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<a name="localtime"></a>

<p>The "localtime" modifier (12) assumes the time string to its left is in
Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) and adjusts the time
string so that it displays localtime.  If "localtime"
follows a time that is not UTC, then the behavior is undefined.
The "utc" modifier is the opposite of "localtime".  
"utc" assumes that the string
to its left is in the local timezone and adjusts that string to be in UTC.
If the prior string is not in localtime, then the result of "utc" is
undefined.</p>

<h3>Examples</h3>

<p>Compute the current date.<p>

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</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right" valign="top"><b>$</b><i>AAAA</i></td><td width="20"></td>
<td>A dollar-sign followed by an identifier name also holds a spot for a named
parameter with the name $AAAA.  The identifier name in this case can include
one or more occurrences of "::" and a suffix enclosed in "(...)" containing
any text at all.  This syntax is the form of a variable name in the
<a href="http://www.tcl-lang.org/">Tcl programming language</a>.  The presence
of this syntax results from the fact that SQLite is really a 
<a href="tclsqlite.html">Tcl extension</a> that has escaped into the wild.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</blockquote>

<p>Parameters that are not assigned values using
<a href="c3ref/bind_blob.html">sqlite3_bind()</a> are treated
as NULL.  The <a href="c3ref/bind_parameter_index.html">sqlite3_bind_parameter_index()</a> interface can be used
to translate a symbolic parameter name into its equivalent numeric index.</p>

<p>The maximum parameter number is set at compile-time by
the <a href="limits.html#max_variable_number">SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER</a> macro.  An individual <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a>
D can reduce its maximum parameter number below the compile-time maximum
using the <a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit</a>(D, <a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimitvariablenumber">SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER</a>,...) interface.
</p>

<a name="like"></a>

<h3>The LIKE, GLOB, REGEXP, and MATCH operators</h3>
<p>The LIKE operator does a pattern matching comparison. The operand
to the right of the LIKE operator contains the pattern and the left hand
operand contains the string to match against the pattern.

A percent symbol ("%") in the LIKE pattern matches any
sequence of zero or more characters in the string.  An underscore
("_") in the LIKE pattern matches any single character in the
string.  Any other character matches itself or its lower/upper case
equivalent (i.e. case-insensitive matching).

<u>Important Note:</u> SQLite only
understands upper/lower case for ASCII characters by default.  The
LIKE operator is case sensitive by default for unicode characters that are
beyond the ASCII range.  For example,
the expression <b>'a'&nbsp;LIKE&nbsp;'A'</b>
is TRUE but <b>'&aelig;'&nbsp;LIKE&nbsp;'&AElig;'</b> is FALSE.
The ICU extension to SQLite includes an enhanced version of the
LIKE operator that does case folding across all unicode characters.</p>

<p>If the optional ESCAPE clause is present, then the expression
following the ESCAPE keyword must evaluate to a string consisting of
a single character. This character may be used in the LIKE pattern
to include literal percent or underscore characters. The escape
character followed by a percent symbol (%), underscore (_), or a second
instance of the escape character itself matches a

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    change only endures for the current session.  The cache size reverts
    to the default value when the database is closed and reopened.</p>


<a name="pragma_cache_spill"></a>
<hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA cache_spill;
         <br>PRAGMA cache_spill=</b><i>boolean</i><b>;
         <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>cache_spill=<i>N</i>;</b></p>

    <p>The cache_spill pragma enables or disables the ability of the pager
    to spill dirty cache pages to the database file in the middle of a 
    transaction.  Cache_spill is enabled by default and most applications
    should leave it that way as cache spilling is usually advantageous.
    However, a cache spill has the side-effect of acquiring an
    <a href="lockingv3.html#excl_lock">EXCLUSIVE lock</a> on the database file.  Hence, some applications that
    have large long-running transactions may want to disable cache spilling
    in order to prevent the application from acquiring an exclusive lock
    on the database until the moment that the transaction <a href="lang_transaction.html">COMMIT</a>s.
    <p>The "PRAGMA cache_spill=<i>N</i>" form of this pragma sets a minimum
    cache size threshold required for spilling to occur. The number of pages
    in cache must exceed both the cache_spill threshold and the maximum cache
    size set by the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_cache_size">PRAGMA cache_size</a> statement in order for spilling to
    occur.
    <p>The "PRAGMA cache_spill=<i>boolean</i>" form of this pragma applies
    across all databases attached to the database connection.  But the
    "PRAGMA cache_spill=<i>N</i>" form of this statement only applies to
    the "main" schema or whatever other schema is specified as part of the
    statement.
<a name="pragma_case_sensitive_like"></a>
<hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA case_sensitive_like = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>The default behavior of the <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator is to ignore case
    for ASCII characters. Hence, by default <b>'a' LIKE 'A'</b> is
    true.  The case_sensitive_like pragma installs a new application-defined
    LIKE function that is either case sensitive or insensitive depending
    on the value of the case_sensitive_like pragma.
    When case_sensitive_like is disabled, the default LIKE behavior is
    expressed.  When case_sensitive_like is enabled, case becomes
    significant.  So, for example,
    <b>'a' LIKE 'A'</b> is false but <b>'a' LIKE 'a'</b> is still true.</p>

    <p>This pragma uses <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> to overload the
    LIKE and GLOB functions, which may override previous implementations
    of LIKE and GLOB registered by the application.  This pragma
    only changes the behavior of the SQL <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator.  It does not
    change the behavior of the <a href="c3ref/strlike.html">sqlite3_strlike()</a> C-language interface,
    which is always case insensitive.</p>
<a name="pragma_cell_size_check"></a>
<hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA cell_size_check
       <br>PRAGMA cell_size_check = </b><i>boolean</i><b>;</b></p>
    <p>The cell_size_check pragma enables or disables additional sanity
    checking on database b-tree pages as they are initially read from disk.
    With cell size checking enabled, database corruption is detected earlier

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    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
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    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
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    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

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    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

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    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

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    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

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    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

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    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

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    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

    <a href="../support.html">Support</a>
    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

    <a href="../support.html">Support</a>
    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

    <a href="../support.html">Support</a>
    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

    <a href="../support.html">Support</a>
    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

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    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

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    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

    <a href="../support.html">Support</a>
    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

    <a href="../support.html">Support</a>
    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

    <a href="../support.html">Support</a>
    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

    <a href="../support.html">Support</a>
    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

    <a href="../support.html">Support</a>
    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

    <a href="../support.html">Support</a>
    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

    <a href="../support.html">Support</a>
    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

    <a href="../support.html">Support</a>
    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

    <a href="../support.html">Support</a>
    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

    <a href="../support.html">Support</a>
    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

    <a href="../support.html">Support</a>
    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

    <a href="../support.html">Support</a>
    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

    <a href="../support.html">Support</a>
    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

    <a href="../support.html">Support</a>
    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

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    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

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    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
  <td width=100%>
  <div class="toolbar">
    <a href="../about.html">About</a>

    <a href="../docs.html">Documentation</a>
    <a href="../download.html">Download</a>
    <a href="../copyright.html">License</a>

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    <a href="http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
  </div>
<script>
  gMsg = "Search SQLite Docs..."
  function entersearch() {
    var q = document.getElementById("q");
    if( q.value == gMsg ) { q.value = "" }
    q.style.color = "black"

<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo--></div>
<div class="tagline">Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.</div>

<table width=100% class="menubar"><tr>
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<h4>1.1.2 Eponymous virtual tables</h4>

<p>Some virtual tables exist automatically in the "main" schema of
every database connection in which their
module is registered, even without a <a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a> statement.
Such virtual tables are called "eponymous virtual tables".
To use an eponymous virtual table, simply use the 
module name as if it were a table.
Eponymous virtual tables exist in the "main" schema only, so they will
not work if prefixed with a different schema name.

<p>An example of an eponymous virtual table is the <a href="dbstat.html">dbstat virtual table</a>.
To use the dbstat virtual table as an eponymous virtual table, 
simply query against the "dbstat"

    int needToFreeIdxStr;      /* Free idxStr using sqlite3_free() if true */
    int orderByConsumed;       /* True if output is already ordered */
    double estimatedCost;      /* Estimated cost of using this index */
    <b>/* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.8.2 and later */</b>
    sqlite3_int64 estimatedRows;    /* Estimated number of rows returned */
    <b>/* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.9.0 and later */</b>
    int idxFlags;              /* Mask of SQLITE_INDEX_SCAN_* flags */
    <b>/* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.10.0 and later */</b>
    sqlite3_uint64 colUsed;    /* Input: Mask of columns used by statement */
  };
</pre></blockquote>

<p>Note the warnings on the "estimatedRows", "idxFlags", and colUsed fields.
These fields were added with SQLite versions 3.8.2, 3.9.0, and 3.10.0, respectively. 
Any extension that reads or writes these fields must first check that the 
version of the SQLite library in use is greater than or equal to appropriate
version - perhaps comparing the value returned from <a href="c3ref/libversion.html">sqlite3_libversion_number()</a>
against constants 3008002, 3009000, and/or 3010000. The result of attempting 
to access these fields in an sqlite3_index_info structure created by an 
older version of SQLite are undefined.

<p>In addition, there are some defined constants:

<blockquote><pre>
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ      2
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT      4
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE      8
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT     16
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE     32
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_MATCH  64
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LIKE   65     /* 3.10.0 and later only */
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GLOB   66     /* 3.10.0 and later only */
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_REGEXP 67     /* 3.10.0 and later only */
  #define SQLITE_INDEX_SCAN_UNIQUE        1     /* Scan visits at most 1 row */
</pre></blockquote>

<p>The SQLite core calls the xBestIndex method when it is compiling a query
that involves a virtual table. In other words, SQLite calls this method 
when it is running <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a> or the equivalent. 
By calling this method, the 
SQLite core is saying to the virtual table that it needs to access 

information in place of the ORDER BY clause information, but this fact
should not make any difference to the xBestIndex method.) 
If all terms of the ORDER BY clause are columns in the virtual table, 
then nOrderBy will be the number of terms in the ORDER BY clause 
and the aOrderBy[] array will identify the column for each term 
in the order by clause and whether or not that column is ASC or DESC.

<a name="colUsed"></a>

<p>In SQLite version 3.10.0 and later, the colUsed field is available
to indicate which fields of the virtual table are actually used by the
statement being prepared.  If the lowest bit of colUsed is set, that
means that the first column is used.  The second lowest bit corresponds
to the second column.  And so forth.  If the most significant bit of
colUsed is set, that means that one or more columns other than the 
first 63 columns are used.  If column usage information is needed by the
<a href="vtab.html#xfilter">xFilter</a> method, then the required bits must be encoded into either
the idxNum or idxStr output fields.

<h4>2.3.2 Outputs</h4>

<p>Given all of the information above, the job of the xBestIndex 
method it to figure out the best way to search the virtual table.

<p>The xBestIndex method fills the idxNum and idxStr fields with 
information that communicates an indexing strategy to the <a href="vtab.html#xfilter">xFilter</a> 

        ///     int needToFreeIdxStr;      /* Free idxStr using sqlite3_free() if true */
        ///     int orderByConsumed;       /* True if output is already ordered */
        ///     double estimatedCost;      /* Estimated cost of using this index */
        ///     <![CDATA[<b>]]>/* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.8.2 and later */<![CDATA[</b>]]>
        ///     sqlite3_int64 estimatedRows;    /* Estimated number of rows returned */
        ///     <![CDATA[<b>]]>/* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.9.0 and later */<![CDATA[</b>]]>
        ///     int idxFlags;              /* Mask of SQLITE_INDEX_SCAN_* flags */
        ///     <![CDATA[<b>]]>/* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.10.0 and later */<![CDATA[</b>]]>
        ///     sqlite3_uint64 colUsed;    /* Input: Mask of columns used by statement */
        ///   };
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// Note the warnings on the "estimatedRows", "idxFlags", and colUsed fields.
        /// These fields were added with SQLite versions 3.8.2, 3.9.0, and 3.10.0, respectively. 
        /// Any extension that reads or writes these fields must first check that the 
        /// version of the SQLite library in use is greater than or equal to appropriate
        /// version - perhaps comparing the value returned from sqlite3_libversion_number()
        /// against constants 3008002, 3009000, and/or 3010000. The result of attempting 
        /// to access these fields in an sqlite3_index_info structure created by an 
        /// older version of SQLite are undefined.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// In addition, there are some defined constants:
        /// </para>
        /// <para><code>
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ      2
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT      4
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE      8
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT     16
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE     32
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_MATCH  64
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LIKE   65     /* 3.10.0 and later only */
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GLOB   66     /* 3.10.0 and later only */
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_REGEXP 67     /* 3.10.0 and later only */
        ///   #define SQLITE_INDEX_SCAN_UNIQUE        1     /* Scan visits at most 1 row */
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// The SQLite core calls the xBestIndex method when it is compiling a query
        /// that involves a virtual table. In other words, SQLite calls this method 
        /// when it is running sqlite3_prepare() or the equivalent. 
        /// By calling this method, the 
        /// SQLite core is saying to the virtual table that it needs to access 

        /// information in place of the ORDER BY clause information, but this fact
        /// should not make any difference to the xBestIndex method.) 
        /// If all terms of the ORDER BY clause are columns in the virtual table, 
        /// then nOrderBy will be the number of terms in the ORDER BY clause 
        /// and the aOrderBy[] array will identify the column for each term 
        /// in the order by clause and whether or not that column is ASC or DESC.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// In SQLite version 3.10.0 and later, the colUsed field is available
        /// to indicate which fields of the virtual table are actually used by the
        /// statement being prepared.  If the lowest bit of colUsed is set, that
        /// means that the first column is used.  The second lowest bit corresponds
        /// to the second column.  And so forth.  If the most significant bit of
        /// colUsed is set, that means that one or more columns other than the 
        /// first 63 columns are used.  If column usage information is needed by the
        /// xFilter method, then the required bits must be encoded into either
        /// the idxNum or idxStr output fields.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// Given all of the information above, the job of the xBestIndex 
        /// method it to figure out the best way to search the virtual table.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// The xBestIndex method fills the idxNum and idxStr fields with 
        /// information that communicates an indexing strategy to the xFilter