag must only be set if there have been no prior
** seeks on the cursor or if the most recent seek used a key equivalent
** to P2. 
**
** This instruction only works for indices.  The equivalent instruction
** for tables is OP_Insert.
*/
/* Opcode: SorterInsert P1 P2 * * *
** Synopsis: key=r[P2]
**
** Register P2 holds an SQL index key made using the
** MakeRecord instructions.  This opcode writes that key
** into the sorter P1.  Data for the entry is nil.
*/
case OP_SorterInsert:       /* in2 */
case OP_IdxInsert: {        /* in2 */
  VdbeCursor *pC;
  BtreePayload x;

  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
  sqlite3VdbeIncrWriteCounter(p, pC);
  assert( pC!=0 );
  assert( isSorter(pC)==(pOp->opcode==OP_SorterInsert) );
  pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
  assert( pIn2->flags & MEM_Blob );
  if( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_NCHANGE ) p->nChange++;
  assert( pC->eCurType==CURTYPE_BTREE || pOp->opcode==OP_SorterInsert );
  assert( pC->isTable==0 );
  rc = ExpandBlob(pIn2);
  if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
  if( pOp->opcode==OP_SorterInsert ){
    rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(pC, pIn2);
  }else{
    x.nKey = pIn2->n;
    x.pKey = pIn2->z;
    x.aMem = aMem + pOp->p3;
    x.nMem = (u16)pOp->p4.i;
    rc = sqlite3BtreeInsert(pC->uc.pCursor, &x,
         (pOp->p5 & (OPFLAG_APPEND|OPFLAG_SAVEPOSITION)), 
        ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT) ? pC->seekResult : 0)
        );
    assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
    pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;


  }






















  if( rc) goto abort_due_to_error;
  break;
}

/* Opcode: IdxDelete P1 P2 P3 * *
** Synopsis: key=r[P2@P3]
**
** The content of P3 registers starting at register P2 form
** an unpacked index key. This opcode removes that entry from the 
** index opened by cursor P1.







*/
case OP_IdxDelete: {
  VdbeCursor *pC;
  BtCursor *pCrsr;
  int res;
  UnpackedRecord r;

  assert( pOp->p3>0 );
  assert( pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+pOp->p3<=(p->nMem+1 - p->nCursor)+1 );
  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
  assert( pC!=0 );
  assert( pC->eCurType==CURTYPE_BTREE );
  sqlite3VdbeIncrWriteCounter(p, pC);
  pCrsr = pC->uc.pCursor;
  assert( pCrsr!=0 );
  assert( pOp->p5==0 );
  r.pKeyInfo = pC->pKeyInfo;
  r.nField = (u16)pOp->p3;
  r.default_rc = 0;
  r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p2];
  rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(pCrsr, &r, 0, 0, &res);
  if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
  if( res==0 ){
    rc = sqlite3BtreeDelete(pCrsr, BTREE_AUXDELETE);
    if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;



  }
  assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
  pC->seekResult = 0;
  break;
}









<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<








|



|



<
<
<
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>
>
|
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>




|





>
>
>
>
>
>
>
















<









>
>
>








90691
90692
90693
90694
90695
90696
90697








90698
90699
90700
90701
90702
90703
90704
90705
90706
90707
90708
90709
90710
90711
90712
90713



90714
90715
90716
90717
90718
90719
90720
90721
90722
90723
90724
90725
90726
90727
90728
90729
90730
90731
90732
90733
90734
90735
90736
90737
90738
90739
90740
90741
90742
90743
90744
90745
90746
90747
90748
90749
90750
90751
90752
90753
90754
90755
90756
90757
90758
90759
90760
90761
90762
90763
90764
90765
90766
90767
90768
90769
90770
90771
90772
90773
90774
90775
90776
90777
90778
90779
90780
90781

90782
90783
90784
90785
90786
90787
90788
90789
90790
90791
90792
90793
90794
90795
90796
90797
90798
90799
90800

** the OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT flag must only be set if there have been no prior
** seeks on the cursor or if the most recent seek used a key equivalent
** to P2. 
**
** This instruction only works for indices.  The equivalent instruction
** for tables is OP_Insert.
*/








case OP_IdxInsert: {        /* in2 */
  VdbeCursor *pC;
  BtreePayload x;

  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
  sqlite3VdbeIncrWriteCounter(p, pC);
  assert( pC!=0 );
  assert( !isSorter(pC) );
  pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
  assert( pIn2->flags & MEM_Blob );
  if( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_NCHANGE ) p->nChange++;
  assert( pC->eCurType==CURTYPE_BTREE );
  assert( pC->isTable==0 );
  rc = ExpandBlob(pIn2);
  if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;



  x.nKey = pIn2->n;
  x.pKey = pIn2->z;
  x.aMem = aMem + pOp->p3;
  x.nMem = (u16)pOp->p4.i;
  rc = sqlite3BtreeInsert(pC->uc.pCursor, &x,
       (pOp->p5 & (OPFLAG_APPEND|OPFLAG_SAVEPOSITION)), 
      ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT) ? pC->seekResult : 0)
      );
  assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
  if( rc) goto abort_due_to_error;
  break;
}

/* Opcode: SorterInsert P1 P2 * * *
** Synopsis: key=r[P2]
**
** Register P2 holds an SQL index key made using the
** MakeRecord instructions.  This opcode writes that key
** into the sorter P1.  Data for the entry is nil.
*/
case OP_SorterInsert: {     /* in2 */
  VdbeCursor *pC;

  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
  sqlite3VdbeIncrWriteCounter(p, pC);
  assert( pC!=0 );
  assert( isSorter(pC) );
  pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
  assert( pIn2->flags & MEM_Blob );
  assert( pC->isTable==0 );
  rc = ExpandBlob(pIn2);
  if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(pC, pIn2);
  if( rc) goto abort_due_to_error;
  break;
}

/* Opcode: IdxDelete P1 P2 P3 * P5
** Synopsis: key=r[P2@P3]
**
** The content of P3 registers starting at register P2 form
** an unpacked index key. This opcode removes that entry from the 
** index opened by cursor P1.
**
** If P5 is not zero, then raise an SQLITE_CORRUPT_INDEX error
** if no matching index entry is found.  This happens when running
** an UPDATE or DELETE statement and the index entry to be updated
** or deleted is not found.  For some uses of IdxDelete
** (example:  the EXCEPT operator) it does not matter that no matching
** entry is found.  For those cases, P5 is zero.
*/
case OP_IdxDelete: {
  VdbeCursor *pC;
  BtCursor *pCrsr;
  int res;
  UnpackedRecord r;

  assert( pOp->p3>0 );
  assert( pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+pOp->p3<=(p->nMem+1 - p->nCursor)+1 );
  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
  assert( pC!=0 );
  assert( pC->eCurType==CURTYPE_BTREE );
  sqlite3VdbeIncrWriteCounter(p, pC);
  pCrsr = pC->uc.pCursor;
  assert( pCrsr!=0 );

  r.pKeyInfo = pC->pKeyInfo;
  r.nField = (u16)pOp->p3;
  r.default_rc = 0;
  r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p2];
  rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(pCrsr, &r, 0, 0, &res);
  if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
  if( res==0 ){
    rc = sqlite3BtreeDelete(pCrsr, BTREE_AUXDELETE);
    if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
  }else if( pOp->p5 ){
    rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_INDEX;
    goto abort_due_to_error;
  }
  assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
  pC->seekResult = 0;
  break;
}
︙︙
91322
91323
91324
91325
91326
91327
91328
91329
91330
91331
91332
91333
91334
91335
91336

#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  /* Verify that second and subsequent executions of the same trigger do not
  ** try to reuse register values from the first use. */
  {
    int i;
    for(i=0; i<p->nMem; i++){
      aMem[i].pScopyFrom = 0;  /* Prevent false-positive AboutToChange() errs */
      aMem[i].flags |= MEM_Undefined; /* Cause a fault if this reg is reused */
    }
  }
#endif
  pOp = &aOp[-1];
  goto check_for_interrupt;
}









|








91589
91590
91591
91592
91593
91594
91595
91596
91597
91598
91599
91600
91601
91602
91603

#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  /* Verify that second and subsequent executions of the same trigger do not
  ** try to reuse register values from the first use. */
  {
    int i;
    for(i=0; i<p->nMem; i++){
      aMem[i].pScopyFrom = 0;  /* Prevent false-positive AboutToChange() errs */
      MemSetTypeFlag(&aMem[i], MEM_Undefined); /* Fault if this reg is reused */
    }
  }
#endif
  pOp = &aOp[-1];
  goto check_for_interrupt;
}
︙︙
92433
92434
92435
92436
92437
92438
92439
92440
92441
92442
92443
92444
92445
92446
92447
92448
92449
92450
92451
92452
92453
92454
92455
92456
92457
92458
92459
92460
92461
92462
92463
92464
92465
92466

  }
  pOut->u.i = sqlite3BtreeMaxPageCount(pBt, newMax);
  break;
}
#endif

/* Opcode: Function P1 P2 P3 P4 *
** Synopsis: r[P3]=func(r[P2@P5])
**
** Invoke a user function (P4 is a pointer to an sqlite3_context object that
** contains a pointer to the function to be run) with arguments taken
** from register P2 and successors.  The number of arguments is in
** the sqlite3_context object that P4 points to.
** The result of the function is stored
** in register P3.  Register P3 must not be one of the function inputs.
**
** P1 is a 32-bit bitmask indicating whether or not each argument to the 
** function was determined to be constant at compile time. If the first
** argument was constant then bit 0 of P1 is set. This is used to determine
** whether meta data associated with a user function argument using the
** sqlite3_set_auxdata() API may be safely retained until the next
** invocation of this opcode.
**
** See also: AggStep, AggFinal, PureFunc
*/
/* Opcode: PureFunc P1 P2 P3 P4 *
** Synopsis: r[P3]=func(r[P2@P5])
**
** Invoke a user function (P4 is a pointer to an sqlite3_context object that
** contains a pointer to the function to be run) with arguments taken
** from register P2 and successors.  The number of arguments is in
** the sqlite3_context object that P4 points to.
** The result of the function is stored
** in register P3.  Register P3 must not be one of the function inputs.








|


















|








92700
92701
92702
92703
92704
92705
92706
92707
92708
92709
92710
92711
92712
92713
92714
92715
92716
92717
92718
92719
92720
92721
92722
92723
92724
92725
92726
92727
92728
92729
92730
92731
92732
92733

  }
  pOut->u.i = sqlite3BtreeMaxPageCount(pBt, newMax);
  break;
}
#endif

/* Opcode: Function P1 P2 P3 P4 *
** Synopsis: r[P3]=func(r[P2@NP])
**
** Invoke a user function (P4 is a pointer to an sqlite3_context object that
** contains a pointer to the function to be run) with arguments taken
** from register P2 and successors.  The number of arguments is in
** the sqlite3_context object that P4 points to.
** The result of the function is stored
** in register P3.  Register P3 must not be one of the function inputs.
**
** P1 is a 32-bit bitmask indicating whether or not each argument to the 
** function was determined to be constant at compile time. If the first
** argument was constant then bit 0 of P1 is set. This is used to determine
** whether meta data associated with a user function argument using the
** sqlite3_set_auxdata() API may be safely retained until the next
** invocation of this opcode.
**
** See also: AggStep, AggFinal, PureFunc
*/
/* Opcode: PureFunc P1 P2 P3 P4 *
** Synopsis: r[P3]=func(r[P2@NP])
**
** Invoke a user function (P4 is a pointer to an sqlite3_context object that
** contains a pointer to the function to be run) with arguments taken
** from register P2 and successors.  The number of arguments is in
** the sqlite3_context object that P4 points to.
** The result of the function is stored
** in register P3.  Register P3 must not be one of the function inputs.
︙︙
92841
92842
92843
92844
92845
92846
92847
92848
92849
92850
92851
92852
92853
92854
92855

  rc = SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
  goto abort_due_to_error;

  /* Jump to here if the sqlite3_interrupt() API sets the interrupt
  ** flag.
  */
abort_due_to_interrupt:
  assert( db->u1.isInterrupted );
  rc = db->mallocFailed ? SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT : SQLITE_INTERRUPT;
  p->rc = rc;
  sqlite3VdbeError(p, "%s", sqlite3ErrStr(rc));
  goto abort_due_to_error;
}










|








93108
93109
93110
93111
93112
93113
93114
93115
93116
93117
93118
93119
93120
93121
93122

  rc = SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
  goto abort_due_to_error;

  /* Jump to here if the sqlite3_interrupt() API sets the interrupt
  ** flag.
  */
abort_due_to_interrupt:
  assert( AtomicLoad(&db->u1.isInterrupted) );
  rc = db->mallocFailed ? SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT : SQLITE_INTERRUPT;
  p->rc = rc;
  sqlite3VdbeError(p, "%s", sqlite3ErrStr(rc));
  goto abort_due_to_error;
}
︙︙
94179
94180
94181
94182
94183
94184
94185
94186
94187
94188
94189
94190
94191
94192
94193
94194

  const u8 * const v1 = &p1[ p1[0] ];   /* Pointer to value 1 */
  const u8 * const v2 = &p2[ p2[0] ];   /* Pointer to value 2 */

  int n1;
  int n2;
  int res;

  getVarint32(&p1[1], n1);
  getVarint32(&p2[1], n2);
  res = memcmp(v1, v2, (MIN(n1, n2) - 13)/2);
  if( res==0 ){
    res = n1 - n2;
  }

  if( res==0 ){
    if( pTask->pSorter->pKeyInfo->nKeyField>1 ){








|
|








94446
94447
94448
94449
94450
94451
94452
94453
94454
94455
94456
94457
94458
94459
94460
94461

  const u8 * const v1 = &p1[ p1[0] ];   /* Pointer to value 1 */
  const u8 * const v2 = &p2[ p2[0] ];   /* Pointer to value 2 */

  int n1;
  int n2;
  int res;

  getVarint32NR(&p1[1], n1);
  getVarint32NR(&p2[1], n2);
  res = memcmp(v1, v2, (MIN(n1, n2) - 13)/2);
  if( res==0 ){
    res = n1 - n2;
  }

  if( res==0 ){
    if( pTask->pSorter->pKeyInfo->nKeyField>1 ){
︙︙
95137
95138
95139
95140
95141
95142
95143
95144
95145
95146
95147
95148
95149
95150
95151

  int bFlush;                     /* True to flush contents of memory to PMA */
  int nReq;                       /* Bytes of memory required */
  int nPMA;                       /* Bytes of PMA space required */
  int t;                          /* serial type of first record field */

  assert( pCsr->eCurType==CURTYPE_SORTER );
  pSorter = pCsr->uc.pSorter;
  getVarint32((const u8*)&pVal->z[1], t);
  if( t>0 && t<10 && t!=7 ){
    pSorter->typeMask &= SORTER_TYPE_INTEGER;
  }else if( t>10 && (t & 0x01) ){
    pSorter->typeMask &= SORTER_TYPE_TEXT;
  }else{
    pSorter->typeMask = 0;
  }








|








95404
95405
95406
95407
95408
95409
95410
95411
95412
95413
95414
95415
95416
95417
95418

  int bFlush;                     /* True to flush contents of memory to PMA */
  int nReq;                       /* Bytes of memory required */
  int nPMA;                       /* Bytes of PMA space required */
  int t;                          /* serial type of first record field */

  assert( pCsr->eCurType==CURTYPE_SORTER );
  pSorter = pCsr->uc.pSorter;
  getVarint32NR((const u8*)&pVal->z[1], t);
  if( t>0 && t<10 && t!=7 ){
    pSorter->typeMask &= SORTER_TYPE_INTEGER;
  }else if( t>10 && (t & 0x01) ){
    pSorter->typeMask &= SORTER_TYPE_TEXT;
  }else{
    pSorter->typeMask = 0;
  }
︙︙
96124
96125
96126
96127
96128
96129
96130











































































































































































































































































































































































































































96131
96132
96133
96134
96135
96136
96137

  }

  *pRes = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(pVal->n, pVal->z, r2);
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/************** End of vdbesort.c ********************************************/











































































































































































































































































































































































































































/************** Begin file memjournal.c **************************************/
/*
** 2008 October 7
**
** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
**








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>








96391
96392
96393
96394
96395
96396
96397
96398
96399
96400
96401
96402
96403
96404
96405
96406
96407
96408
96409
96410
96411
96412
96413
96414
96415
96416
96417
96418
96419
96420
96421
96422
96423
96424
96425
96426
96427
96428
96429
96430
96431
96432
96433
96434
96435
96436
96437
96438
96439
96440
96441
96442
96443
96444
96445
96446
96447
96448
96449
96450
96451
96452
96453
96454
96455
96456
96457
96458
96459
96460
96461
96462
96463
96464
96465
96466
96467
96468
96469
96470
96471
96472
96473
96474
96475
96476
96477
96478
96479
96480
96481
96482
96483
96484
96485
96486
96487
96488
96489
96490
96491
96492
96493
96494
96495
96496
96497
96498
96499
96500
96501
96502
96503
96504
96505
96506
96507
96508
96509
96510
96511
96512
96513
96514
96515
96516
96517
96518
96519
96520
96521
96522
96523
96524
96525
96526
96527
96528
96529
96530
96531
96532
96533
96534
96535
96536
96537
96538
96539
96540
96541
96542
96543
96544
96545
96546
96547
96548
96549
96550
96551
96552
96553
96554
96555
96556
96557
96558
96559
96560
96561
96562
96563
96564
96565
96566
96567
96568
96569
96570
96571
96572
96573
96574
96575
96576
96577
96578
96579
96580
96581
96582
96583
96584
96585
96586
96587
96588
96589
96590
96591
96592
96593
96594
96595
96596
96597
96598
96599
96600
96601
96602
96603
96604
96605
96606
96607
96608
96609
96610
96611
96612
96613
96614
96615
96616
96617
96618
96619
96620
96621
96622
96623
96624
96625
96626
96627
96628
96629
96630
96631
96632
96633
96634
96635
96636
96637
96638
96639
96640
96641
96642
96643
96644
96645
96646
96647
96648
96649
96650
96651
96652
96653
96654
96655
96656
96657
96658
96659
96660
96661
96662
96663
96664
96665
96666
96667
96668
96669
96670
96671
96672
96673
96674
96675
96676
96677
96678
96679
96680
96681
96682
96683
96684
96685
96686
96687
96688
96689
96690
96691
96692
96693
96694
96695
96696
96697
96698
96699
96700
96701
96702
96703
96704
96705
96706
96707
96708
96709
96710
96711
96712
96713
96714
96715
96716
96717
96718
96719
96720
96721
96722
96723
96724
96725
96726
96727
96728
96729
96730
96731
96732
96733
96734
96735
96736
96737
96738
96739
96740
96741
96742
96743
96744
96745
96746
96747
96748
96749
96750
96751
96752
96753
96754
96755
96756
96757
96758
96759
96760
96761
96762
96763
96764
96765
96766
96767
96768
96769
96770
96771
96772
96773
96774
96775
96776
96777
96778
96779
96780
96781
96782
96783
96784
96785
96786
96787
96788
96789
96790
96791
96792
96793
96794
96795
96796
96797
96798
96799
96800
96801
96802
96803
96804
96805
96806
96807
96808
96809
96810
96811
96812
96813
96814
96815
96816
96817
96818
96819
96820
96821
96822
96823
96824
96825
96826
96827
96828
96829
96830
96831

  }

  *pRes = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(pVal->n, pVal->z, r2);
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/************** End of vdbesort.c ********************************************/
/************** Begin file vdbevtab.c ****************************************/
/*
** 2020-03-23
**
** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
**
**    May you do good and not evil.
**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
**
*************************************************************************
**
** This file implements virtual-tables for examining the bytecode content
** of a prepared statement.
*/
/* #include "sqliteInt.h" */
#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_BYTECODE_VTAB) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE)
/* #include "vdbeInt.h" */

/* An instance of the bytecode() table-valued function.
*/
typedef struct bytecodevtab bytecodevtab;
struct bytecodevtab {
  sqlite3_vtab base;     /* Base class - must be first */
  sqlite3 *db;           /* Database connection */
  int bTablesUsed;       /* 2 for tables_used().  0 for bytecode(). */
};

/* A cursor for scanning through the bytecode
*/
typedef struct bytecodevtab_cursor bytecodevtab_cursor;
struct bytecodevtab_cursor {
  sqlite3_vtab_cursor base;  /* Base class - must be first */
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;       /* The statement whose bytecode is displayed */
  int iRowid;                /* The rowid of the output table */
  int iAddr;                 /* Address */
  int needFinalize;          /* Cursors owns pStmt and must finalize it */
  int showSubprograms;       /* Provide a listing of subprograms */
  Op *aOp;                   /* Operand array */
  char *zP4;                 /* Rendered P4 value */
  const char *zType;         /* tables_used.type */
  const char *zSchema;       /* tables_used.schema */
  const char *zName;         /* tables_used.name */
  Mem sub;                   /* Subprograms */
};

/*
** Create a new bytecode() table-valued function.
*/
static int bytecodevtabConnect(
  sqlite3 *db,
  void *pAux,
  int argc, const char *const*argv,
  sqlite3_vtab **ppVtab,
  char **pzErr
){
  bytecodevtab *pNew;
  int rc;
  int isTabUsed = pAux!=0;
  const char *azSchema[2] = {
    /* bytecode() schema */
    "CREATE TABLE x("
      "addr INT,"
      "opcode TEXT,"
      "p1 INT,"
      "p2 INT,"
      "p3 INT,"
      "p4 TEXT,"
      "p5 INT,"
      "comment TEXT,"
      "subprog TEXT," 
      "stmt HIDDEN"
    ");",

    /* Tables_used() schema */
    "CREATE TABLE x("
      "type TEXT,"
      "schema TEXT,"
      "name TEXT,"
      "wr INT,"
      "subprog TEXT," 
      "stmt HIDDEN"
   ");"
  };

  rc = sqlite3_declare_vtab(db, azSchema[isTabUsed]);
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    pNew = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pNew) );
    *ppVtab = (sqlite3_vtab*)pNew;
    if( pNew==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
    memset(pNew, 0, sizeof(*pNew));
    pNew->db = db;
    pNew->bTablesUsed = isTabUsed*2;
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** This method is the destructor for bytecodevtab objects.
*/
static int bytecodevtabDisconnect(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
  bytecodevtab *p = (bytecodevtab*)pVtab;
  sqlite3_free(p);
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** Constructor for a new bytecodevtab_cursor object.
*/
static int bytecodevtabOpen(sqlite3_vtab *p, sqlite3_vtab_cursor **ppCursor){
  bytecodevtab *pVTab = (bytecodevtab*)p;
  bytecodevtab_cursor *pCur;
  pCur = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pCur) );
  if( pCur==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
  memset(pCur, 0, sizeof(*pCur));
  sqlite3VdbeMemInit(&pCur->sub, pVTab->db, 1);
  *ppCursor = &pCur->base;
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** Clear all internal content from a bytecodevtab cursor.
*/
static void bytecodevtabCursorClear(bytecodevtab_cursor *pCur){
  sqlite3_free(pCur->zP4);
  pCur->zP4 = 0;
  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&pCur->sub);
  sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(&pCur->sub);
  if( pCur->needFinalize ){
    sqlite3_finalize(pCur->pStmt);
  }
  pCur->pStmt = 0;
  pCur->needFinalize = 0;
  pCur->zType = 0;
  pCur->zSchema = 0;
  pCur->zName = 0;
}

/*
** Destructor for a bytecodevtab_cursor.
*/
static int bytecodevtabClose(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *cur){
  bytecodevtab_cursor *pCur = (bytecodevtab_cursor*)cur;
  bytecodevtabCursorClear(pCur);
  sqlite3_free(pCur);
  return SQLITE_OK;
}


/*
** Advance a bytecodevtab_cursor to its next row of output.
*/
static int bytecodevtabNext(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *cur){
  bytecodevtab_cursor *pCur = (bytecodevtab_cursor*)cur;
  bytecodevtab *pTab = (bytecodevtab*)cur->pVtab;
  int rc;
  if( pCur->zP4 ){
    sqlite3_free(pCur->zP4);
    pCur->zP4 = 0;
  }
  if( pCur->zName ){
    pCur->zName = 0;
    pCur->zType = 0;
    pCur->zSchema = 0;
  }
  rc = sqlite3VdbeNextOpcode(
           (Vdbe*)pCur->pStmt, 
           pCur->showSubprograms ? &pCur->sub : 0,
           pTab->bTablesUsed,
           &pCur->iRowid,
           &pCur->iAddr,
           &pCur->aOp);
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
    sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(&pCur->sub);
    pCur->aOp = 0;
  }
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** Return TRUE if the cursor has been moved off of the last
** row of output.
*/
static int bytecodevtabEof(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *cur){
  bytecodevtab_cursor *pCur = (bytecodevtab_cursor*)cur;
  return pCur->aOp==0;
}

/*
** Return values of columns for the row at which the bytecodevtab_cursor
** is currently pointing.
*/
static int bytecodevtabColumn(
  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *cur,   /* The cursor */
  sqlite3_context *ctx,       /* First argument to sqlite3_result_...() */
  int i                       /* Which column to return */
){
  bytecodevtab_cursor *pCur = (bytecodevtab_cursor*)cur;
  bytecodevtab *pVTab = (bytecodevtab*)cur->pVtab;
  Op *pOp = pCur->aOp + pCur->iAddr;
  if( pVTab->bTablesUsed ){
    if( i==4 ){
      i = 8;
    }else{
      if( i<=2 && pCur->zType==0 ){
        Schema *pSchema;
        HashElem *k;
        int iDb = pOp->p3;
        int iRoot = pOp->p2;
        sqlite3 *db = pVTab->db;
        pSchema = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema;
        pCur->zSchema = db->aDb[iDb].zDbSName;
        for(k=sqliteHashFirst(&pSchema->tblHash); k; k=sqliteHashNext(k)){
          Table *pTab = (Table*)sqliteHashData(k);
          if( !IsVirtual(pTab) && pTab->tnum==iRoot ){
            pCur->zName = pTab->zName;
            pCur->zType = "table";
            break;
          }
        }
        if( pCur->zName==0 ){
          for(k=sqliteHashFirst(&pSchema->idxHash); k; k=sqliteHashNext(k)){
            Index *pIdx = (Index*)sqliteHashData(k);
            if( pIdx->tnum==iRoot ){
              pCur->zName = pIdx->zName;
              pCur->zType = "index";
            }
          }
        }
      }
      i += 10;
    }
  }
  switch( i ){
    case 0:   /* addr */
      sqlite3_result_int(ctx, pCur->iAddr);
      break;
    case 1:   /* opcode */
      sqlite3_result_text(ctx, (char*)sqlite3OpcodeName(pOp->opcode),
                          -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
      break;
    case 2:   /* p1 */
      sqlite3_result_int(ctx, pOp->p1);
      break;
    case 3:   /* p2 */
      sqlite3_result_int(ctx, pOp->p2);
      break;
    case 4:   /* p3 */
      sqlite3_result_int(ctx, pOp->p3);
      break;
    case 5:   /* p4 */
    case 7:   /* comment */
      if( pCur->zP4==0 ){
        pCur->zP4 = sqlite3VdbeDisplayP4(pVTab->db, pOp);
      }
      if( i==5 ){
        sqlite3_result_text(ctx, pCur->zP4, -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
      }else{
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
        char *zCom = sqlite3VdbeDisplayComment(pVTab->db, pOp, pCur->zP4);
        sqlite3_result_text(ctx, zCom, -1, sqlite3_free);
#endif
      }
      break;
    case 6:     /* p5 */
      sqlite3_result_int(ctx, pOp->p5);
      break;
    case 8: {   /* subprog */
      Op *aOp = pCur->aOp;
      assert( aOp[0].opcode==OP_Init );
      assert( aOp[0].p4.z==0 || strncmp(aOp[0].p4.z,"-" "- ",3)==0 );
      if( pCur->iRowid==pCur->iAddr+1 ){
        break;  /* Result is NULL for the main program */
      }else if( aOp[0].p4.z!=0 ){
         sqlite3_result_text(ctx, aOp[0].p4.z+3, -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
      }else{
         sqlite3_result_text(ctx, "(FK)", 4, SQLITE_STATIC);
      }
      break;
    }
    case 10:  /* tables_used.type */
      sqlite3_result_text(ctx, pCur->zType, -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
      break;
    case 11:  /* tables_used.schema */
      sqlite3_result_text(ctx, pCur->zSchema, -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
      break;
    case 12:  /* tables_used.name */
      sqlite3_result_text(ctx, pCur->zName, -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
      break;
    case 13:  /* tables_used.wr */
      sqlite3_result_int(ctx, pOp->opcode==OP_OpenWrite);
      break;
  }
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** Return the rowid for the current row.  In this implementation, the
** rowid is the same as the output value.
*/
static int bytecodevtabRowid(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *cur, sqlite_int64 *pRowid){
  bytecodevtab_cursor *pCur = (bytecodevtab_cursor*)cur;
  *pRowid = pCur->iRowid;
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** Initialize a cursor.
**
**    idxNum==0     means show all subprograms
**    idxNum==1     means show only the main bytecode and omit subprograms.
*/
static int bytecodevtabFilter(
  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor, 
  int idxNum, const char *idxStr,
  int argc, sqlite3_value **argv
){
  bytecodevtab_cursor *pCur = (bytecodevtab_cursor *)pVtabCursor;
  bytecodevtab *pVTab = (bytecodevtab *)pVtabCursor->pVtab;
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;

  bytecodevtabCursorClear(pCur);
  pCur->iRowid = 0;
  pCur->iAddr = 0;
  pCur->showSubprograms = idxNum==0;
  assert( argc==1 );
  if( sqlite3_value_type(argv[0])==SQLITE_TEXT ){
    const char *zSql = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
    if( zSql==0 ){
      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
    }else{
      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(pVTab->db, zSql, -1, &pCur->pStmt, 0);
      pCur->needFinalize = 1;
    }
  }else{
    pCur->pStmt = (sqlite3_stmt*)sqlite3_value_pointer(argv[0],"stmt-pointer");
  }
  if( pCur->pStmt==0 ){
    pVTab->base.zErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf(
       "argument to %s() is not a valid SQL statement",
       pVTab->bTablesUsed ? "tables_used" : "bytecode"
    );
    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
  }else{
    bytecodevtabNext(pVtabCursor);
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** We must have a single stmt=? constraint that will be passed through
** into the xFilter method.  If there is no valid stmt=? constraint,
** then return an SQLITE_CONSTRAINT error.
*/
static int bytecodevtabBestIndex(
  sqlite3_vtab *tab,
  sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo
){
  int i;
  int rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
  struct sqlite3_index_constraint *p;
  bytecodevtab *pVTab = (bytecodevtab*)tab;
  int iBaseCol = pVTab->bTablesUsed ? 4 : 8;
  pIdxInfo->estimatedCost = (double)100;
  pIdxInfo->estimatedRows = 100;
  pIdxInfo->idxNum = 0;
  for(i=0, p=pIdxInfo->aConstraint; i<pIdxInfo->nConstraint; i++, p++){
    if( p->usable==0 ) continue;
    if( p->op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ && p->iColumn==iBaseCol+1 ){
      rc = SQLITE_OK;
      pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[i].omit = 1;
      pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[i].argvIndex = 1;
    }
    if( p->op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_ISNULL && p->iColumn==iBaseCol ){
      pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[i].omit = 1;
      pIdxInfo->idxNum = 1;
    }
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** This following structure defines all the methods for the 
** virtual table.
*/
static sqlite3_module bytecodevtabModule = {
  /* iVersion    */ 0,
  /* xCreate     */ 0,
  /* xConnect    */ bytecodevtabConnect,
  /* xBestIndex  */ bytecodevtabBestIndex,
  /* xDisconnect */ bytecodevtabDisconnect,
  /* xDestroy    */ 0,
  /* xOpen       */ bytecodevtabOpen,
  /* xClose      */ bytecodevtabClose,
  /* xFilter     */ bytecodevtabFilter,
  /* xNext       */ bytecodevtabNext,
  /* xEof        */ bytecodevtabEof,
  /* xColumn     */ bytecodevtabColumn,
  /* xRowid      */ bytecodevtabRowid,
  /* xUpdate     */ 0,
  /* xBegin      */ 0,
  /* xSync       */ 0,
  /* xCommit     */ 0,
  /* xRollback   */ 0,
  /* xFindMethod */ 0,
  /* xRename     */ 0,
  /* xSavepoint  */ 0,
  /* xRelease    */ 0,
  /* xRollbackTo */ 0,
  /* xShadowName */ 0
};


SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeBytecodeVtabInit(sqlite3 *db){
  int rc;
  rc = sqlite3_create_module(db, "bytecode", &bytecodevtabModule, 0);
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    rc = sqlite3_create_module(db, "tables_used", &bytecodevtabModule, &db);
  }
  return rc;
}
#elif defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_BYTECODE_VTAB)
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeBytecodeVtabInit(sqlite3 *db){ return SQLITE_OK; }
#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_BYTECODE_VTAB */

/************** End of vdbevtab.c ********************************************/
/************** Begin file memjournal.c **************************************/
/*
** 2008 October 7
**
** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
**
︙︙
96715
96716
96717
96718
96719
96720
96721
96722
96723
96724
96725
96726
96727
96728
96729
96730

96731
96732
96733
96734
96735
96736
96737

*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkSelectFrom(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
  SrcList *pSrc;
  int i;
  struct SrcList_item *pItem;

  pSrc = p->pSrc;
  assert( pSrc!=0 );
  for(i=pSrc->nSrc, pItem=pSrc->a; i>0; i--, pItem++){
    if( pItem->pSelect && sqlite3WalkSelect(pWalker, pItem->pSelect) ){
      return WRC_Abort;
    }
    if( pItem->fg.isTabFunc
     && sqlite3WalkExprList(pWalker, pItem->u1.pFuncArg)
    ){
      return WRC_Abort;

    }
  }
  return WRC_Continue;
} 

/*
** Call sqlite3WalkExpr() for every expression in Select statement p.








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>








97409
97410
97411
97412
97413
97414
97415
97416
97417
97418
97419
97420
97421
97422
97423
97424
97425
97426
97427
97428
97429
97430
97431
97432

*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkSelectFrom(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
  SrcList *pSrc;
  int i;
  struct SrcList_item *pItem;

  pSrc = p->pSrc;
  if( pSrc ){
    for(i=pSrc->nSrc, pItem=pSrc->a; i>0; i--, pItem++){
      if( pItem->pSelect && sqlite3WalkSelect(pWalker, pItem->pSelect) ){
        return WRC_Abort;
      }
      if( pItem->fg.isTabFunc
       && sqlite3WalkExprList(pWalker, pItem->u1.pFuncArg)
      ){
        return WRC_Abort;
      }
    }
  }
  return WRC_Continue;
} 

/*
** Call sqlite3WalkExpr() for every expression in Select statement p.
︙︙
96910
96911
96912
96913
96914
96915
96916
96917
96918
96919
96920
96921
96922
96923
96924

  const struct ExprList_item *pItem,
  const char *zCol,
  const char *zTab,
  const char *zDb
){
  int n;
  const char *zSpan;
  if( NEVER(pItem->eEName!=ENAME_TAB) ) return 0;
  zSpan = pItem->zEName;
  for(n=0; ALWAYS(zSpan[n]) && zSpan[n]!='.'; n++){}
  if( zDb && (sqlite3StrNICmp(zSpan, zDb, n)!=0 || zDb[n]!=0) ){
    return 0;
  }
  zSpan += n+1;
  for(n=0; ALWAYS(zSpan[n]) && zSpan[n]!='.'; n++){}








|








97605
97606
97607
97608
97609
97610
97611
97612
97613
97614
97615
97616
97617
97618
97619

  const struct ExprList_item *pItem,
  const char *zCol,
  const char *zTab,
  const char *zDb
){
  int n;
  const char *zSpan;
  if( pItem->eEName!=ENAME_TAB ) return 0;
  zSpan = pItem->zEName;
  for(n=0; ALWAYS(zSpan[n]) && zSpan[n]!='.'; n++){}
  if( zDb && (sqlite3StrNICmp(zSpan, zDb, n)!=0 || zDb[n]!=0) ){
    return 0;
  }
  zSpan += n+1;
  for(n=0; ALWAYS(zSpan[n]) && zSpan[n]!='.'; n++){}
︙︙
96944
96945
96946
96947
96948
96949
96950

























96951
96952
96953
96954
96955
96956
96957

    }
    return (db->flags & SQLITE_DqsDDL)!=0;
  }else{
    /* Currently parsing a DML statement */
    return (db->flags & SQLITE_DqsDML)!=0;
  }
}


























/*
** Given the name of a column of the form X.Y.Z or Y.Z or just Z, look up
** that name in the set of source tables in pSrcList and make the pExpr 
** expression node refer back to that source column.  The following changes
** are made to pExpr:
**








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>
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>
>
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>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








97639
97640
97641
97642
97643
97644
97645
97646
97647
97648
97649
97650
97651
97652
97653
97654
97655
97656
97657
97658
97659
97660
97661
97662
97663
97664
97665
97666
97667
97668
97669
97670
97671
97672
97673
97674
97675
97676
97677

    }
    return (db->flags & SQLITE_DqsDDL)!=0;
  }else{
    /* Currently parsing a DML statement */
    return (db->flags & SQLITE_DqsDML)!=0;
  }
}

/*
** The argument is guaranteed to be a non-NULL Expr node of type TK_COLUMN.
** return the appropriate colUsed mask.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE Bitmask sqlite3ExprColUsed(Expr *pExpr){
  int n;
  Table *pExTab;

  n = pExpr->iColumn;
  pExTab = pExpr->y.pTab;
  assert( pExTab!=0 );
  if( (pExTab->tabFlags & TF_HasGenerated)!=0
   && (pExTab->aCol[n].colFlags & COLFLAG_GENERATED)!=0 
  ){
    testcase( pExTab->nCol==BMS-1 );
    testcase( pExTab->nCol==BMS );
    return pExTab->nCol>=BMS ? ALLBITS : MASKBIT(pExTab->nCol)-1;
  }else{
    testcase( n==BMS-1 );
    testcase( n==BMS );
    if( n>=BMS ) n = BMS-1;
    return ((Bitmask)1)<<n;
  }
}

/*
** Given the name of a column of the form X.Y.Z or Y.Z or just Z, look up
** that name in the set of source tables in pSrcList and make the pExpr 
** expression node refer back to that source column.  The following changes
** are made to pExpr:
**
︙︙
97022
97023
97024
97025
97026
97027
97028






97029
97030
97031
97032
97033
97034
97035
97036
97037
97038
97039

97040
97041
97042
97043
97044
97045
97046

      for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
        assert( db->aDb[i].zDbSName );
        if( sqlite3StrICmp(db->aDb[i].zDbSName,zDb)==0 ){
          pSchema = db->aDb[i].pSchema;
          break;
        }
      }






    }
  }

  /* Start at the inner-most context and move outward until a match is found */
  assert( pNC && cnt==0 );
  do{
    ExprList *pEList;
    SrcList *pSrcList = pNC->pSrcList;

    if( pSrcList ){
      for(i=0, pItem=pSrcList->a; i<pSrcList->nSrc; i++, pItem++){

        pTab = pItem->pTab;
        assert( pTab!=0 && pTab->zName!=0 );
        assert( pTab->nCol>0 );
        if( pItem->pSelect && (pItem->pSelect->selFlags & SF_NestedFrom)!=0 ){
          int hit = 0;
          pEList = pItem->pSelect->pEList;
          for(j=0; j<pEList->nExpr; j++){








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>
>
>
>
>











>








97742
97743
97744
97745
97746
97747
97748
97749
97750
97751
97752
97753
97754
97755
97756
97757
97758
97759
97760
97761
97762
97763
97764
97765
97766
97767
97768
97769
97770
97771
97772
97773

      for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
        assert( db->aDb[i].zDbSName );
        if( sqlite3StrICmp(db->aDb[i].zDbSName,zDb)==0 ){
          pSchema = db->aDb[i].pSchema;
          break;
        }
      }
      if( i==db->nDb && sqlite3StrICmp("main", zDb)==0 ){
        /* This branch is taken when the main database has been renamed
        ** using SQLITE_DBCONFIG_MAINDBNAME. */
        pSchema = db->aDb[0].pSchema;
        zDb = db->aDb[0].zDbSName;
      }
    }
  }

  /* Start at the inner-most context and move outward until a match is found */
  assert( pNC && cnt==0 );
  do{
    ExprList *pEList;
    SrcList *pSrcList = pNC->pSrcList;

    if( pSrcList ){
      for(i=0, pItem=pSrcList->a; i<pSrcList->nSrc; i++, pItem++){
        u8 hCol;
        pTab = pItem->pTab;
        assert( pTab!=0 && pTab->zName!=0 );
        assert( pTab->nCol>0 );
        if( pItem->pSelect && (pItem->pSelect->selFlags & SF_NestedFrom)!=0 ){
          int hit = 0;
          pEList = pItem->pSelect->pEList;
          for(j=0; j<pEList->nExpr; j++){
︙︙
97066
97067
97068
97069
97070
97071
97072

97073
97074
97075
97076
97077
97078
97079
97080
97081

          if( IN_RENAME_OBJECT && pItem->zAlias ){
            sqlite3RenameTokenRemap(pParse, 0, (void*)&pExpr->y.pTab);
          }
        }
        if( 0==(cntTab++) ){
          pMatch = pItem;
        }

        for(j=0, pCol=pTab->aCol; j<pTab->nCol; j++, pCol++){
          if( sqlite3StrICmp(pCol->zName, zCol)==0 ){
            /* If there has been exactly one prior match and this match
            ** is for the right-hand table of a NATURAL JOIN or is in a 
            ** USING clause, then skip this match.
            */
            if( cnt==1 ){
              if( pItem->fg.jointype & JT_NATURAL ) continue;
              if( nameInUsingClause(pItem->pUsing, zCol) ) continue;








>

|








97793
97794
97795
97796
97797
97798
97799
97800
97801
97802
97803
97804
97805
97806
97807
97808
97809

          if( IN_RENAME_OBJECT && pItem->zAlias ){
            sqlite3RenameTokenRemap(pParse, 0, (void*)&pExpr->y.pTab);
          }
        }
        if( 0==(cntTab++) ){
          pMatch = pItem;
        }
        hCol = sqlite3StrIHash(zCol);
        for(j=0, pCol=pTab->aCol; j<pTab->nCol; j++, pCol++){
          if( pCol->hName==hCol && sqlite3StrICmp(pCol->zName, zCol)==0 ){
            /* If there has been exactly one prior match and this match
            ** is for the right-hand table of a NATURAL JOIN or is in a 
            ** USING clause, then skip this match.
            */
            if( cnt==1 ){
              if( pItem->fg.jointype & JT_NATURAL ) continue;
              if( nameInUsingClause(pItem->pUsing, zCol) ) continue;
︙︙
97128
97129
97130
97131
97132
97133
97134

97135
97136
97137
97138
97139
97140
97141
97142
97143
97144
97145

          pExpr->iTable = 2;
        }
      }
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UPSERT */

      if( pTab ){ 
        int iCol;

        pSchema = pTab->pSchema;
        cntTab++;
        for(iCol=0, pCol=pTab->aCol; iCol<pTab->nCol; iCol++, pCol++){
          if( sqlite3StrICmp(pCol->zName, zCol)==0 ){
            if( iCol==pTab->iPKey ){
              iCol = -1;
            }
            break;
          }
        }
        if( iCol>=pTab->nCol && sqlite3IsRowid(zCol) && VisibleRowid(pTab) ){








>



|








97856
97857
97858
97859
97860
97861
97862
97863
97864
97865
97866
97867
97868
97869
97870
97871
97872
97873
97874

          pExpr->iTable = 2;
        }
      }
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UPSERT */

      if( pTab ){ 
        int iCol;
        u8 hCol = sqlite3StrIHash(zCol);
        pSchema = pTab->pSchema;
        cntTab++;
        for(iCol=0, pCol=pTab->aCol; iCol<pTab->nCol; iCol++, pCol++){
          if( pCol->hName==hCol && sqlite3StrICmp(pCol->zName, zCol)==0 ){
            if( iCol==pTab->iPKey ){
              iCol = -1;
            }
            break;
          }
        }
        if( iCol>=pTab->nCol && sqlite3IsRowid(zCol) && VisibleRowid(pTab) ){
︙︙
97341
97342
97343
97344
97345
97346
97347
97348
97349
97350
97351
97352
97353
97354
97355
97356
97357
97358
97359
97360
97361
97362
97363
97364
97365
97366
97367
97368
97369
97370

  ** avoid setting bits beyond the maximum column number of the table.
  ** (See ticket [b92e5e8ec2cdbaa1]).
  **
  ** If a generated column is referenced, set bits for every column
  ** of the table.
  */
  if( pExpr->iColumn>=0 && pMatch!=0 ){
    int n = pExpr->iColumn;
    Table *pExTab = pExpr->y.pTab;
    assert( pExTab!=0 );
    assert( pMatch->iCursor==pExpr->iTable );
    if( (pExTab->tabFlags & TF_HasGenerated)!=0
     && (pExTab->aCol[n].colFlags & COLFLAG_GENERATED)!=0 
    ){
      testcase( pExTab->nCol==BMS-1 );
      testcase( pExTab->nCol==BMS );
      pMatch->colUsed = pExTab->nCol>=BMS ? ALLBITS : MASKBIT(pExTab->nCol)-1;
    }else{
      testcase( n==BMS-1 );
      testcase( n==BMS );
      if( n>=BMS ) n = BMS-1;
      pMatch->colUsed |= ((Bitmask)1)<<n;
    }
  }

  /* Clean up and return
  */
  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr->pLeft);
  pExpr->pLeft = 0;
  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr->pRight);








<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
|
<








98070
98071
98072
98073
98074
98075
98076














98077

98078
98079
98080
98081
98082
98083
98084

  ** avoid setting bits beyond the maximum column number of the table.
  ** (See ticket [b92e5e8ec2cdbaa1]).
  **
  ** If a generated column is referenced, set bits for every column
  ** of the table.
  */
  if( pExpr->iColumn>=0 && pMatch!=0 ){














    pMatch->colUsed |= sqlite3ExprColUsed(pExpr);

  }

  /* Clean up and return
  */
  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr->pLeft);
  pExpr->pLeft = 0;
  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr->pRight);
︙︙
97821
97822
97823
97824
97825
97826
97827
97828
97829
97830
97831
97832
97833
97834
97835

    }
    case TK_IS:
    case TK_ISNOT: {
      Expr *pRight = sqlite3ExprSkipCollateAndLikely(pExpr->pRight);
      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Reduced) );
      /* Handle special cases of "x IS TRUE", "x IS FALSE", "x IS NOT TRUE",
      ** and "x IS NOT FALSE". */
      if( pRight->op==TK_ID ){
        int rc = resolveExprStep(pWalker, pRight);
        if( rc==WRC_Abort ) return WRC_Abort;
        if( pRight->op==TK_TRUEFALSE ){
          pExpr->op2 = pExpr->op;
          pExpr->op = TK_TRUTH;
          return WRC_Continue;
        }








|








98535
98536
98537
98538
98539
98540
98541
98542
98543
98544
98545
98546
98547
98548
98549

    }
    case TK_IS:
    case TK_ISNOT: {
      Expr *pRight = sqlite3ExprSkipCollateAndLikely(pExpr->pRight);
      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Reduced) );
      /* Handle special cases of "x IS TRUE", "x IS FALSE", "x IS NOT TRUE",
      ** and "x IS NOT FALSE". */
      if( pRight && pRight->op==TK_ID ){
        int rc = resolveExprStep(pWalker, pRight);
        if( rc==WRC_Abort ) return WRC_Abort;
        if( pRight->op==TK_TRUEFALSE ){
          pExpr->op2 = pExpr->op;
          pExpr->op = TK_TRUTH;
          return WRC_Continue;
        }
︙︙
98582
98583
98584
98585
98586
98587
98588


98589







98590





98591
98592













98593



98594
98595
98596
98597
98598
98599
98600

** list rather than a single expression.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ResolveExprListNames( 
  NameContext *pNC,       /* Namespace to resolve expressions in. */
  ExprList *pList         /* The expression list to be analyzed. */
){
  int i;


  if( pList ){







    for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){





      if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(pNC, pList->a[i].pExpr) ) return WRC_Abort;
    }













  }



  return WRC_Continue;
}

/*
** Resolve all names in all expressions of a SELECT and in all
** decendents of the SELECT, including compounds off of p->pPrior,
** subqueries in expressions, and subqueries used as FROM clause








>
>
|
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
|
>
>
>
>
>
|

>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
|
>
>
>








99296
99297
99298
99299
99300
99301
99302
99303
99304
99305
99306
99307
99308
99309
99310
99311
99312
99313
99314
99315
99316
99317
99318
99319
99320
99321
99322
99323
99324
99325
99326
99327
99328
99329
99330
99331
99332
99333
99334
99335
99336
99337
99338
99339
99340
99341
99342
99343
99344

** list rather than a single expression.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ResolveExprListNames( 
  NameContext *pNC,       /* Namespace to resolve expressions in. */
  ExprList *pList         /* The expression list to be analyzed. */
){
  int i;
  int savedHasAgg = 0;
  Walker w;
  if( pList==0 ) return WRC_Continue;
  w.pParse = pNC->pParse;
  w.xExprCallback = resolveExprStep;
  w.xSelectCallback = resolveSelectStep;
  w.xSelectCallback2 = 0;
  w.u.pNC = pNC;
  savedHasAgg = pNC->ncFlags & (NC_HasAgg|NC_MinMaxAgg|NC_HasWin);
  pNC->ncFlags &= ~(NC_HasAgg|NC_MinMaxAgg|NC_HasWin);
  for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
    Expr *pExpr = pList->a[i].pExpr;
    if( pExpr==0 ) continue;
#if SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH>0
    w.pParse->nHeight += pExpr->nHeight;
    if( sqlite3ExprCheckHeight(w.pParse, w.pParse->nHeight) ){
      return WRC_Abort;
    }
#endif
    sqlite3WalkExpr(&w, pExpr);
#if SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH>0
    w.pParse->nHeight -= pExpr->nHeight;
#endif
    assert( EP_Agg==NC_HasAgg );
    assert( EP_Win==NC_HasWin );
    testcase( pNC->ncFlags & NC_HasAgg );
    testcase( pNC->ncFlags & NC_HasWin );
    if( pNC->ncFlags & (NC_HasAgg|NC_MinMaxAgg|NC_HasWin) ){
      ExprSetProperty(pExpr, pNC->ncFlags & (NC_HasAgg|NC_HasWin) );
      savedHasAgg |= pNC->ncFlags & (NC_HasAgg|NC_MinMaxAgg|NC_HasWin);
      pNC->ncFlags &= ~(NC_HasAgg|NC_MinMaxAgg|NC_HasWin);
    }
    if( pNC->nErr>0 || w.pParse->nErr>0 ) return WRC_Abort;
  }
  pNC->ncFlags |= savedHasAgg;
  return WRC_Continue;
}

/*
** Resolve all names in all expressions of a SELECT and in all
** decendents of the SELECT, including compounds off of p->pPrior,
** subqueries in expressions, and subqueries used as FROM clause
︙︙
98717
98718
98719
98720
98721
98722
98723
98724
98725
98726
98727
98728
98729
98730
98731
98732
98733
98734

** have an affinity:
**
** CREATE TABLE t1(a);
** SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a;
** SELECT a AS b FROM t1 WHERE b;
** SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE (select a from t1);
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3ExprAffinity(Expr *pExpr){
  int op;
  while( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Skip) ){
    assert( pExpr->op==TK_COLLATE );
    pExpr = pExpr->pLeft;
    assert( pExpr!=0 );
  }
  op = pExpr->op;
  if( op==TK_SELECT ){
    assert( pExpr->flags&EP_xIsSelect );
    return sqlite3ExprAffinity(pExpr->x.pSelect->pEList->a[0].pExpr);








|


|








99461
99462
99463
99464
99465
99466
99467
99468
99469
99470
99471
99472
99473
99474
99475
99476
99477
99478

** have an affinity:
**
** CREATE TABLE t1(a);
** SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a;
** SELECT a AS b FROM t1 WHERE b;
** SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE (select a from t1);
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3ExprAffinity(const Expr *pExpr){
  int op;
  while( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Skip) ){
    assert( pExpr->op==TK_COLLATE || pExpr->op==TK_IF_NULL_ROW );
    pExpr = pExpr->pLeft;
    assert( pExpr!=0 );
  }
  op = pExpr->op;
  if( op==TK_SELECT ){
    assert( pExpr->flags&EP_xIsSelect );
    return sqlite3ExprAffinity(pExpr->x.pSelect->pEList->a[0].pExpr);
︙︙
98787
98788
98789
98790
98791
98792
98793
98794
98795
98796
98797
98798
98799
98800
98801
98802
98803
98804
98805
98806
98807
98808
98809
98810
98811
98812
98813
98814
98815
98816
98817
98818
98819
98820
98821
98822
98823
98824
98825
98826
98827
98828
98829
98830
98831
98832
98833
98834
98835
98836
98837
98838
98839
98840
98841
98842
98843
98844

}

/*
** Skip over any TK_COLLATE operators.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(Expr *pExpr){
  while( pExpr && ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Skip) ){
    assert( pExpr->op==TK_COLLATE );
    pExpr = pExpr->pLeft;
  }   
  return pExpr;
}

/*
** Skip over any TK_COLLATE operators and/or any unlikely()
** or likelihood() or likely() functions at the root of an
** expression.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSkipCollateAndLikely(Expr *pExpr){
  while( pExpr && ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Skip|EP_Unlikely) ){
    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Unlikely) ){
      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
      assert( pExpr->x.pList->nExpr>0 );
      assert( pExpr->op==TK_FUNCTION );
      pExpr = pExpr->x.pList->a[0].pExpr;
    }else{
      assert( pExpr->op==TK_COLLATE );
      pExpr = pExpr->pLeft;
    }
  }   
  return pExpr;
}

/*
** Return the collation sequence for the expression pExpr. If
** there is no defined collating sequence, return NULL.
**
** See also: sqlite3ExprNNCollSeq()
**
** The sqlite3ExprNNCollSeq() works the same exact that it returns the
** default collation if pExpr has no defined collation.
**
** The collating sequence might be determined by a COLLATE operator
** or by the presence of a column with a defined collating sequence.
** COLLATE operators take first precedence.  Left operands take
** precedence over right operands.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprCollSeq(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr){
  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
  CollSeq *pColl = 0;
  Expr *p = pExpr;
  while( p ){
    int op = p->op;
    if( op==TK_REGISTER ) op = p->op2;
    if( (op==TK_AGG_COLUMN || op==TK_COLUMN || op==TK_TRIGGER)
     && p->y.pTab!=0
    ){
      /* op==TK_REGISTER && p->y.pTab!=0 happens when pExpr was originally








|


















|




















|


|








99531
99532
99533
99534
99535
99536
99537
99538
99539
99540
99541
99542
99543
99544
99545
99546
99547
99548
99549
99550
99551
99552
99553
99554
99555
99556
99557
99558
99559
99560
99561
99562
99563
99564
99565
99566
99567
99568
99569
99570
99571
99572
99573
99574
99575
99576
99577
99578
99579
99580
99581
99582
99583
99584
99585
99586
99587
99588

}

/*
** Skip over any TK_COLLATE operators.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(Expr *pExpr){
  while( pExpr && ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Skip) ){
    assert( pExpr->op==TK_COLLATE || pExpr->op==TK_IF_NULL_ROW );
    pExpr = pExpr->pLeft;
  }   
  return pExpr;
}

/*
** Skip over any TK_COLLATE operators and/or any unlikely()
** or likelihood() or likely() functions at the root of an
** expression.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSkipCollateAndLikely(Expr *pExpr){
  while( pExpr && ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Skip|EP_Unlikely) ){
    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Unlikely) ){
      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
      assert( pExpr->x.pList->nExpr>0 );
      assert( pExpr->op==TK_FUNCTION );
      pExpr = pExpr->x.pList->a[0].pExpr;
    }else{
      assert( pExpr->op==TK_COLLATE || pExpr->op==TK_IF_NULL_ROW );
      pExpr = pExpr->pLeft;
    }
  }   
  return pExpr;
}

/*
** Return the collation sequence for the expression pExpr. If
** there is no defined collating sequence, return NULL.
**
** See also: sqlite3ExprNNCollSeq()
**
** The sqlite3ExprNNCollSeq() works the same exact that it returns the
** default collation if pExpr has no defined collation.
**
** The collating sequence might be determined by a COLLATE operator
** or by the presence of a column with a defined collating sequence.
** COLLATE operators take first precedence.  Left operands take
** precedence over right operands.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprCollSeq(Parse *pParse, const Expr *pExpr){
  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
  CollSeq *pColl = 0;
  const Expr *p = pExpr;
  while( p ){
    int op = p->op;
    if( op==TK_REGISTER ) op = p->op2;
    if( (op==TK_AGG_COLUMN || op==TK_COLUMN || op==TK_TRIGGER)
     && p->y.pTab!=0
    ){
      /* op==TK_REGISTER && p->y.pTab!=0 happens when pExpr was originally
︙︙
98899
98900
98901
98902
98903
98904
98905
98906
98907
98908
98909
98910
98911
98912
98913
98914
98915
98916
98917
98918
98919
98920
98921
98922
98923
98924
98925
98926
98927
98928
98929
98930
98931
98932
98933
98934

** defautl collation sequence.
**
** See also: sqlite3ExprCollSeq()
**
** The sqlite3ExprCollSeq() routine works the same except that it
** returns NULL if there is no defined collation.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprNNCollSeq(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr){
  CollSeq *p = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr);
  if( p==0 ) p = pParse->db->pDfltColl;
  assert( p!=0 );
  return p;
}

/*
** Return TRUE if the two expressions have equivalent collating sequences.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCollSeqMatch(Parse *pParse, Expr *pE1, Expr *pE2){
  CollSeq *pColl1 = sqlite3ExprNNCollSeq(pParse, pE1);
  CollSeq *pColl2 = sqlite3ExprNNCollSeq(pParse, pE2);
  return sqlite3StrICmp(pColl1->zName, pColl2->zName)==0;
}

/*
** pExpr is an operand of a comparison operator.  aff2 is the
** type affinity of the other operand.  This routine returns the
** type affinity that should be used for the comparison operator.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3CompareAffinity(Expr *pExpr, char aff2){
  char aff1 = sqlite3ExprAffinity(pExpr);
  if( aff1>SQLITE_AFF_NONE && aff2>SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
    /* Both sides of the comparison are columns. If one has numeric
    ** affinity, use that. Otherwise use no affinity.
    */
    if( sqlite3IsNumericAffinity(aff1) || sqlite3IsNumericAffinity(aff2) ){
      return SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC;








|









|










|








99643
99644
99645
99646
99647
99648
99649
99650
99651
99652
99653
99654
99655
99656
99657
99658
99659
99660
99661
99662
99663
99664
99665
99666
99667
99668
99669
99670
99671
99672
99673
99674
99675
99676
99677
99678

** defautl collation sequence.
**
** See also: sqlite3ExprCollSeq()
**
** The sqlite3ExprCollSeq() routine works the same except that it
** returns NULL if there is no defined collation.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprNNCollSeq(Parse *pParse, const Expr *pExpr){
  CollSeq *p = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr);
  if( p==0 ) p = pParse->db->pDfltColl;
  assert( p!=0 );
  return p;
}

/*
** Return TRUE if the two expressions have equivalent collating sequences.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCollSeqMatch(Parse *pParse, const Expr *pE1, const Expr *pE2){
  CollSeq *pColl1 = sqlite3ExprNNCollSeq(pParse, pE1);
  CollSeq *pColl2 = sqlite3ExprNNCollSeq(pParse, pE2);
  return sqlite3StrICmp(pColl1->zName, pColl2->zName)==0;
}

/*
** pExpr is an operand of a comparison operator.  aff2 is the
** type affinity of the other operand.  This routine returns the
** type affinity that should be used for the comparison operator.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3CompareAffinity(const Expr *pExpr, char aff2){
  char aff1 = sqlite3ExprAffinity(pExpr);
  if( aff1>SQLITE_AFF_NONE && aff2>SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
    /* Both sides of the comparison are columns. If one has numeric
    ** affinity, use that. Otherwise use no affinity.
    */
    if( sqlite3IsNumericAffinity(aff1) || sqlite3IsNumericAffinity(aff2) ){
      return SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC;
︙︙
98942
98943
98944
98945
98946
98947
98948
98949
98950
98951
98952
98953
98954
98955
98956

  }
}

/*
** pExpr is a comparison operator.  Return the type affinity that should
** be applied to both operands prior to doing the comparison.
*/
static char comparisonAffinity(Expr *pExpr){
  char aff;
  assert( pExpr->op==TK_EQ || pExpr->op==TK_IN || pExpr->op==TK_LT ||
          pExpr->op==TK_GT || pExpr->op==TK_GE || pExpr->op==TK_LE ||
          pExpr->op==TK_NE || pExpr->op==TK_IS || pExpr->op==TK_ISNOT );
  assert( pExpr->pLeft );
  aff = sqlite3ExprAffinity(pExpr->pLeft);
  if( pExpr->pRight ){








|








99686
99687
99688
99689
99690
99691
99692
99693
99694
99695
99696
99697
99698
99699
99700

  }
}

/*
** pExpr is a comparison operator.  Return the type affinity that should
** be applied to both operands prior to doing the comparison.
*/
static char comparisonAffinity(const Expr *pExpr){
  char aff;
  assert( pExpr->op==TK_EQ || pExpr->op==TK_IN || pExpr->op==TK_LT ||
          pExpr->op==TK_GT || pExpr->op==TK_GE || pExpr->op==TK_LE ||
          pExpr->op==TK_NE || pExpr->op==TK_IS || pExpr->op==TK_ISNOT );
  assert( pExpr->pLeft );
  aff = sqlite3ExprAffinity(pExpr->pLeft);
  if( pExpr->pRight ){
︙︙
98965
98966
98967
98968
98969
98970
98971
98972
98973
98974
98975
98976
98977
98978
98979
98980
98981
98982
98983
98984
98985
98986
98987




98988
98989
98990
98991
98992
98993
98994
98995
98996
98997
98998
98999
99000
99001
99002
99003
99004
99005
99006
99007
99008
99009
99010
99011
99012
99013
99014
99015


/*
** pExpr is a comparison expression, eg. '=', '<', IN(...) etc.
** idx_affinity is the affinity of an indexed column. Return true
** if the index with affinity idx_affinity may be used to implement
** the comparison in pExpr.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(Expr *pExpr, char idx_affinity){
  char aff = comparisonAffinity(pExpr);
  if( aff<SQLITE_AFF_TEXT ){
    return 1;
  }
  if( aff==SQLITE_AFF_TEXT ){
    return idx_affinity==SQLITE_AFF_TEXT;
  }
  return sqlite3IsNumericAffinity(idx_affinity);
}

/*
** Return the P5 value that should be used for a binary comparison
** opcode (OP_Eq, OP_Ge etc.) used to compare pExpr1 and pExpr2.
*/
static u8 binaryCompareP5(Expr *pExpr1, Expr *pExpr2, int jumpIfNull){




  u8 aff = (char)sqlite3ExprAffinity(pExpr2);
  aff = (u8)sqlite3CompareAffinity(pExpr1, aff) | (u8)jumpIfNull;
  return aff;
}

/*
** Return a pointer to the collation sequence that should be used by
** a binary comparison operator comparing pLeft and pRight.
**
** If the left hand expression has a collating sequence type, then it is
** used. Otherwise the collation sequence for the right hand expression
** is used, or the default (BINARY) if neither expression has a collating
** type.
**
** Argument pRight (but not pLeft) may be a null pointer. In this case,
** it is not considered.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(
  Parse *pParse, 
  Expr *pLeft, 
  Expr *pRight
){
  CollSeq *pColl;
  assert( pLeft );
  if( pLeft->flags & EP_Collate ){
    pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pLeft);
  }else if( pRight && (pRight->flags & EP_Collate)!=0 ){
    pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pRight);








|














|
>
>
>
>



















|
|








99709
99710
99711
99712
99713
99714
99715
99716
99717
99718
99719
99720
99721
99722
99723
99724
99725
99726
99727
99728
99729
99730
99731
99732
99733
99734
99735
99736
99737
99738
99739
99740
99741
99742
99743
99744
99745
99746
99747
99748
99749
99750
99751
99752
99753
99754
99755
99756
99757
99758
99759
99760
99761
99762
99763


/*
** pExpr is a comparison expression, eg. '=', '<', IN(...) etc.
** idx_affinity is the affinity of an indexed column. Return true
** if the index with affinity idx_affinity may be used to implement
** the comparison in pExpr.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(const Expr *pExpr, char idx_affinity){
  char aff = comparisonAffinity(pExpr);
  if( aff<SQLITE_AFF_TEXT ){
    return 1;
  }
  if( aff==SQLITE_AFF_TEXT ){
    return idx_affinity==SQLITE_AFF_TEXT;
  }
  return sqlite3IsNumericAffinity(idx_affinity);
}

/*
** Return the P5 value that should be used for a binary comparison
** opcode (OP_Eq, OP_Ge etc.) used to compare pExpr1 and pExpr2.
*/
static u8 binaryCompareP5(
  const Expr *pExpr1,   /* Left operand */
  const Expr *pExpr2,   /* Right operand */
  int jumpIfNull        /* Extra flags added to P5 */
){
  u8 aff = (char)sqlite3ExprAffinity(pExpr2);
  aff = (u8)sqlite3CompareAffinity(pExpr1, aff) | (u8)jumpIfNull;
  return aff;
}

/*
** Return a pointer to the collation sequence that should be used by
** a binary comparison operator comparing pLeft and pRight.
**
** If the left hand expression has a collating sequence type, then it is
** used. Otherwise the collation sequence for the right hand expression
** is used, or the default (BINARY) if neither expression has a collating
** type.
**
** Argument pRight (but not pLeft) may be a null pointer. In this case,
** it is not considered.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(
  Parse *pParse, 
  const Expr *pLeft, 
  const Expr *pRight
){
  CollSeq *pColl;
  assert( pLeft );
  if( pLeft->flags & EP_Collate ){
    pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pLeft);
  }else if( pRight && (pRight->flags & EP_Collate)!=0 ){
    pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pRight);
︙︙
99026
99027
99028
99029
99030
99031
99032
99033
99034
99035
99036
99037
99038
99039
99040

** appropriate for the comparison operator.
**
** This is normally just a wrapper around sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq().
** However, if the OP_Commuted flag is set, then the order of the operands
** is reversed in the sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq() call so that the
** correct collating sequence is found.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprCompareCollSeq(Parse *pParse, Expr *p){
  if( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_Commuted) ){
    return sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, p->pRight, p->pLeft);
  }else{
    return sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, p->pLeft, p->pRight);
  }
}









|








99774
99775
99776
99777
99778
99779
99780
99781
99782
99783
99784
99785
99786
99787
99788

** appropriate for the comparison operator.
**
** This is normally just a wrapper around sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq().
** However, if the OP_Commuted flag is set, then the order of the operands
** is reversed in the sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq() call so that the
** correct collating sequence is found.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprCompareCollSeq(Parse *pParse, const Expr *p){
  if( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_Commuted) ){
    return sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, p->pRight, p->pLeft);
  }else{
    return sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, p->pLeft, p->pRight);
  }
}
︙︙
99269
99270
99271
99272
99273
99274
99275

99276
99277
99278
99279
99280
99281
99282

  int i;
  int regLeft = 0;
  int regRight = 0;
  u8 opx = op;
  int addrDone = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
  int isCommuted = ExprHasProperty(pExpr,EP_Commuted);


  if( pParse->nErr ) return;
  if( nLeft!=sqlite3ExprVectorSize(pRight) ){
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "row value misused");
    return;
  }
  assert( pExpr->op==TK_EQ || pExpr->op==TK_NE 
       || pExpr->op==TK_IS || pExpr->op==TK_ISNOT 








>








100017
100018
100019
100020
100021
100022
100023
100024
100025
100026
100027
100028
100029
100030
100031

  int i;
  int regLeft = 0;
  int regRight = 0;
  u8 opx = op;
  int addrDone = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
  int isCommuted = ExprHasProperty(pExpr,EP_Commuted);

  assert( !ExprHasVVAProperty(pExpr,EP_Immutable) );
  if( pParse->nErr ) return;
  if( nLeft!=sqlite3ExprVectorSize(pRight) ){
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "row value misused");
    return;
  }
  assert( pExpr->op==TK_EQ || pExpr->op==TK_NE 
       || pExpr->op==TK_IS || pExpr->op==TK_ISNOT
︙︙
99881
99882
99883
99884
99885
99886
99887
99888
99889
99890
99891
99892
99893
99894
99895

#endif
  ){
    nSize = EXPR_FULLSIZE;
  }else{
    assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
    assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_FromJoin) ); 
    assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_MemToken) );
    assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_NoReduce) );
    if( p->pLeft || p->x.pList ){
      nSize = EXPR_REDUCEDSIZE | EP_Reduced;
    }else{
      assert( p->pRight==0 );
      nSize = EXPR_TOKENONLYSIZE | EP_TokenOnly;
    }
  }








|








100630
100631
100632
100633
100634
100635
100636
100637
100638
100639
100640
100641
100642
100643
100644

#endif
  ){
    nSize = EXPR_FULLSIZE;
  }else{
    assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
    assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_FromJoin) ); 
    assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_MemToken) );
    assert( !ExprHasVVAProperty(p, EP_NoReduce) );
    if( p->pLeft || p->x.pList ){
      nSize = EXPR_REDUCEDSIZE | EP_Reduced;
    }else{
      assert( p->pRight==0 );
      nSize = EXPR_TOKENONLYSIZE | EP_TokenOnly;
    }
  }
︙︙
99986
99987
99988
99989
99990
99991
99992




99993
99994
99995
99996
99997
99998
99999

      }
    }

    /* Set the EP_Reduced, EP_TokenOnly, and EP_Static flags appropriately. */
    pNew->flags &= ~(EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly|EP_Static|EP_MemToken);
    pNew->flags |= nStructSize & (EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly);
    pNew->flags |= staticFlag;





    /* Copy the p->u.zToken string, if any. */
    if( nToken ){
      char *zToken = pNew->u.zToken = (char*)&zAlloc[nNewSize];
      memcpy(zToken, p->u.zToken, nToken);
    }









>
>
>
>








100735
100736
100737
100738
100739
100740
100741
100742
100743
100744
100745
100746
100747
100748
100749
100750
100751
100752

      }
    }

    /* Set the EP_Reduced, EP_TokenOnly, and EP_Static flags appropriately. */
    pNew->flags &= ~(EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly|EP_Static|EP_MemToken);
    pNew->flags |= nStructSize & (EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly);
    pNew->flags |= staticFlag;
    ExprClearVVAProperties(pNew);
    if( dupFlags ){
      ExprSetVVAProperty(pNew, EP_Immutable);
    }

    /* Copy the p->u.zToken string, if any. */
    if( nToken ){
      char *zToken = pNew->u.zToken = (char*)&zAlloc[nNewSize];
      memcpy(zToken, p->u.zToken, nToken);
    }
︙︙
100453
100454
100455
100456
100457
100458
100459

100460
100461
100462
100463
100464
100465
100466




100467
100468
100469

100470
100471
100472
100473
100474
100475
100476

SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprListSetName(
  Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
  ExprList *pList,        /* List to which to add the span. */
  Token *pName,           /* Name to be added */
  int dequote             /* True to cause the name to be dequoted */
){
  assert( pList!=0 || pParse->db->mallocFailed!=0 );

  if( pList ){
    struct ExprList_item *pItem;
    assert( pList->nExpr>0 );
    pItem = &pList->a[pList->nExpr-1];
    assert( pItem->zEName==0 );
    assert( pItem->eEName==ENAME_NAME );
    pItem->zEName = sqlite3DbStrNDup(pParse->db, pName->z, pName->n);




    if( dequote ) sqlite3Dequote(pItem->zEName);
    if( IN_RENAME_OBJECT ){
      sqlite3RenameTokenMap(pParse, (void*)pItem->zEName, pName);

    }
  }
}

/*
** Set the ExprList.a[].zSpan element of the most recently added item
** on the expression list.








>







>
>
>
>
|
|
|
>








101206
101207
101208
101209
101210
101211
101212
101213
101214
101215
101216
101217
101218
101219
101220
101221
101222
101223
101224
101225
101226
101227
101228
101229
101230
101231
101232
101233
101234
101235

SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprListSetName(
  Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
  ExprList *pList,        /* List to which to add the span. */
  Token *pName,           /* Name to be added */
  int dequote             /* True to cause the name to be dequoted */
){
  assert( pList!=0 || pParse->db->mallocFailed!=0 );
  assert( pParse->eParseMode!=PARSE_MODE_UNMAP || dequote==0 );
  if( pList ){
    struct ExprList_item *pItem;
    assert( pList->nExpr>0 );
    pItem = &pList->a[pList->nExpr-1];
    assert( pItem->zEName==0 );
    assert( pItem->eEName==ENAME_NAME );
    pItem->zEName = sqlite3DbStrNDup(pParse->db, pName->z, pName->n);
    if( dequote ){
      /* If dequote==0, then pName->z does not point to part of a DDL
      ** statement handled by the parser. And so no token need be added
      ** to the token-map.  */
      sqlite3Dequote(pItem->zEName);
      if( IN_RENAME_OBJECT ){
        sqlite3RenameTokenMap(pParse, (void*)pItem->zEName, pName);
      }
    }
  }
}

/*
** Set the ExprList.a[].zSpan element of the most recently added item
** on the expression list.
︙︙
100762
100763
100764
100765
100766
100767
100768
100769
100770
100771
100772
100773
100774
100775
100776

**   (2) the expression does originate in the ON or USING clause
**       of a LEFT JOIN, and
**   (3) the expression does not contain any EP_FixedCol TK_COLUMN
**       operands created by the constant propagation optimization.
**
** When this routine returns true, it indicates that the expression
** can be added to the pParse->pConstExpr list and evaluated once when
** the prepared statement starts up.  See sqlite3ExprCodeAtInit().
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(Expr *p){
  return exprIsConst(p, 2, 0);
}

/*
** Walk an expression tree.  Return non-zero if the expression is constant








|








101521
101522
101523
101524
101525
101526
101527
101528
101529
101530
101531
101532
101533
101534
101535

**   (2) the expression does originate in the ON or USING clause
**       of a LEFT JOIN, and
**   (3) the expression does not contain any EP_FixedCol TK_COLUMN
**       operands created by the constant propagation optimization.
**
** When this routine returns true, it indicates that the expression
** can be added to the pParse->pConstExpr list and evaluated once when
** the prepared statement starts up.  See sqlite3ExprCodeRunJustOnce().
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(Expr *p){
  return exprIsConst(p, 2, 0);
}

/*
** Walk an expression tree.  Return non-zero if the expression is constant
︙︙
101607
101608
101609
101610
101611
101612
101613


101614
101615
101616
101617
101618
101619
101620

    int i;
    ExprList *pList = pExpr->x.pList;
    struct ExprList_item *pItem;
    int r1, r2;
    affinity = sqlite3ExprAffinity(pLeft);
    if( affinity<=SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
      affinity = SQLITE_AFF_BLOB;


    }
    if( pKeyInfo ){
      assert( sqlite3KeyInfoIsWriteable(pKeyInfo) );
      pKeyInfo->aColl[0] = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft);
    }

    /* Loop through each expression in <exprlist>. */








>
>








102366
102367
102368
102369
102370
102371
102372
102373
102374
102375
102376
102377
102378
102379
102380
102381

    int i;
    ExprList *pList = pExpr->x.pList;
    struct ExprList_item *pItem;
    int r1, r2;
    affinity = sqlite3ExprAffinity(pLeft);
    if( affinity<=SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
      affinity = SQLITE_AFF_BLOB;
    }else if( affinity==SQLITE_AFF_REAL ){
      affinity = SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC;
    }
    if( pKeyInfo ){
      assert( sqlite3KeyInfoIsWriteable(pKeyInfo) );
      pKeyInfo->aColl[0] = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft);
    }

    /* Loop through each expression in <exprlist>. */
︙︙
101847
101848
101849
101850
101851
101852
101853

101854
101855
101856
101857
101858
101859
101860

  int destStep6 = 0;    /* Start of code for Step 6 */
  int addrTruthOp;      /* Address of opcode that determines the IN is true */
  int destNotNull;      /* Jump here if a comparison is not true in step 6 */
  int addrTop;          /* Top of the step-6 loop */ 
  int iTab = 0;         /* Index to use */
  u8 okConstFactor = pParse->okConstFactor;


  pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
  if( sqlite3ExprCheckIN(pParse, pExpr) ) return;
  zAff = exprINAffinity(pParse, pExpr);
  nVector = sqlite3ExprVectorSize(pExpr->pLeft);
  aiMap = (int*)sqlite3DbMallocZero(
      pParse->db, nVector*(sizeof(int) + sizeof(char)) + 1
  );








>








102608
102609
102610
102611
102612
102613
102614
102615
102616
102617
102618
102619
102620
102621
102622

  int destStep6 = 0;    /* Start of code for Step 6 */
  int addrTruthOp;      /* Address of opcode that determines the IN is true */
  int destNotNull;      /* Jump here if a comparison is not true in step 6 */
  int addrTop;          /* Top of the step-6 loop */ 
  int iTab = 0;         /* Index to use */
  u8 okConstFactor = pParse->okConstFactor;

  assert( !ExprHasVVAProperty(pExpr,EP_Immutable) );
  pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
  if( sqlite3ExprCheckIN(pParse, pExpr) ) return;
  zAff = exprINAffinity(pParse, pExpr);
  nVector = sqlite3ExprVectorSize(pExpr->pLeft);
  aiMap = (int*)sqlite3DbMallocZero(
      pParse->db, nVector*(sizeof(int) + sizeof(char)) + 1
  );
︙︙
101922
101923
101924
101925
101926
101927
101928
101929
101930
101931
101932
101933
101934
101935
101936
101937
101938
101939
101940
101941
101942
101943
101944
101945
101946
101947
101948
101949
101950

  if( eType==IN_INDEX_NOOP ){
    ExprList *pList = pExpr->x.pList;
    CollSeq *pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft);
    int labelOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
    int r2, regToFree;
    int regCkNull = 0;
    int ii;
    int bLhsReal;  /* True if the LHS of the IN has REAL affinity */
    assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
    if( destIfNull!=destIfFalse ){
      regCkNull = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_BitAnd, rLhs, rLhs, regCkNull);
    }
    bLhsReal = sqlite3ExprAffinity(pExpr->pLeft)==SQLITE_AFF_REAL;
    for(ii=0; ii<pList->nExpr; ii++){
      if( bLhsReal ){
        r2 = regToFree = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pList->a[ii].pExpr, r2);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Affinity, r2, 1, 0, "E", P4_STATIC);
      }else{
        r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pList->a[ii].pExpr, &regToFree);
      }
      if( regCkNull && sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(pList->a[ii].pExpr) ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_BitAnd, regCkNull, r2, regCkNull);
      }
      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regToFree);
      if( ii<pList->nExpr-1 || destIfNull!=destIfFalse ){
        int op = rLhs!=r2 ? OP_Eq : OP_NotNull;
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, op, rLhs, labelOk, r2,








<





<

<
<
<
<
<
|
<








102684
102685
102686
102687
102688
102689
102690

102691
102692
102693
102694
102695

102696





102697

102698
102699
102700
102701
102702
102703
102704

  if( eType==IN_INDEX_NOOP ){
    ExprList *pList = pExpr->x.pList;
    CollSeq *pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft);
    int labelOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
    int r2, regToFree;
    int regCkNull = 0;
    int ii;

    assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
    if( destIfNull!=destIfFalse ){
      regCkNull = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_BitAnd, rLhs, rLhs, regCkNull);
    }

    for(ii=0; ii<pList->nExpr; ii++){





      r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pList->a[ii].pExpr, &regToFree);

      if( regCkNull && sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(pList->a[ii].pExpr) ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_BitAnd, regCkNull, r2, regCkNull);
      }
      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regToFree);
      if( ii<pList->nExpr-1 || destIfNull!=destIfFalse ){
        int op = rLhs!=r2 ? OP_Eq : OP_NotNull;
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, op, rLhs, labelOk, r2,
︙︙
102319
102320
102321
102322
102323
102324
102325










102326
102327
102328
102329
102330
102331
102332

      for(i=0; i<nResult; i++){
        sqlite3ExprCodeFactorable(pParse, p->x.pList->a[i].pExpr, i+iResult);
      }
    }
  }
  return iResult;
}











/*
** Generate code to implement special SQL functions that are implemented
** in-line rather than by using the usual callbacks.
*/
static int exprCodeInlineFunction(
  Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context */








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








103073
103074
103075
103076
103077
103078
103079
103080
103081
103082
103083
103084
103085
103086
103087
103088
103089
103090
103091
103092
103093
103094
103095
103096

      for(i=0; i<nResult; i++){
        sqlite3ExprCodeFactorable(pParse, p->x.pList->a[i].pExpr, i+iResult);
      }
    }
  }
  return iResult;
}

/*
** If the last opcode is a OP_Copy, then set the do-not-merge flag (p5)
** so that a subsequent copy will not be merged into this one.
*/
static void setDoNotMergeFlagOnCopy(Vdbe *v){
  if( sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, -1)->opcode==OP_Copy ){
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 1);  /* Tag trailing OP_Copy as not mergable */
  }
}

/*
** Generate code to implement special SQL functions that are implemented
** in-line rather than by using the usual callbacks.
*/
static int exprCodeInlineFunction(
  Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context */
︙︙
102351
102352
102353
102354
102355
102356
102357
102358
102359
102360
102361
102362
102363







102364
102365
102366
102367
102368
102369
102370

      assert( nFarg>=2 );
      sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pFarg->a[0].pExpr, target);
      for(i=1; i<nFarg; i++){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NotNull, target, endCoalesce);
        VdbeCoverage(v);
        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pFarg->a[i].pExpr, target);
      }
      if( sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, -1)->opcode==OP_Copy ){
        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 1);  /* Tag trailing OP_Copy as not mergable */
      }
      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endCoalesce);
      break;
    }








    default: {   
      /* The UNLIKELY() function is a no-op.  The result is the value
      ** of the first argument.
      */
      assert( nFarg==1 || nFarg==2 );
      target = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pFarg->a[0].pExpr, target);








|
<
<



>
>
>
>
>
>
>








103115
103116
103117
103118
103119
103120
103121
103122


103123
103124
103125
103126
103127
103128
103129
103130
103131
103132
103133
103134
103135
103136
103137
103138
103139

      assert( nFarg>=2 );
      sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pFarg->a[0].pExpr, target);
      for(i=1; i<nFarg; i++){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NotNull, target, endCoalesce);
        VdbeCoverage(v);
        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pFarg->a[i].pExpr, target);
      }
      setDoNotMergeFlagOnCopy(v);


      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endCoalesce);
      break;
    }
    case INLINEFUNC_iif: {
      Expr caseExpr;
      memset(&caseExpr, 0, sizeof(caseExpr));
      caseExpr.op = TK_CASE;
      caseExpr.x.pList = pFarg;
      return sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, &caseExpr, target);
    }

    default: {   
      /* The UNLIKELY() function is a no-op.  The result is the value
      ** of the first argument.
      */
      assert( nFarg==1 || nFarg==2 );
      target = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pFarg->a[0].pExpr, target);
︙︙
102455
102456
102457
102458
102459
102460
102461

102462
102463
102464
102465
102466
102467
102468
102469
102470
102471

102472
102473








102474
102475
102476
102477
102478
102479
102480

    return 0;
  }

expr_code_doover:
  if( pExpr==0 ){
    op = TK_NULL;
  }else{

    op = pExpr->op;
  }
  switch( op ){
    case TK_AGG_COLUMN: {
      AggInfo *pAggInfo = pExpr->pAggInfo;
      struct AggInfo_col *pCol = &pAggInfo->aCol[pExpr->iAgg];
      if( !pAggInfo->directMode ){
        assert( pCol->iMem>0 );
        return pCol->iMem;
      }else if( pAggInfo->useSortingIdx ){

        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, pAggInfo->sortingIdxPTab,
                              pCol->iSorterColumn, target);








        return target;
      }
      /* Otherwise, fall thru into the TK_COLUMN case */
    }
    case TK_COLUMN: {
      int iTab = pExpr->iTable;
      int iReg;








>










>


>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








103224
103225
103226
103227
103228
103229
103230
103231
103232
103233
103234
103235
103236
103237
103238
103239
103240
103241
103242
103243
103244
103245
103246
103247
103248
103249
103250
103251
103252
103253
103254
103255
103256
103257
103258
103259

    return 0;
  }

expr_code_doover:
  if( pExpr==0 ){
    op = TK_NULL;
  }else{
    assert( !ExprHasVVAProperty(pExpr,EP_Immutable) );
    op = pExpr->op;
  }
  switch( op ){
    case TK_AGG_COLUMN: {
      AggInfo *pAggInfo = pExpr->pAggInfo;
      struct AggInfo_col *pCol = &pAggInfo->aCol[pExpr->iAgg];
      if( !pAggInfo->directMode ){
        assert( pCol->iMem>0 );
        return pCol->iMem;
      }else if( pAggInfo->useSortingIdx ){
        Table *pTab = pCol->pTab;
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, pAggInfo->sortingIdxPTab,
                              pCol->iSorterColumn, target);
        if( pCol->iColumn<0 ){
          VdbeComment((v,"%s.rowid",pTab->zName));
        }else{
          VdbeComment((v,"%s.%s",pTab->zName,pTab->aCol[pCol->iColumn].zName));
          if( pTab->aCol[pCol->iColumn].affinity==SQLITE_AFF_REAL ){
            sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_RealAffinity, target);
          }
        }
        return target;
      }
      /* Otherwise, fall thru into the TK_COLUMN case */
    }
    case TK_COLUMN: {
      int iTab = pExpr->iTable;
      int iReg;
︙︙
102492
102493
102494
102495
102496
102497
102498
102499
102500
102501
102502
102503
102504
102505
102506
102507
102508
102509

        }else{
          aff = pExpr->affExpr;
        }
        if( aff>SQLITE_AFF_BLOB ){
          static const char zAff[] = "B\000C\000D\000E";
          assert( SQLITE_AFF_BLOB=='A' );
          assert( SQLITE_AFF_TEXT=='B' );
          if( iReg!=target ){
            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, iReg, target);
            iReg = target;
          }
          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Affinity, iReg, 1, 0,
                            &zAff[(aff-'B')*2], P4_STATIC);
        }
        return iReg;
      }
      if( iTab<0 ){
        if( pParse->iSelfTab<0 ){








<
<
<
<








103271
103272
103273
103274
103275
103276
103277




103278
103279
103280
103281
103282
103283
103284

        }else{
          aff = pExpr->affExpr;
        }
        if( aff>SQLITE_AFF_BLOB ){
          static const char zAff[] = "B\000C\000D\000E";
          assert( SQLITE_AFF_BLOB=='A' );
          assert( SQLITE_AFF_TEXT=='B' );




          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Affinity, iReg, 1, 0,
                            &zAff[(aff-'B')*2], P4_STATIC);
        }
        return iReg;
      }
      if( iTab<0 ){
        if( pParse->iSelfTab<0 ){
︙︙
102709
102710
102711
102712
102713
102714
102715

102716
102717
102718
102719
102720
102721
102722

        codeReal(v, pLeft->u.zToken, 1, target);
        return target;
#endif
      }else{
        tempX.op = TK_INTEGER;
        tempX.flags = EP_IntValue|EP_TokenOnly;
        tempX.u.iValue = 0;

        r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, &tempX, &regFree1);
        r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree2);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Subtract, r2, r1, target);
        testcase( regFree2==0 );
      }
      break;
    }








>








103484
103485
103486
103487
103488
103489
103490
103491
103492
103493
103494
103495
103496
103497
103498

        codeReal(v, pLeft->u.zToken, 1, target);
        return target;
#endif
      }else{
        tempX.op = TK_INTEGER;
        tempX.flags = EP_IntValue|EP_TokenOnly;
        tempX.u.iValue = 0;
        ExprClearVVAProperties(&tempX);
        r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, &tempX, &regFree1);
        r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree2);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Subtract, r2, r1, target);
        testcase( regFree2==0 );
      }
      break;
    }
︙︙
102780
102781
102782
102783
102784
102785
102786
102787
102788
102789
102790
102791
102792
102793
102794
102795
102796
102797
102798
102799
102800
102801
102802
102803

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC
      if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_WinFunc) ){
        return pExpr->y.pWin->regResult;
      }
#endif

      if( ConstFactorOk(pParse) && sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(pExpr) ){
        /* SQL functions can be expensive. So try to move constant functions
        ** out of the inner loop, even if that means an extra OP_Copy. */
        return sqlite3ExprCodeAtInit(pParse, pExpr, -1);
      }
      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
      if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly) ){
        pFarg = 0;
      }else{
        pFarg = pExpr->x.pList;
      }
      nFarg = pFarg ? pFarg->nExpr : 0;
      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
      zId = pExpr->u.zToken;
      pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(db, zId, nFarg, enc, 0);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNKNOWN_SQL_FUNCTION
      if( pDef==0 && pParse->explain ){
        pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(db, "unknown", nFarg, enc, 0);








|
|
|


|
<
<
|
<








103556
103557
103558
103559
103560
103561
103562
103563
103564
103565
103566
103567
103568


103569

103570
103571
103572
103573
103574
103575
103576

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC
      if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_WinFunc) ){
        return pExpr->y.pWin->regResult;
      }
#endif

      if( ConstFactorOk(pParse) && sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(pExpr) ){
        /* SQL functions can be expensive. So try to avoid running them
        ** multiple times if we know they always give the same result */
        return sqlite3ExprCodeRunJustOnce(pParse, pExpr, -1);
      }
      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly) );


      pFarg = pExpr->x.pList;

      nFarg = pFarg ? pFarg->nExpr : 0;
      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
      zId = pExpr->u.zToken;
      pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(db, zId, nFarg, enc, 0);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNKNOWN_SQL_FUNCTION
      if( pDef==0 && pParse->explain ){
        pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(db, "unknown", nFarg, enc, 0);
︙︙
103124
103125
103126
103127
103128
103129
103130

103131
103132
103133
103134
103135
103136
103137
103138
103139
103140
103141
103142
103143
103144
103145
103146
103147
103148
103149
103150
103151
103152
103153
103154
103155

103156
103157
103158
103159
103160
103161
103162
103163
103164
103165
103166
103167
103168
103169






103170
103171
103172
103173
103174
103175


103176
103177
103178
103179
103180
103181
103182
103183
103184
103185
103186
103187
103188
103189
103190
103191
103192
103193
103194














103195
103196
103197
103198
103199
103200
103201
103202

103203
103204
103205
103206
103207
103208
103209

      }
      if( (nExpr&1)!=0 ){
        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pEList->a[nExpr-1].pExpr, target);
      }else{
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, target);
      }
      sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pDel);

      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endLabel);
      break;
    }
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
    case TK_RAISE: {
      assert( pExpr->affExpr==OE_Rollback 
           || pExpr->affExpr==OE_Abort
           || pExpr->affExpr==OE_Fail
           || pExpr->affExpr==OE_Ignore
      );
      if( !pParse->pTriggerTab ){
        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,
                       "RAISE() may only be used within a trigger-program");
        return 0;
      }
      if( pExpr->affExpr==OE_Abort ){
        sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
      }
      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
      if( pExpr->affExpr==OE_Ignore ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(
            v, OP_Halt, SQLITE_OK, OE_Ignore, 0, pExpr->u.zToken,0);
        VdbeCoverage(v);
      }else{
        sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_TRIGGER,

                              pExpr->affExpr, pExpr->u.zToken, 0, 0);
      }

      break;
    }
#endif
  }
  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regFree1);
  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regFree2);
  return inReg;
}

/*
** Factor out the code of the given expression to initialization time.






**
** If regDest>=0 then the result is always stored in that register and the
** result is not reusable.  If regDest<0 then this routine is free to 
** store the value whereever it wants.  The register where the expression 
** is stored is returned.  When regDest<0, two identical expressions will
** code to the same register.


*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeAtInit(
  Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing context */
  Expr *pExpr,      /* The expression to code when the VDBE initializes */
  int regDest       /* Store the value in this register */
){
  ExprList *p;
  assert( ConstFactorOk(pParse) );
  p = pParse->pConstExpr;
  if( regDest<0 && p ){
    struct ExprList_item *pItem;
    int i;
    for(pItem=p->a, i=p->nExpr; i>0; pItem++, i--){
      if( pItem->reusable && sqlite3ExprCompare(0,pItem->pExpr,pExpr,-1)==0 ){
        return pItem->u.iConstExprReg;
      }
    }
  }
  pExpr = sqlite3ExprDup(pParse->db, pExpr, 0);














  p = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, p, pExpr);
  if( p ){
     struct ExprList_item *pItem = &p->a[p->nExpr-1];
     pItem->reusable = regDest<0;
     if( regDest<0 ) regDest = ++pParse->nMem;
     pItem->u.iConstExprReg = regDest;
  }
  pParse->pConstExpr = p;

  return regDest;
}

/*
** Generate code to evaluate an expression and store the results
** into a register.  Return the register number where the results
** are stored.








>










|













|
>
|












|
>
>
>
>
>
>




|
|
>
>

|

















>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>








103897
103898
103899
103900
103901
103902
103903
103904
103905
103906
103907
103908
103909
103910
103911
103912
103913
103914
103915
103916
103917
103918
103919
103920
103921
103922
103923
103924
103925
103926
103927
103928
103929
103930
103931
103932
103933
103934
103935
103936
103937
103938
103939
103940
103941
103942
103943
103944
103945
103946
103947
103948
103949
103950
103951
103952
103953
103954
103955
103956
103957
103958
103959
103960
103961
103962
103963
103964
103965
103966
103967
103968
103969
103970
103971
103972
103973
103974
103975
103976
103977
103978
103979
103980
103981
103982
103983
103984
103985
103986
103987
103988
103989
103990
103991
103992
103993
103994
103995
103996
103997
103998
103999
104000
104001
104002
104003
104004
104005
104006
104007

      }
      if( (nExpr&1)!=0 ){
        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pEList->a[nExpr-1].pExpr, target);
      }else{
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, target);
      }
      sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pDel);
      setDoNotMergeFlagOnCopy(v);
      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endLabel);
      break;
    }
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
    case TK_RAISE: {
      assert( pExpr->affExpr==OE_Rollback 
           || pExpr->affExpr==OE_Abort
           || pExpr->affExpr==OE_Fail
           || pExpr->affExpr==OE_Ignore
      );
      if( !pParse->pTriggerTab && !pParse->nested ){
        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,
                       "RAISE() may only be used within a trigger-program");
        return 0;
      }
      if( pExpr->affExpr==OE_Abort ){
        sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
      }
      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
      if( pExpr->affExpr==OE_Ignore ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(
            v, OP_Halt, SQLITE_OK, OE_Ignore, 0, pExpr->u.zToken,0);
        VdbeCoverage(v);
      }else{
        sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse,
             pParse->pTriggerTab ? SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_TRIGGER : SQLITE_ERROR,
             pExpr->affExpr, pExpr->u.zToken, 0, 0);
      }

      break;
    }
#endif
  }
  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regFree1);
  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regFree2);
  return inReg;
}

/*
** Generate code that will evaluate expression pExpr just one time
** per prepared statement execution.
**
** If the expression uses functions (that might throw an exception) then
** guard them with an OP_Once opcode to ensure that the code is only executed
** once. If no functions are involved, then factor the code out and put it at
** the end of the prepared statement in the initialization section.
**
** If regDest>=0 then the result is always stored in that register and the
** result is not reusable.  If regDest<0 then this routine is free to 
** store the value whereever it wants.  The register where the expression 
** is stored is returned.  When regDest<0, two identical expressions might
** code to the same register, if they do not contain function calls and hence
** are factored out into the initialization section at the end of the
** prepared statement.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeRunJustOnce(
  Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing context */
  Expr *pExpr,      /* The expression to code when the VDBE initializes */
  int regDest       /* Store the value in this register */
){
  ExprList *p;
  assert( ConstFactorOk(pParse) );
  p = pParse->pConstExpr;
  if( regDest<0 && p ){
    struct ExprList_item *pItem;
    int i;
    for(pItem=p->a, i=p->nExpr; i>0; pItem++, i--){
      if( pItem->reusable && sqlite3ExprCompare(0,pItem->pExpr,pExpr,-1)==0 ){
        return pItem->u.iConstExprReg;
      }
    }
  }
  pExpr = sqlite3ExprDup(pParse->db, pExpr, 0);
  if( pExpr!=0 && ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_HasFunc) ){
    Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
    int addr;
    assert( v );
    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Once); VdbeCoverage(v);
    pParse->okConstFactor = 0;
    if( !pParse->db->mallocFailed ){
      if( regDest<0 ) regDest = ++pParse->nMem;
      sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pExpr, regDest);
    }
    pParse->okConstFactor = 1;
    sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, pExpr);
    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
  }else{
    p = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, p, pExpr);
    if( p ){
       struct ExprList_item *pItem = &p->a[p->nExpr-1];
       pItem->reusable = regDest<0;
       if( regDest<0 ) regDest = ++pParse->nMem;
       pItem->u.iConstExprReg = regDest;
    }
    pParse->pConstExpr = p;
  }
  return regDest;
}

/*
** Generate code to evaluate an expression and store the results
** into a register.  Return the register number where the results
** are stored.
︙︙
103220
103221
103222
103223
103224
103225
103226
103227
103228
103229
103230
103231
103232
103233
103234

  int r2;
  pExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollateAndLikely(pExpr);
  if( ConstFactorOk(pParse)
   && pExpr->op!=TK_REGISTER
   && sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(pExpr)
  ){
    *pReg  = 0;
    r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeAtInit(pParse, pExpr, -1);
  }else{
    int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
    r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, r1);
    if( r2==r1 ){
      *pReg = r1;
    }else{
      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);








|








104018
104019
104020
104021
104022
104023
104024
104025
104026
104027
104028
104029
104030
104031
104032

  int r2;
  pExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollateAndLikely(pExpr);
  if( ConstFactorOk(pParse)
   && pExpr->op!=TK_REGISTER
   && sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(pExpr)
  ){
    *pReg  = 0;
    r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeRunJustOnce(pParse, pExpr, -1);
  }else{
    int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
    r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, r1);
    if( r2==r1 ){
      *pReg = r1;
    }else{
      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
︙︙
103242
103243
103244
103245
103246
103247
103248

103249
103250
103251
103252
103253
103254
103255

** Generate code that will evaluate expression pExpr and store the
** results in register target.  The results are guaranteed to appear
** in register target.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCode(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target){
  int inReg;


  assert( target>0 && target<=pParse->nMem );
  inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, target);
  assert( pParse->pVdbe!=0 || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
  if( inReg!=target && pParse->pVdbe ){
    u8 op;
    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr,EP_Subquery) ){
      op = OP_Copy;








>








104040
104041
104042
104043
104044
104045
104046
104047
104048
104049
104050
104051
104052
104053
104054

** Generate code that will evaluate expression pExpr and store the
** results in register target.  The results are guaranteed to appear
** in register target.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCode(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target){
  int inReg;

  assert( pExpr==0 || !ExprHasVVAProperty(pExpr,EP_Immutable) );
  assert( target>0 && target<=pParse->nMem );
  inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, target);
  assert( pParse->pVdbe!=0 || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
  if( inReg!=target && pParse->pVdbe ){
    u8 op;
    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr,EP_Subquery) ){
      op = OP_Copy;
︙︙
103276
103277
103278
103279
103280
103281
103282
103283
103284
103285
103286
103287
103288
103289
103290

** Generate code that will evaluate expression pExpr and store the
** results in register target.  The results are guaranteed to appear
** in register target.  If the expression is constant, then this routine
** might choose to code the expression at initialization time.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeFactorable(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target){
  if( pParse->okConstFactor && sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(pExpr) ){
    sqlite3ExprCodeAtInit(pParse, pExpr, target);
  }else{
    sqlite3ExprCodeCopy(pParse, pExpr, target);
  }
}

/*
** Generate code that pushes the value of every element of the given








|








104075
104076
104077
104078
104079
104080
104081
104082
104083
104084
104085
104086
104087
104088
104089

** Generate code that will evaluate expression pExpr and store the
** results in register target.  The results are guaranteed to appear
** in register target.  If the expression is constant, then this routine
** might choose to code the expression at initialization time.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeFactorable(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target){
  if( pParse->okConstFactor && sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(pExpr) ){
    sqlite3ExprCodeRunJustOnce(pParse, pExpr, target);
  }else{
    sqlite3ExprCodeCopy(pParse, pExpr, target);
  }
}

/*
** Generate code that pushes the value of every element of the given
︙︙
103336
103337
103338
103339
103340
103341
103342
103343
103344
103345
103346
103347
103348
103349
103350

        n--;
      }else{
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, copyOp, j+srcReg-1, target+i);
      }
    }else if( (flags & SQLITE_ECEL_FACTOR)!=0
           && sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(pExpr)
    ){
      sqlite3ExprCodeAtInit(pParse, pExpr, target+i);
    }else{
      int inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, target+i);
      if( inReg!=target+i ){
        VdbeOp *pOp;
        if( copyOp==OP_Copy
         && (pOp=sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, -1))->opcode==OP_Copy
         && pOp->p1+pOp->p3+1==inReg








|








104135
104136
104137
104138
104139
104140
104141
104142
104143
104144
104145
104146
104147
104148
104149

        n--;
      }else{
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, copyOp, j+srcReg-1, target+i);
      }
    }else if( (flags & SQLITE_ECEL_FACTOR)!=0
           && sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(pExpr)
    ){
      sqlite3ExprCodeRunJustOnce(pParse, pExpr, target+i);
    }else{
      int inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, target+i);
      if( inReg!=target+i ){
        VdbeOp *pOp;
        if( copyOp==OP_Copy
         && (pOp=sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, -1))->opcode==OP_Copy
         && pOp->p1+pOp->p3+1==inReg
︙︙
103459
103460
103461
103462
103463
103464
103465

103466
103467
103468
103469
103470
103471
103472

  int regFree1 = 0;
  int regFree2 = 0;
  int r1, r2;

  assert( jumpIfNull==SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL || jumpIfNull==0 );
  if( NEVER(v==0) )     return;  /* Existence of VDBE checked by caller */
  if( NEVER(pExpr==0) ) return;  /* No way this can happen */

  op = pExpr->op;
  switch( op ){
    case TK_AND:
    case TK_OR: {
      Expr *pAlt = sqlite3ExprSimplifiedAndOr(pExpr);
      if( pAlt!=pExpr ){
        sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pAlt, dest, jumpIfNull);








>








104258
104259
104260
104261
104262
104263
104264
104265
104266
104267
104268
104269
104270
104271
104272

  int regFree1 = 0;
  int regFree2 = 0;
  int r1, r2;

  assert( jumpIfNull==SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL || jumpIfNull==0 );
  if( NEVER(v==0) )     return;  /* Existence of VDBE checked by caller */
  if( NEVER(pExpr==0) ) return;  /* No way this can happen */
  assert( !ExprHasVVAProperty(pExpr, EP_Immutable) );
  op = pExpr->op;
  switch( op ){
    case TK_AND:
    case TK_OR: {
      Expr *pAlt = sqlite3ExprSimplifiedAndOr(pExpr);
      if( pAlt!=pExpr ){
        sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pAlt, dest, jumpIfNull);
︙︙
103600
103601
103602
103603
103604
103605
103606

103607
103608
103609
103610
103611
103612
103613

  int regFree1 = 0;
  int regFree2 = 0;
  int r1, r2;

  assert( jumpIfNull==SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL || jumpIfNull==0 );
  if( NEVER(v==0) ) return; /* Existence of VDBE checked by caller */
  if( pExpr==0 )    return;


  /* The value of pExpr->op and op are related as follows:
  **
  **       pExpr->op            op
  **       ---------          ----------
  **       TK_ISNULL          OP_NotNull
  **       TK_NOTNULL         OP_IsNull








>








104400
104401
104402
104403
104404
104405
104406
104407
104408
104409
104410
104411
104412
104413
104414

  int regFree1 = 0;
  int regFree2 = 0;
  int r1, r2;

  assert( jumpIfNull==SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL || jumpIfNull==0 );
  if( NEVER(v==0) ) return; /* Existence of VDBE checked by caller */
  if( pExpr==0 )    return;
  assert( !ExprHasVVAProperty(pExpr,EP_Immutable) );

  /* The value of pExpr->op and op are related as follows:
  **
  **       pExpr->op            op
  **       ---------          ----------
  **       TK_ISNULL          OP_NotNull
  **       TK_NOTNULL         OP_IsNull
︙︙
103883
103884
103885
103886
103887
103888
103889
103890
103891
103892
103893
103894
103895
103896
103897
103898
103899
103900
103901
103902
103903
103904
103905
103906
103907
103908
103909
103910
103911
103912
103913
103914
103915
103916
103917
103918
103919
103920
103921
103922

      if( sqlite3_stricmp(pA->u.zToken,pB->u.zToken)!=0 ) return 2;
    }else if( ALWAYS(pB->u.zToken!=0) && strcmp(pA->u.zToken,pB->u.zToken)!=0 ){
      return 2;
    }
  }
  if( (pA->flags & (EP_Distinct|EP_Commuted))
     != (pB->flags & (EP_Distinct|EP_Commuted)) ) return 2;
  if( (combinedFlags & EP_TokenOnly)==0 ){
    if( combinedFlags & EP_xIsSelect ) return 2;
    if( (combinedFlags & EP_FixedCol)==0
     && sqlite3ExprCompare(pParse, pA->pLeft, pB->pLeft, iTab) ) return 2;
    if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pParse, pA->pRight, pB->pRight, iTab) ) return 2;
    if( sqlite3ExprListCompare(pA->x.pList, pB->x.pList, iTab) ) return 2;
    if( pA->op!=TK_STRING
     && pA->op!=TK_TRUEFALSE
     && (combinedFlags & EP_Reduced)==0
    ){
      if( pA->iColumn!=pB->iColumn ) return 2;
      if( pA->op2!=pB->op2 ){
        if( pA->op==TK_TRUTH ) return 2;
        if( pA->op==TK_FUNCTION && iTab<0 ){
          /* Ex: CREATE TABLE t1(a CHECK( a<julianday('now') ));
          **     INSERT INTO t1(a) VALUES(julianday('now')+10);
          ** Without this test, sqlite3ExprCodeAtInit() will run on the
          ** the julianday() of INSERT first, and remember that expression.
          ** Then sqlite3ExprCodeInit() will see the julianday() in the CHECK
          ** constraint as redundant, reusing the one from the INSERT, even
          ** though the julianday() in INSERT lacks the critical NC_IsCheck
          ** flag.  See ticket [830277d9db6c3ba1] (2019-10-30)
          */
          return 2;
        }
      }
      if( pA->op!=TK_IN && pA->iTable!=pB->iTable && pA->iTable!=iTab ){
        return 2;
      }
    }
  }
  return 0;
}








|







|


|
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<








104684
104685
104686
104687
104688
104689
104690
104691
104692
104693
104694
104695
104696
104697
104698
104699
104700
104701
104702














104703
104704
104705
104706
104707
104708
104709

      if( sqlite3_stricmp(pA->u.zToken,pB->u.zToken)!=0 ) return 2;
    }else if( ALWAYS(pB->u.zToken!=0) && strcmp(pA->u.zToken,pB->u.zToken)!=0 ){
      return 2;
    }
  }
  if( (pA->flags & (EP_Distinct|EP_Commuted))
     != (pB->flags & (EP_Distinct|EP_Commuted)) ) return 2;
  if( ALWAYS((combinedFlags & EP_TokenOnly)==0) ){
    if( combinedFlags & EP_xIsSelect ) return 2;
    if( (combinedFlags & EP_FixedCol)==0
     && sqlite3ExprCompare(pParse, pA->pLeft, pB->pLeft, iTab) ) return 2;
    if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pParse, pA->pRight, pB->pRight, iTab) ) return 2;
    if( sqlite3ExprListCompare(pA->x.pList, pB->x.pList, iTab) ) return 2;
    if( pA->op!=TK_STRING
     && pA->op!=TK_TRUEFALSE
     && ALWAYS((combinedFlags & EP_Reduced)==0)
    ){
      if( pA->iColumn!=pB->iColumn ) return 2;
      if( pA->op2!=pB->op2 && pA->op==TK_TRUTH ) return 2;














      if( pA->op!=TK_IN && pA->iTable!=pB->iTable && pA->iTable!=iTab ){
        return 2;
      }
    }
  }
  return 0;
}
︙︙
104146
104147
104148
104149
104150
104151
104152
104153


104154
104155
104156
104157
104158
104159


104160

104161

104162
104163
104164
104165
104166
104167
104168
104169
104170
104171
104172

    ** a term of the form x=y does not prove that y is not null if x
    ** is the column of a virtual table */
    case TK_EQ:
    case TK_NE:
    case TK_LT:
    case TK_LE:
    case TK_GT:
    case TK_GE:


      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_EQ );
      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_NE );
      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_LT );
      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_LE );
      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_GT );
      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_GE );


      if( (pExpr->pLeft->op==TK_COLUMN && IsVirtual(pExpr->pLeft->y.pTab))

       || (pExpr->pRight->op==TK_COLUMN && IsVirtual(pExpr->pRight->y.pTab))

      ){
       return WRC_Prune;
      }

    default:
      return WRC_Continue;
  }
}

/*
** Return true (non-zero) if expression p can only be true if at least








|
>
>






>
>
|
>
|
>

|

|








104933
104934
104935
104936
104937
104938
104939
104940
104941
104942
104943
104944
104945
104946
104947
104948
104949
104950
104951
104952
104953
104954
104955
104956
104957
104958
104959
104960
104961
104962
104963
104964
104965

    ** a term of the form x=y does not prove that y is not null if x
    ** is the column of a virtual table */
    case TK_EQ:
    case TK_NE:
    case TK_LT:
    case TK_LE:
    case TK_GT:
    case TK_GE: {
      Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
      Expr *pRight = pExpr->pRight;
      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_EQ );
      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_NE );
      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_LT );
      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_LE );
      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_GT );
      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_GE );
      /* The y.pTab=0 assignment in wherecode.c always happens after the
      ** impliesNotNullRow() test */
      if( (pLeft->op==TK_COLUMN && ALWAYS(pLeft->y.pTab!=0)
                               && IsVirtual(pLeft->y.pTab))
       || (pRight->op==TK_COLUMN && ALWAYS(pRight->y.pTab!=0)
                               && IsVirtual(pRight->y.pTab))
      ){
        return WRC_Prune;
      }
    }
    default:
      return WRC_Continue;
  }
}

/*
** Return true (non-zero) if expression p can only be true if at least
︙︙
104755
104756
104757
104758
104759
104760
104761
104762



104763
104764
104765
104766
104767
104768
104769

  /* Get a NULL terminated version of the new table name. */
  zName = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pName);
  if( !zName ) goto exit_rename_table;

  /* Check that a table or index named 'zName' does not already exist
  ** in database iDb. If so, this is an error.
  */
  if( sqlite3FindTable(db, zName, zDb) || sqlite3FindIndex(db, zName, zDb) ){



    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
        "there is already another table or index with this name: %s", zName);
    goto exit_rename_table;
  }

  /* Make sure it is not a system table being altered, or a reserved name
  ** that the table is being renamed to.








|
>
>
>








105548
105549
105550
105551
105552
105553
105554
105555
105556
105557
105558
105559
105560
105561
105562
105563
105564
105565

  /* Get a NULL terminated version of the new table name. */
  zName = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pName);
  if( !zName ) goto exit_rename_table;

  /* Check that a table or index named 'zName' does not already exist
  ** in database iDb. If so, this is an error.
  */
  if( sqlite3FindTable(db, zName, zDb)
   || sqlite3FindIndex(db, zName, zDb)
   || sqlite3IsShadowTableOf(db, pTab, zName)
  ){
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
        "there is already another table or index with this name: %s", zName);
    goto exit_rename_table;
  }

  /* Make sure it is not a system table being altered, or a reserved name
  ** that the table is being renamed to.
︙︙
104886
104887
104888
104889
104890
104891
104892
















104893
104894
104895
104896
104897
104898
104899

  renameTestSchema(pParse, zDb, iDb==1);

exit_rename_table:
  sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pSrc);
  sqlite3DbFree(db, zName);
  db->mDbFlags = savedDbFlags;
}

















/*
** This function is called after an "ALTER TABLE ... ADD" statement
** has been parsed. Argument pColDef contains the text of the new
** column definition.
**
** The Table structure pParse->pNewTable was extended to include








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








105682
105683
105684
105685
105686
105687
105688
105689
105690
105691
105692
105693
105694
105695
105696
105697
105698
105699
105700
105701
105702
105703
105704
105705
105706
105707
105708
105709
105710
105711

  renameTestSchema(pParse, zDb, iDb==1);

exit_rename_table:
  sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pSrc);
  sqlite3DbFree(db, zName);
  db->mDbFlags = savedDbFlags;
}

/*
** Write code that will raise an error if the table described by
** zDb and zTab is not empty.
*/
static void sqlite3ErrorIfNotEmpty(
  Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context */
  const char *zDb,      /* Schema holding the table */
  const char *zTab,     /* Table to check for empty */
  const char *zErr      /* Error message text */
){
  sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
     "SELECT raise(ABORT,%Q) FROM \"%w\".\"%w\"",
     zErr, zDb, zTab
  );
}

/*
** This function is called after an "ALTER TABLE ... ADD" statement
** has been parsed. Argument pColDef contains the text of the new
** column definition.
**
** The Table structure pParse->pNewTable was extended to include
︙︙
104939
104940
104941
104942
104943
104944
104945
104946

104947
104948
104949
104950
104951
104952
104953
104954
104955
104956
104957
104958
104959
104960
104961
104962
104963
104964
104965
104966
104967

104968
104969
104970
104971
104972
104973
104974
104975
104976
104977
104978
104979
104980
104981

104982
104983
104984
104985
104986
104987
104988
104989
104990
104991
104992
104993
104994
104995
104996

  ** column must not be NULL.
  */
  if( pCol->colFlags & COLFLAG_PRIMKEY ){
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "Cannot add a PRIMARY KEY column");
    return;
  }
  if( pNew->pIndex ){
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "Cannot add a UNIQUE column");

    return;
  }
  if( (pCol->colFlags & COLFLAG_GENERATED)==0 ){
    /* If the default value for the new column was specified with a 
    ** literal NULL, then set pDflt to 0. This simplifies checking
    ** for an SQL NULL default below.
    */
    assert( pDflt==0 || pDflt->op==TK_SPAN );
    if( pDflt && pDflt->pLeft->op==TK_NULL ){
      pDflt = 0;
    }
    if( (db->flags&SQLITE_ForeignKeys) && pNew->pFKey && pDflt ){
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
          "Cannot add a REFERENCES column with non-NULL default value");
      return;
    }
    if( pCol->notNull && !pDflt ){
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
          "Cannot add a NOT NULL column with default value NULL");
      return;
    }


    /* Ensure the default expression is something that sqlite3ValueFromExpr()
    ** can handle (i.e. not CURRENT_TIME etc.)
    */
    if( pDflt ){
      sqlite3_value *pVal = 0;
      int rc;
      rc = sqlite3ValueFromExpr(db, pDflt, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_AFF_BLOB, &pVal);
      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_NOMEM );
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
        assert( db->mallocFailed == 1 );
        return;
      }
      if( !pVal ){

        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"Cannot add a column with non-constant default");
        return;
      }
      sqlite3ValueFree(pVal);
    }
  }else if( pCol->colFlags & COLFLAG_STORED ){
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot add a STORED column");
    return;
  }


  /* Modify the CREATE TABLE statement. */
  zCol = sqlite3DbStrNDup(db, (char*)pColDef->z, pColDef->n);
  if( zCol ){
    char *zEnd = &zCol[pColDef->n-1];








|
>












|

<


|

<

>














>
|
<




|
<








105751
105752
105753
105754
105755
105756
105757
105758
105759
105760
105761
105762
105763
105764
105765
105766
105767
105768
105769
105770
105771
105772
105773

105774
105775
105776
105777

105778
105779
105780
105781
105782
105783
105784
105785
105786
105787
105788
105789
105790
105791
105792
105793
105794
105795

105796
105797
105798
105799
105800

105801
105802
105803
105804
105805
105806
105807

  ** column must not be NULL.
  */
  if( pCol->colFlags & COLFLAG_PRIMKEY ){
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "Cannot add a PRIMARY KEY column");
    return;
  }
  if( pNew->pIndex ){
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,
         "Cannot add a UNIQUE column");
    return;
  }
  if( (pCol->colFlags & COLFLAG_GENERATED)==0 ){
    /* If the default value for the new column was specified with a 
    ** literal NULL, then set pDflt to 0. This simplifies checking
    ** for an SQL NULL default below.
    */
    assert( pDflt==0 || pDflt->op==TK_SPAN );
    if( pDflt && pDflt->pLeft->op==TK_NULL ){
      pDflt = 0;
    }
    if( (db->flags&SQLITE_ForeignKeys) && pNew->pFKey && pDflt ){
      sqlite3ErrorIfNotEmpty(pParse, zDb, zTab,
          "Cannot add a REFERENCES column with non-NULL default value");

    }
    if( pCol->notNull && !pDflt ){
      sqlite3ErrorIfNotEmpty(pParse, zDb, zTab,
          "Cannot add a NOT NULL column with default value NULL");

    }


    /* Ensure the default expression is something that sqlite3ValueFromExpr()
    ** can handle (i.e. not CURRENT_TIME etc.)
    */
    if( pDflt ){
      sqlite3_value *pVal = 0;
      int rc;
      rc = sqlite3ValueFromExpr(db, pDflt, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_AFF_BLOB, &pVal);
      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_NOMEM );
      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
        assert( db->mallocFailed == 1 );
        return;
      }
      if( !pVal ){
        sqlite3ErrorIfNotEmpty(pParse, zDb, zTab,
           "Cannot add a column with non-constant default");

      }
      sqlite3ValueFree(pVal);
    }
  }else if( pCol->colFlags & COLFLAG_STORED ){
    sqlite3ErrorIfNotEmpty(pParse, zDb, zTab, "cannot add a STORED column");

  }


  /* Modify the CREATE TABLE statement. */
  zCol = sqlite3DbStrNDup(db, (char*)pColDef->z, pColDef->n);
  if( zCol ){
    char *zEnd = &zCol[pColDef->n-1];
︙︙
105101
105102
105103
105104
105105
105106
105107

105108
105109
105110
105111
105112
105113
105114

    assert( db->mallocFailed );
    goto exit_begin_add_column;
  }
  memcpy(pNew->aCol, pTab->aCol, sizeof(Column)*pNew->nCol);
  for(i=0; i<pNew->nCol; i++){
    Column *pCol = &pNew->aCol[i];
    pCol->zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pCol->zName);

    pCol->zColl = 0;
    pCol->pDflt = 0;
  }
  pNew->pSchema = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema;
  pNew->addColOffset = pTab->addColOffset;
  pNew->nTabRef = 1;









>








105912
105913
105914
105915
105916
105917
105918
105919
105920
105921
105922
105923
105924
105925
105926

    assert( db->mallocFailed );
    goto exit_begin_add_column;
  }
  memcpy(pNew->aCol, pTab->aCol, sizeof(Column)*pNew->nCol);
  for(i=0; i<pNew->nCol; i++){
    Column *pCol = &pNew->aCol[i];
    pCol->zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pCol->zName);
    pCol->hName = sqlite3StrIHash(pCol->zName);
    pCol->zColl = 0;
    pCol->pDflt = 0;
  }
  pNew->pSchema = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema;
  pNew->addColOffset = pTab->addColOffset;
  pNew->nTabRef = 1;
︙︙
105329
105330
105331
105332
105333
105334
105335
105336
105337
105338
105339
105340
105341
105342
105343

** with tail recursion in tokenExpr() routine, for a small performance
** improvement.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3RenameTokenMap(Parse *pParse, void *pPtr, Token *pToken){
  RenameToken *pNew;
  assert( pPtr || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
  renameTokenCheckAll(pParse, pPtr);
  if( pParse->eParseMode!=PARSE_MODE_UNMAP ){
    pNew = sqlite3DbMallocZero(pParse->db, sizeof(RenameToken));
    if( pNew ){
      pNew->p = pPtr;
      pNew->t = *pToken;
      pNew->pNext = pParse->pRename;
      pParse->pRename = pNew;
    }








|








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** with tail recursion in tokenExpr() routine, for a small performance
** improvement.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3RenameTokenMap(Parse *pParse, void *pPtr, Token *pToken){
  RenameToken *pNew;
  assert( pPtr || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
  renameTokenCheckAll(pParse, pPtr);
  if( ALWAYS(pParse->eParseMode!=PARSE_MODE_UNMAP) ){
    pNew = sqlite3DbMallocZero(pParse->db, sizeof(RenameToken));
    if( pNew ){
      pNew->p = pPtr;
      pNew->t = *pToken;
      pNew->pNext = pParse->pRename;
      pParse->pRename = pNew;
    }
︙︙
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  };
  int i;
  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
  Db *pDb;
  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
  int aRoot[ArraySize(aTable)];
  u8 aCreateTbl[ArraySize(aTable)];






  if( v==0 ) return;
  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
  assert( sqlite3VdbeDb(v)==db );
  pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];

  /* Create new statistic tables if they do not exist, or clear them
  ** if they do already exist.
  */
  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aTable); i++){
    const char *zTab = aTable[i].zName;
    Table *pStat;

    if( (pStat = sqlite3FindTable(db, zTab, pDb->zDbSName))==0 ){
      if( aTable[i].zCols ){
        /* The sqlite_statN table does not exist. Create it. Note that a 
        ** side-effect of the CREATE TABLE statement is to leave the rootpage 
        ** of the new table in register pParse->regRoot. This is important 
        ** because the OpenWrite opcode below will be needing it. */
        sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
            "CREATE TABLE %Q.%s(%s)", pDb->zDbSName, zTab, aTable[i].zCols
        );
        aRoot[i] = pParse->regRoot;
        aCreateTbl[i] = OPFLAG_P2ISREG;
      }
    }else{
      /* The table already exists. If zWhere is not NULL, delete all entries 
      ** associated with the table zWhere. If zWhere is NULL, delete the
      ** entire contents of the table. */
      aRoot[i] = pStat->tnum;
      aCreateTbl[i] = 0;
      sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, aRoot[i], 1, zTab);
      if( zWhere ){
        sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
           "DELETE FROM %Q.%s WHERE %s=%Q",
           pDb->zDbSName, zTab, zWhereType, zWhere
        );
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_PREUPDATE_HOOK
      }else if( db->xPreUpdateCallback ){
        sqlite3NestedParse(pParse, "DELETE FROM %Q.%s", pDb->zDbSName, zTab);
#endif
      }else{
        /* The sqlite_stat[134] table already exists.  Delete all rows. */
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Clear, aRoot[i], iDb);
      }
    }
  }

  /* Open the sqlite_stat[134] tables for writing. */
  for(i=0; aTable[i].zCols; i++){
    assert( i<ArraySize(aTable) );
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_OpenWrite, iStatCur+i, aRoot[i], iDb, 3);
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, aCreateTbl[i]);
    VdbeComment((v, aTable[i].zName));
  }
}

/*
** Recommended number of samples for sqlite_stat4
*/
#ifndef SQLITE_STAT4_SAMPLES
# define SQLITE_STAT4_SAMPLES 24
#endif

/*
** Three SQL functions - stat_init(), stat_push(), and stat_get() -
** share an instance of the following structure to hold their state
** information.
*/
typedef struct Stat4Accum Stat4Accum;
typedef struct Stat4Sample Stat4Sample;
struct Stat4Sample {
  tRowcnt *anEq;                  /* sqlite_stat4.nEq */
  tRowcnt *anDLt;                 /* sqlite_stat4.nDLt */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  tRowcnt *anLt;                  /* sqlite_stat4.nLt */
  union {
    i64 iRowid;                     /* Rowid in main table of the key */
    u8 *aRowid;                     /* Key for WITHOUT ROWID tables */
  } u;
  u32 nRowid;                     /* Sizeof aRowid[] */
  u8 isPSample;                   /* True if a periodic sample */
  int iCol;                       /* If !isPSample, the reason for inclusion */
  u32 iHash;                      /* Tiebreaker hash */
#endif
};                                                    
struct Stat4Accum {


  tRowcnt nRow;             /* Number of rows in the entire table */
  tRowcnt nPSample;         /* How often to do a periodic sample */
  int nCol;                 /* Number of columns in index + pk/rowid */
  int nKeyCol;              /* Number of index columns w/o the pk/rowid */




  int mxSample;             /* Maximum number of samples to accumulate */
  Stat4Sample current;      /* Current row as a Stat4Sample */
  u32 iPrn;                 /* Pseudo-random number used for sampling */
  Stat4Sample *aBest;       /* Array of nCol best samples */
  int iMin;                 /* Index in a[] of entry with minimum score */
  int nSample;              /* Current number of samples */
  int nMaxEqZero;           /* Max leading 0 in anEq[] for any a[] entry */
  int iGet;                 /* Index of current sample accessed by stat_get() */
  Stat4Sample *a;           /* Array of mxSample Stat4Sample objects */
  sqlite3 *db;              /* Database connection, for malloc() */
};

/* Reclaim memory used by a Stat4Sample
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
static void sampleClear(sqlite3 *db, Stat4Sample *p){
  assert( db!=0 );
  if( p->nRowid ){
    sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.aRowid);
    p->nRowid = 0;
  }
}
#endif

/* Initialize the BLOB value of a ROWID
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
static void sampleSetRowid(sqlite3 *db, Stat4Sample *p, int n, const u8 *pData){
  assert( db!=0 );
  if( p->nRowid ) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.aRowid);
  p->u.aRowid = sqlite3DbMallocRawNN(db, n);
  if( p->u.aRowid ){
    p->nRowid = n;
    memcpy(p->u.aRowid, pData, n);
  }else{
    p->nRowid = 0;
  }
}
#endif

/* Initialize the INTEGER value of a ROWID.
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
static void sampleSetRowidInt64(sqlite3 *db, Stat4Sample *p, i64 iRowid){
  assert( db!=0 );
  if( p->nRowid ) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.aRowid);
  p->nRowid = 0;
  p->u.iRowid = iRowid;
}
#endif


/*
** Copy the contents of object (*pFrom) into (*pTo).
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
static void sampleCopy(Stat4Accum *p, Stat4Sample *pTo, Stat4Sample *pFrom){
  pTo->isPSample = pFrom->isPSample;
  pTo->iCol = pFrom->iCol;
  pTo->iHash = pFrom->iHash;
  memcpy(pTo->anEq, pFrom->anEq, sizeof(tRowcnt)*p->nCol);
  memcpy(pTo->anLt, pFrom->anLt, sizeof(tRowcnt)*p->nCol);
  memcpy(pTo->anDLt, pFrom->anDLt, sizeof(tRowcnt)*p->nCol);
  if( pFrom->nRowid ){
    sampleSetRowid(p->db, pTo, pFrom->nRowid, pFrom->u.aRowid);
  }else{
    sampleSetRowidInt64(p->db, pTo, pFrom->u.iRowid);
  }
}
#endif

/*
** Reclaim all memory of a Stat4Accum structure.
*/
static void stat4Destructor(void *pOld){
  Stat4Accum *p = (Stat4Accum*)pOld;
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4

  int i;
  for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++) sampleClear(p->db, p->aBest+i);
  for(i=0; i<p->mxSample; i++) sampleClear(p->db, p->a+i);
  sampleClear(p->db, &p->current);

#endif
  sqlite3DbFree(p->db, p);
}

/*
** Implementation of the stat_init(N,K,C) SQL function. The three parameters
** are:
**     N:    The number of columns in the index including the rowid/pk (note 1)
**     K:    The number of columns in the index excluding the rowid/pk.
**     C:    The number of rows in the index (note 2)

**
** Note 1:  In the special case of the covering index that implements a
** WITHOUT ROWID table, N is the number of PRIMARY KEY columns, not the
** total number of columns in the table.
**
** Note 2:  C is only used for STAT4.
**
** For indexes on ordinary rowid tables, N==K+1.  But for indexes on
** WITHOUT ROWID tables, N=K+P where P is the number of columns in the
** PRIMARY KEY of the table.  The covering index that implements the
** original WITHOUT ROWID table as N==K as a special case.
**
** This routine allocates the Stat4Accum object in heap memory. The return 
** value is a pointer to the Stat4Accum object.  The datatype of the
** return value is BLOB, but it is really just a pointer to the Stat4Accum
** object.
*/
static void statInit(
  sqlite3_context *context,
  int argc,
  sqlite3_value **argv
){
  Stat4Accum *p;
  int nCol;                       /* Number of columns in index being sampled */
  int nKeyCol;                    /* Number of key columns */
  int nColUp;                     /* nCol rounded up for alignment */
  int n;                          /* Bytes of space to allocate */
  sqlite3 *db;                    /* Database connection */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4

  int mxSample = SQLITE_STAT4_SAMPLES;
#endif

  /* Decode the three function arguments */
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
  nCol = sqlite3_value_int(argv[0]);
  assert( nCol>0 );
  nColUp = sizeof(tRowcnt)<8 ? (nCol+1)&~1 : nCol;
  nKeyCol = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);
  assert( nKeyCol<=nCol );
  assert( nKeyCol>0 );

  /* Allocate the space required for the Stat4Accum object */
  n = sizeof(*p) 
    + sizeof(tRowcnt)*nColUp                  /* Stat4Accum.anEq */
    + sizeof(tRowcnt)*nColUp                  /* Stat4Accum.anDLt */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4

    + sizeof(tRowcnt)*nColUp                  /* Stat4Accum.anLt */
    + sizeof(Stat4Sample)*(nCol+mxSample)     /* Stat4Accum.aBest[], a[] */
    + sizeof(tRowcnt)*3*nColUp*(nCol+mxSample)

#endif
  ;
  db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
  p = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, n);
  if( p==0 ){
    sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
    return;
  }

  p->db = db;

  p->nRow = 0;

  p->nCol = nCol;
  p->nKeyCol = nKeyCol;

  p->current.anDLt = (tRowcnt*)&p[1];
  p->current.anEq = &p->current.anDLt[nColUp];

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  {


    u8 *pSpace;                     /* Allocated space not yet assigned */
    int i;                          /* Used to iterate through p->aSample[] */

    p->iGet = -1;
    p->mxSample = mxSample;
    p->nPSample = (tRowcnt)(sqlite3_value_int64(argv[2])/(mxSample/3+1) + 1);
    p->current.anLt = &p->current.anEq[nColUp];
    p->iPrn = 0x689e962d*(u32)nCol ^ 0xd0944565*(u32)sqlite3_value_int(argv[2]);
  
    /* Set up the Stat4Accum.a[] and aBest[] arrays */
    p->a = (struct Stat4Sample*)&p->current.anLt[nColUp];
    p->aBest = &p->a[mxSample];
    pSpace = (u8*)(&p->a[mxSample+nCol]);
    for(i=0; i<(mxSample+nCol); i++){
      p->a[i].anEq = (tRowcnt *)pSpace; pSpace += (sizeof(tRowcnt) * nColUp);
      p->a[i].anLt = (tRowcnt *)pSpace; pSpace += (sizeof(tRowcnt) * nColUp);
      p->a[i].anDLt = (tRowcnt *)pSpace; pSpace += (sizeof(tRowcnt) * nColUp);
    }
    assert( (pSpace - (u8*)p)==n );
  
    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
      p->aBest[i].iCol = i;
    }
  }
#endif

  /* Return a pointer to the allocated object to the caller.  Note that
  ** only the pointer (the 2nd parameter) matters.  The size of the object
  ** (given by the 3rd parameter) is never used and can be any positive
  ** value. */
  sqlite3_result_blob(context, p, sizeof(*p), stat4Destructor);
}
static const FuncDef statInitFuncdef = {
  2+IsStat4,       /* nArg */
  SQLITE_UTF8,     /* funcFlags */
  0,               /* pUserData */
  0,               /* pNext */
  statInit,        /* xSFunc */
  0,               /* xFinalize */
  0, 0,            /* xValue, xInverse */
  "stat_init",     /* zName */








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  };
  int i;
  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
  Db *pDb;
  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
  int aRoot[ArraySize(aTable)];
  u8 aCreateTbl[ArraySize(aTable)];
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  const int nToOpen = OptimizationEnabled(db,SQLITE_Stat4) ? 2 : 1;
#else
  const int nToOpen = 1;
#endif

  if( v==0 ) return;
  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
  assert( sqlite3VdbeDb(v)==db );
  pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];

  /* Create new statistic tables if they do not exist, or clear them
  ** if they do already exist.
  */
  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aTable); i++){
    const char *zTab = aTable[i].zName;
    Table *pStat;
    aCreateTbl[i] = 0;
    if( (pStat = sqlite3FindTable(db, zTab, pDb->zDbSName))==0 ){
      if( i<nToOpen ){
        /* The sqlite_statN table does not exist. Create it. Note that a 
        ** side-effect of the CREATE TABLE statement is to leave the rootpage 
        ** of the new table in register pParse->regRoot. This is important 
        ** because the OpenWrite opcode below will be needing it. */
        sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
            "CREATE TABLE %Q.%s(%s)", pDb->zDbSName, zTab, aTable[i].zCols
        );
        aRoot[i] = pParse->regRoot;
        aCreateTbl[i] = OPFLAG_P2ISREG;
      }
    }else{
      /* The table already exists. If zWhere is not NULL, delete all entries 
      ** associated with the table zWhere. If zWhere is NULL, delete the
      ** entire contents of the table. */
      aRoot[i] = pStat->tnum;

      sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, aRoot[i], 1, zTab);
      if( zWhere ){
        sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
           "DELETE FROM %Q.%s WHERE %s=%Q",
           pDb->zDbSName, zTab, zWhereType, zWhere
        );
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_PREUPDATE_HOOK
      }else if( db->xPreUpdateCallback ){
        sqlite3NestedParse(pParse, "DELETE FROM %Q.%s", pDb->zDbSName, zTab);
#endif
      }else{
        /* The sqlite_stat[134] table already exists.  Delete all rows. */
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Clear, aRoot[i], iDb);
      }
    }
  }

  /* Open the sqlite_stat[134] tables for writing. */
  for(i=0; i<nToOpen; i++){
    assert( i<ArraySize(aTable) );
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_OpenWrite, iStatCur+i, aRoot[i], iDb, 3);
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, aCreateTbl[i]);
    VdbeComment((v, aTable[i].zName));
  }
}

/*
** Recommended number of samples for sqlite_stat4
*/
#ifndef SQLITE_STAT4_SAMPLES
# define SQLITE_STAT4_SAMPLES 24
#endif

/*
** Three SQL functions - stat_init(), stat_push(), and stat_get() -
** share an instance of the following structure to hold their state
** information.
*/
typedef struct StatAccum StatAccum;
typedef struct StatSample StatSample;
struct StatSample {
  tRowcnt *anEq;                  /* sqlite_stat4.nEq */
  tRowcnt *anDLt;                 /* sqlite_stat4.nDLt */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  tRowcnt *anLt;                  /* sqlite_stat4.nLt */
  union {
    i64 iRowid;                     /* Rowid in main table of the key */
    u8 *aRowid;                     /* Key for WITHOUT ROWID tables */
  } u;
  u32 nRowid;                     /* Sizeof aRowid[] */
  u8 isPSample;                   /* True if a periodic sample */
  int iCol;                       /* If !isPSample, the reason for inclusion */
  u32 iHash;                      /* Tiebreaker hash */
#endif
};                                                    
struct StatAccum {
  sqlite3 *db;              /* Database connection, for malloc() */
  tRowcnt nEst;             /* Estimated number of rows */
  tRowcnt nRow;             /* Number of rows visited so far */
  int nLimit;               /* Analysis row-scan limit */
  int nCol;                 /* Number of columns in index + pk/rowid */
  int nKeyCol;              /* Number of index columns w/o the pk/rowid */
  u8 nSkipAhead;            /* Number of times of skip-ahead */
  StatSample current;       /* Current row as a StatSample */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  tRowcnt nPSample;         /* How often to do a periodic sample */
  int mxSample;             /* Maximum number of samples to accumulate */

  u32 iPrn;                 /* Pseudo-random number used for sampling */
  StatSample *aBest;        /* Array of nCol best samples */
  int iMin;                 /* Index in a[] of entry with minimum score */
  int nSample;              /* Current number of samples */
  int nMaxEqZero;           /* Max leading 0 in anEq[] for any a[] entry */
  int iGet;                 /* Index of current sample accessed by stat_get() */
  StatSample *a;            /* Array of mxSample StatSample objects */
#endif
};

/* Reclaim memory used by a StatSample
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
static void sampleClear(sqlite3 *db, StatSample *p){
  assert( db!=0 );
  if( p->nRowid ){
    sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.aRowid);
    p->nRowid = 0;
  }
}
#endif

/* Initialize the BLOB value of a ROWID
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
static void sampleSetRowid(sqlite3 *db, StatSample *p, int n, const u8 *pData){
  assert( db!=0 );
  if( p->nRowid ) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.aRowid);
  p->u.aRowid = sqlite3DbMallocRawNN(db, n);
  if( p->u.aRowid ){
    p->nRowid = n;
    memcpy(p->u.aRowid, pData, n);
  }else{
    p->nRowid = 0;
  }
}
#endif

/* Initialize the INTEGER value of a ROWID.
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
static void sampleSetRowidInt64(sqlite3 *db, StatSample *p, i64 iRowid){
  assert( db!=0 );
  if( p->nRowid ) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.aRowid);
  p->nRowid = 0;
  p->u.iRowid = iRowid;
}
#endif


/*
** Copy the contents of object (*pFrom) into (*pTo).
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
static void sampleCopy(StatAccum *p, StatSample *pTo, StatSample *pFrom){
  pTo->isPSample = pFrom->isPSample;
  pTo->iCol = pFrom->iCol;
  pTo->iHash = pFrom->iHash;
  memcpy(pTo->anEq, pFrom->anEq, sizeof(tRowcnt)*p->nCol);
  memcpy(pTo->anLt, pFrom->anLt, sizeof(tRowcnt)*p->nCol);
  memcpy(pTo->anDLt, pFrom->anDLt, sizeof(tRowcnt)*p->nCol);
  if( pFrom->nRowid ){
    sampleSetRowid(p->db, pTo, pFrom->nRowid, pFrom->u.aRowid);
  }else{
    sampleSetRowidInt64(p->db, pTo, pFrom->u.iRowid);
  }
}
#endif

/*
** Reclaim all memory of a StatAccum structure.
*/
static void statAccumDestructor(void *pOld){
  StatAccum *p = (StatAccum*)pOld;
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  if( p->mxSample ){
    int i;
    for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++) sampleClear(p->db, p->aBest+i);
    for(i=0; i<p->mxSample; i++) sampleClear(p->db, p->a+i);
    sampleClear(p->db, &p->current);
  }
#endif
  sqlite3DbFree(p->db, p);
}

/*
** Implementation of the stat_init(N,K,C,L) SQL function. The four parameters
** are:
**     N:    The number of columns in the index including the rowid/pk (note 1)
**     K:    The number of columns in the index excluding the rowid/pk.
**     C:    Estimated number of rows in the index
**     L:    A limit on the number of rows to scan, or 0 for no-limit 
**
** Note 1:  In the special case of the covering index that implements a
** WITHOUT ROWID table, N is the number of PRIMARY KEY columns, not the
** total number of columns in the table.
**


** For indexes on ordinary rowid tables, N==K+1.  But for indexes on
** WITHOUT ROWID tables, N=K+P where P is the number of columns in the
** PRIMARY KEY of the table.  The covering index that implements the
** original WITHOUT ROWID table as N==K as a special case.
**
** This routine allocates the StatAccum object in heap memory. The return 
** value is a pointer to the StatAccum object.  The datatype of the
** return value is BLOB, but it is really just a pointer to the StatAccum
** object.
*/
static void statInit(
  sqlite3_context *context,
  int argc,
  sqlite3_value **argv
){
  StatAccum *p;
  int nCol;                       /* Number of columns in index being sampled */
  int nKeyCol;                    /* Number of key columns */
  int nColUp;                     /* nCol rounded up for alignment */
  int n;                          /* Bytes of space to allocate */
  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);   /* Database connection */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  /* Maximum number of samples.  0 if STAT4 data is not collected */
  int mxSample = OptimizationEnabled(db,SQLITE_Stat4) ?SQLITE_STAT4_SAMPLES :0;
#endif

  /* Decode the three function arguments */
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
  nCol = sqlite3_value_int(argv[0]);
  assert( nCol>0 );
  nColUp = sizeof(tRowcnt)<8 ? (nCol+1)&~1 : nCol;
  nKeyCol = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);
  assert( nKeyCol<=nCol );
  assert( nKeyCol>0 );

  /* Allocate the space required for the StatAccum object */
  n = sizeof(*p) 
    + sizeof(tRowcnt)*nColUp                  /* StatAccum.anEq */
    + sizeof(tRowcnt)*nColUp;                 /* StatAccum.anDLt */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  if( mxSample ){
    n += sizeof(tRowcnt)*nColUp                  /* StatAccum.anLt */
      + sizeof(StatSample)*(nCol+mxSample)       /* StatAccum.aBest[], a[] */
      + sizeof(tRowcnt)*3*nColUp*(nCol+mxSample);
  }
#endif

  db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
  p = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, n);
  if( p==0 ){
    sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
    return;
  }

  p->db = db;
  p->nEst = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[2]);
  p->nRow = 0;
  p->nLimit = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[3]);
  p->nCol = nCol;
  p->nKeyCol = nKeyCol;
  p->nSkipAhead = 0;
  p->current.anDLt = (tRowcnt*)&p[1];
  p->current.anEq = &p->current.anDLt[nColUp];

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4

  p->mxSample = p->nLimit==0 ? mxSample : 0;
  if( mxSample ){
    u8 *pSpace;                     /* Allocated space not yet assigned */
    int i;                          /* Used to iterate through p->aSample[] */

    p->iGet = -1;

    p->nPSample = (tRowcnt)(p->nEst/(mxSample/3+1) + 1);
    p->current.anLt = &p->current.anEq[nColUp];
    p->iPrn = 0x689e962d*(u32)nCol ^ 0xd0944565*(u32)sqlite3_value_int(argv[2]);
  
    /* Set up the StatAccum.a[] and aBest[] arrays */
    p->a = (struct StatSample*)&p->current.anLt[nColUp];
    p->aBest = &p->a[mxSample];
    pSpace = (u8*)(&p->a[mxSample+nCol]);
    for(i=0; i<(mxSample+nCol); i++){
      p->a[i].anEq = (tRowcnt *)pSpace; pSpace += (sizeof(tRowcnt) * nColUp);
      p->a[i].anLt = (tRowcnt *)pSpace; pSpace += (sizeof(tRowcnt) * nColUp);
      p->a[i].anDLt = (tRowcnt *)pSpace; pSpace += (sizeof(tRowcnt) * nColUp);
    }
    assert( (pSpace - (u8*)p)==n );
  
    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
      p->aBest[i].iCol = i;
    }
  }
#endif

  /* Return a pointer to the allocated object to the caller.  Note that
  ** only the pointer (the 2nd parameter) matters.  The size of the object
  ** (given by the 3rd parameter) is never used and can be any positive
  ** value. */
  sqlite3_result_blob(context, p, sizeof(*p), statAccumDestructor);
}
static const FuncDef statInitFuncdef = {
  4,               /* nArg */
  SQLITE_UTF8,     /* funcFlags */
  0,               /* pUserData */
  0,               /* pNext */
  statInit,        /* xSFunc */
  0,               /* xFinalize */
  0, 0,            /* xValue, xInverse */
  "stat_init",     /* zName */
︙︙
106849
106850
106851
106852
106853
106854
106855
106856
106857
106858
106859
106860
106861
106862
106863
106864
106865

** In other words, if we assume that the cardinalities of the selected
** column for pNew and pOld are equal, is pNew to be preferred over pOld.
**
** This function assumes that for each argument sample, the contents of
** the anEq[] array from pSample->anEq[pSample->iCol+1] onwards are valid. 
*/
static int sampleIsBetterPost(
  Stat4Accum *pAccum, 
  Stat4Sample *pNew, 
  Stat4Sample *pOld
){
  int nCol = pAccum->nCol;
  int i;
  assert( pNew->iCol==pOld->iCol );
  for(i=pNew->iCol+1; i<nCol; i++){
    if( pNew->anEq[i]>pOld->anEq[i] ) return 1;
    if( pNew->anEq[i]<pOld->anEq[i] ) return 0;








|
|
|








107677
107678
107679
107680
107681
107682
107683
107684
107685
107686
107687
107688
107689
107690
107691
107692
107693

** In other words, if we assume that the cardinalities of the selected
** column for pNew and pOld are equal, is pNew to be preferred over pOld.
**
** This function assumes that for each argument sample, the contents of
** the anEq[] array from pSample->anEq[pSample->iCol+1] onwards are valid. 
*/
static int sampleIsBetterPost(
  StatAccum *pAccum, 
  StatSample *pNew, 
  StatSample *pOld
){
  int nCol = pAccum->nCol;
  int i;
  assert( pNew->iCol==pOld->iCol );
  for(i=pNew->iCol+1; i<nCol; i++){
    if( pNew->anEq[i]>pOld->anEq[i] ) return 1;
    if( pNew->anEq[i]<pOld->anEq[i] ) return 0;
︙︙
106873
106874
106875
106876
106877
106878
106879
106880
106881
106882
106883
106884
106885
106886
106887
106888
106889
106890
106891
106892
106893
106894
106895
106896
106897
106898
106899
106900
106901
106902
106903
106904
106905
106906
106907
106908
106909
106910
106911
106912
106913
106914
106915
106916
106917
106918
106919
106920
106921
106922
106923
106924
106925
106926
106927
106928
106929
106930
106931
106932
106933
106934
106935
106936
106937
106938
106939
106940
106941
106942
106943
106944
106945
106946
106947
106948
106949
106950
106951

/*
** Return true if pNew is to be preferred over pOld.
**
** This function assumes that for each argument sample, the contents of
** the anEq[] array from pSample->anEq[pSample->iCol] onwards are valid. 
*/
static int sampleIsBetter(
  Stat4Accum *pAccum, 
  Stat4Sample *pNew, 
  Stat4Sample *pOld
){
  tRowcnt nEqNew = pNew->anEq[pNew->iCol];
  tRowcnt nEqOld = pOld->anEq[pOld->iCol];

  assert( pOld->isPSample==0 && pNew->isPSample==0 );
  assert( IsStat4 || (pNew->iCol==0 && pOld->iCol==0) );

  if( (nEqNew>nEqOld) ) return 1;
  if( nEqNew==nEqOld ){
    if( pNew->iCol<pOld->iCol ) return 1;
    return (pNew->iCol==pOld->iCol && sampleIsBetterPost(pAccum, pNew, pOld));
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** Copy the contents of sample *pNew into the p->a[] array. If necessary,
** remove the least desirable sample from p->a[] to make room.
*/
static void sampleInsert(Stat4Accum *p, Stat4Sample *pNew, int nEqZero){
  Stat4Sample *pSample = 0;
  int i;

  assert( IsStat4 || nEqZero==0 );

  /* Stat4Accum.nMaxEqZero is set to the maximum number of leading 0
  ** values in the anEq[] array of any sample in Stat4Accum.a[]. In
  ** other words, if nMaxEqZero is n, then it is guaranteed that there
  ** are no samples with Stat4Sample.anEq[m]==0 for (m>=n). */
  if( nEqZero>p->nMaxEqZero ){
    p->nMaxEqZero = nEqZero;
  }
  if( pNew->isPSample==0 ){
    Stat4Sample *pUpgrade = 0;
    assert( pNew->anEq[pNew->iCol]>0 );

    /* This sample is being added because the prefix that ends in column 
    ** iCol occurs many times in the table. However, if we have already
    ** added a sample that shares this prefix, there is no need to add
    ** this one. Instead, upgrade the priority of the highest priority
    ** existing sample that shares this prefix.  */
    for(i=p->nSample-1; i>=0; i--){
      Stat4Sample *pOld = &p->a[i];
      if( pOld->anEq[pNew->iCol]==0 ){
        if( pOld->isPSample ) return;
        assert( pOld->iCol>pNew->iCol );
        assert( sampleIsBetter(p, pNew, pOld) );
        if( pUpgrade==0 || sampleIsBetter(p, pOld, pUpgrade) ){
          pUpgrade = pOld;
        }
      }
    }
    if( pUpgrade ){
      pUpgrade->iCol = pNew->iCol;
      pUpgrade->anEq[pUpgrade->iCol] = pNew->anEq[pUpgrade->iCol];
      goto find_new_min;
    }
  }

  /* If necessary, remove sample iMin to make room for the new sample. */
  if( p->nSample>=p->mxSample ){
    Stat4Sample *pMin = &p->a[p->iMin];
    tRowcnt *anEq = pMin->anEq;
    tRowcnt *anLt = pMin->anLt;
    tRowcnt *anDLt = pMin->anDLt;
    sampleClear(p->db, pMin);
    memmove(pMin, &pMin[1], sizeof(p->a[0])*(p->nSample-p->iMin-1));
    pSample = &p->a[p->nSample-1];
    pSample->nRowid = 0;








|
|
|



















|
|




|
|

|




|








|


















|








107701
107702
107703
107704
107705
107706
107707
107708
107709
107710
107711
107712
107713
107714
107715
107716
107717
107718
107719
107720
107721
107722
107723
107724
107725
107726
107727
107728
107729
107730
107731
107732
107733
107734
107735
107736
107737
107738
107739
107740
107741
107742
107743
107744
107745
107746
107747
107748
107749
107750
107751
107752
107753
107754
107755
107756
107757
107758
107759
107760
107761
107762
107763
107764
107765
107766
107767
107768
107769
107770
107771
107772
107773
107774
107775
107776
107777
107778
107779

/*
** Return true if pNew is to be preferred over pOld.
**
** This function assumes that for each argument sample, the contents of
** the anEq[] array from pSample->anEq[pSample->iCol] onwards are valid. 
*/
static int sampleIsBetter(
  StatAccum *pAccum, 
  StatSample *pNew, 
  StatSample *pOld
){
  tRowcnt nEqNew = pNew->anEq[pNew->iCol];
  tRowcnt nEqOld = pOld->anEq[pOld->iCol];

  assert( pOld->isPSample==0 && pNew->isPSample==0 );
  assert( IsStat4 || (pNew->iCol==0 && pOld->iCol==0) );

  if( (nEqNew>nEqOld) ) return 1;
  if( nEqNew==nEqOld ){
    if( pNew->iCol<pOld->iCol ) return 1;
    return (pNew->iCol==pOld->iCol && sampleIsBetterPost(pAccum, pNew, pOld));
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** Copy the contents of sample *pNew into the p->a[] array. If necessary,
** remove the least desirable sample from p->a[] to make room.
*/
static void sampleInsert(StatAccum *p, StatSample *pNew, int nEqZero){
  StatSample *pSample = 0;
  int i;

  assert( IsStat4 || nEqZero==0 );

  /* StatAccum.nMaxEqZero is set to the maximum number of leading 0
  ** values in the anEq[] array of any sample in StatAccum.a[]. In
  ** other words, if nMaxEqZero is n, then it is guaranteed that there
  ** are no samples with StatSample.anEq[m]==0 for (m>=n). */
  if( nEqZero>p->nMaxEqZero ){
    p->nMaxEqZero = nEqZero;
  }
  if( pNew->isPSample==0 ){
    StatSample *pUpgrade = 0;
    assert( pNew->anEq[pNew->iCol]>0 );

    /* This sample is being added because the prefix that ends in column 
    ** iCol occurs many times in the table. However, if we have already
    ** added a sample that shares this prefix, there is no need to add
    ** this one. Instead, upgrade the priority of the highest priority
    ** existing sample that shares this prefix.  */
    for(i=p->nSample-1; i>=0; i--){
      StatSample *pOld = &p->a[i];
      if( pOld->anEq[pNew->iCol]==0 ){
        if( pOld->isPSample ) return;
        assert( pOld->iCol>pNew->iCol );
        assert( sampleIsBetter(p, pNew, pOld) );
        if( pUpgrade==0 || sampleIsBetter(p, pOld, pUpgrade) ){
          pUpgrade = pOld;
        }
      }
    }
    if( pUpgrade ){
      pUpgrade->iCol = pNew->iCol;
      pUpgrade->anEq[pUpgrade->iCol] = pNew->anEq[pUpgrade->iCol];
      goto find_new_min;
    }
  }

  /* If necessary, remove sample iMin to make room for the new sample. */
  if( p->nSample>=p->mxSample ){
    StatSample *pMin = &p->a[p->iMin];
    tRowcnt *anEq = pMin->anEq;
    tRowcnt *anLt = pMin->anLt;
    tRowcnt *anDLt = pMin->anDLt;
    sampleClear(p->db, pMin);
    memmove(pMin, &pMin[1], sizeof(p->a[0])*(p->nSample-p->iMin-1));
    pSample = &p->a[p->nSample-1];
    pSample->nRowid = 0;
︙︙
106980
106981
106982
106983
106984
106985
106986

106987
106988
106989
106990
106991
106992
106993
106994
106995
106996
106997
106998
106999
107000
107001
107002
107003
107004
107005
107006
107007

    }
    assert( iMin>=0 );
    p->iMin = iMin;
  }
}
#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4 */


/*
** Field iChng of the index being scanned has changed. So at this point
** p->current contains a sample that reflects the previous row of the
** index. The value of anEq[iChng] and subsequent anEq[] elements are
** correct at this point.
*/
static void samplePushPrevious(Stat4Accum *p, int iChng){
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  int i;

  /* Check if any samples from the aBest[] array should be pushed
  ** into IndexSample.a[] at this point.  */
  for(i=(p->nCol-2); i>=iChng; i--){
    Stat4Sample *pBest = &p->aBest[i];
    pBest->anEq[i] = p->current.anEq[i];
    if( p->nSample<p->mxSample || sampleIsBetter(p, pBest, &p->a[p->iMin]) ){
      sampleInsert(p, pBest, i);
    }
  }

  /* Check that no sample contains an anEq[] entry with an index of








>






|
<





|








107808
107809
107810
107811
107812
107813
107814
107815
107816
107817
107818
107819
107820
107821
107822

107823
107824
107825
107826
107827
107828
107829
107830
107831
107832
107833
107834
107835

    }
    assert( iMin>=0 );
    p->iMin = iMin;
  }
}
#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4 */

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
/*
** Field iChng of the index being scanned has changed. So at this point
** p->current contains a sample that reflects the previous row of the
** index. The value of anEq[iChng] and subsequent anEq[] elements are
** correct at this point.
*/
static void samplePushPrevious(StatAccum *p, int iChng){

  int i;

  /* Check if any samples from the aBest[] array should be pushed
  ** into IndexSample.a[] at this point.  */
  for(i=(p->nCol-2); i>=iChng; i--){
    StatSample *pBest = &p->aBest[i];
    pBest->anEq[i] = p->current.anEq[i];
    if( p->nSample<p->mxSample || sampleIsBetter(p, pBest, &p->a[p->iMin]) ){
      sampleInsert(p, pBest, i);
    }
  }

  /* Check that no sample contains an anEq[] entry with an index of
︙︙
107017
107018
107019
107020
107021
107022
107023
107024
107025
107026
107027
107028
107029
107030
107031
107032
107033
107034
107035
107036
107037
107038
107039
107040
107041
107042

107043
107044



107045
107046
107047
107048
107049
107050
107051
107052
107053
107054
107055
107056
107057
107058
107059
107060
107061
107062
107063
107064
107065
107066
107067
107068

107069

107070
107071
107072
107073
107074
107075
107076
107077
107078
107079
107080
107081
107082
107083

107084
107085


107086
107087
107088
107089
107090
107091
107092
107093
107094
107095
107096
107097
107098
107099
107100
107101
107102
107103
107104
107105
107106
107107
107108
107109
107110
107111
107112
107113
107114
107115



107116


107117
107118
107119
107120
107121
107122
107123

      int j;
      for(j=iChng; j<p->nCol; j++){
        if( p->a[i].anEq[j]==0 ) p->a[i].anEq[j] = p->current.anEq[j];
      }
    }
    p->nMaxEqZero = iChng;
  }
#endif

#ifndef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  UNUSED_PARAMETER( p );
  UNUSED_PARAMETER( iChng );
#endif
}

/*
** Implementation of the stat_push SQL function:  stat_push(P,C,R)
** Arguments:
**
**    P     Pointer to the Stat4Accum object created by stat_init()
**    C     Index of left-most column to differ from previous row
**    R     Rowid for the current row.  Might be a key record for
**          WITHOUT ROWID tables.
**
** This SQL function always returns NULL.  It's purpose it to accumulate
** statistical data and/or samples in the Stat4Accum object about the

** index being analyzed.  The stat_get() SQL function will later be used to
** extract relevant information for constructing the sqlite_statN tables.



**
** The R parameter is only used for STAT4
*/
static void statPush(
  sqlite3_context *context,
  int argc,
  sqlite3_value **argv
){
  int i;

  /* The three function arguments */
  Stat4Accum *p = (Stat4Accum*)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]);
  int iChng = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);

  UNUSED_PARAMETER( argc );
  UNUSED_PARAMETER( context );
  assert( p->nCol>0 );
  assert( iChng<p->nCol );

  if( p->nRow==0 ){
    /* This is the first call to this function. Do initialization. */
    for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++) p->current.anEq[i] = 1;
  }else{
    /* Second and subsequent calls get processed here */

    samplePushPrevious(p, iChng);


    /* Update anDLt[], anLt[] and anEq[] to reflect the values that apply
    ** to the current row of the index. */
    for(i=0; i<iChng; i++){
      p->current.anEq[i]++;
    }
    for(i=iChng; i<p->nCol; i++){
      p->current.anDLt[i]++;
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
      p->current.anLt[i] += p->current.anEq[i];
#endif
      p->current.anEq[i] = 1;
    }
  }

  p->nRow++;
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4


  if( sqlite3_value_type(argv[2])==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
    sampleSetRowidInt64(p->db, &p->current, sqlite3_value_int64(argv[2]));
  }else{
    sampleSetRowid(p->db, &p->current, sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[2]),
                                       sqlite3_value_blob(argv[2]));
  }
  p->current.iHash = p->iPrn = p->iPrn*1103515245 + 12345;
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  {
    tRowcnt nLt = p->current.anLt[p->nCol-1];

    /* Check if this is to be a periodic sample. If so, add it. */
    if( (nLt/p->nPSample)!=(nLt+1)/p->nPSample ){
      p->current.isPSample = 1;
      p->current.iCol = 0;
      sampleInsert(p, &p->current, p->nCol-1);
      p->current.isPSample = 0;
    }

    /* Update the aBest[] array. */
    for(i=0; i<(p->nCol-1); i++){
      p->current.iCol = i;
      if( i>=iChng || sampleIsBetterPost(p, &p->current, &p->aBest[i]) ){
        sampleCopy(p, &p->aBest[i], &p->current);
      }
    }
  }
#endif



}


static const FuncDef statPushFuncdef = {
  2+IsStat4,       /* nArg */
  SQLITE_UTF8,     /* funcFlags */
  0,               /* pUserData */
  0,               /* pNext */
  statPush,        /* xSFunc */
  0,               /* xFinalize */








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<
<
<





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>


>
>
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<

<
<
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<















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>
>
>
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>
>








107845
107846
107847
107848
107849
107850
107851

107852
107853




107854
107855
107856
107857
107858
107859
107860
107861
107862
107863

107864
107865
107866
107867
107868
107869
107870
107871
107872
107873
107874
107875
107876
107877
107878
107879
107880
107881
107882
107883
107884
107885
107886
107887
107888
107889
107890
107891
107892
107893
107894
107895
107896
107897
107898
107899
107900
107901
107902
107903
107904
107905
107906
107907
107908
107909
107910
107911
107912
107913
107914
107915
107916
107917
107918
107919
107920
107921
107922
107923

107924


107925

107926
107927
107928
107929
107930
107931
107932
107933
107934
107935
107936
107937
107938
107939
107940
107941
107942
107943
107944
107945
107946
107947
107948
107949
107950
107951
107952
107953
107954
107955

      int j;
      for(j=iChng; j<p->nCol; j++){
        if( p->a[i].anEq[j]==0 ) p->a[i].anEq[j] = p->current.anEq[j];
      }
    }
    p->nMaxEqZero = iChng;
  }

}
#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4 */





/*
** Implementation of the stat_push SQL function:  stat_push(P,C,R)
** Arguments:
**
**    P     Pointer to the StatAccum object created by stat_init()
**    C     Index of left-most column to differ from previous row
**    R     Rowid for the current row.  Might be a key record for
**          WITHOUT ROWID tables.
**

** The purpose of this routine is to collect statistical data and/or
** samples from the index being analyzed into the StatAccum object.
** The stat_get() SQL function will be used afterwards to
** retrieve the information gathered.
**
** This SQL function usually returns NULL, but might return an integer
** if it wants the byte-code to do special processing.
**
** The R parameter is only used for STAT4
*/
static void statPush(
  sqlite3_context *context,
  int argc,
  sqlite3_value **argv
){
  int i;

  /* The three function arguments */
  StatAccum *p = (StatAccum*)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]);
  int iChng = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);

  UNUSED_PARAMETER( argc );
  UNUSED_PARAMETER( context );
  assert( p->nCol>0 );
  assert( iChng<p->nCol );

  if( p->nRow==0 ){
    /* This is the first call to this function. Do initialization. */
    for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++) p->current.anEq[i] = 1;
  }else{
    /* Second and subsequent calls get processed here */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
    if( p->mxSample ) samplePushPrevious(p, iChng);
#endif

    /* Update anDLt[], anLt[] and anEq[] to reflect the values that apply
    ** to the current row of the index. */
    for(i=0; i<iChng; i++){
      p->current.anEq[i]++;
    }
    for(i=iChng; i<p->nCol; i++){
      p->current.anDLt[i]++;
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
      if( p->mxSample ) p->current.anLt[i] += p->current.anEq[i];
#endif
      p->current.anEq[i] = 1;
    }
  }

  p->nRow++;
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  if( p->mxSample ){
    tRowcnt nLt;
    if( sqlite3_value_type(argv[2])==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
      sampleSetRowidInt64(p->db, &p->current, sqlite3_value_int64(argv[2]));
    }else{
      sampleSetRowid(p->db, &p->current, sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[2]),
                                         sqlite3_value_blob(argv[2]));
    }
    p->current.iHash = p->iPrn = p->iPrn*1103515245 + 12345;




    nLt = p->current.anLt[p->nCol-1];

    /* Check if this is to be a periodic sample. If so, add it. */
    if( (nLt/p->nPSample)!=(nLt+1)/p->nPSample ){
      p->current.isPSample = 1;
      p->current.iCol = 0;
      sampleInsert(p, &p->current, p->nCol-1);
      p->current.isPSample = 0;
    }

    /* Update the aBest[] array. */
    for(i=0; i<(p->nCol-1); i++){
      p->current.iCol = i;
      if( i>=iChng || sampleIsBetterPost(p, &p->current, &p->aBest[i]) ){
        sampleCopy(p, &p->aBest[i], &p->current);
      }
    }
  }else
#endif
  if( p->nLimit && p->nRow>(tRowcnt)p->nLimit*(p->nSkipAhead+1) ){
    p->nSkipAhead++;
    sqlite3_result_int(context, p->current.anDLt[0]>0);
  }
}

static const FuncDef statPushFuncdef = {
  2+IsStat4,       /* nArg */
  SQLITE_UTF8,     /* funcFlags */
  0,               /* pUserData */
  0,               /* pNext */
  statPush,        /* xSFunc */
  0,               /* xFinalize */
︙︙
107131
107132
107133
107134
107135
107136
107137
107138
107139
107140
107141
107142
107143
107144
107145
107146
107147
107148
107149
107150
107151
107152
107153
107154
107155
107156
107157
107158
107159
107160
107161
107162
107163
107164
107165
107166
107167

107168
107169
107170
107171
107172
107173
107174
107175
107176
107177
107178
107179
107180
107181
107182
107183
107184
107185
107186
107187

#define STAT_GET_NEQ   2          /* "neq" column of stat[34] entry */
#define STAT_GET_NLT   3          /* "nlt" column of stat[34] entry */
#define STAT_GET_NDLT  4          /* "ndlt" column of stat[34] entry */

/*
** Implementation of the stat_get(P,J) SQL function.  This routine is
** used to query statistical information that has been gathered into
** the Stat4Accum object by prior calls to stat_push().  The P parameter
** has type BLOB but it is really just a pointer to the Stat4Accum object.
** The content to returned is determined by the parameter J
** which is one of the STAT_GET_xxxx values defined above.
**
** The stat_get(P,J) function is not available to generic SQL.  It is
** inserted as part of a manually constructed bytecode program.  (See
** the callStatGet() routine below.)  It is guaranteed that the P
** parameter will always be a poiner to a Stat4Accum object, never a
** NULL.
**
** If STAT4 is not enabled, then J is always
** STAT_GET_STAT1 and is hence omitted and this routine becomes
** a one-parameter function, stat_get(P), that always returns the
** stat1 table entry information.
*/
static void statGet(
  sqlite3_context *context,
  int argc,
  sqlite3_value **argv
){
  Stat4Accum *p = (Stat4Accum*)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  /* STAT4 has a parameter on this routine. */
  int eCall = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);
  assert( argc==2 );
  assert( eCall==STAT_GET_STAT1 || eCall==STAT_GET_NEQ 
       || eCall==STAT_GET_ROWID || eCall==STAT_GET_NLT
       || eCall==STAT_GET_NDLT 
  );

  if( eCall==STAT_GET_STAT1 )
#else
  assert( argc==1 );
#endif
  {
    /* Return the value to store in the "stat" column of the sqlite_stat1
    ** table for this index.
    **
    ** The value is a string composed of a list of integers describing 
    ** the index. The first integer in the list is the total number of 
    ** entries in the index. There is one additional integer in the list 
    ** for each indexed column. This additional integer is an estimate of
    ** the number of rows matched by a stabbing query on the index using
    ** a key with the corresponding number of fields. In other words,
    ** if the index is on columns (a,b) and the sqlite_stat1 value is 
    ** "100 10 2", then SQLite estimates that:
    **
    **   * the index contains 100 rows,
    **   * "WHERE a=?" matches 10 rows, and
    **   * "WHERE a=? AND b=?" matches 2 rows.








|
|






|












|








>












|








107963
107964
107965
107966
107967
107968
107969
107970
107971
107972
107973
107974
107975
107976
107977
107978
107979
107980
107981
107982
107983
107984
107985
107986
107987
107988
107989
107990
107991
107992
107993
107994
107995
107996
107997
107998
107999
108000
108001
108002
108003
108004
108005
108006
108007
108008
108009
108010
108011
108012
108013
108014
108015
108016
108017
108018
108019
108020

#define STAT_GET_NEQ   2          /* "neq" column of stat[34] entry */
#define STAT_GET_NLT   3          /* "nlt" column of stat[34] entry */
#define STAT_GET_NDLT  4          /* "ndlt" column of stat[34] entry */

/*
** Implementation of the stat_get(P,J) SQL function.  This routine is
** used to query statistical information that has been gathered into
** the StatAccum object by prior calls to stat_push().  The P parameter
** has type BLOB but it is really just a pointer to the StatAccum object.
** The content to returned is determined by the parameter J
** which is one of the STAT_GET_xxxx values defined above.
**
** The stat_get(P,J) function is not available to generic SQL.  It is
** inserted as part of a manually constructed bytecode program.  (See
** the callStatGet() routine below.)  It is guaranteed that the P
** parameter will always be a pointer to a StatAccum object, never a
** NULL.
**
** If STAT4 is not enabled, then J is always
** STAT_GET_STAT1 and is hence omitted and this routine becomes
** a one-parameter function, stat_get(P), that always returns the
** stat1 table entry information.
*/
static void statGet(
  sqlite3_context *context,
  int argc,
  sqlite3_value **argv
){
  StatAccum *p = (StatAccum*)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  /* STAT4 has a parameter on this routine. */
  int eCall = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);
  assert( argc==2 );
  assert( eCall==STAT_GET_STAT1 || eCall==STAT_GET_NEQ 
       || eCall==STAT_GET_ROWID || eCall==STAT_GET_NLT
       || eCall==STAT_GET_NDLT 
  );
  assert( eCall==STAT_GET_STAT1 || p->mxSample );
  if( eCall==STAT_GET_STAT1 )
#else
  assert( argc==1 );
#endif
  {
    /* Return the value to store in the "stat" column of the sqlite_stat1
    ** table for this index.
    **
    ** The value is a string composed of a list of integers describing 
    ** the index. The first integer in the list is the total number of 
    ** entries in the index. There is one additional integer in the list 
    ** for each indexed column. This additional integer is an estimate of
    ** the number of rows matched by a equality query on the index using
    ** a key with the corresponding number of fields. In other words,
    ** if the index is on columns (a,b) and the sqlite_stat1 value is 
    ** "100 10 2", then SQLite estimates that:
    **
    **   * the index contains 100 rows,
    **   * "WHERE a=?" matches 10 rows, and
    **   * "WHERE a=? AND b=?" matches 2 rows.
︙︙
107196
107197
107198
107199
107200
107201
107202
107203

107204
107205
107206
107207
107208
107209
107210
107211
107212
107213
107214
107215
107216
107217
107218
107219
107220
107221
107222
107223
107224
107225
107226
107227
107228
107229
107230


    char *zRet = sqlite3MallocZero( (p->nKeyCol+1)*25 );
    if( zRet==0 ){
      sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
      return;
    }

    sqlite3_snprintf(24, zRet, "%llu", (u64)p->nRow);

    z = zRet + sqlite3Strlen30(zRet);
    for(i=0; i<p->nKeyCol; i++){
      u64 nDistinct = p->current.anDLt[i] + 1;
      u64 iVal = (p->nRow + nDistinct - 1) / nDistinct;
      sqlite3_snprintf(24, z, " %llu", iVal);
      z += sqlite3Strlen30(z);
      assert( p->current.anEq[i] );
    }
    assert( z[0]=='\0' && z>zRet );

    sqlite3_result_text(context, zRet, -1, sqlite3_free);
  }
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  else if( eCall==STAT_GET_ROWID ){
    if( p->iGet<0 ){
      samplePushPrevious(p, 0);
      p->iGet = 0;
    }
    if( p->iGet<p->nSample ){
      Stat4Sample *pS = p->a + p->iGet;
      if( pS->nRowid==0 ){
        sqlite3_result_int64(context, pS->u.iRowid);
      }else{
        sqlite3_result_blob(context, pS->u.aRowid, pS->nRowid,
                            SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
      }
    }








|
>



















|








108029
108030
108031
108032
108033
108034
108035
108036
108037
108038
108039
108040
108041
108042
108043
108044
108045
108046
108047
108048
108049
108050
108051
108052
108053
108054
108055
108056
108057
108058
108059
108060
108061
108062
108063
108064


    char *zRet = sqlite3MallocZero( (p->nKeyCol+1)*25 );
    if( zRet==0 ){
      sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
      return;
    }

    sqlite3_snprintf(24, zRet, "%llu", 
        p->nSkipAhead ? (u64)p->nEst : (u64)p->nRow);
    z = zRet + sqlite3Strlen30(zRet);
    for(i=0; i<p->nKeyCol; i++){
      u64 nDistinct = p->current.anDLt[i] + 1;
      u64 iVal = (p->nRow + nDistinct - 1) / nDistinct;
      sqlite3_snprintf(24, z, " %llu", iVal);
      z += sqlite3Strlen30(z);
      assert( p->current.anEq[i] );
    }
    assert( z[0]=='\0' && z>zRet );

    sqlite3_result_text(context, zRet, -1, sqlite3_free);
  }
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  else if( eCall==STAT_GET_ROWID ){
    if( p->iGet<0 ){
      samplePushPrevious(p, 0);
      p->iGet = 0;
    }
    if( p->iGet<p->nSample ){
      StatSample *pS = p->a + p->iGet;
      if( pS->nRowid==0 ){
        sqlite3_result_int64(context, pS->u.iRowid);
      }else{
        sqlite3_result_blob(context, pS->u.aRowid, pS->nRowid,
                            SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
      }
    }
︙︙
107272
107273
107274
107275
107276
107277
107278
107279
107280
107281
107282
107283
107284
107285
107286
107287
107288
107289
107290
107291
107292
107293
107294
107295

  statGet,         /* xSFunc */
  0,               /* xFinalize */
  0, 0,            /* xValue, xInverse */
  "stat_get",      /* zName */
  {0}
};

static void callStatGet(Parse *pParse, int regStat4, int iParam, int regOut){
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(pParse->pVdbe, OP_Integer, iParam, regStat4+1);
#elif SQLITE_DEBUG
  assert( iParam==STAT_GET_STAT1 );
#else
  UNUSED_PARAMETER( iParam );
#endif
  assert( regOut!=regStat4 && regOut!=regStat4+1 );
  sqlite3VdbeAddFunctionCall(pParse, 0, regStat4, regOut, 1+IsStat4,
                             &statGetFuncdef, 0);
}

/*
** Generate code to do an analysis of all indices associated with
** a single table.
*/








|

|





|
|








108106
108107
108108
108109
108110
108111
108112
108113
108114
108115
108116
108117
108118
108119
108120
108121
108122
108123
108124
108125
108126
108127
108128
108129

  statGet,         /* xSFunc */
  0,               /* xFinalize */
  0, 0,            /* xValue, xInverse */
  "stat_get",      /* zName */
  {0}
};

static void callStatGet(Parse *pParse, int regStat, int iParam, int regOut){
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(pParse->pVdbe, OP_Integer, iParam, regStat+1);
#elif SQLITE_DEBUG
  assert( iParam==STAT_GET_STAT1 );
#else
  UNUSED_PARAMETER( iParam );
#endif
  assert( regOut!=regStat && regOut!=regStat+1 );
  sqlite3VdbeAddFunctionCall(pParse, 0, regStat, regOut, 1+IsStat4,
                             &statGetFuncdef, 0);
}

/*
** Generate code to do an analysis of all indices associated with
** a single table.
*/
︙︙
107307
107308
107309
107310
107311
107312
107313
107314
107315
107316
107317
107318
107319

107320
107321
107322
107323
107324
107325
107326

  int iTabCur;                 /* Table cursor */
  Vdbe *v;                     /* The virtual machine being built up */
  int i;                       /* Loop counter */
  int jZeroRows = -1;          /* Jump from here if number of rows is zero */
  int iDb;                     /* Index of database containing pTab */
  u8 needTableCnt = 1;         /* True to count the table */
  int regNewRowid = iMem++;    /* Rowid for the inserted record */
  int regStat4 = iMem++;       /* Register to hold Stat4Accum object */
  int regChng = iMem++;        /* Index of changed index field */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  int regRowid = iMem++;       /* Rowid argument passed to stat_push() */
#endif
  int regTemp = iMem++;        /* Temporary use register */

  int regTabname = iMem++;     /* Register containing table name */
  int regIdxname = iMem++;     /* Register containing index name */
  int regStat1 = iMem++;       /* Value for the stat column of sqlite_stat1 */
  int regPrev = iMem;          /* MUST BE LAST (see below) */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_PREUPDATE_HOOK
  Table *pStat1 = 0; 
#endif








|

<

<

>








108141
108142
108143
108144
108145
108146
108147
108148
108149

108150

108151
108152
108153
108154
108155
108156
108157
108158
108159

  int iTabCur;                 /* Table cursor */
  Vdbe *v;                     /* The virtual machine being built up */
  int i;                       /* Loop counter */
  int jZeroRows = -1;          /* Jump from here if number of rows is zero */
  int iDb;                     /* Index of database containing pTab */
  u8 needTableCnt = 1;         /* True to count the table */
  int regNewRowid = iMem++;    /* Rowid for the inserted record */
  int regStat = iMem++;        /* Register to hold StatAccum object */
  int regChng = iMem++;        /* Index of changed index field */

  int regRowid = iMem++;       /* Rowid argument passed to stat_push() */

  int regTemp = iMem++;        /* Temporary use register */
  int regTemp2 = iMem++;       /* Second temporary use register */
  int regTabname = iMem++;     /* Register containing table name */
  int regIdxname = iMem++;     /* Register containing index name */
  int regStat1 = iMem++;       /* Value for the stat column of sqlite_stat1 */
  int regPrev = iMem;          /* MUST BE LAST (see below) */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_PREUPDATE_HOOK
  Table *pStat1 = 0; 
#endif
︙︙
107440
107441
107442
107443
107444
107445
107446
107447
107448
107449
107450
107451



107452

107453



107454

107455




107456
107457
107458
107459
107460
107461
107462
107463
107464
107465
107466
107467
107468
107469
107470
107471
107472
107473
107474
107475
107476

    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->zName));

    /* Invoke the stat_init() function. The arguments are:
    ** 
    **    (1) the number of columns in the index including the rowid
    **        (or for a WITHOUT ROWID table, the number of PK columns),
    **    (2) the number of columns in the key without the rowid/pk
    **    (3) the number of rows in the index,
    **
    **
    ** The third argument is only used for STAT4
    */



#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4

    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iIdxCur, regStat4+3);



#endif

    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, nCol, regStat4+1);




    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pIdx->nKeyCol, regStat4+2);
    sqlite3VdbeAddFunctionCall(pParse, 0, regStat4+1, regStat4, 2+IsStat4,
                               &statInitFuncdef, 0);

    /* Implementation of the following:
    **
    **   Rewind csr
    **   if eof(csr) goto end_of_scan;
    **   regChng = 0
    **   goto next_push_0;
    **
    */
    addrRewind = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, iIdxCur);
    VdbeCoverage(v);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regChng);
    addrNextRow = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);

    if( nColTest>0 ){
      int endDistinctTest = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
      int *aGotoChng;               /* Array of jump instruction addresses */
      aGotoChng = sqlite3DbMallocRawNN(db, sizeof(int)*nColTest);








|
<
<
<

>
>
>

>
|
>
>
>

>
|
>
>
>
>
|
|










<
<








108273
108274
108275
108276
108277
108278
108279
108280



108281
108282
108283
108284
108285
108286
108287
108288
108289
108290
108291
108292
108293
108294
108295
108296
108297
108298
108299
108300
108301
108302
108303
108304
108305
108306
108307
108308
108309


108310
108311
108312
108313
108314
108315
108316

    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->zName));

    /* Invoke the stat_init() function. The arguments are:
    ** 
    **    (1) the number of columns in the index including the rowid
    **        (or for a WITHOUT ROWID table, the number of PK columns),
    **    (2) the number of columns in the key without the rowid/pk
    **    (3) estimated number of rows in the index,



    */
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, nCol, regStat+1);
    assert( regRowid==regStat+2 );
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pIdx->nKeyCol, regRowid);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
    if( OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_Stat4) ){
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iIdxCur, regTemp);
      addrRewind = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, iIdxCur);
      VdbeCoverage(v);
    }else
#endif
    {
      addrRewind = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, iIdxCur);
      VdbeCoverage(v);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Count, iIdxCur, regTemp, 1);
    }
    assert( regTemp2==regStat+4 );
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, db->nAnalysisLimit, regTemp2);
    sqlite3VdbeAddFunctionCall(pParse, 0, regStat+1, regStat, 4,
                               &statInitFuncdef, 0);

    /* Implementation of the following:
    **
    **   Rewind csr
    **   if eof(csr) goto end_of_scan;
    **   regChng = 0
    **   goto next_push_0;
    **
    */


    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regChng);
    addrNextRow = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);

    if( nColTest>0 ){
      int endDistinctTest = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
      int *aGotoChng;               /* Array of jump instruction addresses */
      aGotoChng = sqlite3DbMallocRawNN(db, sizeof(int)*nColTest);
︙︙
107495
107496
107497
107498
107499
107500
107501

107502
107503
107504
107505
107506
107507
107508
107509
107510
107511
107512
107513
107514
107515
107516
107517
107518
107519
107520
107521

107522
107523
107524
107525
107526
107527
107528
107529
107530
107531
107532
107533
107534

107535
107536
107537
107538
107539
107540
107541
107542
107543
107544
107545
107546
107547
107548
107549
107550

107551
107552

107553
107554







107555




107556


107557
107558
107559
107560
107561
107562
107563
107564
107565
107566
107567
107568
107569
107570

107571
107572
107573
107574
107575
107576
107577
107578
107579
107580
107581
107582
107583
107584
107585
107586
107587
107588
107589
107590
107591
107592
107593
107594
107595
107596

        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NotNull, regPrev, endDistinctTest);
        VdbeCoverage(v);
      }
      for(i=0; i<nColTest; i++){
        char *pColl = (char*)sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, pIdx->azColl[i]);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i, regChng);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, i, regTemp);

        aGotoChng[i] = 
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Ne, regTemp, 0, regPrev+i, pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
        VdbeCoverage(v);
      }
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, nColTest, regChng);
      sqlite3VdbeGoto(v, endDistinctTest);
  
  
      /*
      **  chng_addr_0:
      **   regPrev(0) = idx(0)
      **  chng_addr_1:
      **   regPrev(1) = idx(1)
      **  ...
      */
      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrNextRow-1);
      for(i=0; i<nColTest; i++){
        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, aGotoChng[i]);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, i, regPrev+i);

      }
      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endDistinctTest);
      sqlite3DbFree(db, aGotoChng);
    }
  
    /*
    **  chng_addr_N:
    **   regRowid = idx(rowid)            // STAT4 only
    **   stat_push(P, regChng, regRowid)  // 3rd parameter STAT4 only
    **   Next csr
    **   if !eof(csr) goto next_row;
    */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4

    assert( regRowid==(regStat4+2) );
    if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxRowid, iIdxCur, regRowid);
    }else{
      Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx->pTable);
      int j, k, regKey;
      regKey = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, pPk->nKeyCol);
      for(j=0; j<pPk->nKeyCol; j++){
        k = sqlite3TableColumnToIndex(pIdx, pPk->aiColumn[j]);
        assert( k>=0 && k<pIdx->nColumn );
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, k, regKey+j);
        VdbeComment((v, "%s", pTab->aCol[pPk->aiColumn[j]].zName));
      }
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regKey, pPk->nKeyCol, regRowid);
      sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regKey, pPk->nKeyCol);
    }

#endif
    assert( regChng==(regStat4+1) );

    sqlite3VdbeAddFunctionCall(pParse, 1, regStat4, regTemp, 2+IsStat4,
                               &statPushFuncdef, 0);







    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iIdxCur, addrNextRow); VdbeCoverage(v);







    /* Add the entry to the stat1 table. */
    callStatGet(pParse, regStat4, STAT_GET_STAT1, regStat1);
    assert( "BBB"[0]==SQLITE_AFF_TEXT );
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 3, regTemp, "BBB", 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur, regNewRowid);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur, regTemp, regNewRowid);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_PREUPDATE_HOOK
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char*)pStat1, P4_TABLE);
#endif
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);

    /* Add the entries to the stat4 table. */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
    {

      int regEq = regStat1;
      int regLt = regStat1+1;
      int regDLt = regStat1+2;
      int regSample = regStat1+3;
      int regCol = regStat1+4;
      int regSampleRowid = regCol + nCol;
      int addrNext;
      int addrIsNull;
      u8 seekOp = HasRowid(pTab) ? OP_NotExists : OP_NotFound;

      pParse->nMem = MAX(pParse->nMem, regCol+nCol);

      addrNext = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
      callStatGet(pParse, regStat4, STAT_GET_ROWID, regSampleRowid);
      addrIsNull = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IsNull, regSampleRowid);
      VdbeCoverage(v);
      callStatGet(pParse, regStat4, STAT_GET_NEQ, regEq);
      callStatGet(pParse, regStat4, STAT_GET_NLT, regLt);
      callStatGet(pParse, regStat4, STAT_GET_NDLT, regDLt);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, seekOp, iTabCur, addrNext, regSampleRowid, 0);
      VdbeCoverage(v);
      for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
        sqlite3ExprCodeLoadIndexColumn(pParse, pIdx, iTabCur, i, regCol+i);
      }
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regCol, nCol, regSample);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 6, regTemp);








>




















>













>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>

|
>
|
|
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
|
>
>
>
>
|
>
>

|











<
>













|


|
|
|








108335
108336
108337
108338
108339
108340
108341
108342
108343
108344
108345
108346
108347
108348
108349
108350
108351
108352
108353
108354
108355
108356
108357
108358
108359
108360
108361
108362
108363
108364
108365
108366
108367
108368
108369
108370
108371
108372
108373
108374
108375
108376
108377
108378
108379
108380
108381
108382
108383
108384
108385
108386
108387
108388
108389
108390
108391
108392
108393
108394
108395
108396
108397
108398
108399
108400
108401
108402
108403
108404
108405
108406
108407
108408
108409
108410
108411
108412
108413
108414
108415
108416
108417
108418
108419
108420
108421
108422
108423
108424
108425
108426
108427

108428
108429
108430
108431
108432
108433
108434
108435
108436
108437
108438
108439
108440
108441
108442
108443
108444
108445
108446
108447
108448
108449
108450
108451
108452
108453
108454

        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NotNull, regPrev, endDistinctTest);
        VdbeCoverage(v);
      }
      for(i=0; i<nColTest; i++){
        char *pColl = (char*)sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, pIdx->azColl[i]);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i, regChng);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, i, regTemp);
        VdbeComment((v, "%s.column(%d)", pIdx->zName, i));
        aGotoChng[i] = 
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Ne, regTemp, 0, regPrev+i, pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
        VdbeCoverage(v);
      }
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, nColTest, regChng);
      sqlite3VdbeGoto(v, endDistinctTest);
  
  
      /*
      **  chng_addr_0:
      **   regPrev(0) = idx(0)
      **  chng_addr_1:
      **   regPrev(1) = idx(1)
      **  ...
      */
      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrNextRow-1);
      for(i=0; i<nColTest; i++){
        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, aGotoChng[i]);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, i, regPrev+i);
        VdbeComment((v, "%s.column(%d)", pIdx->zName, i));
      }
      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endDistinctTest);
      sqlite3DbFree(db, aGotoChng);
    }
  
    /*
    **  chng_addr_N:
    **   regRowid = idx(rowid)            // STAT4 only
    **   stat_push(P, regChng, regRowid)  // 3rd parameter STAT4 only
    **   Next csr
    **   if !eof(csr) goto next_row;
    */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
    if( OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_Stat4) ){
      assert( regRowid==(regStat+2) );
      if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxRowid, iIdxCur, regRowid);
      }else{
        Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx->pTable);
        int j, k, regKey;
        regKey = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, pPk->nKeyCol);
        for(j=0; j<pPk->nKeyCol; j++){
          k = sqlite3TableColumnToIndex(pIdx, pPk->aiColumn[j]);
          assert( k>=0 && k<pIdx->nColumn );
          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, k, regKey+j);
          VdbeComment((v, "%s.column(%d)", pIdx->zName, i));
        }
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regKey, pPk->nKeyCol, regRowid);
        sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regKey, pPk->nKeyCol);
      }
    }
#endif
    assert( regChng==(regStat+1) );
    {
      sqlite3VdbeAddFunctionCall(pParse, 1, regStat, regTemp, 2+IsStat4,
                                 &statPushFuncdef, 0);
      if( db->nAnalysisLimit ){
        int j1, j2, j3;
        j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IsNull, regTemp); VdbeCoverage(v);
        j2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, regTemp); VdbeCoverage(v);
        j3 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_SeekGT, iIdxCur, 0, regPrev, 1);
        VdbeCoverage(v);
        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iIdxCur, addrNextRow); VdbeCoverage(v);
        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j2);
        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j3);
      }else{
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iIdxCur, addrNextRow); VdbeCoverage(v);
      }
    }

    /* Add the entry to the stat1 table. */
    callStatGet(pParse, regStat, STAT_GET_STAT1, regStat1);
    assert( "BBB"[0]==SQLITE_AFF_TEXT );
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 3, regTemp, "BBB", 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur, regNewRowid);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur, regTemp, regNewRowid);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_PREUPDATE_HOOK
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char*)pStat1, P4_TABLE);
#endif
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);

    /* Add the entries to the stat4 table. */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4

    if( OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_Stat4) && db->nAnalysisLimit==0 ){
      int regEq = regStat1;
      int regLt = regStat1+1;
      int regDLt = regStat1+2;
      int regSample = regStat1+3;
      int regCol = regStat1+4;
      int regSampleRowid = regCol + nCol;
      int addrNext;
      int addrIsNull;
      u8 seekOp = HasRowid(pTab) ? OP_NotExists : OP_NotFound;

      pParse->nMem = MAX(pParse->nMem, regCol+nCol);

      addrNext = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
      callStatGet(pParse, regStat, STAT_GET_ROWID, regSampleRowid);
      addrIsNull = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IsNull, regSampleRowid);
      VdbeCoverage(v);
      callStatGet(pParse, regStat, STAT_GET_NEQ, regEq);
      callStatGet(pParse, regStat, STAT_GET_NLT, regLt);
      callStatGet(pParse, regStat, STAT_GET_NDLT, regDLt);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, seekOp, iTabCur, addrNext, regSampleRowid, 0);
      VdbeCoverage(v);
      for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
        sqlite3ExprCodeLoadIndexColumn(pParse, pIdx, iTabCur, i, regCol+i);
      }
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regCol, nCol, regSample);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 6, regTemp);
︙︙
108275
108276
108277
108278
108279
108280
108281











108282
108283
108284
108285
108286
108287
108288

      rc = sqlite3ResolveExprNames(pName, pExpr);
    }else{
      pExpr->op = TK_STRING;
    }
  }
  return rc;
}












/*
** An SQL user-function registered to do the work of an ATTACH statement. The
** three arguments to the function come directly from an attach statement:
**
**     ATTACH DATABASE x AS y KEY z
**








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








109133
109134
109135
109136
109137
109138
109139
109140
109141
109142
109143
109144
109145
109146
109147
109148
109149
109150
109151
109152
109153
109154
109155
109156
109157

      rc = sqlite3ResolveExprNames(pName, pExpr);
    }else{
      pExpr->op = TK_STRING;
    }
  }
  return rc;
}

/*
** Return true if zName points to a name that may be used to refer to
** database iDb attached to handle db.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3DbIsNamed(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, const char *zName){
  return (
      sqlite3StrICmp(db->aDb[iDb].zDbSName, zName)==0
   || (iDb==0 && sqlite3StrICmp("main", zName)==0)
  );
}

/*
** An SQL user-function registered to do the work of an ATTACH statement. The
** three arguments to the function come directly from an attach statement:
**
**     ATTACH DATABASE x AS y KEY z
**
︙︙
108348
108349
108350
108351
108352
108353
108354
108355
108356
108357
108358
108359
108360
108361
108362
108363
108364

    if( db->nDb>=db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED]+2 ){
      zErrDyn = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "too many attached databases - max %d", 
        db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED]
      );
      goto attach_error;
    }
    for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
      char *z = db->aDb[i].zDbSName;
      assert( z && zName );
      if( sqlite3StrICmp(z, zName)==0 ){
        zErrDyn = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "database %s is already in use", zName);
        goto attach_error;
      }
    }
  
    /* Allocate the new entry in the db->aDb[] array and initialize the schema
    ** hash tables.








<
|
|








109217
109218
109219
109220
109221
109222
109223

109224
109225
109226
109227
109228
109229
109230
109231
109232

    if( db->nDb>=db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED]+2 ){
      zErrDyn = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "too many attached databases - max %d", 
        db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED]
      );
      goto attach_error;
    }
    for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){

      assert( zName );
      if( sqlite3DbIsNamed(db, i, zName) ){
        zErrDyn = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "database %s is already in use", zName);
        goto attach_error;
      }
    }
  
    /* Allocate the new entry in the db->aDb[] array and initialize the schema
    ** hash tables.
︙︙
108418
108419
108420
108421
108422
108423
108424
108425
108426
108427
108428
108429
108430
108431
108432
108433
108434
108435
108436
108437
108438
108439
108440
108441
108442
108443
108444
108445
108446
108447
108448
108449
108450
108451
108452
108453
108454
108455
108456
108457
108458
108459
108460
108461
108462
108463
108464
108465
108466
108467

#endif
    sqlite3BtreeLeave(pNew->pBt);
  }
  pNew->safety_level = SQLITE_DEFAULT_SYNCHRONOUS+1;
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pNew->zDbSName==0 ){
    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
  }

#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    extern int sqlite3CodecAttach(sqlite3*, int, const void*, int);
    extern void sqlite3CodecGetKey(sqlite3*, int, void**, int*);
    int nKey;
    char *zKey;
    int t = sqlite3_value_type(argv[2]);
    switch( t ){
      case SQLITE_INTEGER:
      case SQLITE_FLOAT:
        zErrDyn = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, "Invalid key value");
        rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
        break;
        
      case SQLITE_TEXT:
      case SQLITE_BLOB:
        nKey = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[2]);
        zKey = (char *)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[2]);
        rc = sqlite3CodecAttach(db, db->nDb-1, zKey, nKey);
        break;

      case SQLITE_NULL:
        /* No key specified.  Use the key from URI filename, or if none,
        ** use the key from the main database. */
        if( sqlite3CodecQueryParameters(db, zName, zPath)==0 ){
          sqlite3CodecGetKey(db, 0, (void**)&zKey, &nKey);
          if( nKey || sqlite3BtreeGetOptimalReserve(db->aDb[0].pBt)>0 ){
            rc = sqlite3CodecAttach(db, db->nDb-1, zKey, nKey);
          }
        }
        break;
    }
  }
#endif
  sqlite3FreeFilename( zPath );

  /* If the file was opened successfully, read the schema for the new database.
  ** If this fails, or if opening the file failed, then close the file and 
  ** remove the entry from the db->aDb[] array. i.e. put everything back the
  ** way we found it.
  */
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){








<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
|








109286
109287
109288
109289
109290
109291
109292



































109293
109294
109295
109296
109297
109298
109299
109300

#endif
    sqlite3BtreeLeave(pNew->pBt);
  }
  pNew->safety_level = SQLITE_DEFAULT_SYNCHRONOUS+1;
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pNew->zDbSName==0 ){
    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
  }



































  sqlite3_free_filename( zPath );

  /* If the file was opened successfully, read the schema for the new database.
  ** If this fails, or if opening the file failed, then close the file and 
  ** remove the entry from the db->aDb[] array. i.e. put everything back the
  ** way we found it.
  */
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
︙︙
108538
108539
108540
108541
108542
108543
108544
108545
108546
108547
108548
108549
108550
108551
108552


  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);

  if( zName==0 ) zName = "";
  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
    pDb = &db->aDb[i];
    if( pDb->pBt==0 ) continue;
    if( sqlite3StrICmp(pDb->zDbSName, zName)==0 ) break;
  }

  if( i>=db->nDb ){
    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zErr),zErr, "no such database: %s", zName);
    goto detach_error;
  }
  if( i<2 ){








|








109371
109372
109373
109374
109375
109376
109377
109378
109379
109380
109381
109382
109383
109384
109385


  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);

  if( zName==0 ) zName = "";
  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
    pDb = &db->aDb[i];
    if( pDb->pBt==0 ) continue;
    if( sqlite3DbIsNamed(db, i, zName) ) break;
  }

  if( i>=db->nDb ){
    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zErr),zErr, "no such database: %s", zName);
    goto detach_error;
  }
  if( i<2 ){
︙︙
108729
108730
108731
108732
108733
108734
108735
108736
108737


108738
108739
108740
108741
108742
108743
108744
108745
108746
108747
108748
108749
108750
108751
108752
108753
108754
108755
108756

** checks out, these routines return 0.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixSrcList(
  DbFixer *pFix,       /* Context of the fixation */
  SrcList *pList       /* The Source list to check and modify */
){
  int i;
  const char *zDb;
  struct SrcList_item *pItem;



  if( NEVER(pList==0) ) return 0;
  zDb = pFix->zDb;
  for(i=0, pItem=pList->a; i<pList->nSrc; i++, pItem++){
    if( pFix->bTemp==0 ){
      if( pItem->zDatabase && sqlite3StrICmp(pItem->zDatabase, zDb) ){
        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pFix->pParse,
            "%s %T cannot reference objects in database %s",
            pFix->zType, pFix->pName, pItem->zDatabase);
        return 1;
      }
      sqlite3DbFree(pFix->pParse->db, pItem->zDatabase);
      pItem->zDatabase = 0;
      pItem->pSchema = pFix->pSchema;
      pItem->fg.fromDDL = 1;
    }
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
    if( sqlite3FixSelect(pFix, pItem->pSelect) ) return 1;
    if( sqlite3FixExpr(pFix, pItem->pOn) ) return 1;








<

>
>


|


|





|








109562
109563
109564
109565
109566
109567
109568

109569
109570
109571
109572
109573
109574
109575
109576
109577
109578
109579
109580
109581
109582
109583
109584
109585
109586
109587
109588
109589
109590

** checks out, these routines return 0.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixSrcList(
  DbFixer *pFix,       /* Context of the fixation */
  SrcList *pList       /* The Source list to check and modify */
){
  int i;

  struct SrcList_item *pItem;
  sqlite3 *db = pFix->pParse->db;
  int iDb = sqlite3FindDbName(db, pFix->zDb);

  if( NEVER(pList==0) ) return 0;

  for(i=0, pItem=pList->a; i<pList->nSrc; i++, pItem++){
    if( pFix->bTemp==0 ){
      if( pItem->zDatabase && iDb!=sqlite3FindDbName(db, pItem->zDatabase) ){
        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pFix->pParse,
            "%s %T cannot reference objects in database %s",
            pFix->zType, pFix->pName, pItem->zDatabase);
        return 1;
      }
      sqlite3DbFree(db, pItem->zDatabase);
      pItem->zDatabase = 0;
      pItem->pSchema = pFix->pSchema;
      pItem->fg.fromDDL = 1;
    }
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
    if( sqlite3FixSelect(pFix, pItem->pSelect) ) return 1;
    if( sqlite3FixExpr(pFix, pItem->pOn) ) return 1;
︙︙
109464
109465
109466
109467
109468
109469
109470
109471
109472
109473
109474




109475
109476

109477
109478
109479
109480
109481
109482
109483
109484
109485














109486
109487
109488
109489
109490
109491
109492
109493

#if SQLITE_USER_AUTHENTICATION
  /* Only the admin user is allowed to know that the sqlite_user table
  ** exists */
  if( db->auth.authLevel<UAUTH_Admin && sqlite3UserAuthTable(zName)!=0 ){
    return 0;
  }
#endif
  while(1){
    for(i=OMIT_TEMPDB; i<db->nDb; i++){
      int j = (i<2) ? i^1 : i;   /* Search TEMP before MAIN */
      if( zDatabase==0 || sqlite3StrICmp(zDatabase, db->aDb[j].zDbSName)==0 ){




        assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, j, 0) );
        p = sqlite3HashFind(&db->aDb[j].pSchema->tblHash, zName);

        if( p ) return p;
      }
    }
    /* Not found.  If the name we were looking for was temp.sqlite_master
    ** then change the name to sqlite_temp_master and try again. */
    if( sqlite3StrICmp(zName, MASTER_NAME)!=0 ) break;
    if( sqlite3_stricmp(zDatabase, db->aDb[1].zDbSName)!=0 ) break;
    zName = TEMP_MASTER_NAME;
  }














  return 0;
}

/*
** Locate the in-memory structure that describes a particular database
** table given the name of that table and (optionally) the name of the
** database containing the table.  Return NULL if not found.  Also leave an
** error message in pParse->zErrMsg.








|
|
<
|
>
>
>
>
|
|
>
|


|
<
|
|
|
|
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
|








110298
110299
110300
110301
110302
110303
110304
110305
110306

110307
110308
110309
110310
110311
110312
110313
110314
110315
110316
110317
110318

110319
110320
110321
110322
110323
110324
110325
110326
110327
110328
110329
110330
110331
110332
110333
110334
110335
110336
110337
110338
110339
110340
110341
110342
110343
110344

#if SQLITE_USER_AUTHENTICATION
  /* Only the admin user is allowed to know that the sqlite_user table
  ** exists */
  if( db->auth.authLevel<UAUTH_Admin && sqlite3UserAuthTable(zName)!=0 ){
    return 0;
  }
#endif
  if( zDatabase ){
    for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){

      if( sqlite3StrICmp(zDatabase, db->aDb[i].zDbSName)==0 ) break;
    }
    if( i>=db->nDb ){
      /* No match against the official names.  But always match "main"
      ** to schema 0 as a legacy fallback. */
      if( sqlite3StrICmp(zDatabase,"main")==0 ){
        i = 0;
      }else{
        return 0;
      }
    }
    p = sqlite3HashFind(&db->aDb[i].pSchema->tblHash, zName);

    if( p==0 && i==1 && sqlite3StrICmp(zName, MASTER_NAME)==0 ){
      /* All temp.sqlite_master to be an alias for sqlite_temp_master */
      p = sqlite3HashFind(&db->aDb[1].pSchema->tblHash, TEMP_MASTER_NAME);
    }
  }else{
    /* Match against TEMP first */
    p = sqlite3HashFind(&db->aDb[1].pSchema->tblHash, zName);
    if( p ) return p;
    /* The main database is second */
    p = sqlite3HashFind(&db->aDb[0].pSchema->tblHash, zName);
    if( p ) return p;
    /* Attached databases are in order of attachment */
    for(i=2; i<db->nDb; i++){
      assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, i, 0) );
      p = sqlite3HashFind(&db->aDb[i].pSchema->tblHash, zName);
      if( p ) break;
    }
  }
  return p;
}

/*
** Locate the in-memory structure that describes a particular database
** table given the name of that table and (optionally) the name of the
** database containing the table.  Return NULL if not found.  Also leave an
** error message in pParse->zErrMsg.
︙︙
109589
109590
109591
109592
109593
109594
109595
109596
109597
109598
109599
109600
109601
109602
109603

  int i;
  /* All mutexes are required for schema access.  Make sure we hold them. */
  assert( zDb!=0 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
  for(i=OMIT_TEMPDB; i<db->nDb; i++){
    int j = (i<2) ? i^1 : i;  /* Search TEMP before MAIN */
    Schema *pSchema = db->aDb[j].pSchema;
    assert( pSchema );
    if( zDb && sqlite3StrICmp(zDb, db->aDb[j].zDbSName) ) continue;
    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, j, 0) );
    p = sqlite3HashFind(&pSchema->idxHash, zName);
    if( p ) break;
  }
  return p;
}









|








110440
110441
110442
110443
110444
110445
110446
110447
110448
110449
110450
110451
110452
110453
110454

  int i;
  /* All mutexes are required for schema access.  Make sure we hold them. */
  assert( zDb!=0 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
  for(i=OMIT_TEMPDB; i<db->nDb; i++){
    int j = (i<2) ? i^1 : i;  /* Search TEMP before MAIN */
    Schema *pSchema = db->aDb[j].pSchema;
    assert( pSchema );
    if( zDb && sqlite3DbIsNamed(db, j, zDb)==0 ) continue;
    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, j, 0) );
    p = sqlite3HashFind(&pSchema->idxHash, zName);
    if( p ) break;
  }
  return p;
}
︙︙
109742
109743
109744
109745
109746
109747
109748

109749
109750
109751
109752
109753
109754
109755

*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteColumnNames(sqlite3 *db, Table *pTable){
  int i;
  Column *pCol;
  assert( pTable!=0 );
  if( (pCol = pTable->aCol)!=0 ){
    for(i=0; i<pTable->nCol; i++, pCol++){

      sqlite3DbFree(db, pCol->zName);
      sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pCol->pDflt);
      sqlite3DbFree(db, pCol->zColl);
    }
    sqlite3DbFree(db, pTable->aCol);
  }
}








>








110593
110594
110595
110596
110597
110598
110599
110600
110601
110602
110603
110604
110605
110606
110607

*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteColumnNames(sqlite3 *db, Table *pTable){
  int i;
  Column *pCol;
  assert( pTable!=0 );
  if( (pCol = pTable->aCol)!=0 ){
    for(i=0; i<pTable->nCol; i++, pCol++){
      assert( pCol->zName==0 || pCol->hName==sqlite3StrIHash(pCol->zName) );
      sqlite3DbFree(db, pCol->zName);
      sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pCol->pDflt);
      sqlite3DbFree(db, pCol->zColl);
    }
    sqlite3DbFree(db, pTable->aCol);
  }
}
︙︙
110390
110391
110392
110393
110394
110395
110396

110397
110398
110399
110400
110401
110402
110403

      return;
    }
    p->aCol = aNew;
  }
  pCol = &p->aCol[p->nCol];
  memset(pCol, 0, sizeof(p->aCol[0]));
  pCol->zName = z;

  sqlite3ColumnPropertiesFromName(p, pCol);
 
  if( pType->n==0 ){
    /* If there is no type specified, columns have the default affinity
    ** 'BLOB' with a default size of 4 bytes. */
    pCol->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_BLOB;
    pCol->szEst = 1;








>








111242
111243
111244
111245
111246
111247
111248
111249
111250
111251
111252
111253
111254
111255
111256

      return;
    }
    p->aCol = aNew;
  }
  pCol = &p->aCol[p->nCol];
  memset(pCol, 0, sizeof(p->aCol[0]));
  pCol->zName = z;
  pCol->hName = sqlite3StrIHash(z);
  sqlite3ColumnPropertiesFromName(p, pCol);
 
  if( pType->n==0 ){
    /* If there is no type specified, columns have the default affinity
    ** 'BLOB' with a default size of 4 bytes. */
    pCol->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_BLOB;
    pCol->szEst = 1;
︙︙
111281
111282
111283
111284
111285
111286
111287






















111288
111289
111290
111291
111292
111293
111294
111295
111296
111297
111298
111299
111300
111301
111302
111303
111304
111305
111306
111307
111308
111309


111310
111311









111312
111313













111314
111315
111316
111317
111318
111319
111320
111321

    }
  }
  assert( pPk->nColumn==j );
  assert( pTab->nNVCol<=j );
  recomputeColumnsNotIndexed(pPk);
}























#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
/*
** Return true if zName is a shadow table name in the current database
** connection.
**
** zName is temporarily modified while this routine is running, but is
** restored to its original value prior to this routine returning.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ShadowTableName(sqlite3 *db, const char *zName){
  char *zTail;                  /* Pointer to the last "_" in zName */
  Table *pTab;                  /* Table that zName is a shadow of */
  Module *pMod;                 /* Module for the virtual table */

  zTail = strrchr(zName, '_');
  if( zTail==0 ) return 0;
  *zTail = 0;
  pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, zName, 0);
  *zTail = '_';
  if( pTab==0 ) return 0;
  if( !IsVirtual(pTab) ) return 0;
  pMod = (Module*)sqlite3HashFind(&db->aModule, pTab->azModuleArg[0]);
  if( pMod==0 ) return 0;


  if( pMod->pModule->iVersion<3 ) return 0;
  if( pMod->pModule->xShadowName==0 ) return 0;









  return pMod->pModule->xShadowName(zTail+1);
}













#endif /* ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */

/*
** This routine is called to report the final ")" that terminates
** a CREATE TABLE statement.
**
** The table structure that other action routines have been building
** is added to the internal hash tables, assuming no errors have








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>











<
<







<
|
>
>
|
|
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
|

>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
|








112134
112135
112136
112137
112138
112139
112140
112141
112142
112143
112144
112145
112146
112147
112148
112149
112150
112151
112152
112153
112154
112155
112156
112157
112158
112159
112160
112161
112162
112163
112164
112165
112166
112167
112168
112169
112170
112171
112172
112173


112174
112175
112176
112177
112178
112179
112180

112181
112182
112183
112184
112185
112186
112187
112188
112189
112190
112191
112192
112193
112194
112195
112196
112197
112198
112199
112200
112201
112202
112203
112204
112205
112206
112207
112208
112209
112210
112211
112212
112213
112214
112215
112216
112217

    }
  }
  assert( pPk->nColumn==j );
  assert( pTab->nNVCol<=j );
  recomputeColumnsNotIndexed(pPk);
}


#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
/*
** Return true if pTab is a virtual table and zName is a shadow table name
** for that virtual table.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsShadowTableOf(sqlite3 *db, Table *pTab, const char *zName){
  int nName;                    /* Length of zName */
  Module *pMod;                 /* Module for the virtual table */

  if( !IsVirtual(pTab) ) return 0;
  nName = sqlite3Strlen30(pTab->zName);
  if( sqlite3_strnicmp(zName, pTab->zName, nName)!=0 ) return 0;
  if( zName[nName]!='_' ) return 0;
  pMod = (Module*)sqlite3HashFind(&db->aModule, pTab->azModuleArg[0]);
  if( pMod==0 ) return 0;
  if( pMod->pModule->iVersion<3 ) return 0;
  if( pMod->pModule->xShadowName==0 ) return 0;
  return pMod->pModule->xShadowName(zName+nName+1);
}
#endif /* ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
/*
** Return true if zName is a shadow table name in the current database
** connection.
**
** zName is temporarily modified while this routine is running, but is
** restored to its original value prior to this routine returning.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ShadowTableName(sqlite3 *db, const char *zName){
  char *zTail;                  /* Pointer to the last "_" in zName */
  Table *pTab;                  /* Table that zName is a shadow of */


  zTail = strrchr(zName, '_');
  if( zTail==0 ) return 0;
  *zTail = 0;
  pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, zName, 0);
  *zTail = '_';
  if( pTab==0 ) return 0;
  if( !IsVirtual(pTab) ) return 0;

  return sqlite3IsShadowTableOf(db, pTab, zName);
}
#endif /* ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */


#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
/*
** Mark all nodes of an expression as EP_Immutable, indicating that
** they should not be changed.  Expressions attached to a table or
** index definition are tagged this way to help ensure that we do
** not pass them into code generator routines by mistake.
*/
static int markImmutableExprStep(Walker *pWalker, Expr *pExpr){
  ExprSetVVAProperty(pExpr, EP_Immutable);
  return WRC_Continue;
}
static void markExprListImmutable(ExprList *pList){
  if( pList ){
    Walker w;
    memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
    w.xExprCallback = markImmutableExprStep;
    w.xSelectCallback = sqlite3SelectWalkNoop;
    w.xSelectCallback2 = 0;
    sqlite3WalkExprList(&w, pList);
  }
}
#else
#define markExprListImmutable(X)  /* no-op */
#endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */


/*
** This routine is called to report the final ")" that terminates
** a CREATE TABLE statement.
**
** The table structure that other action routines have been building
** is added to the internal hash tables, assuming no errors have
︙︙
111401
111402
111403
111404
111405
111406
111407


111408
111409
111410
111411
111412
111413
111414

  if( p->pCheck ){
    sqlite3ResolveSelfReference(pParse, p, NC_IsCheck, 0, p->pCheck);
    if( pParse->nErr ){
      /* If errors are seen, delete the CHECK constraints now, else they might
      ** actually be used if PRAGMA writable_schema=ON is set. */
      sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, p->pCheck);
      p->pCheck = 0;


    }
  }
#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK) */
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_GENERATED_COLUMNS
  if( p->tabFlags & TF_HasGenerated ){
    int ii, nNG = 0;
    testcase( p->tabFlags & TF_HasVirtual );








>
>








112297
112298
112299
112300
112301
112302
112303
112304
112305
112306
112307
112308
112309
112310
112311
112312

  if( p->pCheck ){
    sqlite3ResolveSelfReference(pParse, p, NC_IsCheck, 0, p->pCheck);
    if( pParse->nErr ){
      /* If errors are seen, delete the CHECK constraints now, else they might
      ** actually be used if PRAGMA writable_schema=ON is set. */
      sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, p->pCheck);
      p->pCheck = 0;
    }else{
      markExprListImmutable(p->pCheck);
    }
  }
#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK) */
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_GENERATED_COLUMNS
  if( p->tabFlags & TF_HasGenerated ){
    int ii, nNG = 0;
    testcase( p->tabFlags & TF_HasVirtual );
︙︙
113752
113753
113754
113755
113756
113757
113758
113759
113760
113761
113762
113763
113764
113765
113766

      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "unable to open a temporary database "
        "file for storing temporary tables");
      pParse->rc = rc;
      return 1;
    }
    db->aDb[1].pBt = pBt;
    assert( db->aDb[1].pSchema );
    if( SQLITE_NOMEM==sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(pBt, db->nextPagesize, -1, 0) ){
      sqlite3OomFault(db);
      return 1;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}









|








114650
114651
114652
114653
114654
114655
114656
114657
114658
114659
114660
114661
114662
114663
114664

      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "unable to open a temporary database "
        "file for storing temporary tables");
      pParse->rc = rc;
      return 1;
    }
    db->aDb[1].pBt = pBt;
    assert( db->aDb[1].pSchema );
    if( SQLITE_NOMEM==sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(pBt, db->nextPagesize, 0, 0) ){
      sqlite3OomFault(db);
      return 1;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}
︙︙
113863
113864
113865
113866
113867
113868
113869
113870
113871
113872
113873
113874
113875
113876
113877

  int errCode,      /* extended error code */
  int onError,      /* Constraint type */
  char *p4,         /* Error message */
  i8 p4type,        /* P4_STATIC or P4_TRANSIENT */
  u8 p5Errmsg       /* P5_ErrMsg type */
){
  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
  assert( (errCode&0xff)==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT );
  if( onError==OE_Abort ){
    sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
  }
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Halt, errCode, onError, 0, p4, p4type);
  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, p5Errmsg);
}









|








114761
114762
114763
114764
114765
114766
114767
114768
114769
114770
114771
114772
114773
114774
114775

  int errCode,      /* extended error code */
  int onError,      /* Constraint type */
  char *p4,         /* Error message */
  i8 p4type,        /* P4_STATIC or P4_TRANSIENT */
  u8 p5Errmsg       /* P5_ErrMsg type */
){
  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
  assert( (errCode&0xff)==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT || pParse->nested );
  if( onError==OE_Abort ){
    sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
  }
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Halt, errCode, onError, 0, p4, p4type);
  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, p5Errmsg);
}
︙︙
114342
114343
114344
114345
114346
114347
114348


114349
114350

114351
114352
114353
114354
114355
114356
114357
114358













114359
114360
114361
114362
114363
114364
114365

SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3FindCollSeq(
  sqlite3 *db,          /* Database connection to search */
  u8 enc,               /* Desired text encoding */
  const char *zName,    /* Name of the collating sequence.  Might be NULL */
  int create            /* True to create CollSeq if doesn't already exist */
){
  CollSeq *pColl;


  if( zName ){
    pColl = findCollSeqEntry(db, zName, create);

  }else{
    pColl = db->pDfltColl;
  }
  assert( SQLITE_UTF8==1 && SQLITE_UTF16LE==2 && SQLITE_UTF16BE==3 );
  assert( enc>=SQLITE_UTF8 && enc<=SQLITE_UTF16BE );
  if( pColl ) pColl += enc-1;
  return pColl;
}














/*
** This function is responsible for invoking the collation factory callback
** or substituting a collation sequence of a different encoding when the
** requested collation sequence is not available in the desired encoding.
** 
** If it is not NULL, then pColl must point to the database native encoding 








>
>


>



<
<
<


>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








115240
115241
115242
115243
115244
115245
115246
115247
115248
115249
115250
115251
115252
115253
115254



115255
115256
115257
115258
115259
115260
115261
115262
115263
115264
115265
115266
115267
115268
115269
115270
115271
115272
115273
115274
115275
115276

SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3FindCollSeq(
  sqlite3 *db,          /* Database connection to search */
  u8 enc,               /* Desired text encoding */
  const char *zName,    /* Name of the collating sequence.  Might be NULL */
  int create            /* True to create CollSeq if doesn't already exist */
){
  CollSeq *pColl;
  assert( SQLITE_UTF8==1 && SQLITE_UTF16LE==2 && SQLITE_UTF16BE==3 );
  assert( enc>=SQLITE_UTF8 && enc<=SQLITE_UTF16BE );
  if( zName ){
    pColl = findCollSeqEntry(db, zName, create);
    if( pColl ) pColl += enc-1;
  }else{
    pColl = db->pDfltColl;
  }



  return pColl;
}

/*
** Change the text encoding for a database connection. This means that
** the pDfltColl must change as well.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SetTextEncoding(sqlite3 *db, u8 enc){
  assert( enc==SQLITE_UTF8 || enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE || enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
  db->enc = enc;
  /* EVIDENCE-OF: R-08308-17224 The default collating function for all
  ** strings is BINARY. 
  */
  db->pDfltColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, enc, sqlite3StrBINARY, 0);
}

/*
** This function is responsible for invoking the collation factory callback
** or substituting a collation sequence of a different encoding when the
** requested collation sequence is not available in the desired encoding.
** 
** If it is not NULL, then pColl must point to the database native encoding
︙︙
115238
115239
115240
115241
115242
115243
115244
115245


115246
115247
115248
115249
115250
115251
115252

        iAddrOnce = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Once); VdbeCoverage(v);
      }
      testcase( IsVirtual(pTab) );
      sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, OP_OpenWrite, OPFLAG_FORDELETE,
                                 iTabCur, aToOpen, &iDataCur, &iIdxCur);
      assert( pPk || IsVirtual(pTab) || iDataCur==iTabCur );
      assert( pPk || IsVirtual(pTab) || iIdxCur==iDataCur+1 );
      if( eOnePass==ONEPASS_MULTI ) sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, iAddrOnce);


    }
  
    /* Set up a loop over the rowids/primary-keys that were found in the
    ** where-clause loop above.
    */
    if( eOnePass!=ONEPASS_OFF ){
      assert( nKey==nPk );  /* OP_Found will use an unpacked key */








|
>
>








116149
116150
116151
116152
116153
116154
116155
116156
116157
116158
116159
116160
116161
116162
116163
116164
116165

        iAddrOnce = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Once); VdbeCoverage(v);
      }
      testcase( IsVirtual(pTab) );
      sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, OP_OpenWrite, OPFLAG_FORDELETE,
                                 iTabCur, aToOpen, &iDataCur, &iIdxCur);
      assert( pPk || IsVirtual(pTab) || iDataCur==iTabCur );
      assert( pPk || IsVirtual(pTab) || iIdxCur==iDataCur+1 );
      if( eOnePass==ONEPASS_MULTI ){
        sqlite3VdbeJumpHereOrPopInst(v, iAddrOnce);
      }
    }
  
    /* Set up a loop over the rowids/primary-keys that were found in the
    ** where-clause loop above.
    */
    if( eOnePass!=ONEPASS_OFF ){
      assert( nKey==nPk );  /* OP_Found will use an unpacked key */
︙︙
115561
115562
115563
115564
115565
115566
115567

115568
115569
115570
115571
115572
115573
115574

    if( pIdx==pPk ) continue;
    if( iIdxCur+i==iIdxNoSeek ) continue;
    VdbeModuleComment((v, "GenRowIdxDel for %s", pIdx->zName));
    r1 = sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIdx, iDataCur, 0, 1,
        &iPartIdxLabel, pPrior, r1);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxDelete, iIdxCur+i, r1,
        pIdx->uniqNotNull ? pIdx->nKeyCol : pIdx->nColumn);

    sqlite3ResolvePartIdxLabel(pParse, iPartIdxLabel);
    pPrior = pIdx;
  }
}

/*
** Generate code that will assemble an index key and stores it in register








>








116474
116475
116476
116477
116478
116479
116480
116481
116482
116483
116484
116485
116486
116487
116488

    if( pIdx==pPk ) continue;
    if( iIdxCur+i==iIdxNoSeek ) continue;
    VdbeModuleComment((v, "GenRowIdxDel for %s", pIdx->zName));
    r1 = sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIdx, iDataCur, 0, 1,
        &iPartIdxLabel, pPrior, r1);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxDelete, iIdxCur+i, r1,
        pIdx->uniqNotNull ? pIdx->nKeyCol : pIdx->nColumn);
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 1);  /* Cause IdxDelete to error if no entry found */
    sqlite3ResolvePartIdxLabel(pParse, iPartIdxLabel);
    pPrior = pIdx;
  }
}

/*
** Generate code that will assemble an index key and stores it in register
︙︙
116524
116525
116526
116527
116528
116529
116530

116531
116532
116533
116534
116535
116536
116537

  sqlite3_value **argv
){
  const unsigned char *zA, *zB;
  u32 escape;
  int nPat;
  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
  struct compareInfo *pInfo = sqlite3_user_data(context);


#ifdef SQLITE_LIKE_DOESNT_MATCH_BLOBS
  if( sqlite3_value_type(argv[0])==SQLITE_BLOB
   || sqlite3_value_type(argv[1])==SQLITE_BLOB
  ){
#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
    sqlite3_like_count++;








>








117438
117439
117440
117441
117442
117443
117444
117445
117446
117447
117448
117449
117450
117451
117452

  sqlite3_value **argv
){
  const unsigned char *zA, *zB;
  u32 escape;
  int nPat;
  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
  struct compareInfo *pInfo = sqlite3_user_data(context);
  struct compareInfo backupInfo;

#ifdef SQLITE_LIKE_DOESNT_MATCH_BLOBS
  if( sqlite3_value_type(argv[0])==SQLITE_BLOB
   || sqlite3_value_type(argv[1])==SQLITE_BLOB
  ){
#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
    sqlite3_like_count++;
︙︙
116559
116560
116561
116562
116563
116564
116565






116566
116567
116568
116569
116570
116571
116572

    if( zEsc==0 ) return;
    if( sqlite3Utf8CharLen((char*)zEsc, -1)!=1 ){
      sqlite3_result_error(context, 
          "ESCAPE expression must be a single character", -1);
      return;
    }
    escape = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zEsc);






  }else{
    escape = pInfo->matchSet;
  }
  zB = sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
  zA = sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]);
  if( zA && zB ){
#ifdef SQLITE_TEST








>
>
>
>
>
>








117474
117475
117476
117477
117478
117479
117480
117481
117482
117483
117484
117485
117486
117487
117488
117489
117490
117491
117492
117493

    if( zEsc==0 ) return;
    if( sqlite3Utf8CharLen((char*)zEsc, -1)!=1 ){
      sqlite3_result_error(context, 
          "ESCAPE expression must be a single character", -1);
      return;
    }
    escape = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zEsc);
    if( escape==pInfo->matchAll || escape==pInfo->matchOne ){
      memcpy(&backupInfo, pInfo, sizeof(backupInfo));
      pInfo = &backupInfo;
      if( escape==pInfo->matchAll ) pInfo->matchAll = 0;
      if( escape==pInfo->matchOne ) pInfo->matchOne = 0;
    }
  }else{
    escape = pInfo->matchSet;
  }
  zB = sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
  zA = sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]);
  if( zA && zB ){
#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
︙︙
116947
116948
116949
116950
116951
116952
116953
116954
116955
116956
116957
116958
116959
116960
116961

        }
        cntExpand++;
        if( (cntExpand&(cntExpand-1))==0 ){
          /* Grow the size of the output buffer only on substitutions
          ** whose index is a power of two: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ... */
          u8 *zOld;
          zOld = zOut;
          zOut = sqlite3_realloc64(zOut, (int)nOut + (nOut - nStr - 1));
          if( zOut==0 ){
            sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
            sqlite3_free(zOld);
            return;
          }
        }
      }








|








117868
117869
117870
117871
117872
117873
117874
117875
117876
117877
117878
117879
117880
117881
117882

        }
        cntExpand++;
        if( (cntExpand&(cntExpand-1))==0 ){
          /* Grow the size of the output buffer only on substitutions
          ** whose index is a power of two: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ... */
          u8 *zOld;
          zOld = zOut;
          zOut = sqlite3Realloc(zOut, (int)nOut + (nOut - nStr - 1));
          if( zOut==0 ){
            sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
            sqlite3_free(zOld);
            return;
          }
        }
      }
︙︙
117541
117542
117543
117544
117545
117546
117547
117548
117549
117550
117551
117552
117553
117554
117555
117556
117557
117558
117559
117560
117561
117562
117563
117564
117565
117566














117567
117568
117569
117570
117571
117572
117573

  pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(db, pExpr->u.zToken, nExpr, SQLITE_UTF8, 0);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNKNOWN_SQL_FUNCTION
  if( pDef==0 ) return 0;
#endif
  if( NEVER(pDef==0) || (pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE)==0 ){
    return 0;
  }
  if( nExpr<3 ){
    aWc[3] = 0;
  }else{
    Expr *pEscape = pExpr->x.pList->a[2].pExpr;
    char *zEscape;
    if( pEscape->op!=TK_STRING ) return 0;
    zEscape = pEscape->u.zToken;
    if( zEscape[0]==0 || zEscape[1]!=0 ) return 0;
    aWc[3] = zEscape[0];
  }

  /* The memcpy() statement assumes that the wildcard characters are
  ** the first three statements in the compareInfo structure.  The
  ** asserts() that follow verify that assumption
  */
  memcpy(aWc, pDef->pUserData, 3);
  assert( (char*)&likeInfoAlt == (char*)&likeInfoAlt.matchAll );
  assert( &((char*)&likeInfoAlt)[1] == (char*)&likeInfoAlt.matchOne );
  assert( &((char*)&likeInfoAlt)[2] == (char*)&likeInfoAlt.matchSet );














  *pIsNocase = (pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_CASE)==0;
  return 1;
}

/*
** All of the FuncDef structures in the aBuiltinFunc[] array above
** to the global function hash table.  This occurs at start-time (as








<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<









>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








118462
118463
118464
118465
118466
118467
118468










118469
118470
118471
118472
118473
118474
118475
118476
118477
118478
118479
118480
118481
118482
118483
118484
118485
118486
118487
118488
118489
118490
118491
118492
118493
118494
118495
118496
118497
118498

  pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(db, pExpr->u.zToken, nExpr, SQLITE_UTF8, 0);
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNKNOWN_SQL_FUNCTION
  if( pDef==0 ) return 0;
#endif
  if( NEVER(pDef==0) || (pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE)==0 ){
    return 0;
  }











  /* The memcpy() statement assumes that the wildcard characters are
  ** the first three statements in the compareInfo structure.  The
  ** asserts() that follow verify that assumption
  */
  memcpy(aWc, pDef->pUserData, 3);
  assert( (char*)&likeInfoAlt == (char*)&likeInfoAlt.matchAll );
  assert( &((char*)&likeInfoAlt)[1] == (char*)&likeInfoAlt.matchOne );
  assert( &((char*)&likeInfoAlt)[2] == (char*)&likeInfoAlt.matchSet );

  if( nExpr<3 ){
    aWc[3] = 0;
  }else{
    Expr *pEscape = pExpr->x.pList->a[2].pExpr;
    char *zEscape;
    if( pEscape->op!=TK_STRING ) return 0;
    zEscape = pEscape->u.zToken;
    if( zEscape[0]==0 || zEscape[1]!=0 ) return 0;
    if( zEscape[0]==aWc[0] ) return 0;
    if( zEscape[0]==aWc[1] ) return 0;
    aWc[3] = zEscape[0];
  }

  *pIsNocase = (pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_CASE)==0;
  return 1;
}

/*
** All of the FuncDef structures in the aBuiltinFunc[] array above
** to the global function hash table.  This occurs at start-time (as
︙︙
117640
117641
117642
117643
117644
117645
117646
117647
117648
117649
117650
117651
117652
117653
117654

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
    FUNCTION(round,              1, 0, 0, roundFunc        ),
    FUNCTION(round,              2, 0, 0, roundFunc        ),
#endif
    FUNCTION(upper,              1, 0, 0, upperFunc        ),
    FUNCTION(lower,              1, 0, 0, lowerFunc        ),
    FUNCTION(hex,                1, 0, 0, hexFunc          ),
    INLINE_FUNC(ifnull,          2, INLINEFUNC_coalesce, SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE),
    VFUNCTION(random,            0, 0, 0, randomFunc       ),
    VFUNCTION(randomblob,        1, 0, 0, randomBlob       ),
    FUNCTION(nullif,             2, 0, 1, nullifFunc       ),
    DFUNCTION(sqlite_version,    0, 0, 0, versionFunc      ),
    DFUNCTION(sqlite_source_id,  0, 0, 0, sourceidFunc     ),
    FUNCTION(sqlite_log,         2, 0, 0, errlogFunc       ),
    FUNCTION(quote,              1, 0, 0, quoteFunc        ),








|








118565
118566
118567
118568
118569
118570
118571
118572
118573
118574
118575
118576
118577
118578
118579

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
    FUNCTION(round,              1, 0, 0, roundFunc        ),
    FUNCTION(round,              2, 0, 0, roundFunc        ),
#endif
    FUNCTION(upper,              1, 0, 0, upperFunc        ),
    FUNCTION(lower,              1, 0, 0, lowerFunc        ),
    FUNCTION(hex,                1, 0, 0, hexFunc          ),
    INLINE_FUNC(ifnull,          2, INLINEFUNC_coalesce, 0 ),
    VFUNCTION(random,            0, 0, 0, randomFunc       ),
    VFUNCTION(randomblob,        1, 0, 0, randomBlob       ),
    FUNCTION(nullif,             2, 0, 1, nullifFunc       ),
    DFUNCTION(sqlite_version,    0, 0, 0, versionFunc      ),
    DFUNCTION(sqlite_source_id,  0, 0, 0, sourceidFunc     ),
    FUNCTION(sqlite_log,         2, 0, 0, errlogFunc       ),
    FUNCTION(quote,              1, 0, 0, quoteFunc        ),
︙︙
117680
117681
117682
117683
117684
117685
117686
117687

117688
117689
117690
117691
117692
117693
117694

    LIKEFUNC(like, 3, &likeInfoNorm, SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE),
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNKNOWN_SQL_FUNCTION
    FUNCTION(unknown,           -1, 0, 0, unknownFunc      ),
#endif
    FUNCTION(coalesce,           1, 0, 0, 0                ),
    FUNCTION(coalesce,           0, 0, 0, 0                ),
    INLINE_FUNC(coalesce,       -1, INLINEFUNC_coalesce, SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE),

  };
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ALTERTABLE
  sqlite3AlterFunctions();
#endif
  sqlite3WindowFunctions();
  sqlite3RegisterDateTimeFunctions();
  sqlite3InsertBuiltinFuncs(aBuiltinFunc, ArraySize(aBuiltinFunc));








|
>








118605
118606
118607
118608
118609
118610
118611
118612
118613
118614
118615
118616
118617
118618
118619
118620

    LIKEFUNC(like, 3, &likeInfoNorm, SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE),
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNKNOWN_SQL_FUNCTION
    FUNCTION(unknown,           -1, 0, 0, unknownFunc      ),
#endif
    FUNCTION(coalesce,           1, 0, 0, 0                ),
    FUNCTION(coalesce,           0, 0, 0, 0                ),
    INLINE_FUNC(coalesce,       -1, INLINEFUNC_coalesce, 0 ),
    INLINE_FUNC(iif,             3, INLINEFUNC_iif,      0 ),
  };
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ALTERTABLE
  sqlite3AlterFunctions();
#endif
  sqlite3WindowFunctions();
  sqlite3RegisterDateTimeFunctions();
  sqlite3InsertBuiltinFuncs(aBuiltinFunc, ArraySize(aBuiltinFunc));
︙︙
118368
118369
118370
118371
118372
118373
118374
118375
118376
118377
118378
118379
118380
118381
118382

      sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
    }
  }

  /* Clean up the WHERE clause constructed above. */
  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pWhere);
  if( iFkIfZero ){
    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, iFkIfZero);
  }
}

/*
** This function returns a linked list of FKey objects (connected by
** FKey.pNextTo) holding all children of table pTab.  For example,
** given the following schema:








|








119294
119295
119296
119297
119298
119299
119300
119301
119302
119303
119304
119305
119306
119307
119308

      sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
    }
  }

  /* Clean up the WHERE clause constructed above. */
  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pWhere);
  if( iFkIfZero ){
    sqlite3VdbeJumpHereOrPopInst(v, iFkIfZero);
  }
}

/*
** This function returns a linked list of FKey objects (connected by
** FKey.pNextTo) holding all children of table pTab.  For example,
** given the following schema:
︙︙
120830
120831
120832
120833
120834
120835
120836




120837
120838
120839
120840
120841
120842
120843

      Expr *pExpr = pCheck->a[i].pExpr;
      if( aiChng
       && !sqlite3ExprReferencesUpdatedColumn(pExpr, aiChng, pkChng)
      ){
        /* The check constraints do not reference any of the columns being
        ** updated so there is no point it verifying the check constraint */
        continue;




      }
      allOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
      sqlite3VdbeVerifyAbortable(v, onError);
      pCopy = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pExpr, 0);
      if( !db->mallocFailed ){
        sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pCopy, allOk, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
      }








>
>
>
>








121756
121757
121758
121759
121760
121761
121762
121763
121764
121765
121766
121767
121768
121769
121770
121771
121772
121773

      Expr *pExpr = pCheck->a[i].pExpr;
      if( aiChng
       && !sqlite3ExprReferencesUpdatedColumn(pExpr, aiChng, pkChng)
      ){
        /* The check constraints do not reference any of the columns being
        ** updated so there is no point it verifying the check constraint */
        continue;
      }
      if( bAffinityDone==0 ){
        sqlite3TableAffinity(v, pTab, regNewData+1);
        bAffinityDone = 1;
      }
      allOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
      sqlite3VdbeVerifyAbortable(v, onError);
      pCopy = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pExpr, 0);
      if( !db->mallocFailed ){
        sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pCopy, allOk, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
      }
︙︙
121336
121337
121338
121339
121340
121341
121342

121343
121344
121345
121346
121347

121348
121349
121350
121351
121352
121353
121354
121355

            VdbeOp x;    /* Conflict check opcode to copy */
            /* The sqlite3VdbeAddOp4() call might reallocate the opcode array.
            ** Hence, make a complete copy of the opcode, rather than using
            ** a pointer to the opcode. */
            x = *sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, addrConflictCk);
            if( x.opcode!=OP_IdxRowid ){
              int p2;      /* New P2 value for copied conflict check opcode */

              if( sqlite3OpcodeProperty[x.opcode]&OPFLG_JUMP ){
                p2 = lblRecheckOk;
              }else{
                p2 = x.p2;
              }

              sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, x.opcode, x.p1, p2, x.p3, x.p4.z, x.p4type);
              sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, x.p5);
              VdbeCoverageIf(v, p2!=x.p2);
            }
            nConflictCk--;
            addrConflictCk++;
          }
          /* If the retest fails, issue an abort */








>





>
|








122266
122267
122268
122269
122270
122271
122272
122273
122274
122275
122276
122277
122278
122279
122280
122281
122282
122283
122284
122285
122286
122287

            VdbeOp x;    /* Conflict check opcode to copy */
            /* The sqlite3VdbeAddOp4() call might reallocate the opcode array.
            ** Hence, make a complete copy of the opcode, rather than using
            ** a pointer to the opcode. */
            x = *sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, addrConflictCk);
            if( x.opcode!=OP_IdxRowid ){
              int p2;      /* New P2 value for copied conflict check opcode */
              const char *zP4;
              if( sqlite3OpcodeProperty[x.opcode]&OPFLG_JUMP ){
                p2 = lblRecheckOk;
              }else{
                p2 = x.p2;
              }
              zP4 = x.p4type==P4_INT32 ? SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(x.p4.i) : x.p4.z;
              sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, x.opcode, x.p1, p2, x.p3, zP4, x.p4type);
              sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, x.p5);
              VdbeCoverageIf(v, p2!=x.p2);
            }
            nConflictCk--;
            addrConflictCk++;
          }
          /* If the retest fails, issue an abort */
︙︙
121949
121950
121951
121952
121953
121954
121955
121956
121957
121958
121959
121960
121961
121962
121963

121964
121965
121966
121967
121968
121969
121970

      autoIncStep(pParse, regAutoinc, regRowid);
    }else if( pDest->pIndex==0 && !(db->mDbFlags & DBFLAG_VacuumInto) ){
      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iDest, regRowid);
    }else{
      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iSrc, regRowid);
      assert( (pDest->tabFlags & TF_Autoincrement)==0 );
    }
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_RowData, iSrc, regData, 1);
    if( db->mDbFlags & DBFLAG_Vacuum ){
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_SeekEnd, iDest);
      insFlags = OPFLAG_NCHANGE|OPFLAG_LASTROWID|
                           OPFLAG_APPEND|OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT;
    }else{
      insFlags = OPFLAG_NCHANGE|OPFLAG_LASTROWID|OPFLAG_APPEND;
    }

    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Insert, iDest, regData, regRowid,
                      (char*)pDest, P4_TABLE);
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, insFlags);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iSrc, addr1); VdbeCoverage(v);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iSrc, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iDest, 0);
  }else{








<


<
|



>








122881
122882
122883
122884
122885
122886
122887

122888
122889

122890
122891
122892
122893
122894
122895
122896
122897
122898
122899
122900
122901

      autoIncStep(pParse, regAutoinc, regRowid);
    }else if( pDest->pIndex==0 && !(db->mDbFlags & DBFLAG_VacuumInto) ){
      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iDest, regRowid);
    }else{
      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iSrc, regRowid);
      assert( (pDest->tabFlags & TF_Autoincrement)==0 );
    }

    if( db->mDbFlags & DBFLAG_Vacuum ){
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_SeekEnd, iDest);

      insFlags = OPFLAG_APPEND|OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT;
    }else{
      insFlags = OPFLAG_NCHANGE|OPFLAG_LASTROWID|OPFLAG_APPEND;
    }
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_RowData, iSrc, regData, 1);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Insert, iDest, regData, regRowid,
                      (char*)pDest, P4_TABLE);
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, insFlags);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iSrc, addr1); VdbeCoverage(v);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iSrc, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iDest, 0);
  }else{
︙︙
121981
121982
121983
121984
121985
121986
121987
121988
121989
121990
121991
121992
121993
121994
121995

    sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pSrcIdx);
    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pSrcIdx->zName));
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenWrite, iDest, pDestIdx->tnum, iDbDest);
    sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pDestIdx);
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_BULKCSR);
    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pDestIdx->zName));
    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iSrc, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_RowData, iSrc, regData, 1);
    if( db->mDbFlags & DBFLAG_Vacuum ){
      /* This INSERT command is part of a VACUUM operation, which guarantees
      ** that the destination table is empty. If all indexed columns use
      ** collation sequence BINARY, then it can also be assumed that the
      ** index will be populated by inserting keys in strictly sorted 
      ** order. In this case, instead of seeking within the b-tree as part
      ** of every OP_IdxInsert opcode, an OP_SeekEnd is added before the








<








122912
122913
122914
122915
122916
122917
122918

122919
122920
122921
122922
122923
122924
122925

    sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pSrcIdx);
    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pSrcIdx->zName));
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenWrite, iDest, pDestIdx->tnum, iDbDest);
    sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pDestIdx);
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_BULKCSR);
    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pDestIdx->zName));
    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iSrc, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);

    if( db->mDbFlags & DBFLAG_Vacuum ){
      /* This INSERT command is part of a VACUUM operation, which guarantees
      ** that the destination table is empty. If all indexed columns use
      ** collation sequence BINARY, then it can also be assumed that the
      ** index will be populated by inserting keys in strictly sorted 
      ** order. In this case, instead of seeking within the b-tree as part
      ** of every OP_IdxInsert opcode, an OP_SeekEnd is added before the
︙︙
122005
122006
122007
122008
122009
122010
122011
122012
122013
122014
122015

122016
122017
122018
122019
122020
122021
122022

        const char *zColl = pSrcIdx->azColl[i];
        if( sqlite3_stricmp(sqlite3StrBINARY, zColl) ) break;
      }
      if( i==pSrcIdx->nColumn ){
        idxInsFlags = OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT;
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_SeekEnd, iDest);
      }
    }
    if( !HasRowid(pSrc) && pDestIdx->idxType==SQLITE_IDXTYPE_PRIMARYKEY ){
      idxInsFlags |= OPFLAG_NCHANGE;
    }

    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iDest, regData);
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, idxInsFlags|OPFLAG_APPEND);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iSrc, addr1+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iSrc, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iDest, 0);
  }








<
|


>








122935
122936
122937
122938
122939
122940
122941

122942
122943
122944
122945
122946
122947
122948
122949
122950
122951
122952

        const char *zColl = pSrcIdx->azColl[i];
        if( sqlite3_stricmp(sqlite3StrBINARY, zColl) ) break;
      }
      if( i==pSrcIdx->nColumn ){
        idxInsFlags = OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT;
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_SeekEnd, iDest);
      }

    }else if( !HasRowid(pSrc) && pDestIdx->idxType==SQLITE_IDXTYPE_PRIMARYKEY ){
      idxInsFlags |= OPFLAG_NCHANGE;
    }
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_RowData, iSrc, regData, 1);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iDest, regData);
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, idxInsFlags|OPFLAG_APPEND);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iSrc, addr1+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iSrc, 0);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iDest, 0);
  }
︙︙
122529
122530
122531
122532
122533
122534
122535





122536
122537
122538
122539
122540
122541
122542

  int (*drop_modules)(sqlite3*,const char**);
  /* Version 3.31.0 and later */
  sqlite3_int64 (*hard_heap_limit64)(sqlite3_int64);
  const char *(*uri_key)(const char*,int);
  const char *(*filename_database)(const char*);
  const char *(*filename_journal)(const char*);
  const char *(*filename_wal)(const char*);





};

/*
** This is the function signature used for all extension entry points.  It
** is also defined in the file "loadext.c".
*/
typedef int (*sqlite3_loadext_entry)(








>
>
>
>
>








123459
123460
123461
123462
123463
123464
123465
123466
123467
123468
123469
123470
123471
123472
123473
123474
123475
123476
123477

  int (*drop_modules)(sqlite3*,const char**);
  /* Version 3.31.0 and later */
  sqlite3_int64 (*hard_heap_limit64)(sqlite3_int64);
  const char *(*uri_key)(const char*,int);
  const char *(*filename_database)(const char*);
  const char *(*filename_journal)(const char*);
  const char *(*filename_wal)(const char*);
  /* Version 3.32.0 and later */
  char *(*create_filename)(const char*,const char*,const char*,
                           int,const char**);
  void (*free_filename)(char*);
  sqlite3_file *(*database_file_object)(const char*);
};

/*
** This is the function signature used for all extension entry points.  It
** is also defined in the file "loadext.c".
*/
typedef int (*sqlite3_loadext_entry)(
︙︙
122829
122830
122831
122832
122833
122834
122835




122836
122837
122838
122839
122840
122841
122842

#define sqlite3_drop_modules           sqlite3_api->drop_modules
/* Version 3.31.0 and later */
#define sqlite3_hard_heap_limit64      sqlite3_api->hard_heap_limit64
#define sqlite3_uri_key                sqlite3_api->uri_key
#define sqlite3_filename_database      sqlite3_api->filename_database
#define sqlite3_filename_journal       sqlite3_api->filename_journal
#define sqlite3_filename_wal           sqlite3_api->filename_wal




#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION) */

#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION)
  /* This case when the file really is being compiled as a loadable 
  ** extension */
# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1     const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api=0;
# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(v)  sqlite3_api=v;








>
>
>
>








123764
123765
123766
123767
123768
123769
123770
123771
123772
123773
123774
123775
123776
123777
123778
123779
123780
123781

#define sqlite3_drop_modules           sqlite3_api->drop_modules
/* Version 3.31.0 and later */
#define sqlite3_hard_heap_limit64      sqlite3_api->hard_heap_limit64
#define sqlite3_uri_key                sqlite3_api->uri_key
#define sqlite3_filename_database      sqlite3_api->filename_database
#define sqlite3_filename_journal       sqlite3_api->filename_journal
#define sqlite3_filename_wal           sqlite3_api->filename_wal
/* Version 3.32.0 and later */
#define sqlite3_create_filename        sqlite3_api->create_filename
#define sqlite3_free_filename          sqlite3_api->free_filename
#define sqlite3_database_file_object   sqlite3_api->database_file_object
#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION) */

#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION)
  /* This case when the file really is being compiled as a loadable 
  ** extension */
# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1     const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api=0;
# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(v)  sqlite3_api=v;
︙︙
123307
123308
123309
123310
123311
123312
123313




123314








123315
123316
123317
123318
123319
123320
123321

#endif
  /* Version 3.31.0 and later */
  sqlite3_hard_heap_limit64,
  sqlite3_uri_key,
  sqlite3_filename_database,
  sqlite3_filename_journal,
  sqlite3_filename_wal,




};









/*
** Attempt to load an SQLite extension library contained in the file
** zFile.  The entry point is zProc.  zProc may be 0 in which case a
** default entry point name (sqlite3_extension_init) is used.  Use
** of the default name is recommended.
**








>
>
>
>

>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








124246
124247
124248
124249
124250
124251
124252
124253
124254
124255
124256
124257
124258
124259
124260
124261
124262
124263
124264
124265
124266
124267
124268
124269
124270
124271
124272

#endif
  /* Version 3.31.0 and later */
  sqlite3_hard_heap_limit64,
  sqlite3_uri_key,
  sqlite3_filename_database,
  sqlite3_filename_journal,
  sqlite3_filename_wal,
  /* Version 3.32.0 and later */
  sqlite3_create_filename,
  sqlite3_free_filename,
  sqlite3_database_file_object,
};

/* True if x is the directory separator character
*/
#if SQLITE_OS_WIN
# define DirSep(X)  ((X)=='/'||(X)=='\\')
#else
# define DirSep(X)  ((X)=='/')
#endif

/*
** Attempt to load an SQLite extension library contained in the file
** zFile.  The entry point is zProc.  zProc may be 0 in which case a
** default entry point name (sqlite3_extension_init) is used.  Use
** of the default name is recommended.
**
︙︙
123410
123411
123412
123413
123414
123415
123416
123417
123418
123419
123420
123421
123422
123423
123424

    int ncFile = sqlite3Strlen30(zFile);
    zAltEntry = sqlite3_malloc64(ncFile+30);
    if( zAltEntry==0 ){
      sqlite3OsDlClose(pVfs, handle);
      return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
    }
    memcpy(zAltEntry, "sqlite3_", 8);
    for(iFile=ncFile-1; iFile>=0 && zFile[iFile]!='/'; iFile--){}
    iFile++;
    if( sqlite3_strnicmp(zFile+iFile, "lib", 3)==0 ) iFile += 3;
    for(iEntry=8; (c = zFile[iFile])!=0 && c!='.'; iFile++){
      if( sqlite3Isalpha(c) ){
        zAltEntry[iEntry++] = (char)sqlite3UpperToLower[(unsigned)c];
      }
    }








|








124361
124362
124363
124364
124365
124366
124367
124368
124369
124370
124371
124372
124373
124374
124375

    int ncFile = sqlite3Strlen30(zFile);
    zAltEntry = sqlite3_malloc64(ncFile+30);
    if( zAltEntry==0 ){
      sqlite3OsDlClose(pVfs, handle);
      return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
    }
    memcpy(zAltEntry, "sqlite3_", 8);
    for(iFile=ncFile-1; iFile>=0 && !DirSep(zFile[iFile]); iFile--){}
    iFile++;
    if( sqlite3_strnicmp(zFile+iFile, "lib", 3)==0 ) iFile += 3;
    for(iEntry=8; (c = zFile[iFile])!=0 && c!='.'; iFile++){
      if( sqlite3Isalpha(c) ){
        zAltEntry[iEntry++] = (char)sqlite3UpperToLower[(unsigned)c];
      }
    }
︙︙
123713
123714
123715
123716
123717
123718
123719


123720
123721
123722
123723
123724
123725
123726
123727
123728
123729
123730
123731
123732
123733
123734
123735
123736
123737
123738
123739
123740
123741
123742
123743
123744
123745
123746
123747
123748
123749
123750
123751
123752
123753
123754
123755
123756
123757
123758
123759
123760
123761
123762
123763
123764
123765
123766
123767
123768
123769

/* DO NOT EDIT!
** This file is automatically generated by the script at
** ../tool/mkpragmatab.tcl.  To update the set of pragmas, edit
** that script and rerun it.
*/

/* The various pragma types */


#define PragTyp_HEADER_VALUE                   0
#define PragTyp_AUTO_VACUUM                    1
#define PragTyp_FLAG                           2
#define PragTyp_BUSY_TIMEOUT                   3
#define PragTyp_CACHE_SIZE                     4
#define PragTyp_CACHE_SPILL                    5
#define PragTyp_CASE_SENSITIVE_LIKE            6
#define PragTyp_COLLATION_LIST                 7
#define PragTyp_COMPILE_OPTIONS                8
#define PragTyp_DATA_STORE_DIRECTORY           9
#define PragTyp_DATABASE_LIST                 10
#define PragTyp_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE            11
#define PragTyp_ENCODING                      12
#define PragTyp_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECK             13
#define PragTyp_FOREIGN_KEY_LIST              14
#define PragTyp_FUNCTION_LIST                 15
#define PragTyp_HARD_HEAP_LIMIT               16
#define PragTyp_INCREMENTAL_VACUUM            17
#define PragTyp_INDEX_INFO                    18
#define PragTyp_INDEX_LIST                    19
#define PragTyp_INTEGRITY_CHECK               20
#define PragTyp_JOURNAL_MODE                  21
#define PragTyp_JOURNAL_SIZE_LIMIT            22
#define PragTyp_LOCK_PROXY_FILE               23
#define PragTyp_LOCKING_MODE                  24
#define PragTyp_PAGE_COUNT                    25
#define PragTyp_MMAP_SIZE                     26
#define PragTyp_MODULE_LIST                   27
#define PragTyp_OPTIMIZE                      28
#define PragTyp_PAGE_SIZE                     29
#define PragTyp_PRAGMA_LIST                   30
#define PragTyp_SECURE_DELETE                 31
#define PragTyp_SHRINK_MEMORY                 32
#define PragTyp_SOFT_HEAP_LIMIT               33
#define PragTyp_SYNCHRONOUS                   34
#define PragTyp_TABLE_INFO                    35
#define PragTyp_TEMP_STORE                    36
#define PragTyp_TEMP_STORE_DIRECTORY          37
#define PragTyp_THREADS                       38
#define PragTyp_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT            39
#define PragTyp_WAL_CHECKPOINT                40
#define PragTyp_ACTIVATE_EXTENSIONS           41
#define PragTyp_KEY                           42
#define PragTyp_LOCK_STATUS                   43
#define PragTyp_STATS                         44

/* Property flags associated with various pragma. */
#define PragFlg_NeedSchema 0x01 /* Force schema load before running */
#define PragFlg_NoColumns  0x02 /* OP_ResultRow called with zero columns */
#define PragFlg_NoColumns1 0x04 /* zero columns if RHS argument is present */








>
>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
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|
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|
|
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|
|
|
<
<








124664
124665
124666
124667
124668
124669
124670
124671
124672
124673
124674
124675
124676
124677
124678
124679
124680
124681
124682
124683
124684
124685
124686
124687
124688
124689
124690
124691
124692
124693
124694
124695
124696
124697
124698
124699
124700
124701
124702
124703
124704
124705
124706
124707
124708
124709
124710
124711
124712
124713


124714
124715
124716
124717
124718
124719
124720

/* DO NOT EDIT!
** This file is automatically generated by the script at
** ../tool/mkpragmatab.tcl.  To update the set of pragmas, edit
** that script and rerun it.
*/

/* The various pragma types */
#define PragTyp_ACTIVATE_EXTENSIONS            0
#define PragTyp_ANALYSIS_LIMIT                 1
#define PragTyp_HEADER_VALUE                   2
#define PragTyp_AUTO_VACUUM                    3
#define PragTyp_FLAG                           4
#define PragTyp_BUSY_TIMEOUT                   5
#define PragTyp_CACHE_SIZE                     6
#define PragTyp_CACHE_SPILL                    7
#define PragTyp_CASE_SENSITIVE_LIKE            8
#define PragTyp_COLLATION_LIST                 9
#define PragTyp_COMPILE_OPTIONS               10
#define PragTyp_DATA_STORE_DIRECTORY          11
#define PragTyp_DATABASE_LIST                 12
#define PragTyp_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE            13
#define PragTyp_ENCODING                      14
#define PragTyp_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECK             15
#define PragTyp_FOREIGN_KEY_LIST              16
#define PragTyp_FUNCTION_LIST                 17
#define PragTyp_HARD_HEAP_LIMIT               18
#define PragTyp_INCREMENTAL_VACUUM            19
#define PragTyp_INDEX_INFO                    20
#define PragTyp_INDEX_LIST                    21
#define PragTyp_INTEGRITY_CHECK               22
#define PragTyp_JOURNAL_MODE                  23
#define PragTyp_JOURNAL_SIZE_LIMIT            24
#define PragTyp_LOCK_PROXY_FILE               25
#define PragTyp_LOCKING_MODE                  26
#define PragTyp_PAGE_COUNT                    27
#define PragTyp_MMAP_SIZE                     28
#define PragTyp_MODULE_LIST                   29
#define PragTyp_OPTIMIZE                      30
#define PragTyp_PAGE_SIZE                     31
#define PragTyp_PRAGMA_LIST                   32
#define PragTyp_SECURE_DELETE                 33
#define PragTyp_SHRINK_MEMORY                 34
#define PragTyp_SOFT_HEAP_LIMIT               35
#define PragTyp_SYNCHRONOUS                   36
#define PragTyp_TABLE_INFO                    37
#define PragTyp_TEMP_STORE                    38
#define PragTyp_TEMP_STORE_DIRECTORY          39
#define PragTyp_THREADS                       40
#define PragTyp_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT            41
#define PragTyp_WAL_CHECKPOINT                42


#define PragTyp_LOCK_STATUS                   43
#define PragTyp_STATS                         44

/* Property flags associated with various pragma. */
#define PragFlg_NeedSchema 0x01 /* Force schema load before running */
#define PragFlg_NoColumns  0x02 /* OP_ResultRow called with zero columns */
#define PragFlg_NoColumns1 0x04 /* zero columns if RHS argument is present */
︙︙
123841
123842
123843
123844
123845
123846
123847
123848
123849
123850
123851
123852
123853
123854





123855
123856
123857
123858
123859
123860
123861

  u8 ePragTyp;             /* PragTyp_XXX value */
  u8 mPragFlg;             /* Zero or more PragFlg_XXX values */
  u8 iPragCName;           /* Start of column names in pragCName[] */
  u8 nPragCName;           /* Num of col names. 0 means use pragma name */
  u64 iArg;                /* Extra argument */
} PragmaName;
static const PragmaName aPragmaName[] = {
#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD)
 {/* zName:     */ "activate_extensions",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_ACTIVATE_EXTENSIONS,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ 0,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 0 },
#endif





#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS)
 {/* zName:     */ "application_id",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_HEADER_VALUE,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_NoColumns1|PragFlg_Result0,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ BTREE_APPLICATION_ID },
#endif








|






>
>
>
>
>








124792
124793
124794
124795
124796
124797
124798
124799
124800
124801
124802
124803
124804
124805
124806
124807
124808
124809
124810
124811
124812
124813
124814
124815
124816
124817

  u8 ePragTyp;             /* PragTyp_XXX value */
  u8 mPragFlg;             /* Zero or more PragFlg_XXX values */
  u8 iPragCName;           /* Start of column names in pragCName[] */
  u8 nPragCName;           /* Num of col names. 0 means use pragma name */
  u64 iArg;                /* Extra argument */
} PragmaName;
static const PragmaName aPragmaName[] = {
#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD)
 {/* zName:     */ "activate_extensions",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_ACTIVATE_EXTENSIONS,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ 0,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 0 },
#endif
 {/* zName:     */ "analysis_limit",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_ANALYSIS_LIMIT,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_Result0,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 0 },
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS)
 {/* zName:     */ "application_id",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_HEADER_VALUE,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_NoColumns1|PragFlg_Result0,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ BTREE_APPLICATION_ID },
#endif
︙︙
124037
124038
124039
124040
124041
124042
124043
124044
124045
124046
124047
124048
124049
124050
124051
124052
124053
124054
124055
124056
124057
124058
124059
124060
124061
124062

#endif
#endif
 {/* zName:     */ "hard_heap_limit",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_HARD_HEAP_LIMIT,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_Result0,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 0 },
#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
 {/* zName:     */ "hexkey",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_KEY,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ 0,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 2 },
 {/* zName:     */ "hexrekey",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_KEY,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ 0,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 3 },
#endif
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK)
 {/* zName:     */ "ignore_check_constraints",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_Result0|PragFlg_NoColumns1,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_IgnoreChecks },








<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<








124993
124994
124995
124996
124997
124998
124999












125000
125001
125002
125003
125004
125005
125006

#endif
#endif
 {/* zName:     */ "hard_heap_limit",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_HARD_HEAP_LIMIT,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_Result0,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 0 },












#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK)
 {/* zName:     */ "ignore_check_constraints",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_Result0|PragFlg_NoColumns1,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_IgnoreChecks },
︙︙
124098
124099
124100
124101
124102
124103
124104
124105
124106
124107
124108
124109
124110
124111
124112
124113
124114
124115
124116
124117
124118

  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_JOURNAL_MODE,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_NeedSchema|PragFlg_Result0|PragFlg_SchemaReq,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 0 },
 {/* zName:     */ "journal_size_limit",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_JOURNAL_SIZE_LIMIT,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_Result0|PragFlg_SchemaReq,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 0 },
#endif
#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
 {/* zName:     */ "key",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_KEY,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ 0,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 0 },
#endif
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
 {/* zName:     */ "legacy_alter_table",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_Result0|PragFlg_NoColumns1,








<
<
<
<
<
<
<








125042
125043
125044
125045
125046
125047
125048







125049
125050
125051
125052
125053
125054
125055

  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_JOURNAL_MODE,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_NeedSchema|PragFlg_Result0|PragFlg_SchemaReq,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 0 },
 {/* zName:     */ "journal_size_limit",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_JOURNAL_SIZE_LIMIT,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_Result0|PragFlg_SchemaReq,







  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 0 },
#endif
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
 {/* zName:     */ "legacy_alter_table",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_Result0|PragFlg_NoColumns1,
︙︙
124215
124216
124217
124218
124219
124220
124221
124222
124223
124224
124225
124226
124227
124228
124229
124230
124231
124232
124233
124234
124235
124236
124237

  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_ReadUncommit },
 {/* zName:     */ "recursive_triggers",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_Result0|PragFlg_NoColumns1,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_RecTriggers },
#endif
#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
 {/* zName:     */ "rekey",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_KEY,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ 0,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 1 },
#endif
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
 {/* zName:     */ "reverse_unordered_selects",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_Result0|PragFlg_NoColumns1,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_ReverseOrder },
#endif
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS)








<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<








125152
125153
125154
125155
125156
125157
125158









125159
125160
125161
125162
125163
125164
125165

  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_ReadUncommit },
 {/* zName:     */ "recursive_triggers",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_Result0|PragFlg_NoColumns1,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_RecTriggers },









 {/* zName:     */ "reverse_unordered_selects",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_Result0|PragFlg_NoColumns1,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_ReverseOrder },
#endif
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS)
︙︙
124308
124309
124310
124311
124312
124313
124314
124315
124316
124317
124318
124319
124320
124321
124322
124323
124324
124325
124326
124327
124328
124329
124330
124331
124332
124333

  /* iArg:      */ 0 },
 {/* zName:     */ "temp_store_directory",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_TEMP_STORE_DIRECTORY,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_NoColumns1,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 0 },
#endif
#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
 {/* zName:     */ "textkey",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_KEY,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ 0,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 4 },
 {/* zName:     */ "textrekey",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_KEY,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ 0,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 5 },
#endif
 {/* zName:     */ "threads",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_THREADS,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_Result0,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 0 },
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
 {/* zName:     */ "trusted_schema",








<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<








125236
125237
125238
125239
125240
125241
125242












125243
125244
125245
125246
125247
125248
125249

  /* iArg:      */ 0 },
 {/* zName:     */ "temp_store_directory",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_TEMP_STORE_DIRECTORY,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_NoColumns1,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 0 },
#endif












 {/* zName:     */ "threads",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_THREADS,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_Result0,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ 0 },
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
 {/* zName:     */ "trusted_schema",
︙︙
124388
124389
124390
124391
124392
124393
124394
124395
124396
124397
124398
124399
124400
124401
124402

 {/* zName:     */ "writable_schema",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_Result0|PragFlg_NoColumns1,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_WriteSchema|SQLITE_NoSchemaError },
#endif
};
/* Number of pragmas: 66 on by default, 82 total. */

/************** End of pragma.h **********************************************/
/************** Continuing where we left off in pragma.c *********************/

/*
** Interpret the given string as a safety level.  Return 0 for OFF,
** 1 for ON or NORMAL, 2 for FULL, and 3 for EXTRA.  Return 1 for an empty or 








|








125304
125305
125306
125307
125308
125309
125310
125311
125312
125313
125314
125315
125316
125317
125318

 {/* zName:     */ "writable_schema",
  /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
  /* ePragFlg:  */ PragFlg_Result0|PragFlg_NoColumns1,
  /* ColNames:  */ 0, 0,
  /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_WriteSchema|SQLITE_NoSchemaError },
#endif
};
/* Number of pragmas: 67 on by default, 77 total. */

/************** End of pragma.h **********************************************/
/************** Continuing where we left off in pragma.c *********************/

/*
** Interpret the given string as a safety level.  Return 0 for OFF,
** 1 for ON or NORMAL, 2 for FULL, and 3 for EXTRA.  Return 1 for an empty or
︙︙
124918
124919
124920
124921
124922
124923
124924
124925
124926
124927
124928
124929
124930
124931
124932

      int size = ALWAYS(pBt) ? sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(pBt) : 0;
      returnSingleInt(v, size);
    }else{
      /* Malloc may fail when setting the page-size, as there is an internal
      ** buffer that the pager module resizes using sqlite3_realloc().
      */
      db->nextPagesize = sqlite3Atoi(zRight);
      if( SQLITE_NOMEM==sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(pBt, db->nextPagesize,-1,0) ){
        sqlite3OomFault(db);
      }
    }
    break;
  }

  /*








|








125834
125835
125836
125837
125838
125839
125840
125841
125842
125843
125844
125845
125846
125847
125848

      int size = ALWAYS(pBt) ? sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(pBt) : 0;
      returnSingleInt(v, size);
    }else{
      /* Malloc may fail when setting the page-size, as there is an internal
      ** buffer that the pager module resizes using sqlite3_realloc().
      */
      db->nextPagesize = sqlite3Atoi(zRight);
      if( SQLITE_NOMEM==sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(pBt, db->nextPagesize,0,0) ){
        sqlite3OomFault(db);
      }
    }
    break;
  }

  /*
︙︙
126092
126093
126094
126095
126096
126097
126098
126099
126100
126101
126102
126103
126104
126105
126106
126107
126108
126109
126110
126111
126112
126113
126114
126115
126116
126117
126118
126119
126120

            }
            sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jmp4);
            sqlite3ResolvePartIdxLabel(pParse, jmp3);
          }
        }
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iDataCur, loopTop); VdbeCoverage(v);
        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, loopTop-1);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT
        if( !isQuick ){
          sqlite3VdbeLoadString(v, 2, "wrong # of entries in index ");
          for(j=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, j++){
            if( pPk==pIdx ) continue;
            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iIdxCur+j, 3);
            addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, 8+j, 0, 3); VdbeCoverage(v);
            sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NOTNULL);
            sqlite3VdbeLoadString(v, 4, pIdx->zName);
            sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, 4, 2, 3);
            integrityCheckResultRow(v);
            sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
          }
        }
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT */
      } 
    }
    {
      static const int iLn = VDBE_OFFSET_LINENO(2);
      static const VdbeOpList endCode[] = {
        { OP_AddImm,      1, 0,        0},    /* 0 */
        { OP_IfNotZero,   1, 4,        0},    /* 1 */








<













<








127008
127009
127010
127011
127012
127013
127014

127015
127016
127017
127018
127019
127020
127021
127022
127023
127024
127025
127026
127027

127028
127029
127030
127031
127032
127033
127034

            }
            sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jmp4);
            sqlite3ResolvePartIdxLabel(pParse, jmp3);
          }
        }
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iDataCur, loopTop); VdbeCoverage(v);
        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, loopTop-1);

        if( !isQuick ){
          sqlite3VdbeLoadString(v, 2, "wrong # of entries in index ");
          for(j=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, j++){
            if( pPk==pIdx ) continue;
            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iIdxCur+j, 3);
            addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, 8+j, 0, 3); VdbeCoverage(v);
            sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NOTNULL);
            sqlite3VdbeLoadString(v, 4, pIdx->zName);
            sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, 4, 2, 3);
            integrityCheckResultRow(v);
            sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
          }
        }

      } 
    }
    {
      static const int iLn = VDBE_OFFSET_LINENO(2);
      static const VdbeOpList endCode[] = {
        { OP_AddImm,      1, 0,        0},    /* 0 */
        { OP_IfNotZero,   1, 4,        0},    /* 1 */
︙︙
126187
126188
126189
126190
126191
126192
126193
126194
126195
126196
126197
126198
126199
126200
126201
126202
126203
126204
126205
126206
126207
126208


126209
126210
126211
126212
126213
126214
126215

      returnSingleText(v, encnames[ENC(pParse->db)].zName);
    }else{                        /* "PRAGMA encoding = XXX" */
      /* Only change the value of sqlite.enc if the database handle is not
      ** initialized. If the main database exists, the new sqlite.enc value
      ** will be overwritten when the schema is next loaded. If it does not
      ** already exists, it will be created to use the new encoding value.
      */
      int canChangeEnc = 1;  /* True if allowed to change the encoding */
      int i;                 /* For looping over all attached databases */
      for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
        if( db->aDb[i].pBt!=0
         && DbHasProperty(db,i,DB_SchemaLoaded)
         && !DbHasProperty(db,i,DB_Empty)
        ){
          canChangeEnc = 0;
        }
      }
      if( canChangeEnc ){
        for(pEnc=&encnames[0]; pEnc->zName; pEnc++){
          if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp(zRight, pEnc->zName) ){
            SCHEMA_ENC(db) = ENC(db) =
                pEnc->enc ? pEnc->enc : SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE;


            break;
          }
        }
        if( !pEnc->zName ){
          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "unsupported encoding: %s", zRight);
        }
      }








|
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<


<
|
>
>








127101
127102
127103
127104
127105
127106
127107
127108










127109
127110

127111
127112
127113
127114
127115
127116
127117
127118
127119
127120

      returnSingleText(v, encnames[ENC(pParse->db)].zName);
    }else{                        /* "PRAGMA encoding = XXX" */
      /* Only change the value of sqlite.enc if the database handle is not
      ** initialized. If the main database exists, the new sqlite.enc value
      ** will be overwritten when the schema is next loaded. If it does not
      ** already exists, it will be created to use the new encoding value.
      */
      if( (db->mDbFlags & DBFLAG_EncodingFixed)==0 ){










        for(pEnc=&encnames[0]; pEnc->zName; pEnc++){
          if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp(zRight, pEnc->zName) ){

            u8 enc = pEnc->enc ? pEnc->enc : SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE;
            SCHEMA_ENC(db) = enc;
            sqlite3SetTextEncoding(db, enc);
            break;
          }
        }
        if( !pEnc->zName ){
          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "unsupported encoding: %s", zRight);
        }
      }
︙︙
126549
126550
126551
126552
126553
126554
126555



















126556
126557
126558
126559
126560
126561
126562

     && N>=0
    ){
      sqlite3_limit(db, SQLITE_LIMIT_WORKER_THREADS, (int)(N&0x7fffffff));
    }
    returnSingleInt(v, sqlite3_limit(db, SQLITE_LIMIT_WORKER_THREADS, -1));
    break;
  }




















#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
  /*
  ** Report the current state of file logs for all databases
  */
  case PragTyp_LOCK_STATUS: {
    static const char *const azLockName[] = {








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








127454
127455
127456
127457
127458
127459
127460
127461
127462
127463
127464
127465
127466
127467
127468
127469
127470
127471
127472
127473
127474
127475
127476
127477
127478
127479
127480
127481
127482
127483
127484
127485
127486

     && N>=0
    ){
      sqlite3_limit(db, SQLITE_LIMIT_WORKER_THREADS, (int)(N&0x7fffffff));
    }
    returnSingleInt(v, sqlite3_limit(db, SQLITE_LIMIT_WORKER_THREADS, -1));
    break;
  }

  /*
  **   PRAGMA analysis_limit
  **   PRAGMA analysis_limit = N
  **
  ** Configure the maximum number of rows that ANALYZE will examine
  ** in each index that it looks at.  Return the new limit.
  */
  case PragTyp_ANALYSIS_LIMIT: {
    sqlite3_int64 N;
    if( zRight
     && sqlite3DecOrHexToI64(zRight, &N)==SQLITE_OK
     && N>=0
    ){
      db->nAnalysisLimit = (int)(N&0x7fffffff);
    }
    returnSingleInt(v, db->nAnalysisLimit);
    break;
  }

#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
  /*
  ** Report the current state of file logs for all databases
  */
  case PragTyp_LOCK_STATUS: {
    static const char *const azLockName[] = {
︙︙
126578
126579
126580
126581
126582
126583
126584
126585
126586
126587
126588
126589
126590
126591
126592
126593
126594
126595
126596
126597
126598
126599
126600
126601
126602
126603
126604
126605
126606
126607
126608
126609
126610
126611
126612
126613
126614
126615
126616
126617
126618
126619
126620
126621
126622
126623
126624
126625
126626
126627
126628
126629
126630
126631
126632
126633
126634
126635
126636
126637
126638
126639
126640
126641
126642
126643
126644

      }
      sqlite3VdbeMultiLoad(v, 1, "ss", db->aDb[i].zDbSName, zState);
    }
    break;
  }
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
  /* Pragma        iArg
  ** ----------   ------
  **  key           0
  **  rekey         1
  **  hexkey        2
  **  hexrekey      3
  **  textkey       4
  **  textrekey     5
  */
  case PragTyp_KEY: {
    if( zRight ){
      char zBuf[40];
      const char *zKey = zRight;
      int n;
      if( pPragma->iArg==2 || pPragma->iArg==3 ){
        u8 iByte;
        int i;
        for(i=0, iByte=0; i<sizeof(zBuf)*2 && sqlite3Isxdigit(zRight[i]); i++){
          iByte = (iByte<<4) + sqlite3HexToInt(zRight[i]);
          if( (i&1)!=0 ) zBuf[i/2] = iByte;
        }
        zKey = zBuf;
        n = i/2;
      }else{
        n = pPragma->iArg<4 ? sqlite3Strlen30(zRight) : -1;
      }
      if( (pPragma->iArg & 1)==0 ){
        rc = sqlite3_key_v2(db, zDb, zKey, n);
      }else{
        rc = sqlite3_rekey_v2(db, zDb, zKey, n);
      }
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && n!=0 ){
        sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "ok", SQLITE_STATIC);
        returnSingleText(v, "ok");
      }
    }
    break;
  }
#endif
#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD)
  case PragTyp_ACTIVATE_EXTENSIONS: if( zRight ){
#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
    if( sqlite3StrNICmp(zRight, "see-", 4)==0 ){
      sqlite3_activate_see(&zRight[4]);
    }
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD
    if( sqlite3StrNICmp(zRight, "cerod-", 6)==0 ){
      sqlite3_activate_cerod(&zRight[6]);
    }
#endif
  }
  break;
#endif

  } /* End of the PRAGMA switch */

  /* The following block is a no-op unless SQLITE_DEBUG is defined. Its only








<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
|

<
<
<
<
<
<



<








127502
127503
127504
127505
127506
127507
127508









































127509
127510






127511
127512
127513

127514
127515
127516
127517
127518
127519
127520

      }
      sqlite3VdbeMultiLoad(v, 1, "ss", db->aDb[i].zDbSName, zState);
    }
    break;
  }
#endif










































#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD)
  case PragTyp_ACTIVATE_EXTENSIONS: if( zRight ){






    if( sqlite3StrNICmp(zRight, "cerod-", 6)==0 ){
      sqlite3_activate_cerod(&zRight[6]);
    }

  }
  break;
#endif

  } /* End of the PRAGMA switch */

  /* The following block is a no-op unless SQLITE_DEBUG is defined. Its only
︙︙
127058
127059
127060
127061
127062
127063
127064
127065
127066
127067
127068
127069
127070
127071
127072

  InitData *pData = (InitData*)pInit;
  sqlite3 *db = pData->db;
  int iDb = pData->iDb;

  assert( argc==5 );
  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, argc);
  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
  DbClearProperty(db, iDb, DB_Empty);
  pData->nInitRow++;
  if( db->mallocFailed ){
    corruptSchema(pData, argv[1], 0);
    return 1;
  }

  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );








|








127934
127935
127936
127937
127938
127939
127940
127941
127942
127943
127944
127945
127946
127947
127948

  InitData *pData = (InitData*)pInit;
  sqlite3 *db = pData->db;
  int iDb = pData->iDb;

  assert( argc==5 );
  UNUSED_PARAMETER2(NotUsed, argc);
  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
  db->mDbFlags |= DBFLAG_EncodingFixed;
  pData->nInitRow++;
  if( db->mallocFailed ){
    corruptSchema(pData, argv[1], 0);
    return 1;
  }

  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
︙︙
127146
127147
127148
127149
127150
127151
127152

127153
127154
127155
127156
127157
127158
127159

#endif
  Db *pDb;
  char const *azArg[6];
  int meta[5];
  InitData initData;
  const char *zMasterName;
  int openedTransaction = 0;


  assert( (db->mDbFlags & DBFLAG_SchemaKnownOk)==0 );
  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
  assert( db->aDb[iDb].pSchema );
  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
  assert( iDb==1 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(db->aDb[iDb].pBt) );









>








128022
128023
128024
128025
128026
128027
128028
128029
128030
128031
128032
128033
128034
128035
128036

#endif
  Db *pDb;
  char const *azArg[6];
  int meta[5];
  InitData initData;
  const char *zMasterName;
  int openedTransaction = 0;
  int mask = ((db->mDbFlags & DBFLAG_EncodingFixed) | ~DBFLAG_EncodingFixed);

  assert( (db->mDbFlags & DBFLAG_SchemaKnownOk)==0 );
  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
  assert( db->aDb[iDb].pSchema );
  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
  assert( iDb==1 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(db->aDb[iDb].pBt) );
︙︙
127174
127175
127176
127177
127178
127179
127180

127181
127182
127183
127184
127185
127186
127187

  initData.db = db;
  initData.iDb = iDb;
  initData.rc = SQLITE_OK;
  initData.pzErrMsg = pzErrMsg;
  initData.mInitFlags = mFlags;
  initData.nInitRow = 0;
  sqlite3InitCallback(&initData, 5, (char **)azArg, 0);

  if( initData.rc ){
    rc = initData.rc;
    goto error_out;
  }

  /* Create a cursor to hold the database open
  */








>








128051
128052
128053
128054
128055
128056
128057
128058
128059
128060
128061
128062
128063
128064
128065

  initData.db = db;
  initData.iDb = iDb;
  initData.rc = SQLITE_OK;
  initData.pzErrMsg = pzErrMsg;
  initData.mInitFlags = mFlags;
  initData.nInitRow = 0;
  sqlite3InitCallback(&initData, 5, (char **)azArg, 0);
  db->mDbFlags &= mask;
  if( initData.rc ){
    rc = initData.rc;
    goto error_out;
  }

  /* Create a cursor to hold the database open
  */
︙︙
127233
127234
127235
127236
127237
127238
127239
127240
127241
127242

127243
127244
127245
127246
127247
127248
127249

127250
127251
127252
127253
127254
127255
127256
127257
127258
127259
127260
127261
127262
127263
127264
127265
127266
127267


  /* If opening a non-empty database, check the text encoding. For the
  ** main database, set sqlite3.enc to the encoding of the main database.
  ** For an attached db, it is an error if the encoding is not the same
  ** as sqlite3.enc.
  */
  if( meta[BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING-1] ){  /* text encoding */
    if( iDb==0 ){
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
      u8 encoding;

      /* If opening the main database, set ENC(db). */
      encoding = (u8)meta[BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING-1] & 3;
      if( encoding==0 ) encoding = SQLITE_UTF8;
      ENC(db) = encoding;
#else
      ENC(db) = SQLITE_UTF8;
#endif

    }else{
      /* If opening an attached database, the encoding much match ENC(db) */
      if( meta[BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING-1]!=ENC(db) ){
        sqlite3SetString(pzErrMsg, db, "attached databases must use the same"
            " text encoding as main database");
        rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
        goto initone_error_out;
      }
    }
  }else{
    DbSetProperty(db, iDb, DB_Empty);
  }
  pDb->pSchema->enc = ENC(db);

  if( pDb->pSchema->cache_size==0 ){
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
    size = sqlite3AbsInt32(meta[BTREE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE-1]);
    if( size==0 ){ size = SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE; }








|
<

>



<

|

>


|






<
<








128111
128112
128113
128114
128115
128116
128117
128118

128119
128120
128121
128122
128123

128124
128125
128126
128127
128128
128129
128130
128131
128132
128133
128134
128135
128136


128137
128138
128139
128140
128141
128142
128143


  /* If opening a non-empty database, check the text encoding. For the
  ** main database, set sqlite3.enc to the encoding of the main database.
  ** For an attached db, it is an error if the encoding is not the same
  ** as sqlite3.enc.
  */
  if( meta[BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING-1] ){  /* text encoding */
    if( iDb==0 && (db->mDbFlags & DBFLAG_EncodingFixed)==0 ){

      u8 encoding;
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
      /* If opening the main database, set ENC(db). */
      encoding = (u8)meta[BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING-1] & 3;
      if( encoding==0 ) encoding = SQLITE_UTF8;

#else
      encoding = SQLITE_UTF8;
#endif
      sqlite3SetTextEncoding(db, encoding);
    }else{
      /* If opening an attached database, the encoding much match ENC(db) */
      if( (meta[BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING-1] & 3)!=ENC(db) ){
        sqlite3SetString(pzErrMsg, db, "attached databases must use the same"
            " text encoding as main database");
        rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
        goto initone_error_out;
      }
    }


  }
  pDb->pSchema->enc = ENC(db);

  if( pDb->pSchema->cache_size==0 ){
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
    size = sqlite3AbsInt32(meta[BTREE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE-1]);
    if( size==0 ){ size = SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE; }
︙︙
127365
127366
127367
127368
127369
127370
127371
127372
127373
127374
127375
127376
127377
127378
127379
127380

/*
** Initialize all database files - the main database file, the file
** used to store temporary tables, and any additional database files
** created using ATTACH statements.  Return a success code.  If an
** error occurs, write an error message into *pzErrMsg.
**
** After a database is initialized, the DB_SchemaLoaded bit is set
** bit is set in the flags field of the Db structure. If the database
** file was of zero-length, then the DB_Empty flag is also set.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Init(sqlite3 *db, char **pzErrMsg){
  int i, rc;
  int commit_internal = !(db->mDbFlags&DBFLAG_SchemaChange);
  
  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(db->aDb[0].pBt) );








|
<








128241
128242
128243
128244
128245
128246
128247
128248

128249
128250
128251
128252
128253
128254
128255

/*
** Initialize all database files - the main database file, the file
** used to store temporary tables, and any additional database files
** created using ATTACH statements.  Return a success code.  If an
** error occurs, write an error message into *pzErrMsg.
**
** After a database is initialized, the DB_SchemaLoaded bit is set
** bit is set in the flags field of the Db structure. 

*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Init(sqlite3 *db, char **pzErrMsg){
  int i, rc;
  int commit_internal = !(db->mDbFlags&DBFLAG_SchemaChange);
  
  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(db->aDb[0].pBt) );
︙︙
128002
128003
128004
128005
128006
128007
128008
128009
128010
128011
128012
128013
128014
128015
128016

    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pHaving);
    sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, p->pOrderBy);
    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pLimit);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC
    if( OK_IF_ALWAYS_TRUE(p->pWinDefn) ){
      sqlite3WindowListDelete(db, p->pWinDefn);
    }
    assert( p->pWin==0 );
#endif
    if( OK_IF_ALWAYS_TRUE(p->pWith) ) sqlite3WithDelete(db, p->pWith);
    if( bFree ) sqlite3DbFreeNN(db, p);
    p = pPrior;
    bFree = 1;
  }
}








<








128877
128878
128879
128880
128881
128882
128883

128884
128885
128886
128887
128888
128889
128890

    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pHaving);
    sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, p->pOrderBy);
    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pLimit);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC
    if( OK_IF_ALWAYS_TRUE(p->pWinDefn) ){
      sqlite3WindowListDelete(db, p->pWinDefn);
    }

#endif
    if( OK_IF_ALWAYS_TRUE(p->pWith) ) sqlite3WithDelete(db, p->pWith);
    if( bFree ) sqlite3DbFreeNN(db, p);
    p = pPrior;
    bFree = 1;
  }
}
︙︙
129923
129924
129925
129926
129927
129928
129929

129930
129931
129932
129933
129934
129935
129936

        for(j=nName-1; j>0 && sqlite3Isdigit(zName[j]); j--){}
        if( zName[j]==':' ) nName = j;
      }
      zName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%.*z:%u", nName, zName, ++cnt);
      if( cnt>3 ) sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(cnt), &cnt);
    }
    pCol->zName = zName;

    sqlite3ColumnPropertiesFromName(0, pCol);
    if( zName && sqlite3HashInsert(&ht, zName, pCol)==pCol ){
      sqlite3OomFault(db);
    }
  }
  sqlite3HashClear(&ht);
  if( db->mallocFailed ){








>








130797
130798
130799
130800
130801
130802
130803
130804
130805
130806
130807
130808
130809
130810
130811

        for(j=nName-1; j>0 && sqlite3Isdigit(zName[j]); j--){}
        if( zName[j]==':' ) nName = j;
      }
      zName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%.*z:%u", nName, zName, ++cnt);
      if( cnt>3 ) sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(cnt), &cnt);
    }
    pCol->zName = zName;
    pCol->hName = sqlite3StrIHash(zName);
    sqlite3ColumnPropertiesFromName(0, pCol);
    if( zName && sqlite3HashInsert(&ht, zName, pCol)==pCol ){
      sqlite3OomFault(db);
    }
  }
  sqlite3HashClear(&ht);
  if( db->mallocFailed ){
︙︙
130705
130706
130707
130708
130709
130710
130711

130712
130713
130714
130715
130716
130717
130718

        }
        sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pLimit);
        p->pLimit = pLimit;
  
        /* Generate code to take the intersection of the two temporary
        ** tables.
        */

        assert( p->pEList );
        iBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
        iCont = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
        computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, iBreak);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, tab1, iBreak); VdbeCoverage(v);
        r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
        iStart = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowData, tab1, r1);








>








131580
131581
131582
131583
131584
131585
131586
131587
131588
131589
131590
131591
131592
131593
131594

        }
        sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pLimit);
        p->pLimit = pLimit;
  
        /* Generate code to take the intersection of the two temporary
        ** tables.
        */
        if( rc ) break;
        assert( p->pEList );
        iBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
        iCont = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
        computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, iBreak);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, tab1, iBreak); VdbeCoverage(v);
        r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
        iStart = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowData, tab1, r1);
︙︙
131396
131397
131398
131399
131400
131401
131402

131403
131404
131405
131406
131407
131408
131409

      }else{
        sqlite3 *db = pSubst->pParse->db;
        if( pSubst->isLeftJoin && pCopy->op!=TK_COLUMN ){
          memset(&ifNullRow, 0, sizeof(ifNullRow));
          ifNullRow.op = TK_IF_NULL_ROW;
          ifNullRow.pLeft = pCopy;
          ifNullRow.iTable = pSubst->iNewTable;

          pCopy = &ifNullRow;
        }
        testcase( ExprHasProperty(pCopy, EP_Subquery) );
        pNew = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pCopy, 0);
        if( pNew && pSubst->isLeftJoin ){
          ExprSetProperty(pNew, EP_CanBeNull);
        }








>








132272
132273
132274
132275
132276
132277
132278
132279
132280
132281
132282
132283
132284
132285
132286

      }else{
        sqlite3 *db = pSubst->pParse->db;
        if( pSubst->isLeftJoin && pCopy->op!=TK_COLUMN ){
          memset(&ifNullRow, 0, sizeof(ifNullRow));
          ifNullRow.op = TK_IF_NULL_ROW;
          ifNullRow.pLeft = pCopy;
          ifNullRow.iTable = pSubst->iNewTable;
          ifNullRow.flags = EP_Skip;
          pCopy = &ifNullRow;
        }
        testcase( ExprHasProperty(pCopy, EP_Subquery) );
        pNew = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pCopy, 0);
        if( pNew && pSubst->isLeftJoin ){
          ExprSetProperty(pNew, EP_CanBeNull);
        }
︙︙
131479
131480
131481
131482
131483
131484
131485
































131486
131487
131488
131489
131490
131491
131492

    for(i=pSrc->nSrc, pItem=pSrc->a; i>0; i--, pItem++){
      substSelect(pSubst, pItem->pSelect, 1);
      if( pItem->fg.isTabFunc ){
        substExprList(pSubst, pItem->u1.pFuncArg);
      }
    }
  }while( doPrior && (p = p->pPrior)!=0 );
































}
#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) */

#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW)
/*
** This routine attempts to flatten subqueries as a performance optimization.
** This routine returns 1 if it makes changes and 0 if no flattening occurs.








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








132356
132357
132358
132359
132360
132361
132362
132363
132364
132365
132366
132367
132368
132369
132370
132371
132372
132373
132374
132375
132376
132377
132378
132379
132380
132381
132382
132383
132384
132385
132386
132387
132388
132389
132390
132391
132392
132393
132394
132395
132396
132397
132398
132399
132400
132401

    for(i=pSrc->nSrc, pItem=pSrc->a; i>0; i--, pItem++){
      substSelect(pSubst, pItem->pSelect, 1);
      if( pItem->fg.isTabFunc ){
        substExprList(pSubst, pItem->u1.pFuncArg);
      }
    }
  }while( doPrior && (p = p->pPrior)!=0 );
}
#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) */

#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW)
/*
** pSelect is a SELECT statement and pSrcItem is one item in the FROM
** clause of that SELECT.
**
** This routine scans the entire SELECT statement and recomputes the
** pSrcItem->colUsed mask.
*/
static int recomputeColumnsUsedExpr(Walker *pWalker, Expr *pExpr){
  struct SrcList_item *pItem;
  if( pExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN ) return WRC_Continue;
  pItem = pWalker->u.pSrcItem;
  if( pItem->iCursor!=pExpr->iTable ) return WRC_Continue;
  if( pExpr->iColumn<0 ) return WRC_Continue;
  pItem->colUsed |= sqlite3ExprColUsed(pExpr);
  return WRC_Continue;
}
static void recomputeColumnsUsed(
  Select *pSelect,                 /* The complete SELECT statement */
  struct SrcList_item *pSrcItem    /* Which FROM clause item to recompute */
){
  Walker w;
  if( NEVER(pSrcItem->pTab==0) ) return;
  memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
  w.xExprCallback = recomputeColumnsUsedExpr;
  w.xSelectCallback = sqlite3SelectWalkNoop;
  w.u.pSrcItem = pSrcItem;
  pSrcItem->colUsed = 0;
  sqlite3WalkSelect(&w, pSelect);
}
#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) */

#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW)
/*
** This routine attempts to flatten subqueries as a performance optimization.
** This routine returns 1 if it makes changes and 0 if no flattening occurs.
︙︙
132020
132021
132022
132023
132024
132025
132026






132027
132028
132029
132030
132031
132032
132033

    ** One is tempted to try to add a and b to combine the limits.  But this
    ** does not work if either limit is negative.
    */
    if( pSub->pLimit ){
      pParent->pLimit = pSub->pLimit;
      pSub->pLimit = 0;
    }






  }

  /* Finially, delete what is left of the subquery and return
  ** success.
  */
  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSub1);









>
>
>
>
>
>








132929
132930
132931
132932
132933
132934
132935
132936
132937
132938
132939
132940
132941
132942
132943
132944
132945
132946
132947
132948

    ** One is tempted to try to add a and b to combine the limits.  But this
    ** does not work if either limit is negative.
    */
    if( pSub->pLimit ){
      pParent->pLimit = pSub->pLimit;
      pSub->pLimit = 0;
    }

    /* Recompute the SrcList_item.colUsed masks for the flattened
    ** tables. */
    for(i=0; i<nSubSrc; i++){
      recomputeColumnsUsed(pParent, &pSrc->a[i+iFrom]);
    }
  }

  /* Finially, delete what is left of the subquery and return
  ** success.
  */
  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSub1);
︙︙
132068
132069
132070
132071
132072
132073
132074
132075
132076
132077
132078
132079
132080
132081
132082
132083
132084

  Expr *pValue,        /* The VALUE part of the constraint */
  Expr *pExpr          /* Overall expression: COLUMN=VALUE or VALUE=COLUMN */
){
  int i;
  assert( pColumn->op==TK_COLUMN );
  assert( sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pValue) );

  if( !ExprHasProperty(pValue, EP_FixedCol) && sqlite3ExprAffinity(pValue)!=0 ){
    return;
  }
  if( !sqlite3IsBinary(sqlite3ExprCompareCollSeq(pConst->pParse,pExpr)) ){
    return;
  }

  /* 2018-10-25 ticket [cf5ed20f]
  ** Make sure the same pColumn is not inserted more than once */
  for(i=0; i<pConst->nConst; i++){








|
|
<








132983
132984
132985
132986
132987
132988
132989
132990
132991

132992
132993
132994
132995
132996
132997
132998

  Expr *pValue,        /* The VALUE part of the constraint */
  Expr *pExpr          /* Overall expression: COLUMN=VALUE or VALUE=COLUMN */
){
  int i;
  assert( pColumn->op==TK_COLUMN );
  assert( sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pValue) );

  if( ExprHasProperty(pColumn, EP_FixedCol) ) return;
  if( sqlite3ExprAffinity(pValue)!=0 ) return;

  if( !sqlite3IsBinary(sqlite3ExprCompareCollSeq(pConst->pParse,pExpr)) ){
    return;
  }

  /* 2018-10-25 ticket [cf5ed20f]
  ** Make sure the same pColumn is not inserted more than once */
  for(i=0; i<pConst->nConst; i++){
︙︙
132093
132094
132095
132096
132097
132098
132099
132100
132101
132102
132103
132104
132105
132106
132107
132108
132109


  pConst->nConst++;
  pConst->apExpr = sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(pConst->pParse->db, pConst->apExpr,
                         pConst->nConst*2*sizeof(Expr*));
  if( pConst->apExpr==0 ){
    pConst->nConst = 0;
  }else{
    if( ExprHasProperty(pValue, EP_FixedCol) ){
      pValue = pValue->pLeft;
    }
    pConst->apExpr[pConst->nConst*2-2] = pColumn;
    pConst->apExpr[pConst->nConst*2-1] = pValue;
  }
}

/*
** Find all terms of COLUMN=VALUE or VALUE=COLUMN in pExpr where VALUE








<
<
<








133007
133008
133009
133010
133011
133012
133013



133014
133015
133016
133017
133018
133019
133020


  pConst->nConst++;
  pConst->apExpr = sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(pConst->pParse->db, pConst->apExpr,
                         pConst->nConst*2*sizeof(Expr*));
  if( pConst->apExpr==0 ){
    pConst->nConst = 0;
  }else{



    pConst->apExpr[pConst->nConst*2-2] = pColumn;
    pConst->apExpr[pConst->nConst*2-1] = pValue;
  }
}

/*
** Find all terms of COLUMN=VALUE or VALUE=COLUMN in pExpr where VALUE
︙︙
132371
132372
132373
132374
132375
132376
132377
132378
132379
132380
132381
132382
132383
132384
132385
132386
132387
132388

132389

132390
132391
132392
132393
132394
132395
132396

** analysis.
*/
static u8 minMaxQuery(sqlite3 *db, Expr *pFunc, ExprList **ppMinMax){
  int eRet = WHERE_ORDERBY_NORMAL;      /* Return value */
  ExprList *pEList = pFunc->x.pList;    /* Arguments to agg function */
  const char *zFunc;                    /* Name of aggregate function pFunc */
  ExprList *pOrderBy;
  u8 sortFlags;

  assert( *ppMinMax==0 );
  assert( pFunc->op==TK_AGG_FUNCTION );
  assert( !IsWindowFunc(pFunc) );
  if( pEList==0 || pEList->nExpr!=1 || ExprHasProperty(pFunc, EP_WinFunc) ){
    return eRet;
  }
  zFunc = pFunc->u.zToken;
  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zFunc, "min")==0 ){
    eRet = WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN;

    sortFlags = KEYINFO_ORDER_BIGNULL;

  }else if( sqlite3StrICmp(zFunc, "max")==0 ){
    eRet = WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX;
    sortFlags = KEYINFO_ORDER_DESC;
  }else{
    return eRet;
  }
  *ppMinMax = pOrderBy = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, pEList, 0);








|










>
|
>








133282
133283
133284
133285
133286
133287
133288
133289
133290
133291
133292
133293
133294
133295
133296
133297
133298
133299
133300
133301
133302
133303
133304
133305
133306
133307
133308
133309

** analysis.
*/
static u8 minMaxQuery(sqlite3 *db, Expr *pFunc, ExprList **ppMinMax){
  int eRet = WHERE_ORDERBY_NORMAL;      /* Return value */
  ExprList *pEList = pFunc->x.pList;    /* Arguments to agg function */
  const char *zFunc;                    /* Name of aggregate function pFunc */
  ExprList *pOrderBy;
  u8 sortFlags = 0;

  assert( *ppMinMax==0 );
  assert( pFunc->op==TK_AGG_FUNCTION );
  assert( !IsWindowFunc(pFunc) );
  if( pEList==0 || pEList->nExpr!=1 || ExprHasProperty(pFunc, EP_WinFunc) ){
    return eRet;
  }
  zFunc = pFunc->u.zToken;
  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zFunc, "min")==0 ){
    eRet = WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN;
    if( sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(pEList->a[0].pExpr) ){
      sortFlags = KEYINFO_ORDER_BIGNULL;
    }
  }else if( sqlite3StrICmp(zFunc, "max")==0 ){
    eRet = WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX;
    sortFlags = KEYINFO_ORDER_DESC;
  }else{
    return eRet;
  }
  *ppMinMax = pOrderBy = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, pEList, 0);
︙︙
133050
133051
133052
133053
133054
133055
133056
133057
133058
133059
133060
133061
133062
133063
133064

              }
            }else{
              pExpr = pRight;
            }
            pNew = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pNew, pExpr);
            sqlite3TokenInit(&sColname, zColname);
            sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, pNew, &sColname, 0);
            if( pNew && (p->selFlags & SF_NestedFrom)!=0 ){
              struct ExprList_item *pX = &pNew->a[pNew->nExpr-1];
              sqlite3DbFree(db, pX->zEName);
              if( pSub ){
                pX->zEName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pSub->pEList->a[j].zEName);
                testcase( pX->zEName==0 );
              }else{
                pX->zEName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s.%s.%s",








|








133963
133964
133965
133966
133967
133968
133969
133970
133971
133972
133973
133974
133975
133976
133977

              }
            }else{
              pExpr = pRight;
            }
            pNew = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pNew, pExpr);
            sqlite3TokenInit(&sColname, zColname);
            sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, pNew, &sColname, 0);
            if( pNew && (p->selFlags & SF_NestedFrom)!=0 && !IN_RENAME_OBJECT ){
              struct ExprList_item *pX = &pNew->a[pNew->nExpr-1];
              sqlite3DbFree(db, pX->zEName);
              if( pSub ){
                pX->zEName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pSub->pEList->a[j].zEName);
                testcase( pX->zEName==0 );
              }else{
                pX->zEName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s.%s.%s",
︙︙
133396
133397
133398
133399
133400
133401
133402
133403
133404
133405
133406
133407
133408
133409
133410

  }
  for(i=0, pC=pAggInfo->aCol; i<pAggInfo->nAccumulator; i++, pC++){
    sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pC->pExpr, pC->iMem);
  }

  pAggInfo->directMode = 0;
  if( addrHitTest ){
    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrHitTest);
  }
}

/*
** Add a single OP_Explain instruction to the VDBE to explain a simple
** count(*) query ("SELECT count(*) FROM pTab").
*/








|








134309
134310
134311
134312
134313
134314
134315
134316
134317
134318
134319
134320
134321
134322
134323

  }
  for(i=0, pC=pAggInfo->aCol; i<pAggInfo->nAccumulator; i++, pC++){
    sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pC->pExpr, pC->iMem);
  }

  pAggInfo->directMode = 0;
  if( addrHitTest ){
    sqlite3VdbeJumpHereOrPopInst(v, addrHitTest);
  }
}

/*
** Add a single OP_Explain instruction to the VDBE to explain a simple
** count(*) query ("SELECT count(*) FROM pTab").
*/
︙︙
134524
134525
134526
134527
134528
134529
134530
134531
134532
134533
134534
134535
134536
134537
134538

      resetAccumulator(pParse, &sAggInfo);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, iUseFlag);
      VdbeComment((v, "indicate accumulator empty"));
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Return, regReset);
     
    } /* endif pGroupBy.  Begin aggregate queries without GROUP BY: */
    else {
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT
      Table *pTab;
      if( (pTab = isSimpleCount(p, &sAggInfo))!=0 ){
        /* If isSimpleCount() returns a pointer to a Table structure, then
        ** the SQL statement is of the form:
        **
        **   SELECT count(*) FROM <tbl>
        **








<








135437
135438
135439
135440
135441
135442
135443

135444
135445
135446
135447
135448
135449
135450

      resetAccumulator(pParse, &sAggInfo);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, iUseFlag);
      VdbeComment((v, "indicate accumulator empty"));
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Return, regReset);
     
    } /* endif pGroupBy.  Begin aggregate queries without GROUP BY: */
    else {

      Table *pTab;
      if( (pTab = isSimpleCount(p, &sAggInfo))!=0 ){
        /* If isSimpleCount() returns a pointer to a Table structure, then
        ** the SQL statement is of the form:
        **
        **   SELECT count(*) FROM <tbl>
        **
︙︙
134560
134561
134562
134563
134564
134565
134566

134567
134568
134569
134570
134571
134572
134573

134574
134575
134576
134577
134578
134579
134580
134581
134582
134583
134584
134585
134586
134587
134588
134589
134590
134591
134592
134593
134594
134595
134596
134597
134598

        **
        ** (2013-10-03) Do not count the entries in a partial index.
        **
        ** In practice the KeyInfo structure will not be used. It is only 
        ** passed to keep OP_OpenRead happy.
        */
        if( !HasRowid(pTab) ) pBest = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);

        for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
          if( pIdx->bUnordered==0
           && pIdx->szIdxRow<pTab->szTabRow
           && pIdx->pPartIdxWhere==0
           && (!pBest || pIdx->szIdxRow<pBest->szIdxRow)
          ){
            pBest = pIdx;

          }
        }
        if( pBest ){
          iRoot = pBest->tnum;
          pKeyInfo = sqlite3KeyInfoOfIndex(pParse, pBest);
        }

        /* Open a read-only cursor, execute the OP_Count, close the cursor. */
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_OpenRead, iCsr, iRoot, iDb, 1);
        if( pKeyInfo ){
          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char *)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
        }
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iCsr, sAggInfo.aFunc[0].iMem);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iCsr);
        explainSimpleCount(pParse, pTab, pBest);
      }else
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT */
      {
        int regAcc = 0;           /* "populate accumulators" flag */

        /* If there are accumulator registers but no min() or max() functions
        ** without FILTER clauses, allocate register regAcc. Register regAcc
        ** will contain 0 the first time the inner loop runs, and 1 thereafter.
        ** The code generated by updateAccumulator() uses this to ensure
        ** that the accumulator registers are (a) updated only once if








>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>















|
<
<








135472
135473
135474
135475
135476
135477
135478
135479
135480
135481
135482
135483
135484
135485
135486
135487
135488
135489
135490
135491
135492
135493
135494
135495
135496
135497
135498
135499
135500
135501
135502
135503


135504
135505
135506
135507
135508
135509
135510

        **
        ** (2013-10-03) Do not count the entries in a partial index.
        **
        ** In practice the KeyInfo structure will not be used. It is only 
        ** passed to keep OP_OpenRead happy.
        */
        if( !HasRowid(pTab) ) pBest = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
        if( !p->pSrc->a[0].fg.notIndexed ){
          for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
            if( pIdx->bUnordered==0
             && pIdx->szIdxRow<pTab->szTabRow
             && pIdx->pPartIdxWhere==0
             && (!pBest || pIdx->szIdxRow<pBest->szIdxRow)
            ){
              pBest = pIdx;
            }
          }
        }
        if( pBest ){
          iRoot = pBest->tnum;
          pKeyInfo = sqlite3KeyInfoOfIndex(pParse, pBest);
        }

        /* Open a read-only cursor, execute the OP_Count, close the cursor. */
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_OpenRead, iCsr, iRoot, iDb, 1);
        if( pKeyInfo ){
          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char *)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
        }
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iCsr, sAggInfo.aFunc[0].iMem);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iCsr);
        explainSimpleCount(pParse, pTab, pBest);
      }else{


        int regAcc = 0;           /* "populate accumulators" flag */

        /* If there are accumulator registers but no min() or max() functions
        ** without FILTER clauses, allocate register regAcc. Register regAcc
        ** will contain 0 the first time the inner loop runs, and 1 thereafter.
        ** The code generated by updateAccumulator() uses this to ensure
        ** that the accumulator registers are (a) updated only once if
︙︙
134747
134748
134749
134750
134751
134752
134753
134754
134755
134756
134757
134758
134759
134760
134761

    need = nCol*2;
  }else{
    need = nCol;
  }
  if( p->nData + need > p->nAlloc ){
    char **azNew;
    p->nAlloc = p->nAlloc*2 + need;
    azNew = sqlite3_realloc64( p->azResult, sizeof(char*)*p->nAlloc );
    if( azNew==0 ) goto malloc_failed;
    p->azResult = azNew;
  }

  /* If this is the first row, then generate an extra row containing
  ** the names of all columns.
  */








|








135659
135660
135661
135662
135663
135664
135665
135666
135667
135668
135669
135670
135671
135672
135673

    need = nCol*2;
  }else{
    need = nCol;
  }
  if( p->nData + need > p->nAlloc ){
    char **azNew;
    p->nAlloc = p->nAlloc*2 + need;
    azNew = sqlite3Realloc( p->azResult, sizeof(char*)*p->nAlloc );
    if( azNew==0 ) goto malloc_failed;
    p->azResult = azNew;
  }

  /* If this is the first row, then generate an extra row containing
  ** the names of all columns.
  */
︙︙
134856
134857
134858
134859
134860
134861
134862
134863
134864
134865
134866
134867
134868
134869
134870

  sqlite3_free(res.zErrMsg);
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
    sqlite3_free_table(&res.azResult[1]);
    return rc;
  }
  if( res.nAlloc>res.nData ){
    char **azNew;
    azNew = sqlite3_realloc64( res.azResult, sizeof(char*)*res.nData );
    if( azNew==0 ){
      sqlite3_free_table(&res.azResult[1]);
      db->errCode = SQLITE_NOMEM;
      return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
    }
    res.azResult = azNew;
  }








|








135768
135769
135770
135771
135772
135773
135774
135775
135776
135777
135778
135779
135780
135781
135782

  sqlite3_free(res.zErrMsg);
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
    sqlite3_free_table(&res.azResult[1]);
    return rc;
  }
  if( res.nAlloc>res.nData ){
    char **azNew;
    azNew = sqlite3Realloc( res.azResult, sizeof(char*)*res.nData );
    if( azNew==0 ){
      sqlite3_free_table(&res.azResult[1]);
      db->errCode = SQLITE_NOMEM;
      return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
    }
    res.azResult = azNew;
  }
︙︙
135472
135473
135474
135475
135476
135477
135478
135479
135480
135481
135482
135483
135484
135485
135486


  assert( pName->nSrc==1 );
  zDb = pName->a[0].zDatabase;
  zName = pName->a[0].zName;
  assert( zDb!=0 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
  for(i=OMIT_TEMPDB; i<db->nDb; i++){
    int j = (i<2) ? i^1 : i;  /* Search TEMP before MAIN */
    if( zDb && sqlite3StrICmp(db->aDb[j].zDbSName, zDb) ) continue;
    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, j, 0) );
    pTrigger = sqlite3HashFind(&(db->aDb[j].pSchema->trigHash), zName);
    if( pTrigger ) break;
  }
  if( !pTrigger ){
    if( !noErr ){
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such trigger: %S", pName, 0);








|








136384
136385
136386
136387
136388
136389
136390
136391
136392
136393
136394
136395
136396
136397
136398


  assert( pName->nSrc==1 );
  zDb = pName->a[0].zDatabase;
  zName = pName->a[0].zName;
  assert( zDb!=0 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
  for(i=OMIT_TEMPDB; i<db->nDb; i++){
    int j = (i<2) ? i^1 : i;  /* Search TEMP before MAIN */
    if( zDb && sqlite3DbIsNamed(db, j, zDb)==0 ) continue;
    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, j, 0) );
    pTrigger = sqlite3HashFind(&(db->aDb[j].pSchema->trigHash), zName);
    if( pTrigger ) break;
  }
  if( !pTrigger ){
    if( !noErr ){
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such trigger: %S", pName, 0);
︙︙
136146
136147
136148
136149
136150
136151
136152


136153
136154
136155
136156
136157
136158
136159
136160
136161
136162
136163
136164
136165
136166
136167
136168
136169
136170
136171
136172
136173
136174
136175
136176
136177
136178
136179
136180

** into the sqlite_master table.)
**
** Therefore, the P4 parameter is only required if the default value for
** the column is a literal number, string or null. The sqlite3ValueFromExpr()
** function is capable of transforming these types of expressions into
** sqlite3_value objects.
**


** If parameter iReg is not negative, code an OP_RealAffinity instruction
** on register iReg. This is used when an equivalent integer value is 
** stored in place of an 8-byte floating point value in order to save 
** space.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ColumnDefault(Vdbe *v, Table *pTab, int i, int iReg){
  assert( pTab!=0 );
  if( !pTab->pSelect ){
    sqlite3_value *pValue = 0;
    u8 enc = ENC(sqlite3VdbeDb(v));
    Column *pCol = &pTab->aCol[i];
    VdbeComment((v, "%s.%s", pTab->zName, pCol->zName));
    assert( i<pTab->nCol );
    sqlite3ValueFromExpr(sqlite3VdbeDb(v), pCol->pDflt, enc, 
                         pCol->affinity, &pValue);
    if( pValue ){
      sqlite3VdbeAppendP4(v, pValue, P4_MEM);
    }
  }
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
  if( pTab->aCol[i].affinity==SQLITE_AFF_REAL ){
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_RealAffinity, iReg);
  }
#endif
}

/*
** Check to see if column iCol of index pIdx references any of the








>
>
|
<
<
|
















|








137058
137059
137060
137061
137062
137063
137064
137065
137066
137067


137068
137069
137070
137071
137072
137073
137074
137075
137076
137077
137078
137079
137080
137081
137082
137083
137084
137085
137086
137087
137088
137089
137090
137091
137092

** into the sqlite_master table.)
**
** Therefore, the P4 parameter is only required if the default value for
** the column is a literal number, string or null. The sqlite3ValueFromExpr()
** function is capable of transforming these types of expressions into
** sqlite3_value objects.
**
** If column as REAL affinity and the table is an ordinary b-tree table
** (not a virtual table) then the value might have been stored as an
** integer.  In that case, add an OP_RealAffinity opcode to make sure


** it has been converted into REAL.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ColumnDefault(Vdbe *v, Table *pTab, int i, int iReg){
  assert( pTab!=0 );
  if( !pTab->pSelect ){
    sqlite3_value *pValue = 0;
    u8 enc = ENC(sqlite3VdbeDb(v));
    Column *pCol = &pTab->aCol[i];
    VdbeComment((v, "%s.%s", pTab->zName, pCol->zName));
    assert( i<pTab->nCol );
    sqlite3ValueFromExpr(sqlite3VdbeDb(v), pCol->pDflt, enc, 
                         pCol->affinity, &pValue);
    if( pValue ){
      sqlite3VdbeAppendP4(v, pValue, P4_MEM);
    }
  }
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
  if( pTab->aCol[i].affinity==SQLITE_AFF_REAL && !IsVirtual(pTab) ){
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_RealAffinity, iReg);
  }
#endif
}

/*
** Check to see if column iCol of index pIdx references any of the
︙︙
136709
136710
136711
136712
136713
136714
136715
136716


136717
136718
136719
136720
136721
136722
136723

      }
  
      if( eOnePass==ONEPASS_MULTI && (nIdx-(aiCurOnePass[1]>=0))>0 ){
        addrOnce = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Once); VdbeCoverage(v);
      }
      sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, OP_OpenWrite, 0, iBaseCur,
                                 aToOpen, 0, 0);
      if( addrOnce ) sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrOnce);


    }
  
    /* Top of the update loop */
    if( eOnePass!=ONEPASS_OFF ){
      if( !isView && aiCurOnePass[0]!=iDataCur && aiCurOnePass[1]!=iDataCur ){
        assert( pPk );
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, iDataCur, labelBreak, regKey,nKey);








|
>
>








137621
137622
137623
137624
137625
137626
137627
137628
137629
137630
137631
137632
137633
137634
137635
137636
137637

      }
  
      if( eOnePass==ONEPASS_MULTI && (nIdx-(aiCurOnePass[1]>=0))>0 ){
        addrOnce = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Once); VdbeCoverage(v);
      }
      sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, OP_OpenWrite, 0, iBaseCur,
                                 aToOpen, 0, 0);
      if( addrOnce ){
        sqlite3VdbeJumpHereOrPopInst(v, addrOnce);
      }
    }
  
    /* Top of the update loop */
    if( eOnePass!=ONEPASS_OFF ){
      if( !isView && aiCurOnePass[0]!=iDataCur && aiCurOnePass[1]!=iDataCur ){
        assert( pPk );
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, iDataCur, labelBreak, regKey,nKey);
︙︙
137662
137663
137664
137665
137666
137667
137668
137669
137670
137671
137672
137673
137674
137675
137676
137677
137678
137679
137680
137681
137682
137683
137684
137685
137686
137687

    if( id->pMethods!=0 && (sqlite3OsFileSize(id, &sz)!=SQLITE_OK || sz>0) ){
      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
      sqlite3SetString(pzErrMsg, db, "output file already exists");
      goto end_of_vacuum;
    }
    db->mDbFlags |= DBFLAG_VacuumInto;
  }
  nRes = sqlite3BtreeGetOptimalReserve(pMain);

  /* A VACUUM cannot change the pagesize of an encrypted database. */
#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
  if( db->nextPagesize ){
    extern void sqlite3CodecGetKey(sqlite3*, int, void**, int*);
    int nKey;
    char *zKey;
    sqlite3CodecGetKey(db, iDb, (void**)&zKey, &nKey);
    if( nKey ) db->nextPagesize = 0;
  }
#endif

  sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(pTemp, db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->cache_size);
  sqlite3BtreeSetSpillSize(pTemp, sqlite3BtreeSetSpillSize(pMain,0));
  sqlite3BtreeSetPagerFlags(pTemp, PAGER_SYNCHRONOUS_OFF|PAGER_CACHESPILL);

  /* Begin a transaction and take an exclusive lock on the main database
  ** file. This is done before the sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(pMain) call below,








|
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<








138576
138577
138578
138579
138580
138581
138582
138583











138584
138585
138586
138587
138588
138589
138590

    if( id->pMethods!=0 && (sqlite3OsFileSize(id, &sz)!=SQLITE_OK || sz>0) ){
      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
      sqlite3SetString(pzErrMsg, db, "output file already exists");
      goto end_of_vacuum;
    }
    db->mDbFlags |= DBFLAG_VacuumInto;
  }
  nRes = sqlite3BtreeGetRequestedReserve(pMain);












  sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(pTemp, db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->cache_size);
  sqlite3BtreeSetSpillSize(pTemp, sqlite3BtreeSetSpillSize(pMain,0));
  sqlite3BtreeSetPagerFlags(pTemp, PAGER_SYNCHRONOUS_OFF|PAGER_CACHESPILL);

  /* Begin a transaction and take an exclusive lock on the main database
  ** file. This is done before the sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(pMain) call below,
︙︙
137817
137818
137819
137820
137821
137822
137823
137824
137825
137826
137827
137828
137829
137830
137831

  /* Restore the original value of db->flags */
  db->init.iDb = 0;
  db->mDbFlags = saved_mDbFlags;
  db->flags = saved_flags;
  db->nChange = saved_nChange;
  db->nTotalChange = saved_nTotalChange;
  db->mTrace = saved_mTrace;
  sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(pMain, -1, -1, 1);

  /* Currently there is an SQL level transaction open on the vacuum
  ** database. No locks are held on any other files (since the main file
  ** was committed at the btree level). So it safe to end the transaction
  ** by manually setting the autoCommit flag to true and detaching the
  ** vacuum database. The vacuum_db journal file is deleted when the pager
  ** is closed by the DETACH.








|








138720
138721
138722
138723
138724
138725
138726
138727
138728
138729
138730
138731
138732
138733
138734

  /* Restore the original value of db->flags */
  db->init.iDb = 0;
  db->mDbFlags = saved_mDbFlags;
  db->flags = saved_flags;
  db->nChange = saved_nChange;
  db->nTotalChange = saved_nTotalChange;
  db->mTrace = saved_mTrace;
  sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(pMain, -1, 0, 1);

  /* Currently there is an SQL level transaction open on the vacuum
  ** database. No locks are held on any other files (since the main file
  ** was committed at the btree level). So it safe to end the transaction
  ** by manually setting the autoCommit flag to true and detaching the
  ** vacuum database. The vacuum_db journal file is deleted when the pager
  ** is closed by the DETACH.
︙︙
139024
139025
139026
139027
139028
139029
139030
139031
139032
139033
139034
139035
139036
139037
139038

  Table **apVtabLock;

  assert( IsVirtual(pTab) );
  for(i=0; i<pToplevel->nVtabLock; i++){
    if( pTab==pToplevel->apVtabLock[i] ) return;
  }
  n = (pToplevel->nVtabLock+1)*sizeof(pToplevel->apVtabLock[0]);
  apVtabLock = sqlite3_realloc64(pToplevel->apVtabLock, n);
  if( apVtabLock ){
    pToplevel->apVtabLock = apVtabLock;
    pToplevel->apVtabLock[pToplevel->nVtabLock++] = pTab;
  }else{
    sqlite3OomFault(pToplevel->db);
  }
}








|








139927
139928
139929
139930
139931
139932
139933
139934
139935
139936
139937
139938
139939
139940
139941

  Table **apVtabLock;

  assert( IsVirtual(pTab) );
  for(i=0; i<pToplevel->nVtabLock; i++){
    if( pTab==pToplevel->apVtabLock[i] ) return;
  }
  n = (pToplevel->nVtabLock+1)*sizeof(pToplevel->apVtabLock[0]);
  apVtabLock = sqlite3Realloc(pToplevel->apVtabLock, n);
  if( apVtabLock ){
    pToplevel->apVtabLock = apVtabLock;
    pToplevel->apVtabLock[pToplevel->nVtabLock++] = pTab;
  }else{
    sqlite3OomFault(pToplevel->db);
  }
}
︙︙
139481
139482
139483
139484
139485
139486
139487






139488
139489
139490
139491
139492
139493
139494

#  define TERM_VNULL    0x0000 /* Disabled if not using stat4 */
#endif
#define TERM_LIKEOPT    0x0100 /* Virtual terms from the LIKE optimization */
#define TERM_LIKECOND   0x0200 /* Conditionally this LIKE operator term */
#define TERM_LIKE       0x0400 /* The original LIKE operator */
#define TERM_IS         0x0800 /* Term.pExpr is an IS operator */
#define TERM_VARSELECT  0x1000 /* Term.pExpr contains a correlated sub-query */







/*
** An instance of the WhereScan object is used as an iterator for locating
** terms in the WHERE clause that are useful to the query planner.
*/
struct WhereScan {
  WhereClause *pOrigWC;      /* Original, innermost WhereClause */








>
>
>
>
>
>








140384
140385
140386
140387
140388
140389
140390
140391
140392
140393
140394
140395
140396
140397
140398
140399
140400
140401
140402
140403

#  define TERM_VNULL    0x0000 /* Disabled if not using stat4 */
#endif
#define TERM_LIKEOPT    0x0100 /* Virtual terms from the LIKE optimization */
#define TERM_LIKECOND   0x0200 /* Conditionally this LIKE operator term */
#define TERM_LIKE       0x0400 /* The original LIKE operator */
#define TERM_IS         0x0800 /* Term.pExpr is an IS operator */
#define TERM_VARSELECT  0x1000 /* Term.pExpr contains a correlated sub-query */
#define TERM_HEURTRUTH  0x2000 /* Heuristic truthProb used */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
#  define TERM_HIGHTRUTH  0x4000 /* Term excludes few rows */
#else
#  define TERM_HIGHTRUTH  0      /* Only used with STAT4 */
#endif

/*
** An instance of the WhereScan object is used as an iterator for locating
** terms in the WHERE clause that are useful to the query planner.
*/
struct WhereScan {
  WhereClause *pOrigWC;      /* Original, innermost WhereClause */
︙︙
139595
139596
139597
139598
139599
139600
139601
139602

139603
139604
139605
139606
139607
139608


139609
139610
139611
139612
139613
139614
139615

  ExprList *pOrderBy;       /* ORDER BY clause */
  WhereLoop *pNew;          /* Template WhereLoop */
  WhereOrSet *pOrSet;       /* Record best loops here, if not NULL */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  UnpackedRecord *pRec;     /* Probe for stat4 (if required) */
  int nRecValid;            /* Number of valid fields currently in pRec */
#endif
  unsigned int bldFlags;    /* SQLITE_BLDF_* flags */

  unsigned int iPlanLimit;  /* Search limiter */
};

/* Allowed values for WhereLoopBuider.bldFlags */
#define SQLITE_BLDF_INDEXED  0x0001   /* An index is used */
#define SQLITE_BLDF_UNIQUE   0x0002   /* All keys of a UNIQUE index used */



/* The WhereLoopBuilder.iPlanLimit is used to limit the number of
** index+constraint combinations the query planner will consider for a
** particular query.  If this parameter is unlimited, then certain
** pathological queries can spend excess time in the sqlite3WhereBegin()
** routine.  The limit is high enough that is should not impact real-world
** queries.








|
>




|
|
>
>








140504
140505
140506
140507
140508
140509
140510
140511
140512
140513
140514
140515
140516
140517
140518
140519
140520
140521
140522
140523
140524
140525
140526
140527

  ExprList *pOrderBy;       /* ORDER BY clause */
  WhereLoop *pNew;          /* Template WhereLoop */
  WhereOrSet *pOrSet;       /* Record best loops here, if not NULL */
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  UnpackedRecord *pRec;     /* Probe for stat4 (if required) */
  int nRecValid;            /* Number of valid fields currently in pRec */
#endif
  unsigned char bldFlags1;  /* First set of SQLITE_BLDF_* flags */
  unsigned char bldFlags2;  /* Second set of SQLITE_BLDF_* flags */
  unsigned int iPlanLimit;  /* Search limiter */
};

/* Allowed values for WhereLoopBuider.bldFlags */
#define SQLITE_BLDF1_INDEXED  0x0001   /* An index is used */
#define SQLITE_BLDF1_UNIQUE   0x0002   /* All keys of a UNIQUE index used */

#define SQLITE_BLDF2_2NDPASS  0x0004   /* Second builder pass needed */

/* The WhereLoopBuilder.iPlanLimit is used to limit the number of
** index+constraint combinations the query planner will consider for a
** particular query.  If this parameter is unlimited, then certain
** pathological queries can spend excess time in the sqlite3WhereBegin()
** routine.  The limit is high enough that is should not impact real-world
** queries.
︙︙
141215
141216
141217
141218
141219
141220
141221
141222


141223
141224
141225
141226
141227
141228
141229

        pCompare = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_EQ, 0, 0);
        assert( pCompare!=0 || db->mallocFailed );
        if( pCompare ){
          pCompare->pLeft = pTerm->pExpr->pLeft;
          pCompare->pRight = pRight = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_REGISTER, 0);
          if( pRight ){
            pRight->iTable = iReg+j+2;
            sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pCompare, pLevel->addrCont, 0);


          }
          pCompare->pLeft = 0;
          sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pCompare);
        }
      }
    }
    assert( iIn==0 || db->mallocFailed );








|
>
>








142127
142128
142129
142130
142131
142132
142133
142134
142135
142136
142137
142138
142139
142140
142141
142142
142143

        pCompare = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_EQ, 0, 0);
        assert( pCompare!=0 || db->mallocFailed );
        if( pCompare ){
          pCompare->pLeft = pTerm->pExpr->pLeft;
          pCompare->pRight = pRight = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_REGISTER, 0);
          if( pRight ){
            pRight->iTable = iReg+j+2;
            sqlite3ExprIfFalse(
                pParse, pCompare, pLevel->addrCont, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL
            );
          }
          pCompare->pLeft = 0;
          sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pCompare);
        }
      }
    }
    assert( iIn==0 || db->mallocFailed );
︙︙
141492
141493
141494
141495
141496
141497
141498



141499
141500
141501
141502
141503
141504
141505

    ){
      assert( bSeekPastNull==0 && nExtraReg==0 && nBtm==0 && nTop==0 );
      assert( pRangeEnd==0 && pRangeStart==0 );
      testcase( pLoop->nSkip>0 );
      nExtraReg = 1;
      bSeekPastNull = 1;
      pLevel->regBignull = regBignull = ++pParse->nMem;



      pLevel->addrBignull = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
    }

    /* If we are doing a reverse order scan on an ascending index, or
    ** a forward order scan on a descending index, interchange the 
    ** start and end terms (pRangeStart and pRangeEnd).
    */








>
>
>








142406
142407
142408
142409
142410
142411
142412
142413
142414
142415
142416
142417
142418
142419
142420
142421
142422

    ){
      assert( bSeekPastNull==0 && nExtraReg==0 && nBtm==0 && nTop==0 );
      assert( pRangeEnd==0 && pRangeStart==0 );
      testcase( pLoop->nSkip>0 );
      nExtraReg = 1;
      bSeekPastNull = 1;
      pLevel->regBignull = regBignull = ++pParse->nMem;
      if( pLevel->iLeftJoin ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regBignull);
      }
      pLevel->addrBignull = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
    }

    /* If we are doing a reverse order scan on an ascending index, or
    ** a forward order scan on a descending index, interchange the 
    ** start and end terms (pRangeStart and pRangeEnd).
    */
︙︙
142629
142630
142631
142632
142633
142634
142635
142636

142637
142638
142639
142640
142641
142642
142643

    ** virtual table on their second argument, which is the same as
    ** the left-hand side operand in their in-fix form.
    **
    **       vtab_column MATCH expression
    **       MATCH(expression,vtab_column)
    */
    pCol = pList->a[1].pExpr;
    if( pCol->op==TK_COLUMN && IsVirtual(pCol->y.pTab) ){

      for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aOp); i++){
        if( sqlite3StrICmp(pExpr->u.zToken, aOp[i].zOp)==0 ){
          *peOp2 = aOp[i].eOp2;
          *ppRight = pList->a[0].pExpr;
          *ppLeft = pCol;
          return 1;
        }








|
>








143546
143547
143548
143549
143550
143551
143552
143553
143554
143555
143556
143557
143558
143559
143560
143561

    ** virtual table on their second argument, which is the same as
    ** the left-hand side operand in their in-fix form.
    **
    **       vtab_column MATCH expression
    **       MATCH(expression,vtab_column)
    */
    pCol = pList->a[1].pExpr;
    testcase( pCol->op==TK_COLUMN && pCol->y.pTab==0 );
    if( ExprIsVtab(pCol) ){
      for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aOp); i++){
        if( sqlite3StrICmp(pExpr->u.zToken, aOp[i].zOp)==0 ){
          *peOp2 = aOp[i].eOp2;
          *ppRight = pList->a[0].pExpr;
          *ppLeft = pCol;
          return 1;
        }
︙︙
142651
142652
142653
142654
142655
142656
142657
142658

142659
142660
142661
142662
142663
142664
142665

    **      OVERLOADED(vtab_column,expression)
    **
    ** Historically, xFindFunction expected to see lower-case function
    ** names.  But for this use case, xFindFunction is expected to deal
    ** with function names in an arbitrary case.
    */
    pCol = pList->a[0].pExpr;
    if( pCol->op==TK_COLUMN && IsVirtual(pCol->y.pTab) ){

      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
      sqlite3_module *pMod;
      void (*xNotUsed)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**);
      void *pNotUsed;
      pVtab = sqlite3GetVTable(db, pCol->y.pTab)->pVtab;
      assert( pVtab!=0 );
      assert( pVtab->pModule!=0 );








|
>








143569
143570
143571
143572
143573
143574
143575
143576
143577
143578
143579
143580
143581
143582
143583
143584

    **      OVERLOADED(vtab_column,expression)
    **
    ** Historically, xFindFunction expected to see lower-case function
    ** names.  But for this use case, xFindFunction is expected to deal
    ** with function names in an arbitrary case.
    */
    pCol = pList->a[0].pExpr;
    testcase( pCol->op==TK_COLUMN && pCol->y.pTab==0 );
    if( ExprIsVtab(pCol) ){
      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
      sqlite3_module *pMod;
      void (*xNotUsed)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**);
      void *pNotUsed;
      pVtab = sqlite3GetVTable(db, pCol->y.pTab)->pVtab;
      assert( pVtab!=0 );
      assert( pVtab->pModule!=0 );
︙︙
142674
142675
142676
142677
142678
142679
142680
142681

142682
142683
142684

142685
142686
142687
142688
142689
142690
142691

        }
      }
    }
  }else if( pExpr->op==TK_NE || pExpr->op==TK_ISNOT || pExpr->op==TK_NOTNULL ){
    int res = 0;
    Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
    Expr *pRight = pExpr->pRight;
    if( pLeft->op==TK_COLUMN && IsVirtual(pLeft->y.pTab) ){

      res++;
    }
    if( pRight && pRight->op==TK_COLUMN && IsVirtual(pRight->y.pTab) ){

      res++;
      SWAP(Expr*, pLeft, pRight);
    }
    *ppLeft = pLeft;
    *ppRight = pRight;
    if( pExpr->op==TK_NE ) *peOp2 = SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_NE;
    if( pExpr->op==TK_ISNOT ) *peOp2 = SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_ISNOT;








|
>


|
>








143593
143594
143595
143596
143597
143598
143599
143600
143601
143602
143603
143604
143605
143606
143607
143608
143609
143610
143611
143612

        }
      }
    }
  }else if( pExpr->op==TK_NE || pExpr->op==TK_ISNOT || pExpr->op==TK_NOTNULL ){
    int res = 0;
    Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
    Expr *pRight = pExpr->pRight;
    testcase( pLeft->op==TK_COLUMN && pLeft->y.pTab==0 );
    if( ExprIsVtab(pLeft) ){
      res++;
    }
    testcase( pRight && pRight->op==TK_COLUMN && pRight->y.pTab==0 );
    if( pRight && ExprIsVtab(pRight) ){
      res++;
      SWAP(Expr*, pLeft, pRight);
    }
    *ppLeft = pLeft;
    *ppRight = pRight;
    if( pExpr->op==TK_NE ) *peOp2 = SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_NE;
    if( pExpr->op==TK_ISNOT ) *peOp2 = SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_ISNOT;
︙︙
146161
146162
146163
146164
146165
146166
146167
146168


146169
146170
146171
146172
146173
146174
146175
146176
146177



146178
146179
146180
146181
146182
146183
146184

        /* If a truth probability is specified using the likelihood() hints,
        ** then use the probability provided by the application. */
        pLoop->nOut += pTerm->truthProb;
      }else{
        /* In the absence of explicit truth probabilities, use heuristics to
        ** guess a reasonable truth probability. */
        pLoop->nOut--;
        if( pTerm->eOperator&(WO_EQ|WO_IS) ){


          Expr *pRight = pTerm->pExpr->pRight;
          int k = 0;
          testcase( pTerm->pExpr->op==TK_IS );
          if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pRight, &k) && k>=(-1) && k<=1 ){
            k = 10;
          }else{
            k = 20;
          }
          if( iReduce<k ) iReduce = k;



        }
      }
    }
  }
  if( pLoop->nOut > nRow-iReduce )  pLoop->nOut = nRow - iReduce;
}









|
>
>








|
>
>
>








147082
147083
147084
147085
147086
147087
147088
147089
147090
147091
147092
147093
147094
147095
147096
147097
147098
147099
147100
147101
147102
147103
147104
147105
147106
147107
147108
147109
147110

        /* If a truth probability is specified using the likelihood() hints,
        ** then use the probability provided by the application. */
        pLoop->nOut += pTerm->truthProb;
      }else{
        /* In the absence of explicit truth probabilities, use heuristics to
        ** guess a reasonable truth probability. */
        pLoop->nOut--;
        if( (pTerm->eOperator&(WO_EQ|WO_IS))!=0
         && (pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_HIGHTRUTH)==0  /* tag-20200224-1 */
        ){
          Expr *pRight = pTerm->pExpr->pRight;
          int k = 0;
          testcase( pTerm->pExpr->op==TK_IS );
          if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pRight, &k) && k>=(-1) && k<=1 ){
            k = 10;
          }else{
            k = 20;
          }
          if( iReduce<k ){
            pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_HEURTRUTH;
            iReduce = k;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  if( pLoop->nOut > nRow-iReduce )  pLoop->nOut = nRow - iReduce;
}
︙︙
146352
146353
146354
146355
146356
146357
146358
146359
146360
146361
146362
146363
146364
146365
146366
146367
146368

    if( (pSrc->fg.jointype & JT_LEFT)!=0
     && !ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_FromJoin)
    ){
      continue;
    }

    if( IsUniqueIndex(pProbe) && saved_nEq==pProbe->nKeyCol-1 ){
      pBuilder->bldFlags |= SQLITE_BLDF_UNIQUE;
    }else{
      pBuilder->bldFlags |= SQLITE_BLDF_INDEXED;
    }
    pNew->wsFlags = saved_wsFlags;
    pNew->u.btree.nEq = saved_nEq;
    pNew->u.btree.nBtm = saved_nBtm;
    pNew->u.btree.nTop = saved_nTop;
    pNew->nLTerm = saved_nLTerm;
    if( whereLoopResize(db, pNew, pNew->nLTerm+1) ) break; /* OOM */








|

|








147278
147279
147280
147281
147282
147283
147284
147285
147286
147287
147288
147289
147290
147291
147292
147293
147294

    if( (pSrc->fg.jointype & JT_LEFT)!=0
     && !ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_FromJoin)
    ){
      continue;
    }

    if( IsUniqueIndex(pProbe) && saved_nEq==pProbe->nKeyCol-1 ){
      pBuilder->bldFlags1 |= SQLITE_BLDF1_UNIQUE;
    }else{
      pBuilder->bldFlags1 |= SQLITE_BLDF1_INDEXED;
    }
    pNew->wsFlags = saved_wsFlags;
    pNew->u.btree.nEq = saved_nEq;
    pNew->u.btree.nBtm = saved_nBtm;
    pNew->u.btree.nTop = saved_nTop;
    pNew->nLTerm = saved_nLTerm;
    if( whereLoopResize(db, pNew, pNew->nLTerm+1) ) break; /* OOM */
︙︙
146519
146520
146521
146522
146523
146524
146525





















146526
146527
146528
146529
146530
146531
146532

          }else{
            rc = whereInScanEst(pParse, pBuilder, pExpr->x.pList, &nOut);
          }
          if( rc==SQLITE_NOTFOUND ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;          /* Jump out of the pTerm loop */
          if( nOut ){
            pNew->nOut = sqlite3LogEst(nOut);





















            if( pNew->nOut>saved_nOut ) pNew->nOut = saved_nOut;
            pNew->nOut -= nIn;
          }
        }
        if( nOut==0 )
#endif
        {








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








147445
147446
147447
147448
147449
147450
147451
147452
147453
147454
147455
147456
147457
147458
147459
147460
147461
147462
147463
147464
147465
147466
147467
147468
147469
147470
147471
147472
147473
147474
147475
147476
147477
147478
147479

          }else{
            rc = whereInScanEst(pParse, pBuilder, pExpr->x.pList, &nOut);
          }
          if( rc==SQLITE_NOTFOUND ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;          /* Jump out of the pTerm loop */
          if( nOut ){
            pNew->nOut = sqlite3LogEst(nOut);
            if( nEq==1
             /* TUNING: Mark terms as "low selectivity" if they seem likely
             ** to be true for half or more of the rows in the table.
             ** See tag-202002240-1 */
             && pNew->nOut+10 > pProbe->aiRowLogEst[0]
            ){
#if WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x01 */
              if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x01 ){
                sqlite3DebugPrintf(
                   "STAT4 determines term has low selectivity:\n");
                sqlite3WhereTermPrint(pTerm, 999);
              }
#endif
              pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_HIGHTRUTH;
              if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_HEURTRUTH ){
                /* If the term has previously been used with an assumption of
                ** higher selectivity, then set the flag to rerun the
                ** loop computations. */
                pBuilder->bldFlags2 |= SQLITE_BLDF2_2NDPASS;
              }
            }
            if( pNew->nOut>saved_nOut ) pNew->nOut = saved_nOut;
            pNew->nOut -= nIn;
          }
        }
        if( nOut==0 )
#endif
        {
︙︙
146595
146596
146597
146598
146599
146600
146601

146602
146603
146604
146605
146606
146607
146608

  ** On the other hand, the extra seeks could end up being significantly
  ** more expensive.  */
  assert( 42==sqlite3LogEst(18) );
  if( saved_nEq==saved_nSkip
   && saved_nEq+1<pProbe->nKeyCol
   && saved_nEq==pNew->nLTerm
   && pProbe->noSkipScan==0

   && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_SkipScan)
   && pProbe->aiRowLogEst[saved_nEq+1]>=42  /* TUNING: Minimum for skip-scan */
   && (rc = whereLoopResize(db, pNew, pNew->nLTerm+1))==SQLITE_OK
  ){
    LogEst nIter;
    pNew->u.btree.nEq++;
    pNew->nSkip++;








>








147542
147543
147544
147545
147546
147547
147548
147549
147550
147551
147552
147553
147554
147555
147556

  ** On the other hand, the extra seeks could end up being significantly
  ** more expensive.  */
  assert( 42==sqlite3LogEst(18) );
  if( saved_nEq==saved_nSkip
   && saved_nEq+1<pProbe->nKeyCol
   && saved_nEq==pNew->nLTerm
   && pProbe->noSkipScan==0
   && pProbe->hasStat1!=0
   && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_SkipScan)
   && pProbe->aiRowLogEst[saved_nEq+1]>=42  /* TUNING: Minimum for skip-scan */
   && (rc = whereLoopResize(db, pNew, pNew->nLTerm+1))==SQLITE_OK
  ){
    LogEst nIter;
    pNew->u.btree.nEq++;
    pNew->nSkip++;
︙︙
146942
146943
146944
146945
146946
146947
146948
146949
146950
146951
146952
146953
146954
146955
146956
146957
146958

        whereLoopOutputAdjust(pWC, pNew, rSize);
        rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
        pNew->nOut = rSize;
        if( rc ) break;
      }
    }

    pBuilder->bldFlags = 0;
    rc = whereLoopAddBtreeIndex(pBuilder, pSrc, pProbe, 0);
    if( pBuilder->bldFlags==SQLITE_BLDF_INDEXED ){
      /* If a non-unique index is used, or if a prefix of the key for
      ** unique index is used (making the index functionally non-unique)
      ** then the sqlite_stat1 data becomes important for scoring the
      ** plan */
      pTab->tabFlags |= TF_StatsUsed;
    }
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4








|

|








147890
147891
147892
147893
147894
147895
147896
147897
147898
147899
147900
147901
147902
147903
147904
147905
147906

        whereLoopOutputAdjust(pWC, pNew, rSize);
        rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
        pNew->nOut = rSize;
        if( rc ) break;
      }
    }

    pBuilder->bldFlags1 = 0;
    rc = whereLoopAddBtreeIndex(pBuilder, pSrc, pProbe, 0);
    if( pBuilder->bldFlags1==SQLITE_BLDF1_INDEXED ){
      /* If a non-unique index is used, or if a prefix of the key for
      ** unique index is used (making the index functionally non-unique)
      ** then the sqlite_stat1 data becomes important for scoring the
      ** plan */
      pTab->tabFlags |= TF_StatsUsed;
    }
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
︙︙
147615
147616
147617
147618
147619
147620
147621
147622
147623



147624
147625
147626
147627
147628
147629
147630

        ** optimization, and then only if they are actually used
        ** by the query plan */
        assert( wctrlFlags & WHERE_ORDERBY_LIMIT );
        for(j=0; j<pLoop->nLTerm && pTerm!=pLoop->aLTerm[j]; j++){}
        if( j>=pLoop->nLTerm ) continue;
      }
      if( (pTerm->eOperator&(WO_EQ|WO_IS))!=0 && pOBExpr->iColumn>=0 ){
        if( sqlite3ExprCollSeqMatch(pWInfo->pParse, 
                  pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr, pTerm->pExpr)==0 ){



          continue;
        }
        testcase( pTerm->pExpr->op==TK_IS );
      }
      obSat |= MASKBIT(i);
    }









|
|
>
>
>








148563
148564
148565
148566
148567
148568
148569
148570
148571
148572
148573
148574
148575
148576
148577
148578
148579
148580
148581

        ** optimization, and then only if they are actually used
        ** by the query plan */
        assert( wctrlFlags & WHERE_ORDERBY_LIMIT );
        for(j=0; j<pLoop->nLTerm && pTerm!=pLoop->aLTerm[j]; j++){}
        if( j>=pLoop->nLTerm ) continue;
      }
      if( (pTerm->eOperator&(WO_EQ|WO_IS))!=0 && pOBExpr->iColumn>=0 ){
        Parse *pParse = pWInfo->pParse;
        CollSeq *pColl1 = sqlite3ExprNNCollSeq(pParse, pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr);
        CollSeq *pColl2 = sqlite3ExprCompareCollSeq(pParse, pTerm->pExpr);
        assert( pColl1 );
        if( pColl2==0 || sqlite3StrICmp(pColl1->zName, pColl2->zName) ){
          continue;
        }
        testcase( pTerm->pExpr->op==TK_IS );
      }
      obSat |= MASKBIT(i);
    }
︙︙
148396
148397
148398
148399
148400
148401
148402






















148403
148404
148405
148406
148407
148408
148409

  w.eCode = 1;
  w.xExprCallback = exprNodeIsDeterministic;
  w.xSelectCallback = sqlite3SelectWalkFail;
  sqlite3WalkExpr(&w, p);
  return w.eCode;
}























/*
** Generate the beginning of the loop used for WHERE clause processing.
** The return value is a pointer to an opaque structure that contains
** information needed to terminate the loop.  Later, the calling routine
** should invoke sqlite3WhereEnd() with the return value of this function
** in order to complete the WHERE clause processing.
**








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








149347
149348
149349
149350
149351
149352
149353
149354
149355
149356
149357
149358
149359
149360
149361
149362
149363
149364
149365
149366
149367
149368
149369
149370
149371
149372
149373
149374
149375
149376
149377
149378
149379
149380
149381
149382

  w.eCode = 1;
  w.xExprCallback = exprNodeIsDeterministic;
  w.xSelectCallback = sqlite3SelectWalkFail;
  sqlite3WalkExpr(&w, p);
  return w.eCode;
}

  
#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED
/*
** Display all WhereLoops in pWInfo
*/
static void showAllWhereLoops(WhereInfo *pWInfo, WhereClause *pWC){
  if( sqlite3WhereTrace ){    /* Display all of the WhereLoop objects */
    WhereLoop *p;
    int i;
    static const char zLabel[] = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwyxz"
                                           "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWYXZ";
    for(p=pWInfo->pLoops, i=0; p; p=p->pNextLoop, i++){
      p->cId = zLabel[i%(sizeof(zLabel)-1)];
      sqlite3WhereLoopPrint(p, pWC);
    }
  }
}
# define WHERETRACE_ALL_LOOPS(W,C) showAllWhereLoops(W,C)
#else
# define WHERETRACE_ALL_LOOPS(W,C)
#endif

/*
** Generate the beginning of the loop used for WHERE clause processing.
** The return value is a pointer to an opaque structure that contains
** information needed to terminate the loop.  Later, the calling routine
** should invoke sqlite3WhereEnd() with the return value of this function
** in order to complete the WHERE clause processing.
**
︙︙
148697
148698
148699
148700
148701
148702
148703
148704








148705
148706



148707
148708
148709
148710
148711
148712
148713
148714


148715
148716

148717
148718
148719
148720
148721
148722
148723

    sqlite3WhereClausePrint(sWLB.pWC);
  }
#endif

  if( nTabList!=1 || whereShortCut(&sWLB)==0 ){
    rc = whereLoopAddAll(&sWLB);
    if( rc ) goto whereBeginError;
  








#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED
    if( sqlite3WhereTrace ){    /* Display all of the WhereLoop objects */



      WhereLoop *p;
      int i;
      static const char zLabel[] = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwyxz"
                                             "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWYXZ";
      for(p=pWInfo->pLoops, i=0; p; p=p->pNextLoop, i++){
        p->cId = zLabel[i%(sizeof(zLabel)-1)];
        sqlite3WhereLoopPrint(p, sWLB.pWC);
      }


    }
#endif

  
    wherePathSolver(pWInfo, 0);
    if( db->mallocFailed ) goto whereBeginError;
    if( pWInfo->pOrderBy ){
       wherePathSolver(pWInfo, pWInfo->nRowOut+1);
       if( db->mallocFailed ) goto whereBeginError;
    }








|
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
|
<
>
>
>
|
<
<
<
|
<
|

>
>


>








149670
149671
149672
149673
149674
149675
149676
149677
149678
149679
149680
149681
149682
149683
149684
149685
149686

149687
149688
149689
149690



149691

149692
149693
149694
149695
149696
149697
149698
149699
149700
149701
149702
149703
149704
149705

    sqlite3WhereClausePrint(sWLB.pWC);
  }
#endif

  if( nTabList!=1 || whereShortCut(&sWLB)==0 ){
    rc = whereLoopAddAll(&sWLB);
    if( rc ) goto whereBeginError;

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
    /* If one or more WhereTerm.truthProb values were used in estimating
    ** loop parameters, but then those truthProb values were subsequently
    ** changed based on STAT4 information while computing subsequent loops,
    ** then we need to rerun the whole loop building process so that all
    ** loops will be built using the revised truthProb values. */
    if( sWLB.bldFlags2 & SQLITE_BLDF2_2NDPASS ){
      WHERETRACE_ALL_LOOPS(pWInfo, sWLB.pWC);
      WHERETRACE(0xffff, 

           ("**** Redo all loop computations due to"
            " TERM_HIGHTRUTH changes ****\n"));
      while( pWInfo->pLoops ){
        WhereLoop *p = pWInfo->pLoops;



        pWInfo->pLoops = p->pNextLoop;

        whereLoopDelete(db, p);
      }
      rc = whereLoopAddAll(&sWLB);
      if( rc ) goto whereBeginError;
    }
#endif
    WHERETRACE_ALL_LOOPS(pWInfo, sWLB.pWC);
  
    wherePathSolver(pWInfo, 0);
    if( db->mallocFailed ) goto whereBeginError;
    if( pWInfo->pOrderBy ){
       wherePathSolver(pWInfo, pWInfo->nRowOut+1);
       if( db->mallocFailed ) goto whereBeginError;
    }
︙︙
148980
148981
148982
148983
148984
148985
148986
148987
148988
148989
148990
148991
148992
148993
148994

        sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIx);
        if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_CONSTRAINT)!=0
         && (pLoop->wsFlags & (WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_SKIPSCAN))==0
         && (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_BIGNULL_SORT)==0
         && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags&WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN)==0
         && pWInfo->eDistinct!=WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED
        ){
          sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_SEEKEQ); /* Hint to COMDB2 */
        }
        VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIx->zName));
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_USED_MASK
        {
          u64 colUsed = 0;
          int ii, jj;
          for(ii=0; ii<pIx->nColumn; ii++){








|








149962
149963
149964
149965
149966
149967
149968
149969
149970
149971
149972
149973
149974
149975
149976

        sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIx);
        if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_CONSTRAINT)!=0
         && (pLoop->wsFlags & (WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_SKIPSCAN))==0
         && (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_BIGNULL_SORT)==0
         && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags&WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN)==0
         && pWInfo->eDistinct!=WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED
        ){
          sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_SEEKEQ);
        }
        VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIx->zName));
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_USED_MASK
        {
          u64 colUsed = 0;
          int ii, jj;
          for(ii=0; ii<pIx->nColumn; ii++){
︙︙
149138
149139
149140
149141
149142
149143
149144
149145
149146
149147
149148
149149
149150
149151
149152
149153
149154
149155
149156
149157
149158
149159
149160
149161

149162
149163






149164
149165
149166
149167
149168
149169
149170

      int j;
      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pLevel->addrNxt);
      for(j=pLevel->u.in.nIn, pIn=&pLevel->u.in.aInLoop[j-1]; j>0; j--, pIn--){
        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pIn->addrInTop+1);
        if( pIn->eEndLoopOp!=OP_Noop ){
          if( pIn->nPrefix ){
            assert( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IN_EARLYOUT );
            if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0 ){
              sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_IfNoHope, pLevel->iIdxCur,
                  sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2+(pLevel->iLeftJoin!=0),
                  pIn->iBase, pIn->nPrefix);
              VdbeCoverage(v);
            }
            if( pLevel->iLeftJoin ){
              /* For LEFT JOIN queries, cursor pIn->iCur may not have been
              ** opened yet. This occurs for WHERE clauses such as
              ** "a = ? AND b IN (...)", where the index is on (a, b). If
              ** the RHS of the (a=?) is NULL, then the "b IN (...)" may
              ** never have been coded, but the body of the loop run to
              ** return the null-row. So, if the cursor is not open yet,
              ** jump over the OP_Next or OP_Prev instruction about to
              ** be coded.  */
              sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfNotOpen, pIn->iCur, 
                  sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 2

              );
              VdbeCoverage(v);






            }
          }
          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, pIn->eEndLoopOp, pIn->iCur, pIn->addrInTop);
          VdbeCoverage(v);
          VdbeCoverageIf(v, pIn->eEndLoopOp==OP_Prev);
          VdbeCoverageIf(v, pIn->eEndLoopOp==OP_Next);
        }








<
<
<
<
<
<










|
>


>
>
>
>
>
>








150120
150121
150122
150123
150124
150125
150126






150127
150128
150129
150130
150131
150132
150133
150134
150135
150136
150137
150138
150139
150140
150141
150142
150143
150144
150145
150146
150147
150148
150149
150150
150151
150152
150153

      int j;
      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pLevel->addrNxt);
      for(j=pLevel->u.in.nIn, pIn=&pLevel->u.in.aInLoop[j-1]; j>0; j--, pIn--){
        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pIn->addrInTop+1);
        if( pIn->eEndLoopOp!=OP_Noop ){
          if( pIn->nPrefix ){
            assert( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IN_EARLYOUT );






            if( pLevel->iLeftJoin ){
              /* For LEFT JOIN queries, cursor pIn->iCur may not have been
              ** opened yet. This occurs for WHERE clauses such as
              ** "a = ? AND b IN (...)", where the index is on (a, b). If
              ** the RHS of the (a=?) is NULL, then the "b IN (...)" may
              ** never have been coded, but the body of the loop run to
              ** return the null-row. So, if the cursor is not open yet,
              ** jump over the OP_Next or OP_Prev instruction about to
              ** be coded.  */
              sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfNotOpen, pIn->iCur, 
                  sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 2 + 
                     ((pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0)
              );
              VdbeCoverage(v);
            }
            if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0 ){
              sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_IfNoHope, pLevel->iIdxCur,
                  sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2,
                  pIn->iBase, pIn->nPrefix);
              VdbeCoverage(v);
            }
          }
          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, pIn->eEndLoopOp, pIn->iCur, pIn->addrInTop);
          VdbeCoverage(v);
          VdbeCoverageIf(v, pIn->eEndLoopOp==OP_Prev);
          VdbeCoverageIf(v, pIn->eEndLoopOp==OP_Next);
        }
︙︙
150236
150237
150238
150239
150240
150241
150242
150243
150244
150245
150246






150247
150248
150249

150250
150251
150252
150253
150254
150255
150256

  ExprList *pAppend,      /* List of values to append. Might be NULL */
  int bIntToNull
){
  if( pAppend ){
    int i;
    int nInit = pList ? pList->nExpr : 0;
    for(i=0; i<pAppend->nExpr; i++){
      int iDummy;
      Expr *pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(pParse->db, pAppend->a[i].pExpr, 0);
      assert( pDup==0 || !ExprHasProperty(pDup, EP_MemToken) );
      if( bIntToNull && pDup && sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pDup, &iDummy) ){






        pDup->op = TK_NULL;
        pDup->flags &= ~(EP_IntValue|EP_IsTrue|EP_IsFalse);
        pDup->u.zToken = 0;

      }
      pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pList, pDup);
      if( pList ) pList->a[nInit+i].sortFlags = pAppend->a[i].sortFlags;
    }
  }
  return pList;
}








<


|
>
>
>
>
>
>
|
|
|
>








151219
151220
151221
151222
151223
151224
151225

151226
151227
151228
151229
151230
151231
151232
151233
151234
151235
151236
151237
151238
151239
151240
151241
151242
151243
151244
151245

  ExprList *pAppend,      /* List of values to append. Might be NULL */
  int bIntToNull
){
  if( pAppend ){
    int i;
    int nInit = pList ? pList->nExpr : 0;
    for(i=0; i<pAppend->nExpr; i++){

      Expr *pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(pParse->db, pAppend->a[i].pExpr, 0);
      assert( pDup==0 || !ExprHasProperty(pDup, EP_MemToken) );
      if( bIntToNull && pDup ){
        int iDummy;
        Expr *pSub;
        for(pSub=pDup; ExprHasProperty(pSub, EP_Skip); pSub=pSub->pLeft){
          assert( pSub );
        }
        if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pSub, &iDummy) ){
          pSub->op = TK_NULL;
          pSub->flags &= ~(EP_IntValue|EP_IsTrue|EP_IsFalse);
          pSub->u.zToken = 0;
        }
      }
      pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pList, pDup);
      if( pList ) pList->a[nInit+i].sortFlags = pAppend->a[i].sortFlags;
    }
  }
  return pList;
}
︙︙
150274
150275
150276
150277
150278
150279
150280

150281
150282
150283
150284
150285
150286
150287

    Expr *pHaving = p->pHaving;
    ExprList *pSort = 0;

    ExprList *pSublist = 0;       /* Expression list for sub-query */
    Window *pMWin = p->pWin;      /* Master window object */
    Window *pWin;                 /* Window object iterator */
    Table *pTab;


    pTab = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Table));
    if( pTab==0 ){
      return sqlite3ErrorToParser(db, SQLITE_NOMEM);
    }

    p->pSrc = 0;








>








151263
151264
151265
151266
151267
151268
151269
151270
151271
151272
151273
151274
151275
151276
151277

    Expr *pHaving = p->pHaving;
    ExprList *pSort = 0;

    ExprList *pSublist = 0;       /* Expression list for sub-query */
    Window *pMWin = p->pWin;      /* Master window object */
    Window *pWin;                 /* Window object iterator */
    Table *pTab;
    u32 selFlags = p->selFlags;

    pTab = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Table));
    if( pTab==0 ){
      return sqlite3ErrorToParser(db, SQLITE_NOMEM);
    }

    p->pSrc = 0;
︙︙
150363
150364
150365
150366
150367
150368
150369

150370
150371
150372
150373
150374
150375
150376

    p->pSrc = sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse, 0, 0, 0);
    if( p->pSrc ){
      Table *pTab2;
      p->pSrc->a[0].pSelect = pSub;
      sqlite3SrcListAssignCursors(pParse, p->pSrc);
      pSub->selFlags |= SF_Expanded;
      pTab2 = sqlite3ResultSetOfSelect(pParse, pSub, SQLITE_AFF_NONE);

      if( pTab2==0 ){
        /* Might actually be some other kind of error, but in that case
        ** pParse->nErr will be set, so if SQLITE_NOMEM is set, we will get
        ** the correct error message regardless. */
        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
      }else{
        memcpy(pTab, pTab2, sizeof(Table));








>








151353
151354
151355
151356
151357
151358
151359
151360
151361
151362
151363
151364
151365
151366
151367

    p->pSrc = sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse, 0, 0, 0);
    if( p->pSrc ){
      Table *pTab2;
      p->pSrc->a[0].pSelect = pSub;
      sqlite3SrcListAssignCursors(pParse, p->pSrc);
      pSub->selFlags |= SF_Expanded;
      pTab2 = sqlite3ResultSetOfSelect(pParse, pSub, SQLITE_AFF_NONE);
      pSub->selFlags |= (selFlags & SF_Aggregate);
      if( pTab2==0 ){
        /* Might actually be some other kind of error, but in that case
        ** pParse->nErr will be set, so if SQLITE_NOMEM is set, we will get
        ** the correct error message regardless. */
        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
      }else{
        memcpy(pTab, pTab2, sizeof(Table));
︙︙
151251
151252
151253
151254
151255
151256
151257

151258
151259
151260
151261
151262
151263
151264

static int windowInitAccum(Parse *pParse, Window *pMWin){
  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
  int regArg;
  int nArg = 0;
  Window *pWin;
  for(pWin=pMWin; pWin; pWin=pWin->pNextWin){
    FuncDef *pFunc = pWin->pFunc;

    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, pWin->regAccum);
    nArg = MAX(nArg, windowArgCount(pWin));
    if( pMWin->regStartRowid==0 ){
      if( pFunc->zName==nth_valueName || pFunc->zName==first_valueName ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, pWin->regApp);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, pWin->regApp+1);
      }








>








152242
152243
152244
152245
152246
152247
152248
152249
152250
152251
152252
152253
152254
152255
152256

static int windowInitAccum(Parse *pParse, Window *pMWin){
  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
  int regArg;
  int nArg = 0;
  Window *pWin;
  for(pWin=pMWin; pWin; pWin=pWin->pNextWin){
    FuncDef *pFunc = pWin->pFunc;
    assert( pWin->regAccum );
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, pWin->regAccum);
    nArg = MAX(nArg, windowArgCount(pWin));
    if( pMWin->regStartRowid==0 ){
      if( pFunc->zName==nth_valueName || pFunc->zName==first_valueName ){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, pWin->regApp);
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, pWin->regApp+1);
      }
︙︙
151629
151630
151631
151632
151633
151634
151635




151636
151637
151638
151639
151640
151641
151642

      pNew->pPartition = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, p->pPartition, 0);
      pNew->pOrderBy = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, p->pOrderBy, 0);
      pNew->eFrmType = p->eFrmType;
      pNew->eEnd = p->eEnd;
      pNew->eStart = p->eStart;
      pNew->eExclude = p->eExclude;
      pNew->regResult = p->regResult;




      pNew->pStart = sqlite3ExprDup(db, p->pStart, 0);
      pNew->pEnd = sqlite3ExprDup(db, p->pEnd, 0);
      pNew->pOwner = pOwner;
      pNew->bImplicitFrame = p->bImplicitFrame;
    }
  }
  return pNew;








>
>
>
>








152621
152622
152623
152624
152625
152626
152627
152628
152629
152630
152631
152632
152633
152634
152635
152636
152637
152638

      pNew->pPartition = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, p->pPartition, 0);
      pNew->pOrderBy = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, p->pOrderBy, 0);
      pNew->eFrmType = p->eFrmType;
      pNew->eEnd = p->eEnd;
      pNew->eStart = p->eStart;
      pNew->eExclude = p->eExclude;
      pNew->regResult = p->regResult;
      pNew->regAccum = p->regAccum;
      pNew->iArgCol = p->iArgCol;
      pNew->iEphCsr = p->iEphCsr;
      pNew->bExprArgs = p->bExprArgs;
      pNew->pStart = sqlite3ExprDup(db, p->pStart, 0);
      pNew->pEnd = sqlite3ExprDup(db, p->pEnd, 0);
      pNew->pOwner = pOwner;
      pNew->bImplicitFrame = p->bImplicitFrame;
    }
  }
  return pNew;
︙︙
152466
152467
152468
152469
152470
152471
152472

152473
152474
152475
152476
152477
152478
152479

  static Expr *tokenExpr(Parse *pParse, int op, Token t){
    Expr *p = sqlite3DbMallocRawNN(pParse->db, sizeof(Expr)+t.n+1);
    if( p ){
      /* memset(p, 0, sizeof(Expr)); */
      p->op = (u8)op;
      p->affExpr = 0;
      p->flags = EP_Leaf;

      p->iAgg = -1;
      p->pLeft = p->pRight = 0;
      p->x.pList = 0;
      p->pAggInfo = 0;
      p->y.pTab = 0;
      p->op2 = 0;
      p->iTable = 0;








>








153462
153463
153464
153465
153466
153467
153468
153469
153470
153471
153472
153473
153474
153475
153476

  static Expr *tokenExpr(Parse *pParse, int op, Token t){
    Expr *p = sqlite3DbMallocRawNN(pParse->db, sizeof(Expr)+t.n+1);
    if( p ){
      /* memset(p, 0, sizeof(Expr)); */
      p->op = (u8)op;
      p->affExpr = 0;
      p->flags = EP_Leaf;
      ExprClearVVAProperties(p);
      p->iAgg = -1;
      p->pLeft = p->pRight = 0;
      p->x.pList = 0;
      p->pAggInfo = 0;
      p->y.pTab = 0;
      p->op2 = 0;
      p->iTable = 0;
︙︙
156534
156535
156536
156537
156538
156539
156540







156541
156542
156543
156544
156545
156546
156547

      **      expr1 NOT IN ()
      **
      ** simplify to constants 0 (false) and 1 (true), respectively,
      ** regardless of the value of expr1.
      */
      sqlite3ExprUnmapAndDelete(pParse, yymsp[-4].minor.yy202);
      yymsp[-4].minor.yy202 = sqlite3Expr(pParse->db, TK_INTEGER, yymsp[-3].minor.yy192 ? "1" : "0");







    }else{
      yymsp[-4].minor.yy202 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, yymsp[-4].minor.yy202, 0);
      if( yymsp[-4].minor.yy202 ){
        yymsp[-4].minor.yy202->x.pList = yymsp[-1].minor.yy242;
        sqlite3ExprSetHeightAndFlags(pParse, yymsp[-4].minor.yy202);
      }else{
        sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy242);








>
>
>
>
>
>
>








157531
157532
157533
157534
157535
157536
157537
157538
157539
157540
157541
157542
157543
157544
157545
157546
157547
157548
157549
157550
157551

      **      expr1 NOT IN ()
      **
      ** simplify to constants 0 (false) and 1 (true), respectively,
      ** regardless of the value of expr1.
      */
      sqlite3ExprUnmapAndDelete(pParse, yymsp[-4].minor.yy202);
      yymsp[-4].minor.yy202 = sqlite3Expr(pParse->db, TK_INTEGER, yymsp[-3].minor.yy192 ? "1" : "0");
    }else if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy242->nExpr==1 && sqlite3ExprIsConstant(yymsp[-1].minor.yy242->a[0].pExpr) ){
      Expr *pRHS = yymsp[-1].minor.yy242->a[0].pExpr;
      yymsp[-1].minor.yy242->a[0].pExpr = 0;
      sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy242);
      pRHS = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_UPLUS, pRHS, 0);
      yymsp[-4].minor.yy202 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_EQ, yymsp[-4].minor.yy202, pRHS);
      if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy192 ) yymsp[-4].minor.yy202 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yymsp[-4].minor.yy202, 0);
    }else{
      yymsp[-4].minor.yy202 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, yymsp[-4].minor.yy202, 0);
      if( yymsp[-4].minor.yy202 ){
        yymsp[-4].minor.yy202->x.pList = yymsp[-1].minor.yy242;
        sqlite3ExprSetHeightAndFlags(pParse, yymsp[-4].minor.yy202);
      }else{
        sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy242);
︙︙
157805
157806
157807
157808
157809
157810
157811
157812
157813
157814



157815
157816
157817



157818
157819
157820
157821
157822
157823
157824

static int keywordCode(const char *z, int n, int *pType){
  int i, j;
  const char *zKW;
  if( n>=2 ){
    i = ((charMap(z[0])*4) ^ (charMap(z[n-1])*3) ^ n) % 127;
    for(i=((int)aKWHash[i])-1; i>=0; i=((int)aKWNext[i])-1){
      if( aKWLen[i]!=n ) continue;
      j = 0;
      zKW = &zKWText[aKWOffset[i]];
#ifdef SQLITE_ASCII



      while( j<n && (z[j]&~0x20)==zKW[j] ){ j++; }
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_EBCDIC



      while( j<n && toupper(z[j])==zKW[j] ){ j++; }
#endif
      if( j<n ) continue;
      testcase( i==0 ); /* REINDEX */
      testcase( i==1 ); /* INDEXED */
      testcase( i==2 ); /* INDEX */
      testcase( i==3 ); /* DESC */








<


>
>
>



>
>
>








158809
158810
158811
158812
158813
158814
158815

158816
158817
158818
158819
158820
158821
158822
158823
158824
158825
158826
158827
158828
158829
158830
158831
158832
158833

static int keywordCode(const char *z, int n, int *pType){
  int i, j;
  const char *zKW;
  if( n>=2 ){
    i = ((charMap(z[0])*4) ^ (charMap(z[n-1])*3) ^ n) % 127;
    for(i=((int)aKWHash[i])-1; i>=0; i=((int)aKWNext[i])-1){
      if( aKWLen[i]!=n ) continue;

      zKW = &zKWText[aKWOffset[i]];
#ifdef SQLITE_ASCII
      if( (z[0]&~0x20)!=zKW[0] ) continue;
      if( (z[1]&~0x20)!=zKW[1] ) continue;
      j = 2;
      while( j<n && (z[j]&~0x20)==zKW[j] ){ j++; }
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_EBCDIC
      if( toupper(z[0])!=zKW[0] ) continue;
      if( toupper(z[1])!=zKW[1] ) continue;
      j = 2;
      while( j<n && toupper(z[j])==zKW[j] ){ j++; }
#endif
      if( j<n ) continue;
      testcase( i==0 ); /* REINDEX */
      testcase( i==1 ); /* INDEXED */
      testcase( i==2 ); /* INDEX */
      testcase( i==3 ); /* DESC */
︙︙
158408
158409
158410
158411
158412
158413
158414
158415
158416
158417
158418
158419
158420
158421
158422

  yyParser sEngine;    /* Space to hold the Lemon-generated Parser object */
#endif
  VVA_ONLY( u8 startedWithOom = db->mallocFailed );

  assert( zSql!=0 );
  mxSqlLen = db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH];
  if( db->nVdbeActive==0 ){
    db->u1.isInterrupted = 0;
  }
  pParse->rc = SQLITE_OK;
  pParse->zTail = zSql;
  assert( pzErrMsg!=0 );
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  if( db->flags & SQLITE_ParserTrace ){
    printf("parser: [[[%s]]]\n", zSql);








|








159417
159418
159419
159420
159421
159422
159423
159424
159425
159426
159427
159428
159429
159430
159431

  yyParser sEngine;    /* Space to hold the Lemon-generated Parser object */
#endif
  VVA_ONLY( u8 startedWithOom = db->mallocFailed );

  assert( zSql!=0 );
  mxSqlLen = db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH];
  if( db->nVdbeActive==0 ){
    AtomicStore(&db->u1.isInterrupted, 0);
  }
  pParse->rc = SQLITE_OK;
  pParse->zTail = zSql;
  assert( pzErrMsg!=0 );
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  if( db->flags & SQLITE_ParserTrace ){
    printf("parser: [[[%s]]]\n", zSql);
︙︙
158453
158454
158455
158456
158457
158458
158459
158460
158461
158462
158463
158464
158465
158466
158467

      assert( tokenType==TK_SPACE || tokenType==TK_OVER || tokenType==TK_FILTER
           || tokenType==TK_ILLEGAL || tokenType==TK_WINDOW 
      );
#else
    if( tokenType>=TK_SPACE ){
      assert( tokenType==TK_SPACE || tokenType==TK_ILLEGAL );
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC */
      if( db->u1.isInterrupted ){
        pParse->rc = SQLITE_INTERRUPT;
        break;
      }
      if( tokenType==TK_SPACE ){
        zSql += n;
        continue;
      }








|








159462
159463
159464
159465
159466
159467
159468
159469
159470
159471
159472
159473
159474
159475
159476

      assert( tokenType==TK_SPACE || tokenType==TK_OVER || tokenType==TK_FILTER
           || tokenType==TK_ILLEGAL || tokenType==TK_WINDOW 
      );
#else
    if( tokenType>=TK_SPACE ){
      assert( tokenType==TK_SPACE || tokenType==TK_ILLEGAL );
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC */
      if( AtomicLoad(&db->u1.isInterrupted) ){
        pParse->rc = SQLITE_INTERRUPT;
        break;
      }
      if( tokenType==TK_SPACE ){
        zSql += n;
        continue;
      }
︙︙
159120
159121
159122
159123
159124
159125
159126

























159127
159128
159129
159130
159131
159132















159133
159134
159135























159136
159137
159138
159139
159140
159141
159142

}  /* extern "C" */
#endif  /* __cplusplus */


/************** End of sqliteicu.h *******************************************/
/************** Continuing where we left off in main.c ***********************/
#endif

























#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_JSON1
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Json1Init(sqlite3*);
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STMTVTAB
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3StmtVtabInit(sqlite3*);
#endif















#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS5
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts5Init(sqlite3*);
#endif
























#ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
/* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-46656-45156 The sqlite3_version[] string constant
** contains the text of SQLITE_VERSION macro. 
*/
SQLITE_API const char sqlite3_version[] = SQLITE_VERSION;
#endif








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160129
160130
160131
160132
160133
160134
160135
160136
160137
160138
160139
160140
160141
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160199
160200
160201
160202
160203
160204
160205
160206
160207
160208
160209
160210
160211
160212
160213
160214

}  /* extern "C" */
#endif  /* __cplusplus */


/************** End of sqliteicu.h *******************************************/
/************** Continuing where we left off in main.c ***********************/
#endif

/*
** This is an extension initializer that is a no-op and always
** succeeds, except that it fails if the fault-simulation is set
** to 500.
*/
static int sqlite3TestExtInit(sqlite3 *db){
  (void)db;
  return sqlite3FaultSim(500);
}


/*
** Forward declarations of external module initializer functions
** for modules that need them.
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS1
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts1Init(sqlite3*);
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS2
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts2Init(sqlite3*);
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS5
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts5Init(sqlite3*);
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_JSON1
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Json1Init(sqlite3*);
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STMTVTAB
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3StmtVtabInit(sqlite3*);
#endif

/*
** An array of pointers to extension initializer functions for
** built-in extensions.
*/
static int (*const sqlite3BuiltinExtensions[])(sqlite3*) = {
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS1
  sqlite3Fts1Init,
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS2
  sqlite3Fts2Init,
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3
  sqlite3Fts3Init,
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS5
  sqlite3Fts5Init,
#endif
#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU_COLLATIONS)
  sqlite3IcuInit,
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE
  sqlite3RtreeInit,
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_DBPAGE_VTAB
  sqlite3DbpageRegister,
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_DBSTAT_VTAB
  sqlite3DbstatRegister,
#endif
  sqlite3TestExtInit,
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_JSON1
  sqlite3Json1Init,
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STMTVTAB
  sqlite3StmtVtabInit,
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_BYTECODE_VTAB
  sqlite3VdbeBytecodeVtabInit,
#endif
};

#ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
/* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-46656-45156 The sqlite3_version[] string constant
** contains the text of SQLITE_VERSION macro. 
*/
SQLITE_API const char sqlite3_version[] = SQLITE_VERSION;
#endif
︙︙
159256
159257
159258
159259
159260
159261
159262
159263



159264
159265
159266
159267
159268
159269
159270

  assert( SQLITE_PTRSIZE==sizeof(char*) );

  /* If SQLite is already completely initialized, then this call
  ** to sqlite3_initialize() should be a no-op.  But the initialization
  ** must be complete.  So isInit must not be set until the very end
  ** of this routine.
  */
  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.isInit ) return SQLITE_OK;




  /* Make sure the mutex subsystem is initialized.  If unable to 
  ** initialize the mutex subsystem, return early with the error.
  ** If the system is so sick that we are unable to allocate a mutex,
  ** there is not much SQLite is going to be able to do.
  **
  ** The mutex subsystem must take care of serializing its own








|
>
>
>








160328
160329
160330
160331
160332
160333
160334
160335
160336
160337
160338
160339
160340
160341
160342
160343
160344
160345

  assert( SQLITE_PTRSIZE==sizeof(char*) );

  /* If SQLite is already completely initialized, then this call
  ** to sqlite3_initialize() should be a no-op.  But the initialization
  ** must be complete.  So isInit must not be set until the very end
  ** of this routine.
  */
  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.isInit ){
    sqlite3MemoryBarrier();
    return SQLITE_OK;
  }

  /* Make sure the mutex subsystem is initialized.  If unable to 
  ** initialize the mutex subsystem, return early with the error.
  ** If the system is so sick that we are unable to allocate a mutex,
  ** there is not much SQLite is going to be able to do.
  **
  ** The mutex subsystem must take care of serializing its own
︙︙
159342
159343
159344
159345
159346
159347
159348

159349
159350
159351
159352
159353
159354
159355

    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      rc = sqlite3MemdbInit();
    }
#endif
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      sqlite3PCacheBufferSetup( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pPage, 
          sqlite3GlobalConfig.szPage, sqlite3GlobalConfig.nPage);

      sqlite3GlobalConfig.isInit = 1;
#ifdef SQLITE_EXTRA_INIT
      bRunExtraInit = 1;
#endif
    }
    sqlite3GlobalConfig.inProgress = 0;
  }








>








160417
160418
160419
160420
160421
160422
160423
160424
160425
160426
160427
160428
160429
160430
160431

    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      rc = sqlite3MemdbInit();
    }
#endif
    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
      sqlite3PCacheBufferSetup( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pPage, 
          sqlite3GlobalConfig.szPage, sqlite3GlobalConfig.nPage);
      sqlite3MemoryBarrier();
      sqlite3GlobalConfig.isInit = 1;
#ifdef SQLITE_EXTRA_INIT
      bRunExtraInit = 1;
#endif
    }
    sqlite3GlobalConfig.inProgress = 0;
  }
︙︙
160643
160644
160645
160646
160647
160648
160649
160650
160651
160652
160653
160654
160655
160656
160657
160658
160659
160660
160661
160662
160663
160664
160665
160666
160667
160668
160669
160670
160671
160672
160673
160674
160675
160676
160677
160678
160679
160680
160681
160682
160683
160684
160685
160686
160687
160688
160689
160690
160691
160692
160693
160694
160695
160696
160697
160698
160699
160700
160701
160702
160703
160704
160705
160706
160707
160708
160709
160710
160711
160712
160713
160714
160715
160716
160717
160718
160719
160720
160721
160722
160723
160724
160725
160726
160727
160728
160729
160730
160731
160732
160733
160734

** argument.
**
** Return non-zero to retry the lock.  Return zero to stop trying
** and cause SQLite to return SQLITE_BUSY.
*/
static int sqliteDefaultBusyCallback(
  void *ptr,               /* Database connection */
  int count,               /* Number of times table has been busy */
  sqlite3_file *pFile      /* The file on which the lock occurred */
){
#if SQLITE_OS_WIN || HAVE_USLEEP
  /* This case is for systems that have support for sleeping for fractions of
  ** a second.  Examples:  All windows systems, unix systems with usleep() */
  static const u8 delays[] =
     { 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 25,  25,  50,  50, 100 };
  static const u8 totals[] =
     { 0, 1, 3,  8, 18, 33, 53, 78, 103, 128, 178, 228 };
# define NDELAY ArraySize(delays)
  sqlite3 *db = (sqlite3 *)ptr;
  int tmout = db->busyTimeout;
  int delay, prior;

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SETLK_TIMEOUT
  if( sqlite3OsFileControl(pFile,SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT,&tmout)==SQLITE_OK ){
    if( count ){
      tmout = 0;
      sqlite3OsFileControl(pFile, SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT, &tmout);
      return 0;
    }else{
      return 1;
    }
  }
#else
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pFile);
#endif
  assert( count>=0 );
  if( count < NDELAY ){
    delay = delays[count];
    prior = totals[count];
  }else{
    delay = delays[NDELAY-1];
    prior = totals[NDELAY-1] + delay*(count-(NDELAY-1));
  }
  if( prior + delay > tmout ){
    delay = tmout - prior;
    if( delay<=0 ) return 0;
  }
  sqlite3OsSleep(db->pVfs, delay*1000);
  return 1;
#else
  /* This case for unix systems that lack usleep() support.  Sleeping
  ** must be done in increments of whole seconds */
  sqlite3 *db = (sqlite3 *)ptr;
  int tmout = ((sqlite3 *)ptr)->busyTimeout;
  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pFile);
  if( (count+1)*1000 > tmout ){
    return 0;
  }
  sqlite3OsSleep(db->pVfs, 1000000);
  return 1;
#endif
}

/*
** Invoke the given busy handler.
**
** This routine is called when an operation failed to acquire a
** lock on VFS file pFile.
**
** If this routine returns non-zero, the lock is retried.  If it
** returns 0, the operation aborts with an SQLITE_BUSY error.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3InvokeBusyHandler(BusyHandler *p, sqlite3_file *pFile){
  int rc;
  if( p->xBusyHandler==0 || p->nBusy<0 ) return 0;
  if( p->bExtraFileArg ){
    /* Add an extra parameter with the pFile pointer to the end of the
    ** callback argument list */
    int (*xTra)(void*,int,sqlite3_file*);
    xTra = (int(*)(void*,int,sqlite3_file*))p->xBusyHandler;
    rc = xTra(p->pBusyArg, p->nBusy, pFile);
  }else{
    /* Legacy style busy handler callback */
    rc = p->xBusyHandler(p->pBusyArg, p->nBusy);
  }
  if( rc==0 ){
    p->nBusy = -1;
  }else{
    p->nBusy++;
  }
  return rc; 
}








|
<













<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<



















<

















|


<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
|
<








161719
161720
161721
161722
161723
161724
161725
161726

161727
161728
161729
161730
161731
161732
161733
161734
161735
161736
161737
161738
161739













161740
161741
161742
161743
161744
161745
161746
161747
161748
161749
161750
161751
161752
161753
161754
161755
161756
161757
161758

161759
161760
161761
161762
161763
161764
161765
161766
161767
161768
161769
161770
161771
161772
161773
161774
161775
161776
161777
161778








161779

161780
161781
161782
161783
161784
161785
161786

** argument.
**
** Return non-zero to retry the lock.  Return zero to stop trying
** and cause SQLite to return SQLITE_BUSY.
*/
static int sqliteDefaultBusyCallback(
  void *ptr,               /* Database connection */
  int count                /* Number of times table has been busy */

){
#if SQLITE_OS_WIN || HAVE_USLEEP
  /* This case is for systems that have support for sleeping for fractions of
  ** a second.  Examples:  All windows systems, unix systems with usleep() */
  static const u8 delays[] =
     { 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 25,  25,  50,  50, 100 };
  static const u8 totals[] =
     { 0, 1, 3,  8, 18, 33, 53, 78, 103, 128, 178, 228 };
# define NDELAY ArraySize(delays)
  sqlite3 *db = (sqlite3 *)ptr;
  int tmout = db->busyTimeout;
  int delay, prior;














  assert( count>=0 );
  if( count < NDELAY ){
    delay = delays[count];
    prior = totals[count];
  }else{
    delay = delays[NDELAY-1];
    prior = totals[NDELAY-1] + delay*(count-(NDELAY-1));
  }
  if( prior + delay > tmout ){
    delay = tmout - prior;
    if( delay<=0 ) return 0;
  }
  sqlite3OsSleep(db->pVfs, delay*1000);
  return 1;
#else
  /* This case for unix systems that lack usleep() support.  Sleeping
  ** must be done in increments of whole seconds */
  sqlite3 *db = (sqlite3 *)ptr;
  int tmout = ((sqlite3 *)ptr)->busyTimeout;

  if( (count+1)*1000 > tmout ){
    return 0;
  }
  sqlite3OsSleep(db->pVfs, 1000000);
  return 1;
#endif
}

/*
** Invoke the given busy handler.
**
** This routine is called when an operation failed to acquire a
** lock on VFS file pFile.
**
** If this routine returns non-zero, the lock is retried.  If it
** returns 0, the operation aborts with an SQLITE_BUSY error.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3InvokeBusyHandler(BusyHandler *p){
  int rc;
  if( p->xBusyHandler==0 || p->nBusy<0 ) return 0;








  rc = p->xBusyHandler(p->pBusyArg, p->nBusy);

  if( rc==0 ){
    p->nBusy = -1;
  }else{
    p->nBusy++;
  }
  return rc; 
}
︙︙
160745
160746
160747
160748
160749
160750
160751
160752
160753
160754
160755
160756
160757
160758
160759

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_API_ARMOR
  if( !sqlite3SafetyCheckOk(db) ) return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
#endif
  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
  db->busyHandler.xBusyHandler = xBusy;
  db->busyHandler.pBusyArg = pArg;
  db->busyHandler.nBusy = 0;
  db->busyHandler.bExtraFileArg = 0;
  db->busyTimeout = 0;
  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
/*








<








161797
161798
161799
161800
161801
161802
161803

161804
161805
161806
161807
161808
161809
161810

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_API_ARMOR
  if( !sqlite3SafetyCheckOk(db) ) return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
#endif
  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
  db->busyHandler.xBusyHandler = xBusy;
  db->busyHandler.pBusyArg = pArg;
  db->busyHandler.nBusy = 0;

  db->busyTimeout = 0;
  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
/*
︙︙
160796
160797
160798
160799
160800
160801
160802
160803
160804
160805
160806
160807
160808
160809
160810
160811
160812
160813
160814
160815
160816
160817
160818
160819
160820
160821
160822
160823
160824
160825
160826
160827

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_API_ARMOR
  if( !sqlite3SafetyCheckOk(db) ) return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
#endif
  if( ms>0 ){
    sqlite3_busy_handler(db, (int(*)(void*,int))sqliteDefaultBusyCallback,
                             (void*)db);
    db->busyTimeout = ms;
    db->busyHandler.bExtraFileArg = 1;
  }else{
    sqlite3_busy_handler(db, 0, 0);
  }
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** Cause any pending operation to stop at its earliest opportunity.
*/
SQLITE_API void sqlite3_interrupt(sqlite3 *db){
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_API_ARMOR
  if( !sqlite3SafetyCheckOk(db) && (db==0 || db->magic!=SQLITE_MAGIC_ZOMBIE) ){
    (void)SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
    return;
  }
#endif
  db->u1.isInterrupted = 1;
}


/*
** This function is exactly the same as sqlite3_create_function(), except
** that it is designed to be called by internal code. The difference is
** that if a malloc() fails in sqlite3_create_function(), an error code








<
















|








161847
161848
161849
161850
161851
161852
161853

161854
161855
161856
161857
161858
161859
161860
161861
161862
161863
161864
161865
161866
161867
161868
161869
161870
161871
161872
161873
161874
161875
161876
161877

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_API_ARMOR
  if( !sqlite3SafetyCheckOk(db) ) return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
#endif
  if( ms>0 ){
    sqlite3_busy_handler(db, (int(*)(void*,int))sqliteDefaultBusyCallback,
                             (void*)db);
    db->busyTimeout = ms;

  }else{
    sqlite3_busy_handler(db, 0, 0);
  }
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** Cause any pending operation to stop at its earliest opportunity.
*/
SQLITE_API void sqlite3_interrupt(sqlite3 *db){
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_API_ARMOR
  if( !sqlite3SafetyCheckOk(db) && (db==0 || db->magic!=SQLITE_MAGIC_ZOMBIE) ){
    (void)SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
    return;
  }
#endif
  AtomicStore(&db->u1.isInterrupted, 1);
}


/*
** This function is exactly the same as sqlite3_create_function(), except
** that it is designed to be called by internal code. The difference is
** that if a malloc() fails in sqlite3_create_function(), an error code
︙︙
161435
161436
161437
161438
161439
161440
161441
161442
161443
161444
161445
161446
161447
161448
161449

    sqlite3Error(db, rc);
  }
  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);

  /* If there are no active statements, clear the interrupt flag at this
  ** point.  */
  if( db->nVdbeActive==0 ){
    db->u1.isInterrupted = 0;
  }

  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
  return rc;
#endif
}









|








162485
162486
162487
162488
162489
162490
162491
162492
162493
162494
162495
162496
162497
162498
162499

    sqlite3Error(db, rc);
  }
  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);

  /* If there are no active statements, clear the interrupt flag at this
  ** point.  */
  if( db->nVdbeActive==0 ){
    AtomicStore(&db->u1.isInterrupted, 0);
  }

  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
  return rc;
#endif
}
︙︙
161848
161849
161850
161851
161852
161853
161854
161855
161856
161857
161858
161859
161860
161861
161862

** "cache=xxx" or "mode=xxx" query parameters.
**
** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned. In this case *ppVfs is set to point to
** the VFS that should be used to open the database file. *pzFile is set to
** point to a buffer containing the name of the file to open.  The value
** stored in *pzFile is a database name acceptable to sqlite3_uri_parameter()
** and is in the same format as names created using sqlite3_create_filename().
** The caller must invoke sqlite3FreeFilename() (not sqlite3_free()!) on
** the value returned in *pzFile to avoid a memory leak.
**
** If an error occurs, then an SQLite error code is returned and *pzErrMsg
** may be set to point to a buffer containing an English language error 
** message. It is the responsibility of the caller to eventually release
** this buffer by calling sqlite3_free().
*/








|








162898
162899
162900
162901
162902
162903
162904
162905
162906
162907
162908
162909
162910
162911
162912

** "cache=xxx" or "mode=xxx" query parameters.
**
** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned. In this case *ppVfs is set to point to
** the VFS that should be used to open the database file. *pzFile is set to
** point to a buffer containing the name of the file to open.  The value
** stored in *pzFile is a database name acceptable to sqlite3_uri_parameter()
** and is in the same format as names created using sqlite3_create_filename().
** The caller must invoke sqlite3_free_filename() (not sqlite3_free()!) on
** the value returned in *pzFile to avoid a memory leak.
**
** If an error occurs, then an SQLite error code is returned and *pzErrMsg
** may be set to point to a buffer containing an English language error 
** message. It is the responsibility of the caller to eventually release
** this buffer by calling sqlite3_free().
*/
︙︙
162081
162082
162083
162084
162085
162086
162087
162088
162089
162090
162091
162092
162093
162094
162095

  *ppVfs = sqlite3_vfs_find(zVfs);
  if( *ppVfs==0 ){
    *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("no such vfs: %s", zVfs);
    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
  }
 parse_uri_out:
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
    sqlite3FreeFilename(zFile);
    zFile = 0;
  }
  *pFlags = flags;
  *pzFile = zFile;
  return rc;
}









|








163131
163132
163133
163134
163135
163136
163137
163138
163139
163140
163141
163142
163143
163144
163145

  *ppVfs = sqlite3_vfs_find(zVfs);
  if( *ppVfs==0 ){
    *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("no such vfs: %s", zVfs);
    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
  }
 parse_uri_out:
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
    sqlite3_free_filename(zFile);
    zFile = 0;
  }
  *pFlags = flags;
  *pzFile = zFile;
  return rc;
}
︙︙
162104
162105
162106
162107
162108
162109
162110
162111
162112
162113
162114
162115
162116
162117
162118
162119
162120
162121
162122
162123
162124
162125
162126
162127
162128
162129
162130
162131
162132
162133
162134
162135
162136
162137
162138
162139
162140
162141
162142
162143
162144
162145
162146
162147
162148
162149
162150
162151
162152
162153
162154
162155
162156
162157
162158
162159
162160
162161
162162
162163

162164
162165
162166
162167
162168
162169
162170

    zFilename += sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename) + 1;
    if( x==0 ) return zFilename;
    zFilename += sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename) + 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
/*
** Process URI filename query parameters relevant to the SQLite Encryption
** Extension.  Return true if any of the relevant query parameters are
** seen and return false if not.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CodecQueryParameters(
  sqlite3 *db,           /* Database connection */
  const char *zDb,       /* Which schema is being created/attached */
  const char *zUri       /* URI filename */
){
  const char *zKey;
  if( zUri==0 ){
    return 0;
  }else if( (zKey = uriParameter(zUri, "hexkey"))!=0 && zKey[0] ){
    u8 iByte;
    int i;
    char zDecoded[40];
    for(i=0, iByte=0; i<sizeof(zDecoded)*2 && sqlite3Isxdigit(zKey[i]); i++){
      iByte = (iByte<<4) + sqlite3HexToInt(zKey[i]);
      if( (i&1)!=0 ) zDecoded[i/2] = iByte;
    }
    sqlite3_key_v2(db, zDb, zDecoded, i/2);
    return 1;
  }else if( (zKey = uriParameter(zUri, "key"))!=0 ){
    sqlite3_key_v2(db, zDb, zKey, sqlite3Strlen30(zKey));
    return 1;
  }else if( (zKey = uriParameter(zUri, "textkey"))!=0 ){
    sqlite3_key_v2(db, zDb, zKey, -1);
    return 1;
  }else{
    return 0;
  }
}
#endif


/*
** This routine does the work of opening a database on behalf of
** sqlite3_open() and sqlite3_open16(). The database filename "zFilename"  
** is UTF-8 encoded.
*/
static int openDatabase(
  const char *zFilename, /* Database filename UTF-8 encoded */
  sqlite3 **ppDb,        /* OUT: Returned database handle */
  unsigned int flags,    /* Operational flags */
  const char *zVfs       /* Name of the VFS to use */
){
  sqlite3 *db;                    /* Store allocated handle here */
  int rc;                         /* Return code */
  int isThreadsafe;               /* True for threadsafe connections */
  char *zOpen = 0;                /* Filename argument to pass to BtreeOpen() */
  char *zErrMsg = 0;              /* Error message from sqlite3ParseUri() */


#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_API_ARMOR
  if( ppDb==0 ) return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
#endif
  *ppDb = 0;
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
  rc = sqlite3_initialize();








<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<


















>








163154
163155
163156
163157
163158
163159
163160



































163161
163162
163163
163164
163165
163166
163167
163168
163169
163170
163171
163172
163173
163174
163175
163176
163177
163178
163179
163180
163181
163182
163183
163184
163185
163186

    zFilename += sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename) + 1;
    if( x==0 ) return zFilename;
    zFilename += sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename) + 1;
  }
  return 0;
}






































/*
** This routine does the work of opening a database on behalf of
** sqlite3_open() and sqlite3_open16(). The database filename "zFilename"  
** is UTF-8 encoded.
*/
static int openDatabase(
  const char *zFilename, /* Database filename UTF-8 encoded */
  sqlite3 **ppDb,        /* OUT: Returned database handle */
  unsigned int flags,    /* Operational flags */
  const char *zVfs       /* Name of the VFS to use */
){
  sqlite3 *db;                    /* Store allocated handle here */
  int rc;                         /* Return code */
  int isThreadsafe;               /* True for threadsafe connections */
  char *zOpen = 0;                /* Filename argument to pass to BtreeOpen() */
  char *zErrMsg = 0;              /* Error message from sqlite3ParseUri() */
  int i;                          /* Loop counter */

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_API_ARMOR
  if( ppDb==0 ) return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
#endif
  *ppDb = 0;
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
  rc = sqlite3_initialize();
︙︙
162305
162306
162307
162308
162309
162310
162311



162312
162313
162314
162315
162316
162317
162318

#endif
#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_QPSG)
                 | SQLITE_EnableQPSG
#endif
#if defined(SQLITE_DEFAULT_DEFENSIVE)
                 | SQLITE_Defensive
#endif



      ;
  sqlite3HashInit(&db->aCollSeq);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
  sqlite3HashInit(&db->aModule);
#endif

  /* Add the default collation sequence BINARY. BINARY works for both UTF-8








>
>
>








163321
163322
163323
163324
163325
163326
163327
163328
163329
163330
163331
163332
163333
163334
163335
163336
163337

#endif
#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_QPSG)
                 | SQLITE_EnableQPSG
#endif
#if defined(SQLITE_DEFAULT_DEFENSIVE)
                 | SQLITE_Defensive
#endif
#if defined(SQLITE_DEFAULT_LEGACY_ALTER_TABLE)
                 | SQLITE_LegacyAlter
#endif
      ;
  sqlite3HashInit(&db->aCollSeq);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
  sqlite3HashInit(&db->aModule);
#endif

  /* Add the default collation sequence BINARY. BINARY works for both UTF-8
︙︙
162326
162327
162328
162329
162330
162331
162332
162333
162334
162335
162336
162337
162338
162339
162340
162341
162342
162343
162344

  createCollation(db, sqlite3StrBINARY, SQLITE_UTF16BE, 0, binCollFunc, 0);
  createCollation(db, sqlite3StrBINARY, SQLITE_UTF16LE, 0, binCollFunc, 0);
  createCollation(db, "NOCASE", SQLITE_UTF8, 0, nocaseCollatingFunc, 0);
  createCollation(db, "RTRIM", SQLITE_UTF8, 0, rtrimCollFunc, 0);
  if( db->mallocFailed ){
    goto opendb_out;
  }
  /* EVIDENCE-OF: R-08308-17224 The default collating function for all
  ** strings is BINARY. 
  */
  db->pDfltColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, SQLITE_UTF8, sqlite3StrBINARY, 0);
  assert( db->pDfltColl!=0 );

  /* Parse the filename/URI argument
  **
  ** Only allow sensible combinations of bits in the flags argument.  
  ** Throw an error if any non-sense combination is used.  If we
  ** do not block illegal combinations here, it could trigger
  ** assert() statements in deeper layers.  Sensible combinations








<
<
<
<
<








163345
163346
163347
163348
163349
163350
163351





163352
163353
163354
163355
163356
163357
163358

  createCollation(db, sqlite3StrBINARY, SQLITE_UTF16BE, 0, binCollFunc, 0);
  createCollation(db, sqlite3StrBINARY, SQLITE_UTF16LE, 0, binCollFunc, 0);
  createCollation(db, "NOCASE", SQLITE_UTF8, 0, nocaseCollatingFunc, 0);
  createCollation(db, "RTRIM", SQLITE_UTF8, 0, rtrimCollFunc, 0);
  if( db->mallocFailed ){
    goto opendb_out;
  }






  /* Parse the filename/URI argument
  **
  ** Only allow sensible combinations of bits in the flags argument.  
  ** Throw an error if any non-sense combination is used.  If we
  ** do not block illegal combinations here, it could trigger
  ** assert() statements in deeper layers.  Sensible combinations
︙︙
162352
162353
162354
162355
162356
162357
162358
162359
162360
162361
162362
162363
162364
162365
162366

  assert( SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY  == 0x01 );
  assert( SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE == 0x02 );
  assert( SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE    == 0x04 );
  testcase( (1<<(flags&7))==0x02 ); /* READONLY */
  testcase( (1<<(flags&7))==0x04 ); /* READWRITE */
  testcase( (1<<(flags&7))==0x40 ); /* READWRITE | CREATE */
  if( ((1<<(flags&7)) & 0x46)==0 ){
    rc = SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;  /* IMP: R-65497-44594 */
  }else{
    rc = sqlite3ParseUri(zVfs, zFilename, &flags, &db->pVfs, &zOpen, &zErrMsg);
  }
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
    if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ) sqlite3OomFault(db);
    sqlite3ErrorWithMsg(db, rc, zErrMsg ? "%s" : 0, zErrMsg);
    sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);








|








163366
163367
163368
163369
163370
163371
163372
163373
163374
163375
163376
163377
163378
163379
163380

  assert( SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY  == 0x01 );
  assert( SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE == 0x02 );
  assert( SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE    == 0x04 );
  testcase( (1<<(flags&7))==0x02 ); /* READONLY */
  testcase( (1<<(flags&7))==0x04 ); /* READWRITE */
  testcase( (1<<(flags&7))==0x40 ); /* READWRITE | CREATE */
  if( ((1<<(flags&7)) & 0x46)==0 ){
    rc = SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;  /* IMP: R-18321-05872 */
  }else{
    rc = sqlite3ParseUri(zVfs, zFilename, &flags, &db->pVfs, &zOpen, &zErrMsg);
  }
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
    if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ) sqlite3OomFault(db);
    sqlite3ErrorWithMsg(db, rc, zErrMsg ? "%s" : 0, zErrMsg);
    sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
︙︙
162375
162376
162377
162378
162379
162380
162381
162382


162383
162384
162385
162386
162387
162388
162389

      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
    }
    sqlite3Error(db, rc);
    goto opendb_out;
  }
  sqlite3BtreeEnter(db->aDb[0].pBt);
  db->aDb[0].pSchema = sqlite3SchemaGet(db, db->aDb[0].pBt);
  if( !db->mallocFailed ) ENC(db) = SCHEMA_ENC(db);


  sqlite3BtreeLeave(db->aDb[0].pBt);
  db->aDb[1].pSchema = sqlite3SchemaGet(db, 0);

  /* The default safety_level for the main database is FULL; for the temp
  ** database it is OFF. This matches the pager layer defaults.  
  */
  db->aDb[0].zDbSName = "main";








|
>
>








163389
163390
163391
163392
163393
163394
163395
163396
163397
163398
163399
163400
163401
163402
163403
163404
163405

      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
    }
    sqlite3Error(db, rc);
    goto opendb_out;
  }
  sqlite3BtreeEnter(db->aDb[0].pBt);
  db->aDb[0].pSchema = sqlite3SchemaGet(db, db->aDb[0].pBt);
  if( !db->mallocFailed ){
    sqlite3SetTextEncoding(db, SCHEMA_ENC(db));
  }
  sqlite3BtreeLeave(db->aDb[0].pBt);
  db->aDb[1].pSchema = sqlite3SchemaGet(db, 0);

  /* The default safety_level for the main database is FULL; for the temp
  ** database it is OFF. This matches the pager layer defaults.  
  */
  db->aDb[0].zDbSName = "main";
︙︙
162400
162401
162402
162403
162404
162405
162406
162407
162408
162409
162410
162411
162412
162413
162414
162415
162416
162417
162418
162419
162420
162421
162422
162423
162424
162425
162426
162427
162428
162429
162430
162431
162432
162433
162434
162435
162436
162437
162438
162439
162440
162441
162442
162443
162444
162445
162446
162447
162448
162449
162450
162451
162452
162453
162454
162455
162456
162457
162458
162459
162460
162461
162462
162463
162464
162465
162466
162467
162468
162469
162470
162471
162472
162473
162474
162475
162476
162477
162478
162479
162480
162481
162482
162483
162484
162485
162486
162487
162488
162489

  ** database schema yet. This is delayed until the first time the database
  ** is accessed.
  */
  sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_OK);
  sqlite3RegisterPerConnectionBuiltinFunctions(db);
  rc = sqlite3_errcode(db);

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS5
  /* Register any built-in FTS5 module before loading the automatic
  ** extensions. This allows automatic extensions to register FTS5 
  ** tokenizers and auxiliary functions.  */
  if( !db->mallocFailed && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    rc = sqlite3Fts5Init(db);
  }
#endif

  /* Load automatic extensions - extensions that have been registered
  ** using the sqlite3_automatic_extension() API.
  */
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    sqlite3AutoLoadExtensions(db);
    rc = sqlite3_errcode(db);
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      goto opendb_out;
    }
  }

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS1
  if( !db->mallocFailed ){
    extern int sqlite3Fts1Init(sqlite3*);
    rc = sqlite3Fts1Init(db);
  }
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS2
  if( !db->mallocFailed && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    extern int sqlite3Fts2Init(sqlite3*);
    rc = sqlite3Fts2Init(db);
  }
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 /* automatically defined by SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS4 */
  if( !db->mallocFailed && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    rc = sqlite3Fts3Init(db);
  }
#endif

#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU_COLLATIONS)
  if( !db->mallocFailed && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    rc = sqlite3IcuInit(db);
  }
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE
  if( !db->mallocFailed && rc==SQLITE_OK){
    rc = sqlite3RtreeInit(db);
  }
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_DBPAGE_VTAB
  if( !db->mallocFailed && rc==SQLITE_OK){
    rc = sqlite3DbpageRegister(db);
  }
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_DBSTAT_VTAB
  if( !db->mallocFailed && rc==SQLITE_OK){
    rc = sqlite3DbstatRegister(db);
  }
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_JSON1
  if( !db->mallocFailed && rc==SQLITE_OK){
    rc = sqlite3Json1Init(db);
  }
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STMTVTAB
  if( !db->mallocFailed && rc==SQLITE_OK){
    rc = sqlite3StmtVtabInit(db);
  }
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_INTERNAL_FUNCTIONS
  /* Testing use only!!! The -DSQLITE_ENABLE_INTERNAL_FUNCTIONS=1 compile-time
  ** option gives access to internal functions by default.  
  ** Testing use only!!! */
  db->mDbFlags |= DBFLAG_InternalFunc;
#endif









|
<
|
<
|
|

<












<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<








163416
163417
163418
163419
163420
163421
163422
163423

163424

163425
163426
163427

163428
163429
163430
163431
163432
163433
163434
163435
163436
163437
163438
163439
























































163440
163441
163442
163443
163444
163445
163446

  ** database schema yet. This is delayed until the first time the database
  ** is accessed.
  */
  sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_OK);
  sqlite3RegisterPerConnectionBuiltinFunctions(db);
  rc = sqlite3_errcode(db);



  /* Load compiled-in extensions */

  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<ArraySize(sqlite3BuiltinExtensions); i++){
    rc = sqlite3BuiltinExtensions[i](db);
  }


  /* Load automatic extensions - extensions that have been registered
  ** using the sqlite3_automatic_extension() API.
  */
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    sqlite3AutoLoadExtensions(db);
    rc = sqlite3_errcode(db);
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      goto opendb_out;
    }
  }

























































#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_INTERNAL_FUNCTIONS
  /* Testing use only!!! The -DSQLITE_ENABLE_INTERNAL_FUNCTIONS=1 compile-time
  ** option gives access to internal functions by default.  
  ** Testing use only!!! */
  db->mDbFlags |= DBFLAG_InternalFunc;
#endif
︙︙
162523
162524
162525
162526
162527
162528
162529
162530
162531
162532
162533
162534
162535
162536
162537
162538
162539
162540

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG
  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xSqllog ){
    /* Opening a db handle. Fourth parameter is passed 0. */
    void *pArg = sqlite3GlobalConfig.pSqllogArg;
    sqlite3GlobalConfig.xSqllog(pArg, db, zFilename, 0);
  }
#endif
#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) sqlite3CodecQueryParameters(db, 0, zOpen);
#endif
  sqlite3FreeFilename(zOpen);
  return rc & 0xff;
}


/*
** Open a new database handle.
*/








<
<
<
|








163480
163481
163482
163483
163484
163485
163486



163487
163488
163489
163490
163491
163492
163493
163494

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG
  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xSqllog ){
    /* Opening a db handle. Fourth parameter is passed 0. */
    void *pArg = sqlite3GlobalConfig.pSqllogArg;
    sqlite3GlobalConfig.xSqllog(pArg, db, zFilename, 0);
  }
#endif



  sqlite3_free_filename(zOpen);
  return rc & 0xff;
}


/*
** Open a new database handle.
*/
︙︙
162753
162754
162755
162756
162757
162758
162759
162760
162761
162762
162763
162764
162765
162766


162767
162768
162769
162770
162771
162772
162773

  testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
  return sqlite3ReportError(SQLITE_MISUSE, lineno, "misuse");
}
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CantopenError(int lineno){
  testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
  return sqlite3ReportError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN, lineno, "cannot open file");
}
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CorruptPgnoError(int lineno, Pgno pgno){
  char zMsg[100];
  sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zMsg), zMsg, "database corruption page %d", pgno);
  testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
  return sqlite3ReportError(SQLITE_CORRUPT, lineno, zMsg);
}


SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3NomemError(int lineno){
  testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
  return sqlite3ReportError(SQLITE_NOMEM, lineno, "OOM");
}
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IoerrnomemError(int lineno){
  testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
  return sqlite3ReportError(SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM, lineno, "I/O OOM error");








|






>
>








163707
163708
163709
163710
163711
163712
163713
163714
163715
163716
163717
163718
163719
163720
163721
163722
163723
163724
163725
163726
163727
163728
163729

  testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
  return sqlite3ReportError(SQLITE_MISUSE, lineno, "misuse");
}
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CantopenError(int lineno){
  testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
  return sqlite3ReportError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN, lineno, "cannot open file");
}
#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_CORRUPT_PGNO)
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CorruptPgnoError(int lineno, Pgno pgno){
  char zMsg[100];
  sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zMsg), zMsg, "database corruption page %d", pgno);
  testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
  return sqlite3ReportError(SQLITE_CORRUPT, lineno, zMsg);
}
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3NomemError(int lineno){
  testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
  return sqlite3ReportError(SQLITE_NOMEM, lineno, "OOM");
}
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IoerrnomemError(int lineno){
  testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
  return sqlite3ReportError(SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM, lineno, "I/O OOM error");
︙︙
162961
162962
162963
162964
162965
162966
162967







162968
162969
162970
162971
162972
162973
162974

      *(sqlite3_vfs**)pArg = sqlite3PagerVfs(pPager);
      rc = SQLITE_OK;
    }else if( op==SQLITE_FCNTL_JOURNAL_POINTER ){
      *(sqlite3_file**)pArg = sqlite3PagerJrnlFile(pPager);
      rc = SQLITE_OK;
    }else if( op==SQLITE_FCNTL_DATA_VERSION ){
      *(unsigned int*)pArg = sqlite3PagerDataVersion(pPager);







      rc = SQLITE_OK;
    }else{
      rc = sqlite3OsFileControl(fd, op, pArg);
    }
    sqlite3BtreeLeave(pBtree);
  }
  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);








>
>
>
>
>
>
>








163917
163918
163919
163920
163921
163922
163923
163924
163925
163926
163927
163928
163929
163930
163931
163932
163933
163934
163935
163936
163937

      *(sqlite3_vfs**)pArg = sqlite3PagerVfs(pPager);
      rc = SQLITE_OK;
    }else if( op==SQLITE_FCNTL_JOURNAL_POINTER ){
      *(sqlite3_file**)pArg = sqlite3PagerJrnlFile(pPager);
      rc = SQLITE_OK;
    }else if( op==SQLITE_FCNTL_DATA_VERSION ){
      *(unsigned int*)pArg = sqlite3PagerDataVersion(pPager);
      rc = SQLITE_OK;
    }else if( op==SQLITE_FCNTL_RESERVE_BYTES ){
      int iNew = *(int*)pArg;
      *(int*)pArg = sqlite3BtreeGetRequestedReserve(pBtree);
      if( iNew>=0 && iNew<=255 ){
        sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(pBtree, 0, iNew, 0);
      }
      rc = SQLITE_OK;
    }else{
      rc = sqlite3OsFileControl(fd, op, pArg);
    }
    sqlite3BtreeLeave(pBtree);
  }
  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
︙︙
163178
163179
163180
163181
163182
163183
163184
163185
163186
163187
163188
163189
163190
163191
163192
163193
163194
163195
163196
163197
163198
163199
163200
163201
163202
163203
163204
163205

    **  123410     little-endian, determined at compile-time
    */ 
    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BYTEORDER: {
      rc = SQLITE_BYTEORDER*100 + SQLITE_LITTLEENDIAN*10 + SQLITE_BIGENDIAN;
      break;
    }

    /*   sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_RESERVE, sqlite3 *db, int N)
    **
    ** Set the nReserve size to N for the main database on the database
    ** connection db.
    */
    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_RESERVE: {
      sqlite3 *db = va_arg(ap, sqlite3*);
      int x = va_arg(ap,int);
      sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
      sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(db->aDb[0].pBt, 0, x, 0);
      sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
      break;
    }

    /*  sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS, sqlite3 *db, int N)
    **
    ** Enable or disable various optimizations for testing purposes.  The 
    ** argument N is a bitmask of optimizations to be disabled.  For normal
    ** operation N should be 0.  The idea is that a test program (like the
    ** SQL Logic Test or SLT test module) can run the same SQL multiple times
    ** with various optimizations disabled to verify that the same answer








<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<








164141
164142
164143
164144
164145
164146
164147














164148
164149
164150
164151
164152
164153
164154

    **  123410     little-endian, determined at compile-time
    */ 
    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BYTEORDER: {
      rc = SQLITE_BYTEORDER*100 + SQLITE_LITTLEENDIAN*10 + SQLITE_BIGENDIAN;
      break;
    }















    /*  sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS, sqlite3 *db, int N)
    **
    ** Enable or disable various optimizations for testing purposes.  The 
    ** argument N is a bitmask of optimizations to be disabled.  For normal
    ** operation N should be 0.  The idea is that a test program (like the
    ** SQL Logic Test or SLT test module) can run the same SQL multiple times
    ** with various optimizations disabled to verify that the same answer
︙︙
163374
163375
163376
163377
163378
163379
163380






























































163381
163382
163383
163384
163385
163386
163387
163388
163389
163390
163391
163392
163393
163394
163395
163396
163397
163398
163399
163400
163401
163402
163403
163404
163405
163406
163407
163408
163409
163410
163411
163412
163413

*/
static const char *databaseName(const char *zName){
  while( zName[-1]!=0 || zName[-2]!=0 || zName[-3]!=0 || zName[-4]!=0 ){
    zName--;
  }
  return zName;
}































































/*
** This is a utility routine, useful to VFS implementations, that checks
** to see if a database file was a URI that contained a specific query 
** parameter, and if so obtains the value of the query parameter.
**
** The zFilename argument is the filename pointer passed into the xOpen()
** method of a VFS implementation.  The zParam argument is the name of the
** query parameter we seek.  This routine returns the value of the zParam
** parameter if it exists.  If the parameter does not exist, this routine
** returns a NULL pointer.
*/
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_uri_parameter(const char *zFilename, const char *zParam){
  if( zFilename==0 || zParam==0 ) return 0;
  zFilename = databaseName(zFilename);
  return uriParameter(zFilename, zParam);
}

/*
** Free memory obtained from sqlite3ParseUri().
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FreeFilename(char *p){
  if( p==0 ) return;
  sqlite3_free(p - 4);
}

/*
** Return a pointer to the name of Nth query parameter of the filename.
*/
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_uri_key(const char *zFilename, int N){
  if( zFilename==0 || N<0 ) return 0;
  zFilename = databaseName(zFilename);
  zFilename += sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename) + 1;








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>


















<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<








164323
164324
164325
164326
164327
164328
164329
164330
164331
164332
164333
164334
164335
164336
164337
164338
164339
164340
164341
164342
164343
164344
164345
164346
164347
164348
164349
164350
164351
164352
164353
164354
164355
164356
164357
164358
164359
164360
164361
164362
164363
164364
164365
164366
164367
164368
164369
164370
164371
164372
164373
164374
164375
164376
164377
164378
164379
164380
164381
164382
164383
164384
164385
164386
164387
164388
164389
164390
164391
164392
164393
164394
164395
164396
164397
164398
164399
164400
164401
164402
164403
164404
164405
164406
164407
164408
164409








164410
164411
164412
164413
164414
164415
164416

*/
static const char *databaseName(const char *zName){
  while( zName[-1]!=0 || zName[-2]!=0 || zName[-3]!=0 || zName[-4]!=0 ){
    zName--;
  }
  return zName;
}

/*
** Append text z[] to the end of p[].  Return a pointer to the first
** character after then zero terminator on the new text in p[].
*/
static char *appendText(char *p, const char *z){
  size_t n = strlen(z);
  memcpy(p, z, n+1);
  return p+n+1;
}

/*
** Allocate memory to hold names for a database, journal file, WAL file,
** and query parameters.  The pointer returned is valid for use by
** sqlite3_filename_database() and sqlite3_uri_parameter() and related
** functions.
**
** Memory layout must be compatible with that generated by the pager
** and expected by sqlite3_uri_parameter() and databaseName().
*/
SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_create_filename(
  const char *zDatabase,
  const char *zJournal,
  const char *zWal,
  int nParam,
  const char **azParam
){
  sqlite3_int64 nByte;
  int i;
  char *pResult, *p;
  nByte = strlen(zDatabase) + strlen(zJournal) + strlen(zWal) + 10;
  for(i=0; i<nParam*2; i++){
    nByte += strlen(azParam[i])+1;
  }
  pResult = p = sqlite3_malloc64( nByte );
  if( p==0 ) return 0;
  memset(p, 0, 4);
  p += 4;
  p = appendText(p, zDatabase);
  for(i=0; i<nParam*2; i++){
    p = appendText(p, azParam[i]);
  }
  *(p++) = 0;
  p = appendText(p, zJournal);
  p = appendText(p, zWal);
  *(p++) = 0;
  *(p++) = 0;
  assert( (sqlite3_int64)(p - pResult)==nByte );
  return pResult + 4;
}

/*
** Free memory obtained from sqlite3_create_filename().  It is a severe
** error to call this routine with any parameter other than a pointer
** previously obtained from sqlite3_create_filename() or a NULL pointer.
*/
SQLITE_API void sqlite3_free_filename(char *p){
  if( p==0 ) return;
  p = (char*)databaseName(p);
  sqlite3_free(p - 4);
}


/*
** This is a utility routine, useful to VFS implementations, that checks
** to see if a database file was a URI that contained a specific query 
** parameter, and if so obtains the value of the query parameter.
**
** The zFilename argument is the filename pointer passed into the xOpen()
** method of a VFS implementation.  The zParam argument is the name of the
** query parameter we seek.  This routine returns the value of the zParam
** parameter if it exists.  If the parameter does not exist, this routine
** returns a NULL pointer.
*/
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_uri_parameter(const char *zFilename, const char *zParam){
  if( zFilename==0 || zParam==0 ) return 0;
  zFilename = databaseName(zFilename);
  return uriParameter(zFilename, zParam);
}









/*
** Return a pointer to the name of Nth query parameter of the filename.
*/
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_uri_key(const char *zFilename, int N){
  if( zFilename==0 || N<0 ) return 0;
  zFilename = databaseName(zFilename);
  zFilename += sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename) + 1;
︙︙
163451
163452
163453
163454
163455
163456
163457
163458
163459
163460
163461
163462
163463
163464
163465

** passed into the VFS from the SQLite core.  Doing so is similar to
** passing free() a pointer that was not obtained from malloc() - it is
** an error that we cannot easily detect but that will likely cause memory
** corruption.
*/
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_filename_database(const char *zFilename){
  return databaseName(zFilename);
  return sqlite3_uri_parameter(zFilename - 3, "\003");
}
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_filename_journal(const char *zFilename){
  zFilename = databaseName(zFilename);
  zFilename += sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename) + 1;
  while( zFilename[0] ){
    zFilename += sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename) + 1;
    zFilename += sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename) + 1;








<








164454
164455
164456
164457
164458
164459
164460

164461
164462
164463
164464
164465
164466
164467

** passed into the VFS from the SQLite core.  Doing so is similar to
** passing free() a pointer that was not obtained from malloc() - it is
** an error that we cannot easily detect but that will likely cause memory
** corruption.
*/
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_filename_database(const char *zFilename){
  return databaseName(zFilename);

}
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_filename_journal(const char *zFilename){
  zFilename = databaseName(zFilename);
  zFilename += sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename) + 1;
  while( zFilename[0] ){
    zFilename += sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename) + 1;
    zFilename += sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename) + 1;
︙︙
165200
165201
165202
165203
165204
165205
165206

165207
165208
165209
165210
165211
165212
165213

SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(sqlite3_uint64);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Dequote(char *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3DoclistPrev(int,char*,int,char**,sqlite3_int64*,int*,u8*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseStats(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3Expr *, u32 *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3FirstFilter(sqlite3_int64, char *, int, char *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3CreateStatTable(int*, Fts3Table*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3EvalTestDeferred(Fts3Cursor *pCsr, int *pRc);


/* fts3_tokenizer.c */
SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3Fts3NextToken(const char *, int *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitHashTable(sqlite3 *, Fts3Hash *, const char *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitTokenizer(Fts3Hash *pHash, const char *, 
    sqlite3_tokenizer **, char **
);








>








166202
166203
166204
166205
166206
166207
166208
166209
166210
166211
166212
166213
166214
166215
166216

SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(sqlite3_uint64);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3Dequote(char *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3DoclistPrev(int,char*,int,char**,sqlite3_int64*,int*,u8*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseStats(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3Expr *, u32 *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3FirstFilter(sqlite3_int64, char *, int, char *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3CreateStatTable(int*, Fts3Table*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3EvalTestDeferred(Fts3Cursor *pCsr, int *pRc);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadInt(const char *z, int *pnOut);

/* fts3_tokenizer.c */
SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3Fts3NextToken(const char *, int *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitHashTable(sqlite3 *, Fts3Hash *, const char *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitTokenizer(Fts3Hash *pHash, const char *, 
    sqlite3_tokenizer **, char **
);
︙︙
165931
165932
165933
165934
165935
165936
165937
















165938
165939
165940
165941
165942
165943
165944
165945
165946
165947
165948
165949
165950
165951
165952
165953
165954
165955
165956
165957
165958
165959
165960
165961
165962


165963
165964
165965
165966
165967
165968
165969
165970
165971
165972
165973

  }
  if( p->zLanguageid ){
    fts3Appendf(pRc, &zRet, ", ?");
  }
  sqlite3_free(zFree);
  return zRet;
}

















/*
** This function interprets the string at (*pp) as a non-negative integer
** value. It reads the integer and sets *pnOut to the value read, then 
** sets *pp to point to the byte immediately following the last byte of
** the integer value.
**
** Only decimal digits ('0'..'9') may be part of an integer value. 
**
** If *pp does not being with a decimal digit SQLITE_ERROR is returned and
** the output value undefined. Otherwise SQLITE_OK is returned.
**
** This function is used when parsing the "prefix=" FTS4 parameter.
*/
static int fts3GobbleInt(const char **pp, int *pnOut){
  const int MAX_NPREFIX = 10000000;
  const char *p;                  /* Iterator pointer */
  int nInt = 0;                   /* Output value */

  for(p=*pp; p[0]>='0' && p[0]<='9'; p++){
    nInt = nInt * 10 + (p[0] - '0');
    if( nInt>MAX_NPREFIX ){
      nInt = 0;
      break;
    }


  }
  if( p==*pp ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
  *pnOut = nInt;
  *pp = p;
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** This function is called to allocate an array of Fts3Index structures
** representing the indexes maintained by the current FTS table. FTS tables
** always maintain the main "terms" index, but may also maintain one or








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
















<

|
<
|
|
|
<
|
>
>

<

|








166934
166935
166936
166937
166938
166939
166940
166941
166942
166943
166944
166945
166946
166947
166948
166949
166950
166951
166952
166953
166954
166955
166956
166957
166958
166959
166960
166961
166962
166963
166964
166965
166966
166967
166968
166969
166970
166971
166972

166973
166974

166975
166976
166977

166978
166979
166980
166981

166982
166983
166984
166985
166986
166987
166988
166989
166990

  }
  if( p->zLanguageid ){
    fts3Appendf(pRc, &zRet, ", ?");
  }
  sqlite3_free(zFree);
  return zRet;
}

/*
** Buffer z contains a positive integer value encoded as utf-8 text.
** Decode this value and store it in *pnOut, returning the number of bytes
** consumed. If an overflow error occurs return a negative value.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadInt(const char *z, int *pnOut){
  u64 iVal = 0;
  int i;
  for(i=0; z[i]>='0' && z[i]<='9'; i++){
    iVal = iVal*10 + (z[i] - '0');
    if( iVal>0x7FFFFFFF ) return -1;
  }
  *pnOut = (int)iVal;
  return i;
}

/*
** This function interprets the string at (*pp) as a non-negative integer
** value. It reads the integer and sets *pnOut to the value read, then 
** sets *pp to point to the byte immediately following the last byte of
** the integer value.
**
** Only decimal digits ('0'..'9') may be part of an integer value. 
**
** If *pp does not being with a decimal digit SQLITE_ERROR is returned and
** the output value undefined. Otherwise SQLITE_OK is returned.
**
** This function is used when parsing the "prefix=" FTS4 parameter.
*/
static int fts3GobbleInt(const char **pp, int *pnOut){
  const int MAX_NPREFIX = 10000000;

  int nInt = 0;                   /* Output value */
  int nByte;

  nByte = sqlite3Fts3ReadInt(*pp, &nInt);
  if( nInt>MAX_NPREFIX ){
    nInt = 0;

  }
  if( nByte==0 ){
    return SQLITE_ERROR;
  }

  *pnOut = nInt;
  *pp += nByte;
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** This function is called to allocate an array of Fts3Index structures
** representing the indexes maintained by the current FTS table. FTS tables
** always maintain the main "terms" index, but may also maintain one or
︙︙
166854
166855
166856
166857
166858
166859
166860

166861
166862
166863
166864
166865
166866
166867

  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
  const char *zCsr = zNode;       /* Cursor to iterate through node */
  const char *zEnd = &zCsr[nNode];/* End of interior node buffer */
  char *zBuffer = 0;              /* Buffer to load terms into */
  i64 nAlloc = 0;                 /* Size of allocated buffer */
  int isFirstTerm = 1;            /* True when processing first term on page */
  sqlite3_int64 iChild;           /* Block id of child node to descend to */


  /* Skip over the 'height' varint that occurs at the start of every 
  ** interior node. Then load the blockid of the left-child of the b-tree
  ** node into variable iChild.  
  **
  ** Even if the data structure on disk is corrupted, this (reading two
  ** varints from the buffer) does not risk an overread. If zNode is a








>








167871
167872
167873
167874
167875
167876
167877
167878
167879
167880
167881
167882
167883
167884
167885

  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
  const char *zCsr = zNode;       /* Cursor to iterate through node */
  const char *zEnd = &zCsr[nNode];/* End of interior node buffer */
  char *zBuffer = 0;              /* Buffer to load terms into */
  i64 nAlloc = 0;                 /* Size of allocated buffer */
  int isFirstTerm = 1;            /* True when processing first term on page */
  sqlite3_int64 iChild;           /* Block id of child node to descend to */
  int nBuffer = 0;                /* Total term size */

  /* Skip over the 'height' varint that occurs at the start of every 
  ** interior node. Then load the blockid of the left-child of the b-tree
  ** node into variable iChild.  
  **
  ** Even if the data structure on disk is corrupted, this (reading two
  ** varints from the buffer) does not risk an overread. If zNode is a
︙︙
166878
166879
166880
166881
166882
166883
166884
166885
166886
166887
166888
166889
166890




166891
166892
166893
166894
166895
166896
166897

    return FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
  }
  
  while( zCsr<zEnd && (piFirst || piLast) ){
    int cmp;                      /* memcmp() result */
    int nSuffix;                  /* Size of term suffix */
    int nPrefix = 0;              /* Size of term prefix */
    int nBuffer;                  /* Total term size */
  
    /* Load the next term on the node into zBuffer. Use realloc() to expand
    ** the size of zBuffer if required.  */
    if( !isFirstTerm ){
      zCsr += fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &nPrefix);




    }
    isFirstTerm = 0;
    zCsr += fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &nSuffix);
    
    assert( nPrefix>=0 && nSuffix>=0 );
    if( nPrefix>zCsr-zNode || nSuffix>zEnd-zCsr || nSuffix==0 ){
      rc = FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;








<





>
>
>
>








167896
167897
167898
167899
167900
167901
167902

167903
167904
167905
167906
167907
167908
167909
167910
167911
167912
167913
167914
167915
167916
167917
167918

    return FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
  }
  
  while( zCsr<zEnd && (piFirst || piLast) ){
    int cmp;                      /* memcmp() result */
    int nSuffix;                  /* Size of term suffix */
    int nPrefix = 0;              /* Size of term prefix */

  
    /* Load the next term on the node into zBuffer. Use realloc() to expand
    ** the size of zBuffer if required.  */
    if( !isFirstTerm ){
      zCsr += fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &nPrefix);
      if( nPrefix>nBuffer ){
        rc = FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
        goto finish_scan;
      }
    }
    isFirstTerm = 0;
    zCsr += fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &nSuffix);
    
    assert( nPrefix>=0 && nSuffix>=0 );
    if( nPrefix>zCsr-zNode || nSuffix>zEnd-zCsr || nSuffix==0 ){
      rc = FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
︙︙
167137
167138
167139
167140
167141
167142
167143

167144

167145
167146
167147
167148
167149
167150
167151

** the next position.
*/
static void fts3ReadNextPos(
  char **pp,                    /* IN/OUT: Pointer into position-list buffer */
  sqlite3_int64 *pi             /* IN/OUT: Value read from position-list */
){
  if( (**pp)&0xFE ){

    fts3GetDeltaVarint(pp, pi);

    *pi -= 2;
  }else{
    *pi = POSITION_LIST_END;
  }
}

/*








>
|
>








168158
168159
168160
168161
168162
168163
168164
168165
168166
168167
168168
168169
168170
168171
168172
168173
168174

** the next position.
*/
static void fts3ReadNextPos(
  char **pp,                    /* IN/OUT: Pointer into position-list buffer */
  sqlite3_int64 *pi             /* IN/OUT: Value read from position-list */
){
  if( (**pp)&0xFE ){
    int iVal;
    *pp += fts3GetVarint32((*pp), &iVal);
    *pi += iVal;
    *pi -= 2;
  }else{
    *pi = POSITION_LIST_END;
  }
}

/*
︙︙
170267
170268
170269
170270
170271
170272
170273

170274
170275
170276
170277
170278
170279
170280

            if( pLeft->pPhrase && pLeft->pPhrase->doclist.aAll ){
              Fts3Doclist *pDl = &pLeft->pPhrase->doclist;
              while( *pRc==SQLITE_OK && pLeft->bEof==0 ){
                memset(pDl->pList, 0, pDl->nList);
                fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pLeft, pRc);
              }
            }

          }
        }
        break;
      }
  
      case FTSQUERY_OR: {
        Fts3Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;








>








171290
171291
171292
171293
171294
171295
171296
171297
171298
171299
171300
171301
171302
171303
171304

            if( pLeft->pPhrase && pLeft->pPhrase->doclist.aAll ){
              Fts3Doclist *pDl = &pLeft->pPhrase->doclist;
              while( *pRc==SQLITE_OK && pLeft->bEof==0 ){
                memset(pDl->pList, 0, pDl->nList);
                fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pLeft, pRc);
              }
            }
            pRight->bEof = pLeft->bEof = 1;
          }
        }
        break;
      }
  
      case FTSQUERY_OR: {
        Fts3Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
︙︙
172037
172038
172039
172040
172041
172042
172043
172044
172045
172046
172047
172048
172049
172050
172051
172052
172053
172054

      int nKey = pKey->n;
      char cNext;

      /* If this is a "NEAR" keyword, check for an explicit nearness. */
      if( pKey->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR ){
        assert( nKey==4 );
        if( zInput[4]=='/' && zInput[5]>='0' && zInput[5]<='9' ){
          nNear = 0;
          for(nKey=5; zInput[nKey]>='0' && zInput[nKey]<='9'; nKey++){
            nNear = nNear * 10 + (zInput[nKey] - '0');
          }
        }
      }

      /* At this point this is probably a keyword. But for that to be true,
      ** the next byte must contain either whitespace, an open or close
      ** parenthesis, a quote character, or EOF. 
      */








<
<
|
<








173061
173062
173063
173064
173065
173066
173067


173068

173069
173070
173071
173072
173073
173074
173075

      int nKey = pKey->n;
      char cNext;

      /* If this is a "NEAR" keyword, check for an explicit nearness. */
      if( pKey->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR ){
        assert( nKey==4 );
        if( zInput[4]=='/' && zInput[5]>='0' && zInput[5]<='9' ){


          nKey += 1+sqlite3Fts3ReadInt(&zInput[nKey+1], &nNear);

        }
      }

      /* At this point this is probably a keyword. But for that to be true,
      ** the next byte must contain either whitespace, an open or close
      ** parenthesis, a quote character, or EOF. 
      */
︙︙
175046
175047
175048
175049
175050
175051
175052
175053
175054
175055
175056
175057
175058
175059
175060

  if( idxNum==1 ){
    const char *zByte = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[0]);
    int nByte = sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[0]);
    pCsr->zInput = sqlite3_malloc64(nByte+1);
    if( pCsr->zInput==0 ){
      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
    }else{
      memcpy(pCsr->zInput, zByte, nByte);
      pCsr->zInput[nByte] = 0;
      rc = pTab->pMod->xOpen(pTab->pTok, pCsr->zInput, nByte, &pCsr->pCsr);
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        pCsr->pCsr->pTokenizer = pTab->pTok;
      }
    }
  }








|








176067
176068
176069
176070
176071
176072
176073
176074
176075
176076
176077
176078
176079
176080
176081

  if( idxNum==1 ){
    const char *zByte = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[0]);
    int nByte = sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[0]);
    pCsr->zInput = sqlite3_malloc64(nByte+1);
    if( pCsr->zInput==0 ){
      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
    }else{
      if( nByte>0 ) memcpy(pCsr->zInput, zByte, nByte);
      pCsr->zInput[nByte] = 0;
      rc = pTab->pMod->xOpen(pTab->pTok, pCsr->zInput, nByte, &pCsr->pCsr);
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        pCsr->pCsr->pTokenizer = pTab->pTok;
      }
    }
  }
︙︙
176569
176570
176571
176572
176573
176574
176575

176576
176577
176578
176579
176580
176581
176582


  /* Check that the doclist does not appear to extend past the end of the
  ** b-tree node. And that the final byte of the doclist is 0x00. If either 
  ** of these statements is untrue, then the data structure is corrupt.
  */
  if( pReader->nDoclist > pReader->nNode-(pReader->aDoclist-pReader->aNode)
   || (pReader->nPopulate==0 && pReader->aDoclist[pReader->nDoclist-1])

  ){
    return FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
  }
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*








>








177590
177591
177592
177593
177594
177595
177596
177597
177598
177599
177600
177601
177602
177603
177604


  /* Check that the doclist does not appear to extend past the end of the
  ** b-tree node. And that the final byte of the doclist is 0x00. If either 
  ** of these statements is untrue, then the data structure is corrupt.
  */
  if( pReader->nDoclist > pReader->nNode-(pReader->aDoclist-pReader->aNode)
   || (pReader->nPopulate==0 && pReader->aDoclist[pReader->nDoclist-1])
   || pReader->nDoclist==0
  ){
    return FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
  }
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
︙︙
177656
177657
177658
177659
177660
177661
177662
177663
177664
177665
177666
177667
177668
177669
177670

  ** (1024 is actually the value of macro FTS3_SEGDIR_PREFIXLEVEL_STR).
  */
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
  int rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_SEGDIR_MAX_LEVEL, &pStmt, 0);
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
  sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 1, iAbsLevel+1);
  sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 2, 
      ((iAbsLevel/FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL)+1) * FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL
  );

  *pbMax = 0;
  if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
    *pbMax = sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, 0)==SQLITE_NULL;
  }
  return sqlite3_reset(pStmt);








|








178678
178679
178680
178681
178682
178683
178684
178685
178686
178687
178688
178689
178690
178691
178692

  ** (1024 is actually the value of macro FTS3_SEGDIR_PREFIXLEVEL_STR).
  */
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
  int rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_SEGDIR_MAX_LEVEL, &pStmt, 0);
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
  sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 1, iAbsLevel+1);
  sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 2, 
      (((u64)iAbsLevel/FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL)+1) * FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL
  );

  *pbMax = 0;
  if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
    *pbMax = sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, 0)==SQLITE_NULL;
  }
  return sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
︙︙
178222
178223
178224
178225
178226
178227
178228
178229
178230
178231
178232
178233
178234
178235
178236
178237
178238
178239
178240
178241
178242
178243
178244
178245
178246
178247
178248
178249
178250

  i64 *piEndBlock,
  i64 *pnByte
){
  const unsigned char *zText = sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, iCol);
  if( zText ){
    int i;
    int iMul = 1;
    i64 iVal = 0;
    for(i=0; zText[i]>='0' && zText[i]<='9'; i++){
      iVal = iVal*10 + (zText[i] - '0');
    }
    *piEndBlock = iVal;
    while( zText[i]==' ' ) i++;
    iVal = 0;
    if( zText[i]=='-' ){
      i++;
      iMul = -1;
    }
    for(/* no-op */; zText[i]>='0' && zText[i]<='9'; i++){
      iVal = iVal*10 + (zText[i] - '0');
    }
    *pnByte = (iVal * (i64)iMul);
  }
}


/*
** A segment of size nByte bytes has just been written to absolute level
** iAbsLevel. Promote any segments that should be promoted as a result.








|



|









|








179244
179245
179246
179247
179248
179249
179250
179251
179252
179253
179254
179255
179256
179257
179258
179259
179260
179261
179262
179263
179264
179265
179266
179267
179268
179269
179270
179271
179272

  i64 *piEndBlock,
  i64 *pnByte
){
  const unsigned char *zText = sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, iCol);
  if( zText ){
    int i;
    int iMul = 1;
    u64 iVal = 0;
    for(i=0; zText[i]>='0' && zText[i]<='9'; i++){
      iVal = iVal*10 + (zText[i] - '0');
    }
    *piEndBlock = (i64)iVal;
    while( zText[i]==' ' ) i++;
    iVal = 0;
    if( zText[i]=='-' ){
      i++;
      iMul = -1;
    }
    for(/* no-op */; zText[i]>='0' && zText[i]<='9'; i++){
      iVal = iVal*10 + (zText[i] - '0');
    }
    *pnByte = ((i64)iVal * (i64)iMul);
  }
}


/*
** A segment of size nByte bytes has just been written to absolute level
** iAbsLevel. Promote any segments that should be promoted as a result.
︙︙
180106
180107
180108
180109
180110
180111
180112






180113
180114
180115
180116
180117
180118
180119

      }
    }

    /* If nSeg is less that zero, then there is no level with at least
    ** nMin segments and no hint in the %_stat table. No work to do.
    ** Exit early in this case.  */
    if( nSeg<=0 ) break;







    /* Open a cursor to iterate through the contents of the oldest nSeg 
    ** indexes of absolute level iAbsLevel. If this cursor is opened using 
    ** the 'hint' parameters, it is possible that there are less than nSeg
    ** segments available in level iAbsLevel. In this case, no work is
    ** done on iAbsLevel - fall through to the next iteration of the loop 
    ** to start work on some other level.  */








>
>
>
>
>
>








181128
181129
181130
181131
181132
181133
181134
181135
181136
181137
181138
181139
181140
181141
181142
181143
181144
181145
181146
181147

      }
    }

    /* If nSeg is less that zero, then there is no level with at least
    ** nMin segments and no hint in the %_stat table. No work to do.
    ** Exit early in this case.  */
    if( nSeg<=0 ) break;

    assert( nMod<=0x7FFFFFFF );
    if( iAbsLevel<0 || iAbsLevel>(nMod<<32) ){
      rc = FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
      break;
    }

    /* Open a cursor to iterate through the contents of the oldest nSeg 
    ** indexes of absolute level iAbsLevel. If this cursor is opened using 
    ** the 'hint' parameters, it is possible that there are less than nSeg
    ** segments available in level iAbsLevel. In this case, no work is
    ** done on iAbsLevel - fall through to the next iteration of the loop 
    ** to start work on some other level.  */
︙︙
181808
181809
181810
181811
181812
181813
181814
181815
181816
181817
181818
181819
181820
181821
181822

  assert( p->flag==FTS3_MATCHINFO_LHITS_BM || p->flag==FTS3_MATCHINFO_LHITS );
  if( p->flag==FTS3_MATCHINFO_LHITS ){
    iStart = pExpr->iPhrase * p->nCol;
  }else{
    iStart = pExpr->iPhrase * ((p->nCol + 31) / 32);
  }

  while( 1 ){
    int nHit = fts3ColumnlistCount(&pIter);
    if( (pPhrase->iColumn>=pTab->nColumn || pPhrase->iColumn==iCol) ){
      if( p->flag==FTS3_MATCHINFO_LHITS ){
        p->aMatchinfo[iStart + iCol] = (u32)nHit;
      }else if( nHit ){
        p->aMatchinfo[iStart + (iCol+1)/32] |= (1 << (iCol&0x1F));
      }








|








182836
182837
182838
182839
182840
182841
182842
182843
182844
182845
182846
182847
182848
182849
182850

  assert( p->flag==FTS3_MATCHINFO_LHITS_BM || p->flag==FTS3_MATCHINFO_LHITS );
  if( p->flag==FTS3_MATCHINFO_LHITS ){
    iStart = pExpr->iPhrase * p->nCol;
  }else{
    iStart = pExpr->iPhrase * ((p->nCol + 31) / 32);
  }

  if( pIter ) while( 1 ){
    int nHit = fts3ColumnlistCount(&pIter);
    if( (pPhrase->iColumn>=pTab->nColumn || pPhrase->iColumn==iCol) ){
      if( p->flag==FTS3_MATCHINFO_LHITS ){
        p->aMatchinfo[iStart + iCol] = (u32)nHit;
      }else if( nHit ){
        p->aMatchinfo[iStart + (iCol+1)/32] |= (1 << (iCol&0x1F));
      }
︙︙
183722
183723
183724
183725
183726
183727
183728

183729
183730
183731
183732
183733
183734
183735

  p->nAlloc = nTotal;
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/* Append N bytes from zIn onto the end of the JsonString string.
*/
static void jsonAppendRaw(JsonString *p, const char *zIn, u32 N){

  if( (N+p->nUsed >= p->nAlloc) && jsonGrow(p,N)!=0 ) return;
  memcpy(p->zBuf+p->nUsed, zIn, N);
  p->nUsed += N;
}

/* Append formatted text (not to exceed N bytes) to the JsonString.
*/








>








184750
184751
184752
184753
184754
184755
184756
184757
184758
184759
184760
184761
184762
184763
184764

  p->nAlloc = nTotal;
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/* Append N bytes from zIn onto the end of the JsonString string.
*/
static void jsonAppendRaw(JsonString *p, const char *zIn, u32 N){
  if( N==0 ) return;
  if( (N+p->nUsed >= p->nAlloc) && jsonGrow(p,N)!=0 ) return;
  memcpy(p->zBuf+p->nUsed, zIn, N);
  p->nUsed += N;
}

/* Append formatted text (not to exceed N bytes) to the JsonString.
*/
︙︙
189842
189843
189844
189845
189846
189847
189848

189849
189850

189851
189852
189853
189854
189855
189856
189857

    const char *zArg = argv[ii];
    if( zArg[0]=='+' ){
      pRtree->nAux++;
      sqlite3_str_appendf(pSql, ",%.*s", rtreeTokenLength(zArg+1), zArg+1);
    }else if( pRtree->nAux>0 ){
      break;
    }else{

      pRtree->nDim2++;
      sqlite3_str_appendf(pSql, ",%.*s NUM", rtreeTokenLength(zArg), zArg);

    }
  }
  sqlite3_str_appendf(pSql, ");");
  zSql = sqlite3_str_finish(pSql);
  if( !zSql ){
    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
  }else if( ii<argc ){








>

|
>








190871
190872
190873
190874
190875
190876
190877
190878
190879
190880
190881
190882
190883
190884
190885
190886
190887
190888

    const char *zArg = argv[ii];
    if( zArg[0]=='+' ){
      pRtree->nAux++;
      sqlite3_str_appendf(pSql, ",%.*s", rtreeTokenLength(zArg+1), zArg+1);
    }else if( pRtree->nAux>0 ){
      break;
    }else{
      static const char *azFormat[] = {",%.*s REAL", ",%.*s INT"};
      pRtree->nDim2++;
      sqlite3_str_appendf(pSql, azFormat[eCoordType],
                          rtreeTokenLength(zArg), zArg);
    }
  }
  sqlite3_str_appendf(pSql, ");");
  zSql = sqlite3_str_finish(pSql);
  if( !zSql ){
    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
  }else if( ii<argc ){
︙︙
192579
192580
192581
192582
192583
192584
192585
192586
192587
192588
192589
192590
192591
192592
192593

    /* There are now 4 possibilities:
    **
    **     1. uPattern is an unescaped match-all character "%",
    **     2. uPattern is an unescaped match-one character "_",
    **     3. uPattern is an unescaped escape character, or
    **     4. uPattern is to be handled as an ordinary character
    */
    if( !prevEscape && uPattern==MATCH_ALL ){
      /* Case 1. */
      uint8_t c;

      /* Skip any MATCH_ALL or MATCH_ONE characters that follow a
      ** MATCH_ALL. For each MATCH_ONE, skip one character in the 
      ** test string.
      */








|








193610
193611
193612
193613
193614
193615
193616
193617
193618
193619
193620
193621
193622
193623
193624

    /* There are now 4 possibilities:
    **
    **     1. uPattern is an unescaped match-all character "%",
    **     2. uPattern is an unescaped match-one character "_",
    **     3. uPattern is an unescaped escape character, or
    **     4. uPattern is to be handled as an ordinary character
    */
    if( uPattern==MATCH_ALL && !prevEscape && uPattern!=(uint32_t)uEsc ){
      /* Case 1. */
      uint8_t c;

      /* Skip any MATCH_ALL or MATCH_ONE characters that follow a
      ** MATCH_ALL. For each MATCH_ONE, skip one character in the 
      ** test string.
      */
︙︙
192605
192606
192607
192608
192609
192610
192611
192612
192613
192614
192615
192616
192617
192618
192619
192620
192621
192622
192623
192624

        if( icuLikeCompare(zPattern, zString, uEsc) ){
          return 1;
        }
        SQLITE_ICU_SKIP_UTF8(zString);
      }
      return 0;

    }else if( !prevEscape && uPattern==MATCH_ONE ){
      /* Case 2. */
      if( *zString==0 ) return 0;
      SQLITE_ICU_SKIP_UTF8(zString);

    }else if( !prevEscape && uPattern==(uint32_t)uEsc){
      /* Case 3. */
      prevEscape = 1;

    }else{
      /* Case 4. */
      uint32_t uString;
      SQLITE_ICU_READ_UTF8(zString, uString);








|




|








193636
193637
193638
193639
193640
193641
193642
193643
193644
193645
193646
193647
193648
193649
193650
193651
193652
193653
193654
193655

        if( icuLikeCompare(zPattern, zString, uEsc) ){
          return 1;
        }
        SQLITE_ICU_SKIP_UTF8(zString);
      }
      return 0;

    }else if( uPattern==MATCH_ONE && !prevEscape && uPattern!=(uint32_t)uEsc ){
      /* Case 2. */
      if( *zString==0 ) return 0;
      SQLITE_ICU_SKIP_UTF8(zString);

    }else if( uPattern==(uint32_t)uEsc && !prevEscape ){
      /* Case 3. */
      prevEscape = 1;

    }else{
      /* Case 4. */
      uint32_t uString;
      SQLITE_ICU_READ_UTF8(zString, uString);
︙︙
199412
199413
199414
199415
199416
199417
199418

199419
199420
199421
199422
199423
199424
199425

        break;
      }
    }
  }
  i = 0;
  if( iSchema>=0 ){
    pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[iSchema].argvIndex = ++i;

    pIdxInfo->idxNum |= 0x01;
  }
  if( iName>=0 ){
    pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[iName].argvIndex = ++i;
    pIdxInfo->idxNum |= 0x02;
  }
  if( iAgg>=0 ){








>








200443
200444
200445
200446
200447
200448
200449
200450
200451
200452
200453
200454
200455
200456
200457

        break;
      }
    }
  }
  i = 0;
  if( iSchema>=0 ){
    pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[iSchema].argvIndex = ++i;
    pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[iSchema].omit = 1;
    pIdxInfo->idxNum |= 0x01;
  }
  if( iName>=0 ){
    pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[iName].argvIndex = ++i;
    pIdxInfo->idxNum |= 0x02;
  }
  if( iAgg>=0 ){
︙︙
199626
199627
199628
199629
199630
199631
199632

199633

199634
199635
199636
199637
199638
199639
199640

        if( nLocal<0 ) goto statPageIsCorrupt;
        pCell->nLocal = nLocal;
        assert( nPayload>=(u32)nLocal );
        assert( nLocal<=(nUsable-35) );
        if( nPayload>(u32)nLocal ){
          int j;
          int nOvfl = ((nPayload - nLocal) + nUsable-4 - 1) / (nUsable - 4);

          if( iOff+nLocal>nUsable ) goto statPageIsCorrupt;

          pCell->nLastOvfl = (nPayload-nLocal) - (nOvfl-1) * (nUsable-4);
          pCell->nOvfl = nOvfl;
          pCell->aOvfl = sqlite3_malloc64(sizeof(u32)*nOvfl);
          if( pCell->aOvfl==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
          pCell->aOvfl[0] = sqlite3Get4byte(&aData[iOff+nLocal]);
          for(j=1; j<nOvfl; j++){
            int rc;








>
|
>








200658
200659
200660
200661
200662
200663
200664
200665
200666
200667
200668
200669
200670
200671
200672
200673
200674

        if( nLocal<0 ) goto statPageIsCorrupt;
        pCell->nLocal = nLocal;
        assert( nPayload>=(u32)nLocal );
        assert( nLocal<=(nUsable-35) );
        if( nPayload>(u32)nLocal ){
          int j;
          int nOvfl = ((nPayload - nLocal) + nUsable-4 - 1) / (nUsable - 4);
          if( iOff+nLocal>nUsable || nPayload>0x7fffffff ){
            goto statPageIsCorrupt;
          }
          pCell->nLastOvfl = (nPayload-nLocal) - (nOvfl-1) * (nUsable-4);
          pCell->nOvfl = nOvfl;
          pCell->aOvfl = sqlite3_malloc64(sizeof(u32)*nOvfl);
          if( pCell->aOvfl==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
          pCell->aOvfl[0] = sqlite3Get4byte(&aData[iOff+nLocal]);
          for(j=1; j<nOvfl; j++){
            int rc;
︙︙
203959
203960
203961
203962
203963
203964
203965
203966
203967
203968
203969
203970
203971
203972
203973

){
  int i;
  const char *zSep = "";
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  SessionBuffer buf = {0, 0, 0};
  int nPk = 0;

  sessionAppendStr(&buf, "DELETE FROM ", &rc);
  sessionAppendIdent(&buf, zTab, &rc);
  sessionAppendStr(&buf, " WHERE ", &rc);

  for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
    if( p->abPK[i] ){
      nPk++;
      sessionAppendStr(&buf, zSep, &rc);








|








204993
204994
204995
204996
204997
204998
204999
205000
205001
205002
205003
205004
205005
205006
205007

){
  int i;
  const char *zSep = "";
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  SessionBuffer buf = {0, 0, 0};
  int nPk = 0;

  sessionAppendStr(&buf, "DELETE FROM main.", &rc);
  sessionAppendIdent(&buf, zTab, &rc);
  sessionAppendStr(&buf, " WHERE ", &rc);

  for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
    if( p->abPK[i] ){
      nPk++;
      sessionAppendStr(&buf, zSep, &rc);
︙︙
204042
204043
204044
204045
204046
204047
204048
204049
204050
204051
204052
204053
204054
204055
204056

){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  int i;
  const char *zSep = "";
  SessionBuffer buf = {0, 0, 0};

  /* Append "UPDATE tbl SET " */
  sessionAppendStr(&buf, "UPDATE ", &rc);
  sessionAppendIdent(&buf, zTab, &rc);
  sessionAppendStr(&buf, " SET ", &rc);

  /* Append the assignments */
  for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
    sessionAppendStr(&buf, zSep, &rc);
    sessionAppendIdent(&buf, p->azCol[i], &rc);








|








205076
205077
205078
205079
205080
205081
205082
205083
205084
205085
205086
205087
205088
205089
205090

){
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  int i;
  const char *zSep = "";
  SessionBuffer buf = {0, 0, 0};

  /* Append "UPDATE tbl SET " */
  sessionAppendStr(&buf, "UPDATE main.", &rc);
  sessionAppendIdent(&buf, zTab, &rc);
  sessionAppendStr(&buf, " SET ", &rc);

  /* Append the assignments */
  for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
    sessionAppendStr(&buf, zSep, &rc);
    sessionAppendIdent(&buf, p->azCol[i], &rc);
︙︙
223728
223729
223730
223731
223732
223733
223734
223735
223736
223737
223738
223739
223740
223741
223742

static void fts5SourceIdFunc(
  sqlite3_context *pCtx,          /* Function call context */
  int nArg,                       /* Number of args */
  sqlite3_value **apUnused        /* Function arguments */
){
  assert( nArg==0 );
  UNUSED_PARAM2(nArg, apUnused);
  sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, "fts5: 2020-04-04 00:29:18 43612157f87f7365cdb6d77ca3f1e06efd64ce023fb6825bbd3895265cc10f51", -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
}

/*
** Return true if zName is the extension on one of the shadow tables used
** by this module.
*/
static int fts5ShadowName(const char *zName){








|








224762
224763
224764
224765
224766
224767
224768
224769
224770
224771
224772
224773
224774
224775
224776

static void fts5SourceIdFunc(
  sqlite3_context *pCtx,          /* Function call context */
  int nArg,                       /* Number of args */
  sqlite3_value **apUnused        /* Function arguments */
){
  assert( nArg==0 );
  UNUSED_PARAM2(nArg, apUnused);
  sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, "fts5: 2020-05-22 17:46:16 5998789c9c744bce92e4cff7636bba800a75574243d6977e1fc8281e360f8d5a", -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
}

/*
** Return true if zName is the extension on one of the shadow tables used
** by this module.
*/
static int fts5ShadowName(const char *zName){
︙︙
227471
227472
227473
227474
227475
227476
227477

227478
227479
227480
227481
227482
227483
227484

struct Fts5VocabTable {
  sqlite3_vtab base;
  char *zFts5Tbl;                 /* Name of fts5 table */
  char *zFts5Db;                  /* Db containing fts5 table */
  sqlite3 *db;                    /* Database handle */
  Fts5Global *pGlobal;            /* FTS5 global object for this database */
  int eType;                      /* FTS5_VOCAB_COL, ROW or INSTANCE */

};

struct Fts5VocabCursor {
  sqlite3_vtab_cursor base;
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;            /* Statement holding lock on pIndex */
  Fts5Table *pFts5;               /* Associated FTS5 table */









>








228505
228506
228507
228508
228509
228510
228511
228512
228513
228514
228515
228516
228517
228518
228519

struct Fts5VocabTable {
  sqlite3_vtab base;
  char *zFts5Tbl;                 /* Name of fts5 table */
  char *zFts5Db;                  /* Db containing fts5 table */
  sqlite3 *db;                    /* Database handle */
  Fts5Global *pGlobal;            /* FTS5 global object for this database */
  int eType;                      /* FTS5_VOCAB_COL, ROW or INSTANCE */
  unsigned bBusy;                 /* True if busy */
};

struct Fts5VocabCursor {
  sqlite3_vtab_cursor base;
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;            /* Statement holding lock on pIndex */
  Fts5Table *pFts5;               /* Associated FTS5 table */
︙︙
227753
227754
227755
227756
227757
227758
227759






227760
227761
227762
227763
227764
227765
227766
227767
227768
227769
227770

227771
227772
227773
227774

227775
227776
227777
227778
227779
227780
227781

  Fts5VocabTable *pTab = (Fts5VocabTable*)pVTab;
  Fts5Table *pFts5 = 0;
  Fts5VocabCursor *pCsr = 0;
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
  char *zSql = 0;







  zSql = sqlite3Fts5Mprintf(&rc,
      "SELECT t.%Q FROM %Q.%Q AS t WHERE t.%Q MATCH '*id'",
      pTab->zFts5Tbl, pTab->zFts5Db, pTab->zFts5Tbl, pTab->zFts5Tbl
  );
  if( zSql ){
    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(pTab->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
  }
  sqlite3_free(zSql);
  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pStmt==0 );
  if( rc==SQLITE_ERROR ) rc = SQLITE_OK;


  if( pStmt && sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
    i64 iId = sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 0);
    pFts5 = sqlite3Fts5TableFromCsrid(pTab->pGlobal, iId);
  }


  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    if( pFts5==0 ){
      rc = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
      pStmt = 0;
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        pVTab->zErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf(








>
>
>
>
>
>











>




>








228788
228789
228790
228791
228792
228793
228794
228795
228796
228797
228798
228799
228800
228801
228802
228803
228804
228805
228806
228807
228808
228809
228810
228811
228812
228813
228814
228815
228816
228817
228818
228819
228820
228821
228822
228823
228824

  Fts5VocabTable *pTab = (Fts5VocabTable*)pVTab;
  Fts5Table *pFts5 = 0;
  Fts5VocabCursor *pCsr = 0;
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
  char *zSql = 0;

  if( pTab->bBusy ){
    pVTab->zErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf(
       "recursive definition for %s.%s", pTab->zFts5Db, pTab->zFts5Tbl
    );
    return SQLITE_ERROR;
  }
  zSql = sqlite3Fts5Mprintf(&rc,
      "SELECT t.%Q FROM %Q.%Q AS t WHERE t.%Q MATCH '*id'",
      pTab->zFts5Tbl, pTab->zFts5Db, pTab->zFts5Tbl, pTab->zFts5Tbl
  );
  if( zSql ){
    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(pTab->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
  }
  sqlite3_free(zSql);
  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pStmt==0 );
  if( rc==SQLITE_ERROR ) rc = SQLITE_OK;

  pTab->bBusy = 1;
  if( pStmt && sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
    i64 iId = sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 0);
    pFts5 = sqlite3Fts5TableFromCsrid(pTab->pGlobal, iId);
  }
  pTab->bBusy = 0;

  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    if( pFts5==0 ){
      rc = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
      pStmt = 0;
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        pVTab->zErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf(
︙︙
228370
228371
228372
228373
228374
228375
228376

228377
228378
228379
228380
228381
228382
228383
228384

      sqlite3_result_int(ctx, sqlite3_stmt_readonly(pCur->pStmt));
      break;
    }
    case STMT_COLUMN_BUSY: {
      sqlite3_result_int(ctx, sqlite3_stmt_busy(pCur->pStmt));
      break;
    }

    case STMT_COLUMN_MEM: {
      i = SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_MEMUSED + 
            STMT_COLUMN_NSCAN - SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP;
      /* Fall thru */
    }
    case STMT_COLUMN_NSCAN:
    case STMT_COLUMN_NSORT:
    case STMT_COLUMN_NAIDX:








>
|








229413
229414
229415
229416
229417
229418
229419
229420
229421
229422
229423
229424
229425
229426
229427
229428

      sqlite3_result_int(ctx, sqlite3_stmt_readonly(pCur->pStmt));
      break;
    }
    case STMT_COLUMN_BUSY: {
      sqlite3_result_int(ctx, sqlite3_stmt_busy(pCur->pStmt));
      break;
    }
    default: {
      assert( i==STMT_COLUMN_MEM );
      i = SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_MEMUSED + 
            STMT_COLUMN_NSCAN - SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP;
      /* Fall thru */
    }
    case STMT_COLUMN_NSCAN:
    case STMT_COLUMN_NSORT:
    case STMT_COLUMN_NAIDX:
︙︙
228501
228502
228503
228504
228505
228506
228507
228508
228509
228510
228511
228512
228513
228514

#endif
  return rc;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_CORE */
#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STMTVTAB) */

/************** End of stmt.c ************************************************/
#if __LINE__!=228508
#undef SQLITE_SOURCE_ID
#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2020-04-04 00:29:18 43612157f87f7365cdb6d77ca3f1e06efd64ce023fb6825bbd3895265cc1alt2"
#endif
/* Return the source-id for this library */
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_sourceid(void){ return SQLITE_SOURCE_ID; }
/************************** End of sqlite3.c ******************************/








|

|





229545
229546
229547
229548
229549
229550
229551
229552
229553
229554
229555
229556
229557
229558

#endif
  return rc;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_CORE */
#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STMTVTAB) */

/************** End of stmt.c ************************************************/
#if __LINE__!=229552
#undef SQLITE_SOURCE_ID
#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2020-05-22 17:46:16 5998789c9c744bce92e4cff7636bba800a75574243d6977e1fc8281e360falt2"
#endif
/* Return the source-id for this library */
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_sourceid(void){ return SQLITE_SOURCE_ID; }
/************************** End of sqlite3.c ******************************/
Changes to SQLite.Interop/src/core/sqlite3.h.
︙︙
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135

** been edited in any way since it was last checked in, then the last
** four hexadecimal digits of the hash may be modified.
**
** See also: [sqlite3_libversion()],
** [sqlite3_libversion_number()], [sqlite3_sourceid()],
** [sqlite_version()] and [sqlite_source_id()].
*/
#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.31.1"
#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3031001
#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2020-04-04 00:29:18 43612157f87f7365cdb6d77ca3f1e06efd64ce023fb6825bbd3895265cc10f51"

/*
** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Library Version Numbers
** KEYWORDS: sqlite3_version sqlite3_sourceid
**
** These interfaces provide the same information as the [SQLITE_VERSION],
** [SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER], and [SQLITE_SOURCE_ID] C preprocessor macros








|
|
|








119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135

** been edited in any way since it was last checked in, then the last
** four hexadecimal digits of the hash may be modified.
**
** See also: [sqlite3_libversion()],
** [sqlite3_libversion_number()], [sqlite3_sourceid()],
** [sqlite_version()] and [sqlite_source_id()].
*/
#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.32.0"
#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3032000
#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2020-05-22 17:46:16 5998789c9c744bce92e4cff7636bba800a75574243d6977e1fc8281e360f8d5a"

/*
** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Library Version Numbers
** KEYWORDS: sqlite3_version sqlite3_sourceid
**
** These interfaces provide the same information as the [SQLITE_VERSION],
** [SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER], and [SQLITE_SOURCE_ID] C preprocessor macros
︙︙
295
296
297
298
299
300
301




302
303
304
305
306


307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328

**
** ^The sqlite3_close() and sqlite3_close_v2() routines are destructors
** for the [sqlite3] object.
** ^Calls to sqlite3_close() and sqlite3_close_v2() return [SQLITE_OK] if
** the [sqlite3] object is successfully destroyed and all associated
** resources are deallocated.
**




** ^If the database connection is associated with unfinalized prepared
** statements or unfinished sqlite3_backup objects then sqlite3_close()
** will leave the database connection open and return [SQLITE_BUSY].
** ^If sqlite3_close_v2() is called with unfinalized prepared statements
** and/or unfinished sqlite3_backups, then the database connection becomes


** an unusable "zombie" which will automatically be deallocated when the
** last prepared statement is finalized or the last sqlite3_backup is
** finished.  The sqlite3_close_v2() interface is intended for use with
** host languages that are garbage collected, and where the order in which
** destructors are called is arbitrary.
**
** Applications should [sqlite3_finalize | finalize] all [prepared statements],
** [sqlite3_blob_close | close] all [BLOB handles], and 
** [sqlite3_backup_finish | finish] all [sqlite3_backup] objects associated
** with the [sqlite3] object prior to attempting to close the object.  ^If
** sqlite3_close_v2() is called on a [database connection] that still has
** outstanding [prepared statements], [BLOB handles], and/or
** [sqlite3_backup] objects then it returns [SQLITE_OK] and the deallocation
** of resources is deferred until all [prepared statements], [BLOB handles],
** and [sqlite3_backup] objects are also destroyed.
**
** ^If an [sqlite3] object is destroyed while a transaction is open,
** the transaction is automatically rolled back.
**
** The C parameter to [sqlite3_close(C)] and [sqlite3_close_v2(C)]
** must be either a NULL
** pointer or an [sqlite3] object pointer obtained








>
>
>
>

|
|
|
|
>
>
|
|
|
|
|
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<








295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317










318
319
320
321
322
323
324

**
** ^The sqlite3_close() and sqlite3_close_v2() routines are destructors
** for the [sqlite3] object.
** ^Calls to sqlite3_close() and sqlite3_close_v2() return [SQLITE_OK] if
** the [sqlite3] object is successfully destroyed and all associated
** resources are deallocated.
**
** Ideally, applications should [sqlite3_finalize | finalize] all
** [prepared statements], [sqlite3_blob_close | close] all [BLOB handles], and 
** [sqlite3_backup_finish | finish] all [sqlite3_backup] objects associated
** with the [sqlite3] object prior to attempting to close the object.
** ^If the database connection is associated with unfinalized prepared
** statements, BLOB handlers, and/or unfinished sqlite3_backup objects then
** sqlite3_close() will leave the database connection open and return
** [SQLITE_BUSY]. ^If sqlite3_close_v2() is called with unfinalized prepared
** statements, unclosed BLOB handlers, and/or unfinished sqlite3_backups,
** it returns [SQLITE_OK] regardless, but instead of deallocating the database
** connection immediately, it marks the database connection as an unusable
** "zombie" and makes arrangements to automatically deallocate the database
** connection after all prepared statements are finalized, all BLOB handles
** are closed, and all backups have finished. The sqlite3_close_v2() interface
** is intended for use with host languages that are garbage collected, and
** where the order in which destructors are called is arbitrary.










**
** ^If an [sqlite3] object is destroyed while a transaction is open,
** the transaction is automatically rolled back.
**
** The C parameter to [sqlite3_close(C)] and [sqlite3_close_v2(C)]
** must be either a NULL
** pointer or an [sqlite3] object pointer obtained
︙︙
503
504
505
506
507
508
509

510
511
512
513

514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521

522
523
524
525
526
527
528

#define SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH       (SQLITE_IOERR | (25<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_CONVPATH          (SQLITE_IOERR | (26<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_VNODE             (SQLITE_IOERR | (27<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_AUTH              (SQLITE_IOERR | (28<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_BEGIN_ATOMIC      (SQLITE_IOERR | (29<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_COMMIT_ATOMIC     (SQLITE_IOERR | (30<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_ROLLBACK_ATOMIC   (SQLITE_IOERR | (31<<8))

#define SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE      (SQLITE_LOCKED |  (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_LOCKED_VTAB             (SQLITE_LOCKED |  (2<<8))
#define SQLITE_BUSY_RECOVERY           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (2<<8))

#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_NOTEMPDIR      (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_ISDIR          (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (2<<8))
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (3<<8))
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_CONVPATH       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (4<<8))
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_DIRTYWAL       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (5<<8)) /* Not Used */
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_SYMLINK        (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (6<<8))
#define SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB            (SQLITE_CORRUPT | (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_CORRUPT_SEQUENCE        (SQLITE_CORRUPT | (2<<8))

#define SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY       (SQLITE_READONLY | (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_CANTLOCK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (2<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_ROLLBACK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (3<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_DBMOVED        (SQLITE_READONLY | (4<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_CANTINIT       (SQLITE_READONLY | (5<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_DIRECTORY      (SQLITE_READONLY | (6<<8))
#define SQLITE_ABORT_ROLLBACK          (SQLITE_ABORT | (2<<8))








>




>








>








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#define SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH       (SQLITE_IOERR | (25<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_CONVPATH          (SQLITE_IOERR | (26<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_VNODE             (SQLITE_IOERR | (27<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_AUTH              (SQLITE_IOERR | (28<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_BEGIN_ATOMIC      (SQLITE_IOERR | (29<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_COMMIT_ATOMIC     (SQLITE_IOERR | (30<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_ROLLBACK_ATOMIC   (SQLITE_IOERR | (31<<8))
#define SQLITE_IOERR_DATA              (SQLITE_IOERR | (32<<8))
#define SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE      (SQLITE_LOCKED |  (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_LOCKED_VTAB             (SQLITE_LOCKED |  (2<<8))
#define SQLITE_BUSY_RECOVERY           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (2<<8))
#define SQLITE_BUSY_TIMEOUT            (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (3<<8))
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_NOTEMPDIR      (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_ISDIR          (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (2<<8))
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (3<<8))
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_CONVPATH       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (4<<8))
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_DIRTYWAL       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (5<<8)) /* Not Used */
#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_SYMLINK        (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (6<<8))
#define SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB            (SQLITE_CORRUPT | (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_CORRUPT_SEQUENCE        (SQLITE_CORRUPT | (2<<8))
#define SQLITE_CORRUPT_INDEX           (SQLITE_CORRUPT | (3<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY       (SQLITE_READONLY | (1<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_CANTLOCK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (2<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_ROLLBACK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (3<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_DBMOVED        (SQLITE_READONLY | (4<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_CANTINIT       (SQLITE_READONLY | (5<<8))
#define SQLITE_READONLY_DIRECTORY      (SQLITE_READONLY | (6<<8))
#define SQLITE_ABORT_ROLLBACK          (SQLITE_ABORT | (2<<8))
︙︙
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** [SQLITE_FCNTL_BEGIN_ATOMIC_WRITE] to be rolled back.
** ^This file control takes the file descriptor out of batch write mode
** so that all subsequent write operations are independent.
** ^SQLite will never invoke SQLITE_FCNTL_ROLLBACK_ATOMIC_WRITE without
** a prior successful call to [SQLITE_FCNTL_BEGIN_ATOMIC_WRITE].
**
** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT]]
** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT] opcode causes attempts to obtain

** a file lock using the xLock or xShmLock methods of the VFS to wait
** for up to M milliseconds before failing, where M is the single 
** unsigned integer parameter.


**
** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_DATA_VERSION]]
** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_DATA_VERSION] opcode is used to detect changes to
** a database file.  The argument is a pointer to a 32-bit unsigned integer.
** The "data version" for the pager is written into the pointer.  The
** "data version" changes whenever any change occurs to the corresponding
** database file, either through SQL statements on the same database
** connection or through transactions committed by separate database
** connections possibly in other processes. The [sqlite3_total_changes()]
** interface can be used to find if any database on the connection has changed,
** but that interface responds to changes on TEMP as well as MAIN and does
** not provide a mechanism to detect changes to MAIN only.  Also, the
** [sqlite3_total_changes()] interface responds to internal changes only and
** omits changes made by other database connections.  The
** [PRAGMA data_version] command provides a mechanism to detect changes to
** a single attached database that occur due to other database connections,
** but omits changes implemented by the database connection on which it is
** called.  This file control is the only mechanism to detect changes that
** happen either internally or externally and that are associated with
** a particular attached database.





**
** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_DONE]]
** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_DONE] opcode is invoked from within a checkpoint
** in wal mode after the client has finished copying pages from the wal
** file to the database file, but before the *-shm file is updated to
** record the fact that the pages have been checkpointed.
** </ul>








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** [SQLITE_FCNTL_BEGIN_ATOMIC_WRITE] to be rolled back.
** ^This file control takes the file descriptor out of batch write mode
** so that all subsequent write operations are independent.
** ^SQLite will never invoke SQLITE_FCNTL_ROLLBACK_ATOMIC_WRITE without
** a prior successful call to [SQLITE_FCNTL_BEGIN_ATOMIC_WRITE].
**
** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT]]
** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT] opcode is used to configure a VFS
** to block for up to M milliseconds before failing when attempting to 
** obtain a file lock using the xLock or xShmLock methods of the VFS. 

** The parameter is a pointer to a 32-bit signed integer that contains
** the value that M is to be set to. Before returning, the 32-bit signed
** integer is overwritten with the previous value of M.
**
** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_DATA_VERSION]]
** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_DATA_VERSION] opcode is used to detect changes to
** a database file.  The argument is a pointer to a 32-bit unsigned integer.
** The "data version" for the pager is written into the pointer.  The
** "data version" changes whenever any change occurs to the corresponding
** database file, either through SQL statements on the same database
** connection or through transactions committed by separate database
** connections possibly in other processes. The [sqlite3_total_changes()]
** interface can be used to find if any database on the connection has changed,
** but that interface responds to changes on TEMP as well as MAIN and does
** not provide a mechanism to detect changes to MAIN only.  Also, the
** [sqlite3_total_changes()] interface responds to internal changes only and
** omits changes made by other database connections.  The
** [PRAGMA data_version] command provides a mechanism to detect changes to
** a single attached database that occur due to other database connections,
** but omits changes implemented by the database connection on which it is
** called.  This file control is the only mechanism to detect changes that
** happen either internally or externally and that are associated with
** a particular attached database.
**
** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_START]]
** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_START] opcode is invoked from within a checkpoint
** in wal mode before the client starts to copy pages from the wal
** file to the database file.
**
** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_DONE]]
** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_DONE] opcode is invoked from within a checkpoint
** in wal mode after the client has finished copying pages from the wal
** file to the database file, but before the *-shm file is updated to
** record the fact that the pages have been checkpointed.
** </ul>
︙︙
1151
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1157


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1164

#define SQLITE_FCNTL_BEGIN_ATOMIC_WRITE     31
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_ATOMIC_WRITE    32
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_ROLLBACK_ATOMIC_WRITE  33
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT           34
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_DATA_VERSION           35
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_LIMIT             36
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_DONE              37



/* deprecated names */
#define SQLITE_GET_LOCKPROXYFILE      SQLITE_FCNTL_GET_LOCKPROXYFILE
#define SQLITE_SET_LOCKPROXYFILE      SQLITE_FCNTL_SET_LOCKPROXYFILE
#define SQLITE_LAST_ERRNO             SQLITE_FCNTL_LAST_ERRNO










>
>








1157
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1165
1166
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1168
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1170
1171
1172

#define SQLITE_FCNTL_BEGIN_ATOMIC_WRITE     31
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_ATOMIC_WRITE    32
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_ROLLBACK_ATOMIC_WRITE  33
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCK_TIMEOUT           34
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_DATA_VERSION           35
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_LIMIT             36
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_DONE              37
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_RESERVE_BYTES          38
#define SQLITE_FCNTL_CKPT_START             39

/* deprecated names */
#define SQLITE_GET_LOCKPROXYFILE      SQLITE_FCNTL_GET_LOCKPROXYFILE
#define SQLITE_SET_LOCKPROXYFILE      SQLITE_FCNTL_SET_LOCKPROXYFILE
#define SQLITE_LAST_ERRNO             SQLITE_FCNTL_LAST_ERRNO
︙︙
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3536
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3538
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/*
** CAPI3REF: Obtain Values For URI Parameters
**
** These are utility routines, useful to [VFS|custom VFS implementations],
** that check if a database file was a URI that contained a specific query 
** parameter, and if so obtains the value of that query parameter.
**




** If F is the database filename pointer passed into the xOpen() method of 
** a VFS implementation or it is the return value of [sqlite3_db_filename()]







** and if P is the name of the query parameter, then
** sqlite3_uri_parameter(F,P) returns the value of the P
** parameter if it exists or a NULL pointer if P does not appear as a 
** query parameter on F.  If P is a query parameter of F and it
** has no explicit value, then sqlite3_uri_parameter(F,P) returns
** a pointer to an empty string.
**








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>








3537
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3563

/*
** CAPI3REF: Obtain Values For URI Parameters
**
** These are utility routines, useful to [VFS|custom VFS implementations],
** that check if a database file was a URI that contained a specific query 
** parameter, and if so obtains the value of that query parameter.
**
** The first parameter to these interfaces (hereafter referred to
** as F) must be one of:
** <ul>
** <li> A database filename pointer created by the SQLite core and
** passed into the xOpen() method of a VFS implemention, or
** <li> A filename obtained from [sqlite3_db_filename()], or
** <li> A new filename constructed using [sqlite3_create_filename()].
** </ul>
** If the F parameter is not one of the above, then the behavior is
** undefined and probably undesirable.  Older versions of SQLite were
** more tolerant of invalid F parameters than newer versions.
**
** If F is a suitable filename (as described in the previous paragraph)
** and if P is the name of the query parameter, then
** sqlite3_uri_parameter(F,P) returns the value of the P
** parameter if it exists or a NULL pointer if P does not appear as a 
** query parameter on F.  If P is a query parameter of F and it
** has no explicit value, then sqlite3_uri_parameter(F,P) returns
** a pointer to an empty string.
**
︙︙
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3619








































































3620
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3622
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3626

** return value from [sqlite3_db_filename()], then the result is
** undefined and is likely a memory access violation.
*/
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_filename_database(const char*);
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_filename_journal(const char*);
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_filename_wal(const char*);










































































/*
** CAPI3REF: Error Codes And Messages
** METHOD: sqlite3
**
** ^If the most recent sqlite3_* API call associated with 
** [database connection] D failed, then the sqlite3_errcode(D) interface








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3632
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3715
3716
3717

** return value from [sqlite3_db_filename()], then the result is
** undefined and is likely a memory access violation.
*/
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_filename_database(const char*);
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_filename_journal(const char*);
SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_filename_wal(const char*);

/*
** CAPI3REF:  Database File Corresponding To A Journal
**
** ^If X is the name of a rollback or WAL-mode journal file that is
** passed into the xOpen method of [sqlite3_vfs], then 
** sqlite3_database_file_object(X) returns a pointer to the [sqlite3_file]
** object that represents the main database file.
**
** This routine is intended for use in custom [VFS] implementations
** only.  It is not a general-purpose interface.
** The argument sqlite3_file_object(X) must be a filename pointer that
** has been passed into [sqlite3_vfs].xOpen method where the 
** flags parameter to xOpen contains one of the bits
** [SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL] or [SQLITE_OPEN_WAL].  Any other use
** of this routine results in undefined and probably undesirable
** behavior.
*/
SQLITE_API sqlite3_file *sqlite3_database_file_object(const char*);

/*
** CAPI3REF: Create and Destroy VFS Filenames
**
** These interfces are provided for use by [VFS shim] implementations and
** are not useful outside of that context.
**
** The sqlite3_create_filename(D,J,W,N,P) allocates memory to hold a version of
** database filename D with corresponding journal file J and WAL file W and
** with N URI parameters key/values pairs in the array P.  The result from
** sqlite3_create_filename(D,J,W,N,P) is a pointer to a database filename that
** is safe to pass to routines like:
** <ul>
** <li> [sqlite3_uri_parameter()],
** <li> [sqlite3_uri_boolean()],
** <li> [sqlite3_uri_int64()],
** <li> [sqlite3_uri_key()], 
** <li> [sqlite3_filename_database()],
** <li> [sqlite3_filename_journal()], or
** <li> [sqlite3_filename_wal()].
** </ul>
** If a memory allocation error occurs, sqlite3_create_filename() might
** return a NULL pointer.  The memory obtained from sqlite3_create_filename(X)
** must be released by a corresponding call to sqlite3_free_filename(Y).
**
** The P parameter in sqlite3_create_filename(D,J,W,N,P) should be an array
** of 2*N pointers to strings.  Each pair of pointers in this array corresponds
** to a key and value for a query parameter.  The P parameter may be a NULL
** pointer if N is zero.  None of the 2*N pointers in the P array may be
** NULL pointers and key pointers should not be empty strings.
** None of the D, J, or W parameters to sqlite3_create_filename(D,J,W,N,P) may
** be NULL pointers, though they can be empty strings.
**
** The sqlite3_free_filename(Y) routine releases a memory allocation
** previously obtained from sqlite3_create_filename().  Invoking
** sqlite3_free_filename(Y) where Y is a NULL pointer is a harmless no-op.
**
** If the Y parameter to sqlite3_free_filename(Y) is anything other
** than a NULL pointer or a pointer previously acquired from
** sqlite3_create_filename(), then bad things such as heap
** corruption or segfaults may occur. The value Y should be 
** used again after sqlite3_free_filename(Y) has been called.  This means
** that if the [sqlite3_vfs.xOpen()] method of a VFS has been called using Y,
** then the corresponding [sqlite3_module.xClose() method should also be
** invoked prior to calling sqlite3_free_filename(Y).
*/
SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_create_filename(
  const char *zDatabase,
  const char *zJournal,
  const char *zWal,
  int nParam,
  const char **azParam
);
SQLITE_API void sqlite3_free_filename(char*);

/*
** CAPI3REF: Error Codes And Messages
** METHOD: sqlite3
**
** ^If the most recent sqlite3_* API call associated with 
** [database connection] D failed, then the sqlite3_errcode(D) interface
︙︙
4195
4196
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4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
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4207


















4208
4209
4210
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4212
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4226
4227
4228

** ^The leftmost SQL parameter has an index of 1.  ^When the same named
** SQL parameter is used more than once, second and subsequent
** occurrences have the same index as the first occurrence.
** ^The index for named parameters can be looked up using the
** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()] API if desired.  ^The index
** for "?NNN" parameters is the value of NNN.
** ^The NNN value must be between 1 and the [sqlite3_limit()]
** parameter [SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER] (default value: 999).
**
** ^The third argument is the value to bind to the parameter.
** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_bind_text() or sqlite3_bind_text16()
** or sqlite3_bind_blob() is a NULL pointer then the fourth parameter
** is ignored and the end result is the same as sqlite3_bind_null().


















**
** ^(In those routines that have a fourth argument, its value is the
** number of bytes in the parameter.  To be clear: the value is the
** number of <u>bytes</u> in the value, not the number of characters.)^
** ^If the fourth parameter to sqlite3_bind_text() or sqlite3_bind_text16()
** is negative, then the length of the string is
** the number of bytes up to the first zero terminator.
** If the fourth parameter to sqlite3_bind_blob() is negative, then
** the behavior is undefined.
** If a non-negative fourth parameter is provided to sqlite3_bind_text()
** or sqlite3_bind_text16() or sqlite3_bind_text64() then
** that parameter must be the byte offset
** where the NUL terminator would occur assuming the string were NUL
** terminated.  If any NUL characters occur at byte offsets less than 
** the value of the fourth parameter then the resulting string value will
** contain embedded NULs.  The result of expressions involving strings
** with embedded NULs is undefined.
**
** ^The fifth argument to the BLOB and string binding interfaces
** is a destructor used to dispose of the BLOB or
** string after SQLite has finished with it.  ^The destructor is called








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4337

** ^The leftmost SQL parameter has an index of 1.  ^When the same named
** SQL parameter is used more than once, second and subsequent
** occurrences have the same index as the first occurrence.
** ^The index for named parameters can be looked up using the
** [sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()] API if desired.  ^The index
** for "?NNN" parameters is the value of NNN.
** ^The NNN value must be between 1 and the [sqlite3_limit()]
** parameter [SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER] (default value: 32766).
**
** ^The third argument is the value to bind to the parameter.
** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_bind_text() or sqlite3_bind_text16()
** or sqlite3_bind_blob() is a NULL pointer then the fourth parameter
** is ignored and the end result is the same as sqlite3_bind_null().
** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_bind_text() is not NULL, then
** it should be a pointer to well-formed UTF8 text.
** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_bind_text16() is not NULL, then
** it should be a pointer to well-formed UTF16 text.
** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_bind_text64() is not NULL, then
** it should be a pointer to a well-formed unicode string that is
** either UTF8 if the sixth parameter is SQLITE_UTF8, or UTF16
** otherwise.
**
** [[byte-order determination rules]] ^The byte-order of
** UTF16 input text is determined by the byte-order mark (BOM, U+FEFF)
** found in first character, which is removed, or in the absence of a BOM
** the byte order is the native byte order of the host
** machine for sqlite3_bind_text16() or the byte order specified in
** the 6th parameter for sqlite3_bind_text64().)^ 
** ^If UTF16 input text contains invalid unicode
** characters, then SQLite might change those invalid characters
** into the unicode replacement character: U+FFFD.
**
** ^(In those routines that have a fourth argument, its value is the
** number of bytes in the parameter.  To be clear: the value is the
** number of <u>bytes</u> in the value, not the number of characters.)^
** ^If the fourth parameter to sqlite3_bind_text() or sqlite3_bind_text16()
** is negative, then the length of the string is
** the number of bytes up to the first zero terminator.
** If the fourth parameter to sqlite3_bind_blob() is negative, then
** the behavior is undefined.
** If a non-negative fourth parameter is provided to sqlite3_bind_text()
** or sqlite3_bind_text16() or sqlite3_bind_text64() then
** that parameter must be the byte offset
** where the NUL terminator would occur assuming the string were NUL
** terminated.  If any NUL characters occurs at byte offsets less than 
** the value of the fourth parameter then the resulting string value will
** contain embedded NULs.  The result of expressions involving strings
** with embedded NULs is undefined.
**
** ^The fifth argument to the BLOB and string binding interfaces
** is a destructor used to dispose of the BLOB or
** string after SQLite has finished with it.  ^The destructor is called
︙︙
5382
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5393
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5396

**
** ^The sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) routine returns a NULL pointer 
** when first called if N is less than or equal to zero or if a memory
** allocate error occurs.
**
** ^(The amount of space allocated by sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) is
** determined by the N parameter on first successful call.  Changing the
** value of N in any subsequents call to sqlite3_aggregate_context() within
** the same aggregate function instance will not resize the memory
** allocation.)^  Within the xFinal callback, it is customary to set
** N=0 in calls to sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) so that no 
** pointless memory allocations occur.
**
** ^SQLite automatically frees the memory allocated by 
** sqlite3_aggregate_context() when the aggregate query concludes.








|








5491
5492
5493
5494
5495
5496
5497
5498
5499
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505

**
** ^The sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) routine returns a NULL pointer 
** when first called if N is less than or equal to zero or if a memory
** allocate error occurs.
**
** ^(The amount of space allocated by sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) is
** determined by the N parameter on first successful call.  Changing the
** value of N in any subsequent call to sqlite3_aggregate_context() within
** the same aggregate function instance will not resize the memory
** allocation.)^  Within the xFinal callback, it is customary to set
** N=0 in calls to sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) so that no 
** pointless memory allocations occur.
**
** ^SQLite automatically frees the memory allocated by 
** sqlite3_aggregate_context() when the aggregate query concludes.
︙︙
5539
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546

5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554

**
** ^The sqlite3_result_error() and sqlite3_result_error16() functions
** cause the implemented SQL function to throw an exception.
** ^SQLite uses the string pointed to by the
** 2nd parameter of sqlite3_result_error() or sqlite3_result_error16()
** as the text of an error message.  ^SQLite interprets the error
** message string from sqlite3_result_error() as UTF-8. ^SQLite
** interprets the string from sqlite3_result_error16() as UTF-16 in native

** byte order.  ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_result_error()
** or sqlite3_result_error16() is negative then SQLite takes as the error
** message all text up through the first zero character.
** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_result_error() or
** sqlite3_result_error16() is non-negative then SQLite takes that many
** bytes (not characters) from the 2nd parameter as the error message.
** ^The sqlite3_result_error() and sqlite3_result_error16()
** routines make a private copy of the error message text before








|
>
|








5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664

**
** ^The sqlite3_result_error() and sqlite3_result_error16() functions
** cause the implemented SQL function to throw an exception.
** ^SQLite uses the string pointed to by the
** 2nd parameter of sqlite3_result_error() or sqlite3_result_error16()
** as the text of an error message.  ^SQLite interprets the error
** message string from sqlite3_result_error() as UTF-8. ^SQLite
** interprets the string from sqlite3_result_error16() as UTF-16 using
** the same [byte-order determination rules] as [sqlite3_bind_text16()].
** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_result_error()
** or sqlite3_result_error16() is negative then SQLite takes as the error
** message all text up through the first zero character.
** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_result_error() or
** sqlite3_result_error16() is non-negative then SQLite takes that many
** bytes (not characters) from the 2nd parameter as the error message.
** ^The sqlite3_result_error() and sqlite3_result_error16()
** routines make a private copy of the error message text before
︙︙
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613



















5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620

** assumes that the text or BLOB result is in constant space and does not
** copy the content of the parameter nor call a destructor on the content
** when it has finished using that result.
** ^If the 4th parameter to the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces
** or sqlite3_result_blob is the special constant SQLITE_TRANSIENT
** then SQLite makes a copy of the result into space obtained
** from [sqlite3_malloc()] before it returns.



















**
** ^The sqlite3_result_value() interface sets the result of
** the application-defined function to be a copy of the
** [unprotected sqlite3_value] object specified by the 2nd parameter.  ^The
** sqlite3_result_value() interface makes a copy of the [sqlite3_value]
** so that the [sqlite3_value] specified in the parameter may change or
** be deallocated after sqlite3_result_value() returns without harm.








>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>








5717
5718
5719
5720
5721
5722
5723
5724
5725
5726
5727
5728
5729
5730
5731
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5733
5734
5735
5736
5737
5738
5739
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746
5747
5748
5749

** assumes that the text or BLOB result is in constant space and does not
** copy the content of the parameter nor call a destructor on the content
** when it has finished using that result.
** ^If the 4th parameter to the sqlite3_result_text* interfaces
** or sqlite3_result_blob is the special constant SQLITE_TRANSIENT
** then SQLite makes a copy of the result into space obtained
** from [sqlite3_malloc()] before it returns.
**
** ^For the sqlite3_result_text16(), sqlite3_result_text16le(), and
** sqlite3_result_text16be() routines, and for sqlite3_result_text64()
** when the encoding is not UTF8, if the input UTF16 begins with a
** byte-order mark (BOM, U+FEFF) then the BOM is removed from the
** string and the rest of the string is interpreted according to the
** byte-order specified by the BOM.  ^The byte-order specified by
** the BOM at the beginning of the text overrides the byte-order
** specified by the interface procedure.  ^So, for example, if
** sqlite3_result_text16le() is invoked with text that begins
** with bytes 0xfe, 0xff (a big-endian byte-order mark) then the
** first two bytes of input are skipped and the remaining input
** is interpreted as UTF16BE text.
**
** ^For UTF16 input text to the sqlite3_result_text16(),
** sqlite3_result_text16be(), sqlite3_result_text16le(), and
** sqlite3_result_text64() routines, if the text contains invalid
** UTF16 characters, the invalid characters might be converted
** into the unicode replacement character, U+FFFD.
**
** ^The sqlite3_result_value() interface sets the result of
** the application-defined function to be a copy of the
** [unprotected sqlite3_value] object specified by the 2nd parameter.  ^The
** sqlite3_result_value() interface makes a copy of the [sqlite3_value]
** so that the [sqlite3_value] specified in the parameter may change or
** be deallocated after sqlite3_result_value() returns without harm.
︙︙
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823
5824
5825
5826
5827
5828
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865
5866
5867
5868
5869
5870
5871

);
SQLITE_API int sqlite3_collation_needed16(
  sqlite3*, 
  void*,
  void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const void*)
);

#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
/*
** Specify the key for an encrypted database.  This routine should be
** called right after sqlite3_open().
**
** The code to implement this API is not available in the public release
** of SQLite.
*/
SQLITE_API int sqlite3_key(
  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The key */
);
SQLITE_API int sqlite3_key_v2(
  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
  const char *zDbName,           /* Name of the database */
  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The key */
);

/*
** Change the key on an open database.  If the current database is not
** encrypted, this routine will encrypt it.  If pNew==0 or nNew==0, the
** database is decrypted.
**
** The code to implement this API is not available in the public release
** of SQLite.
*/
SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rekey(
  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The new key */
);
SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rekey_v2(
  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
  const char *zDbName,           /* Name of the database */
  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The new key */
);

/*
** Specify the activation key for a SEE database.  Unless 
** activated, none of the SEE routines will work.
*/
SQLITE_API void sqlite3_activate_see(
  const char *zPassPhrase        /* Activation phrase */
);
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD
/*
** Specify the activation key for a CEROD database.  Unless 
** activated, none of the CEROD routines will work.
*/
SQLITE_API void sqlite3_activate_cerod(
  const char *zPassPhrase        /* Activation phrase */








<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<








5942
5943
5944
5945
5946
5947
5948













































5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955

);
SQLITE_API int sqlite3_collation_needed16(
  sqlite3*, 
  void*,
  void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const void*)
);














































#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD
/*
** Specify the activation key for a CEROD database.  Unless 
** activated, none of the CEROD routines will work.
*/
SQLITE_API void sqlite3_activate_cerod(
  const char *zPassPhrase        /* Activation phrase */
︙︙
7600
7601
7602
7603
7604
7605
7606
7607
7608
7609
7610
7611
7612
7613
7614

#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESET               7  /* NOT USED */
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BITVEC_TEST              8
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_FAULT_INSTALL            9
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BENIGN_MALLOC_HOOKS     10
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PENDING_BYTE            11
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ASSERT                  12
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ALWAYS                  13
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_RESERVE                 14
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS           15
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISKEYWORD               16  /* NOT USED */
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SCRATCHMALLOC           17  /* NOT USED */
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_INTERNAL_FUNCTIONS      17
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LOCALTIME_FAULT         18
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_EXPLAIN_STMT            19  /* NOT USED */
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ONCE_RESET_THRESHOLD    19








|








7684
7685
7686
7687
7688
7689
7690
7691
7692
7693
7694
7695
7696
7697
7698

#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESET               7  /* NOT USED */
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BITVEC_TEST              8
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_FAULT_INSTALL            9
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BENIGN_MALLOC_HOOKS     10
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PENDING_BYTE            11
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ASSERT                  12
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ALWAYS                  13
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_RESERVE                 14  /* NOT USED */
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS           15
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISKEYWORD               16  /* NOT USED */
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SCRATCHMALLOC           17  /* NOT USED */
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_INTERNAL_FUNCTIONS      17
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LOCALTIME_FAULT         18
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_EXPLAIN_STMT            19  /* NOT USED */
#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ONCE_RESET_THRESHOLD    19
︙︙
Changes to SQLite.Interop/src/core/sqlite3ext.h.
︙︙
326
327
328
329
330
331
332





333
334
335
336
337
338
339

  int (*drop_modules)(sqlite3*,const char**);
  /* Version 3.31.0 and later */
  sqlite3_int64 (*hard_heap_limit64)(sqlite3_int64);
  const char *(*uri_key)(const char*,int);
  const char *(*filename_database)(const char*);
  const char *(*filename_journal)(const char*);
  const char *(*filename_wal)(const char*);





};

/*
** This is the function signature used for all extension entry points.  It
** is also defined in the file "loadext.c".
*/
typedef int (*sqlite3_loadext_entry)(








>
>
>
>
>








326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344

  int (*drop_modules)(sqlite3*,const char**);
  /* Version 3.31.0 and later */
  sqlite3_int64 (*hard_heap_limit64)(sqlite3_int64);
  const char *(*uri_key)(const char*,int);
  const char *(*filename_database)(const char*);
  const char *(*filename_journal)(const char*);
  const char *(*filename_wal)(const char*);
  /* Version 3.32.0 and later */
  char *(*create_filename)(const char*,const char*,const char*,
                           int,const char**);
  void (*free_filename)(char*);
  sqlite3_file *(*database_file_object)(const char*);
};

/*
** This is the function signature used for all extension entry points.  It
** is also defined in the file "loadext.c".
*/
typedef int (*sqlite3_loadext_entry)(
︙︙
626
627
628
629
630
631
632




633
634
635
636
637
638
639

#define sqlite3_drop_modules           sqlite3_api->drop_modules
/* Version 3.31.0 and later */
#define sqlite3_hard_heap_limit64      sqlite3_api->hard_heap_limit64
#define sqlite3_uri_key                sqlite3_api->uri_key
#define sqlite3_filename_database      sqlite3_api->filename_database
#define sqlite3_filename_journal       sqlite3_api->filename_journal
#define sqlite3_filename_wal           sqlite3_api->filename_wal




#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION) */

#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION)
  /* This case when the file really is being compiled as a loadable 
  ** extension */
# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1     const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api=0;
# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(v)  sqlite3_api=v;








>
>
>
>








631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648

#define sqlite3_drop_modules           sqlite3_api->drop_modules
/* Version 3.31.0 and later */
#define sqlite3_hard_heap_limit64      sqlite3_api->hard_heap_limit64
#define sqlite3_uri_key                sqlite3_api->uri_key
#define sqlite3_filename_database      sqlite3_api->filename_database
#define sqlite3_filename_journal       sqlite3_api->filename_journal
#define sqlite3_filename_wal           sqlite3_api->filename_wal
/* Version 3.32.0 and later */
#define sqlite3_create_filename        sqlite3_api->create_filename
#define sqlite3_free_filename          sqlite3_api->free_filename
#define sqlite3_database_file_object   sqlite3_api->database_file_object
#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION) */

#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION)
  /* This case when the file really is being compiled as a loadable 
  ** extension */
# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1     const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api=0;
# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(v)  sqlite3_api=v;
︙︙
Changes to SQLite.Interop/src/ext/fts5.c.
︙︙
17886
17887
17888
17889
17890
17891
17892
17893
17894
17895
17896
17897
17898
17899
17900

static void fts5SourceIdFunc(
  sqlite3_context *pCtx,          /* Function call context */
  int nArg,                       /* Number of args */
  sqlite3_value **apUnused        /* Function arguments */
){
  assert( nArg==0 );
  UNUSED_PARAM2(nArg, apUnused);
  sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, "fts5: 2020-04-04 00:29:18 43612157f87f7365cdb6d77ca3f1e06efd64ce023fb6825bbd3895265cc10f51", -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
}

/*
** Return true if zName is the extension on one of the shadow tables used
** by this module.
*/
static int fts5ShadowName(const char *zName){








|








17886
17887
17888
17889
17890
17891
17892
17893
17894
17895
17896
17897
17898
17899
17900

static void fts5SourceIdFunc(
  sqlite3_context *pCtx,          /* Function call context */
  int nArg,                       /* Number of args */
  sqlite3_value **apUnused        /* Function arguments */
){
  assert( nArg==0 );
  UNUSED_PARAM2(nArg, apUnused);
  sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, "fts5: 2020-05-22 17:46:16 5998789c9c744bce92e4cff7636bba800a75574243d6977e1fc8281e360f8d5a", -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
}

/*
** Return true if zName is the extension on one of the shadow tables used
** by this module.
*/
static int fts5ShadowName(const char *zName){
︙︙
21634
21635
21636
21637
21638
21639
21640

21641
21642
21643
21644
21645
21646
21647

struct Fts5VocabTable {
  sqlite3_vtab base;
  char *zFts5Tbl;                 /* Name of fts5 table */
  char *zFts5Db;                  /* Db containing fts5 table */
  sqlite3 *db;                    /* Database handle */
  Fts5Global *pGlobal;            /* FTS5 global object for this database */
  int eType;                      /* FTS5_VOCAB_COL, ROW or INSTANCE */

};

struct Fts5VocabCursor {
  sqlite3_vtab_cursor base;
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;            /* Statement holding lock on pIndex */
  Fts5Table *pFts5;               /* Associated FTS5 table */









>








21634
21635
21636
21637
21638
21639
21640
21641
21642
21643
21644
21645
21646
21647
21648

struct Fts5VocabTable {
  sqlite3_vtab base;
  char *zFts5Tbl;                 /* Name of fts5 table */
  char *zFts5Db;                  /* Db containing fts5 table */
  sqlite3 *db;                    /* Database handle */
  Fts5Global *pGlobal;            /* FTS5 global object for this database */
  int eType;                      /* FTS5_VOCAB_COL, ROW or INSTANCE */
  unsigned bBusy;                 /* True if busy */
};

struct Fts5VocabCursor {
  sqlite3_vtab_cursor base;
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;            /* Statement holding lock on pIndex */
  Fts5Table *pFts5;               /* Associated FTS5 table */
︙︙
21916
21917
21918
21919
21920
21921
21922






21923
21924
21925
21926
21927
21928
21929
21930
21931
21932
21933

21934
21935
21936
21937

21938
21939
21940
21941
21942
21943
21944

  Fts5VocabTable *pTab = (Fts5VocabTable*)pVTab;
  Fts5Table *pFts5 = 0;
  Fts5VocabCursor *pCsr = 0;
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
  char *zSql = 0;







  zSql = sqlite3Fts5Mprintf(&rc,
      "SELECT t.%Q FROM %Q.%Q AS t WHERE t.%Q MATCH '*id'",
      pTab->zFts5Tbl, pTab->zFts5Db, pTab->zFts5Tbl, pTab->zFts5Tbl
  );
  if( zSql ){
    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(pTab->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
  }
  sqlite3_free(zSql);
  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pStmt==0 );
  if( rc==SQLITE_ERROR ) rc = SQLITE_OK;


  if( pStmt && sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
    i64 iId = sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 0);
    pFts5 = sqlite3Fts5TableFromCsrid(pTab->pGlobal, iId);
  }


  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    if( pFts5==0 ){
      rc = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
      pStmt = 0;
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        pVTab->zErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf(








>
>
>
>
>
>











>




>








21917
21918
21919
21920
21921
21922
21923
21924
21925
21926
21927
21928
21929
21930
21931
21932
21933
21934
21935
21936
21937
21938
21939
21940
21941
21942
21943
21944
21945
21946
21947
21948
21949
21950
21951
21952
21953

  Fts5VocabTable *pTab = (Fts5VocabTable*)pVTab;
  Fts5Table *pFts5 = 0;
  Fts5VocabCursor *pCsr = 0;
  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
  char *zSql = 0;

  if( pTab->bBusy ){
    pVTab->zErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf(
       "recursive definition for %s.%s", pTab->zFts5Db, pTab->zFts5Tbl
    );
    return SQLITE_ERROR;
  }
  zSql = sqlite3Fts5Mprintf(&rc,
      "SELECT t.%Q FROM %Q.%Q AS t WHERE t.%Q MATCH '*id'",
      pTab->zFts5Tbl, pTab->zFts5Db, pTab->zFts5Tbl, pTab->zFts5Tbl
  );
  if( zSql ){
    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(pTab->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
  }
  sqlite3_free(zSql);
  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pStmt==0 );
  if( rc==SQLITE_ERROR ) rc = SQLITE_OK;

  pTab->bBusy = 1;
  if( pStmt && sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
    i64 iId = sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 0);
    pFts5 = sqlite3Fts5TableFromCsrid(pTab->pGlobal, iId);
  }
  pTab->bBusy = 0;

  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    if( pFts5==0 ){
      rc = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
      pStmt = 0;
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        pVTab->zErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf(
︙︙
Changes to SQLite.Interop/src/ext/json1.c.
︙︙
250
251
252
253
254
255
256

257
258
259
260
261
262
263

  p->nAlloc = nTotal;
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/* Append N bytes from zIn onto the end of the JsonString string.
*/
static void jsonAppendRaw(JsonString *p, const char *zIn, u32 N){

  if( (N+p->nUsed >= p->nAlloc) && jsonGrow(p,N)!=0 ) return;
  memcpy(p->zBuf+p->nUsed, zIn, N);
  p->nUsed += N;
}

/* Append formatted text (not to exceed N bytes) to the JsonString.
*/








>








250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264

  p->nAlloc = nTotal;
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/* Append N bytes from zIn onto the end of the JsonString string.
*/
static void jsonAppendRaw(JsonString *p, const char *zIn, u32 N){
  if( N==0 ) return;
  if( (N+p->nUsed >= p->nAlloc) && jsonGrow(p,N)!=0 ) return;
  memcpy(p->zBuf+p->nUsed, zIn, N);
  p->nUsed += N;
}

/* Append formatted text (not to exceed N bytes) to the JsonString.
*/
︙︙
Changes to System.Data.SQLite/SQLiteException.cs.
︙︙
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      /// An attempt to commit a file system transaction failed.
      /// </summary>
      IoErr_Commit_Atomic = (IoErr | (30 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// An attempt to rollback a file system transaction failed.
      /// </summary>
      IoErr_Rollback_Atomic = (IoErr | (31 << 8)),




      /// <summary>
      /// A database table is locked in shared-cache mode.
      /// </summary>
      Locked_SharedCache = (Locked | (1 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// A virtual table in the database is locked.
      /// </summary>
      Locked_Vtab = (Locked | (2 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// A database file is locked due to a recovery operation.
      /// </summary>
      Busy_Recovery = (Busy | (1 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// A database file is locked due to snapshot semantics.
      /// </summary>
      Busy_Snapshot = (Busy | (2 << 8)),




      /// <summary>
      /// A database file cannot be opened because no temporary directory is available.
      /// </summary>
      CantOpen_NoTempDir = (CantOpen | (1 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// A database file cannot be opened because its path represents a directory.
      /// </summary>








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      /// An attempt to commit a file system transaction failed.
      /// </summary>
      IoErr_Commit_Atomic = (IoErr | (30 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// An attempt to rollback a file system transaction failed.
      /// </summary>
      IoErr_Rollback_Atomic = (IoErr | (31 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// Data read from the file system appears to be incorrect.
      /// </summary>
      IoErr_Data = (IoErr | (32 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// A database table is locked in shared-cache mode.
      /// </summary>
      Locked_SharedCache = (Locked | (1 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// A virtual table in the database is locked.
      /// </summary>
      Locked_Vtab = (Locked | (2 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// A database file is locked due to a recovery operation.
      /// </summary>
      Busy_Recovery = (Busy | (1 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// A database file is locked due to snapshot semantics.
      /// </summary>
      Busy_Snapshot = (Busy | (2 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// An internal timeout was encountered while waiting for a database lock.
      /// </summary>
      Busy_Timeout = (Busy | (3 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// A database file cannot be opened because no temporary directory is available.
      /// </summary>
      CantOpen_NoTempDir = (CantOpen | (1 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// A database file cannot be opened because its path represents a directory.
      /// </summary>
︙︙
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      /// A virtual table is malformed.
      /// </summary>
      Corrupt_Vtab = (Corrupt | (1 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// A required sequence table is missing or corrupt.
      /// </summary>
      Corrupt_Sequence = (Corrupt | (2 << 8)),




      /// <summary>
      /// A database file is read-only due to a recovery operation.
      /// </summary>
      ReadOnly_Recovery = (ReadOnly | (1 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// A database file is read-only because a lock could not be obtained.
      /// </summary>








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      /// A virtual table is malformed.
      /// </summary>
      Corrupt_Vtab = (Corrupt | (1 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// A required sequence table is missing or corrupt.
      /// </summary>
      Corrupt_Sequence = (Corrupt | (2 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// An index entry that should be present is missing.
      /// </summary>
      Corrupt_Index = (Corrupt | (3 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// A database file is read-only due to a recovery operation.
      /// </summary>
      ReadOnly_Recovery = (ReadOnly | (1 << 8)),
      /// <summary>
      /// A database file is read-only because a lock could not be obtained.
      /// </summary>
︙︙
Changes to Targets/SQLite.NET.Settings.targets.
︙︙
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              AND via the "INTEROP_CODEC=1" preprocessor define being present in
              the "INTEROP_EXTRA_DEFINES" macro in the build properties file:

                  "SQLite.Interop\props\SQLite.Interop.20YY.[vs]props"

              both for the corresponding version(s) of Visual Studio.
    -->
    <InteropCodec Condition="'$(InteropCodec)' == ''">true</InteropCodec>

    <!--
        NOTE: Enable including SEE with the custom built interop DLL (i.e.
              "SQLite.Interop.dll")?  By default, this is disabled.  If this is
              enabled, the "see.c" file will be included from the extensions
              directory.  If this is enabled, it must also be enabled via the
              "SQLITE_HAS_CODEC=1" preprocessor define being present in the








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              AND via the "INTEROP_CODEC=1" preprocessor define being present in
              the "INTEROP_EXTRA_DEFINES" macro in the build properties file:

                  "SQLite.Interop\props\SQLite.Interop.20YY.[vs]props"

              both for the corresponding version(s) of Visual Studio.
    -->
    <InteropCodec Condition="'$(InteropCodec)' == ''">false</InteropCodec>

    <!--
        NOTE: Enable including SEE with the custom built interop DLL (i.e.
              "SQLite.Interop.dll")?  By default, this is disabled.  If this is
              enabled, the "see.c" file will be included from the extensions
              directory.  If this is enabled, it must also be enabled via the
              "SQLITE_HAS_CODEC=1" preprocessor define being present in the
︙︙
Changes to Tests/basic.eagle.
︙︙
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  freeDbConnection

  unset -nocomplain value result limit limits
  unset -nocomplain connection db fileName
} -constraints {eagle monoBug28 command.sql compile.DATA SQLite\
System.Data.SQLite} -result {-1 -1 1000000000 1 1000000000 1 2000 1 1000 1 500\
1 250000000 1 127 1 30 1 50000 1 999 1 1000 1 0 1}}

###############################################################################

reportSQLiteResources $test_channel

###############################################################################









|








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  freeDbConnection

  unset -nocomplain value result limit limits
  unset -nocomplain connection db fileName
} -constraints {eagle monoBug28 command.sql compile.DATA SQLite\
System.Data.SQLite} -result {-1 -1 1000000000 1 1000000000 1 2000 1 1000 1 500\
1 250000000 1 127 1 30 1 50000 1 32766 1 1000 1 0 1}}

###############################################################################

reportSQLiteResources $test_channel

###############################################################################
︙︙
Changes to Tests/tkt-71bedaca19.eagle.
︙︙
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} -constraints {eagle command.object System.Data.SQLite} -result {Abort 4
Abort_Rollback 516
Auth 23
Auth_User 279
Busy 5
Busy_Recovery 261
Busy_Snapshot 517

CantOpen 14
CantOpen_ConvPath 1038
CantOpen_DirtyWal 1294
CantOpen_FullPath 782
CantOpen_IsDir 526
CantOpen_NoTempDir 270
CantOpen_SymLink 1550
Constraint 19
Constraint_Check 275
Constraint_CommitHook 531
Constraint_ForeignKey 787
Constraint_Function 1043
Constraint_NotNull 1299
Constraint_Pinned 2835
Constraint_PrimaryKey 1555
Constraint_RowId 2579
Constraint_Trigger 1811
Constraint_Unique 2067
Constraint_Vtab 2323
Corrupt 11

Corrupt_Sequence 523
Corrupt_Vtab 267
Done 101
Empty 16
Error 1
Error_Missing_CollSeq 257
Error_Retry 513








>




















>








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} -constraints {eagle command.object System.Data.SQLite} -result {Abort 4
Abort_Rollback 516
Auth 23
Auth_User 279
Busy 5
Busy_Recovery 261
Busy_Snapshot 517
Busy_Timeout 773
CantOpen 14
CantOpen_ConvPath 1038
CantOpen_DirtyWal 1294
CantOpen_FullPath 782
CantOpen_IsDir 526
CantOpen_NoTempDir 270
CantOpen_SymLink 1550
Constraint 19
Constraint_Check 275
Constraint_CommitHook 531
Constraint_ForeignKey 787
Constraint_Function 1043
Constraint_NotNull 1299
Constraint_Pinned 2835
Constraint_PrimaryKey 1555
Constraint_RowId 2579
Constraint_Trigger 1811
Constraint_Unique 2067
Constraint_Vtab 2323
Corrupt 11
Corrupt_Index 779
Corrupt_Sequence 523
Corrupt_Vtab 267
Done 101
Empty 16
Error 1
Error_Missing_CollSeq 257
Error_Retry 513
︙︙
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IoErr_Auth 7178
IoErr_Begin_Atomic 7434
IoErr_Blocked 2826
IoErr_CheckReservedLock 3594
IoErr_Close 4106
IoErr_Commit_Atomic 7690
IoErr_ConvPath 6666

IoErr_Delete 2570
IoErr_Delete_NoEnt 5898
IoErr_Dir_Close 4362
IoErr_Dir_Fsync 1290
IoErr_Fstat 1802
IoErr_Fsync 1034
IoErr_GetTempPath 6410








>








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IoErr_Auth 7178
IoErr_Begin_Atomic 7434
IoErr_Blocked 2826
IoErr_CheckReservedLock 3594
IoErr_Close 4106
IoErr_Commit_Atomic 7690
IoErr_ConvPath 6666
IoErr_Data 8202
IoErr_Delete 2570
IoErr_Delete_NoEnt 5898
IoErr_Dir_Close 4362
IoErr_Dir_Fsync 1290
IoErr_Fstat 1802
IoErr_Fsync 1034
IoErr_GetTempPath 6410
︙︙
Changes to Tests/version.eagle.
︙︙
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###############################################################################

#
# NOTE: What is the full version of the included SQLite core library?  This
#       must be kept synchronized with the version numbers for the associated
#       source code and property files.
#
set version(core,full) 3.31.1.0
set version(core,short) 3.31.1

###############################################################################

#
# NOTE: What is the full version of the EntityFramework NuGet package (which
#       is not [necessarily] the same version as the assembly itself) in use
#       by the System.Data.SQLite NuGet packages?








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###############################################################################

#
# NOTE: What is the full version of the included SQLite core library?  This
#       must be kept synchronized with the version numbers for the associated
#       source code and property files.
#
set version(core,full) 3.32.0.0
set version(core,short) 3.32.0

###############################################################################

#
# NOTE: What is the full version of the EntityFramework NuGet package (which
#       is not [necessarily] the same version as the assembly itself) in use
#       by the System.Data.SQLite NuGet packages?
︙︙
Changes to readme.htm.
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app.config file:<br />
<pre>
&lt;configuration&gt;
    &lt;system.data&gt;
        &lt;DbProviderFactories&gt;
            &lt;remove invariant="System.Data.SQLite" /&gt;
            &lt;add name="SQLite Data Provider" invariant="System.Data.SQLite" description=".NET Framework Data Provider for SQLite"
                 type="System.Data.SQLite.SQLiteFactory, System.Data.SQLite, Version=1.0.112.1, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=db937bc2d44ff139" /&gt;
        &lt;/DbProviderFactories&gt;
    &lt;/system.data&gt;
&lt;/configuration&gt;
</pre>
<p>
See the help documentation for further details on implementing both version-specific
(GAC enabled) and version independent DBProviderFactories support.








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app.config file:<br />
<pre>
&lt;configuration&gt;
    &lt;system.data&gt;
        &lt;DbProviderFactories&gt;
            &lt;remove invariant="System.Data.SQLite" /&gt;
            &lt;add name="SQLite Data Provider" invariant="System.Data.SQLite" description=".NET Framework Data Provider for SQLite"
                 type="System.Data.SQLite.SQLiteFactory, System.Data.SQLite, Version=1.0.113.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=db937bc2d44ff139" /&gt;
        &lt;/DbProviderFactories&gt;
    &lt;/system.data&gt;
&lt;/configuration&gt;
</pre>
<p>
See the help documentation for further details on implementing both version-specific
(GAC enabled) and version independent DBProviderFactories support.
︙︙
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<title>News</title>

<div align="center"><h2><b>Community Support Policies</b></h2></div>
<div align="center"><h3><b>Effective May 1, 2017</b></h3></div>


<h4>Legacy CryptoAPI Codec</h4>

<ul>
  <li>



    It will be disabled in all default build configurations.
  </li>
  <li>
    However, it will still be possible to build binaries with it enabled.
  </li>
</ul>

<h4>Design-Time Components for Visual Studio</h4>

<ul>
  <li>





>





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<title>News</title>

<div align="center"><h2><b>Community Support Policies</b></h2></div>
<div align="center"><h3><b>Effective May 1, 2017</b></h3></div>
<div align="center"><h3><b>Updated May 22, 2020</b></h3></div>

<h4>Legacy CryptoAPI Codec</h4>

<ul>
  <li>
    It is unsupported.
  </li>
  <li>
    It is disabled in all default build configurations.
  </li>
  <li>
    It may not be possible to build binaries with it enabled.
  </li>
</ul>

<h4>Design-Time Components for Visual Studio</h4>

<ul>
  <li>
︙︙