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Overview
Comment: | Pickup the latest SQLite core library 3.32.0 docs from upstream. |
---|---|
Downloads: | Tarball | ZIP archive |
Timelines: | family | ancestors | descendants | both | core-3.32.0 |
Files: | files | file ages | folders |
SHA1: |
d9f14318b7873d65cac2b77843e0a2c6 |
User & Date: | mistachkin 2020-05-22 21:38:29.670 |
Context
2020-05-24
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00:46 | Merge updates from trunk. check-in: 8118694807 user: mistachkin tags: core-3.32.0 | |
2020-05-22
| ||
21:38 | Pickup the latest SQLite core library 3.32.0 docs from upstream. check-in: d9f14318b7 user: mistachkin tags: core-3.32.0 | |
21:31 | Update SQLite core library to the 3.32.0 release. check-in: ca54213ea5 user: mistachkin tags: core-3.32.0 | |
Changes
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/images/syntax/insert-stmt.gif.
cannot compute difference between binary files
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang.html.
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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105 106 107 108 109 110 111 | <a href="syntaxdiagrams.html">syntax diagrams</a>. <p>The following syntax documentation topics are available:</p> <table width="100%" cellpadding="5" border="0"> <tr><td valign="top"><ul> | | < | < < | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | < < < > > > | | | | | < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < | < < | < < < < < < < < < < < | < | 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 | <a href="syntaxdiagrams.html">syntax diagrams</a>. <p>The following syntax documentation topics are available:</p> <table width="100%" cellpadding="5" border="0"> <tr><td valign="top"><ul> <div class='columns' style='columns: 17em auto;'> <ul style='padding-top:0;'> <li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html'>aggregate functions</a></li> <li><a href='lang_altertable.html'>ALTER TABLE</a></li> <li><a href='lang_analyze.html'>ANALYZE</a></li> <li><a href='lang_attach.html'>ATTACH DATABASE</a></li> <li><a href=''>BEGIN TRANSACTION</a></li> <li><a href='lang_comment.html'>comment</a></li> <li><a href='lang_transaction.html'>COMMIT TRANSACTION</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html'>core functions</a></li> <li><a href='lang_createindex.html'>CREATE INDEX</a></li> <li><a href='lang_createtable.html'>CREATE TABLE</a></li> <li><a href='lang_createtrigger.html'>CREATE TRIGGER</a></li> <li><a href='lang_createview.html'>CREATE VIEW</a></li> <li><a href='lang_createvtab.html'>CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a></li> <li><a href='lang_datefunc.html'>date and time functions</a></li> <li><a href='lang_delete.html'>DELETE</a></li> <li><a href='lang_detach.html'>DETACH DATABASE</a></li> <li><a href='lang_dropindex.html'>DROP INDEX</a></li> <li><a href='lang_droptable.html'>DROP TABLE</a></li> <li><a href='lang_droptrigger.html'>DROP TRIGGER</a></li> <li><a href='lang_dropview.html'>DROP VIEW</a></li> <li><a href='lang_transaction.html'>END TRANSACTION</a></li> <li><a href='lang_explain.html'>EXPLAIN</a></li> <li><a href='lang_expr.html'>expression</a></li> <li><a href='lang_indexedby.html'>INDEXED BY</a></li> <li><a href='lang_insert.html'>INSERT</a></li> <li><a href='lang_keywords.html'>keywords</a></li> <li><a href='lang_conflict.html'>ON CONFLICT clause</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#syntax'>PRAGMA</a></li> <li><a href='lang_reindex.html'>REINDEX</a></li> <li><a href='lang_savepoint.html'>RELEASE SAVEPOINT</a></li> <li><a href='lang_replace.html'>REPLACE</a></li> <li><a href='lang_transaction.html'>ROLLBACK TRANSACTION</a></li> <li><a href='lang_savepoint.html'>SAVEPOINT</a></li> <li><a href='lang_select.html'>SELECT</a></li> <li><a href='lang_update.html'>UPDATE</a></li> <li><a href='lang_upsert.html'>UPSERT</a></li> <li><a href='lang_vacuum.html'>VACUUM</a></li> <li><a href='lang_with.html'>WITH clause</a></li> </ul> </div> </ul></td></tr></table> <p>The routines <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a>, <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a>, <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare16()</a>, <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare16_v2()</a>, <a href="c3ref/exec.html">sqlite3_exec()</a>, and <a href="c3ref/free_table.html">sqlite3_get_table()</a> accept an SQL statement list (sql-stmt-list) which is a semicolon-separated list of statements.</p> <p><b><a href="syntax/sql-stmt-list.html">sql-stmt-list:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram sql-stmt-list" src="images/syntax/sql-stmt-list.gif"></img> </div> <p>Each SQL statement in the statement list is an instance of the following:</p> <p><b><a href="syntax/sql-stmt.html">sql-stmt:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram sql-stmt" src="images/syntax/sql-stmt.gif"></img> </div> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_aggfunc.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>Built-in Aggregate Functions</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > | > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | > | > | > | < < | | | | | | | | | < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < | < < < | | < < < < < < < < | < < < > > | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 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b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> Built-in Aggregate Functions </div> </div> <h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1> <p><b><a href="syntax/aggregate-function-invocation.html">aggregate-function-invocation:</a></b> <button id='x1191' onclick='hideorshow("x1191","x1192")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1192' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram aggregate-function-invocation" src="images/syntax/aggregate-function-invocation.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b> <button id='x1193' onclick='hideorshow("x1193","x1194")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1194' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b> <button id='x1195' onclick='hideorshow("x1195","x1196")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1196' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1197' onclick='hideorshow("x1197","x1198")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1198' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1199' onclick='hideorshow("x1199","x1200")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1200' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1201' onclick='hideorshow("x1201","x1202")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1202' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> <button id='x1203' onclick='hideorshow("x1203","x1204")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1204' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1205' onclick='hideorshow("x1205","x1206")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1206' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b> <button id='x1207' onclick='hideorshow("x1207","x1208")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1208' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1209' onclick='hideorshow("x1209","x1210")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1210' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1211' onclick='hideorshow("x1211","x1212")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1212' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1213' onclick='hideorshow("x1213","x1214")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1214' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1215' onclick='hideorshow("x1215","x1216")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1216' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1217' onclick='hideorshow("x1217","x1218")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1218' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x1219' onclick='hideorshow("x1219","x1220")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1220' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x1221' onclick='hideorshow("x1221","x1222")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1222' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x1223' onclick='hideorshow("x1223","x1224")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1224' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1225' onclick='hideorshow("x1225","x1226")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1226' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b> <button id='x1227' onclick='hideorshow("x1227","x1228")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1228' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x1229' onclick='hideorshow("x1229","x1230")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1230' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1231' onclick='hideorshow("x1231","x1232")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1232' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" /> </div> </div> <p> The aggregate functions shown below are available by default. Additional aggregate functions written in C may be added using the <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> API.</p> <p> In any aggregate function that takes a single argument, that argument can be preceded by the keyword DISTINCT. In such cases, duplicate elements are filtered before being passed into the aggregate function. For example, the function "count(distinct X)" will return the number of distinct values of column X instead of the total number of non-null values in column X. </p> <a name="aggfilter"></a> <p> If a FILTER clause is provided, then only rows for which the <i>expr</i> is true are included in the aggregate. </p> <a name="aggfunclist"></a> <h1 id="list_of_built_in_aggregate_functions"><span>2. </span>List of built-in aggregate functions</h1> <div class='columns' style='columns: 11em auto;'> <ul style='padding-top:0;'> <li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#avg'>avg(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#count'>count(*)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#count'>count(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#groupconcat'>group_concat(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#groupconcat'>group_concat(X,Y)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#maxoreunc'>max(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#minoreunc'>min(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#sumunc'>sum(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#sumunc'>total(X)</a></li> </ul> </div> <h1 id="descriptions_of_built_in_aggregate_functions"><span>3. </span>Descriptions of built-in aggregate functions</h1> <dl> <a name="avg"></a> <dt><p><b>avg(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p> The avg() function returns the average value of all non-NULL <i>X</i> within a group. String and BLOB values that do not look like numbers are interpreted as 0. The result of avg() is always a floating point value as long as |
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336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 | which might be an approximation to the true sum.</p> <p>Sum() will throw an "integer overflow" exception if all inputs are integers or NULL and an integer overflow occurs at any point during the computation. Total() never throws an integer overflow. </dd> </dl> | > | 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 | which might be an approximation to the true sum.</p> <p>Sum() will throw an "integer overflow" exception if all inputs are integers or NULL and an integer overflow occurs at any point during the computation. Total() never throws an integer overflow. </dd> </dl> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_altertable.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>ALTER TABLE</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> ALTER TABLE </div> </div> <h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1> <p><b><a href="syntax/alter-table-stmt.html">alter-table-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1233' onclick='hideorshow("x1233","x1234")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1234' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram alter-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/alter-table-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/column-def.html">column-def:</a></b> <button id='x1235' onclick='hideorshow("x1235","x1236")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1236' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram column-def" src="images/syntax/column-def.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/column-constraint.html">column-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1237' onclick='hideorshow("x1237","x1238")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1238' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram column-constraint" src="images/syntax/column-constraint.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1239' onclick='hideorshow("x1239","x1240")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1240' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram conflict-clause" src="images/syntax/conflict-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b> <button id='x1241' onclick='hideorshow("x1241","x1242")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1242' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1243' onclick='hideorshow("x1243","x1244")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1244' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1245' onclick='hideorshow("x1245","x1246")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1246' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1247' onclick='hideorshow("x1247","x1248")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1248' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1249' onclick='hideorshow("x1249","x1250")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1250' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> <button id='x1251' onclick='hideorshow("x1251","x1252")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1252' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1253' onclick='hideorshow("x1253","x1254")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1254' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b> <button id='x1255' onclick='hideorshow("x1255","x1256")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1256' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1257' onclick='hideorshow("x1257","x1258")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1258' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1259' onclick='hideorshow("x1259","x1260")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1260' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1261' onclick='hideorshow("x1261","x1262")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1262' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1263' onclick='hideorshow("x1263","x1264")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1264' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1265' onclick='hideorshow("x1265","x1266")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1266' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x1267' onclick='hideorshow("x1267","x1268")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1268' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x1269' onclick='hideorshow("x1269","x1270")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1270' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x1271' onclick='hideorshow("x1271","x1272")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1272' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1273' onclick='hideorshow("x1273","x1274")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1274' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">foreign-key-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1275' onclick='hideorshow("x1275","x1276")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1276' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram foreign-key-clause" src="images/syntax/foreign-key-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b> <button id='x1277' onclick='hideorshow("x1277","x1278")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1278' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x1279' onclick='hideorshow("x1279","x1280")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1280' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b> <button id='x1281' onclick='hideorshow("x1281","x1282")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1282' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x1283' onclick='hideorshow("x1283","x1284")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1284' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>SQLite supports a limited subset of ALTER TABLE. The ALTER TABLE command in SQLite allows the user to rename a table, to rename a column within a table, or to add a new column to an existing table. <a name="altertabrename"></a> </p><h1 id="alter_table_rename"><span>2. </span>ALTER TABLE RENAME</h1> <p> The RENAME TO syntax changes the name of <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span> to <span class='yyterm'>new-table-name</span>. This command cannot be used to move a table between attached databases, only to rename a table within the same database. If the table being renamed has triggers or indices, then these remain attached to the table after it has been renamed. </p><blockquote style="'background-color:" #ffd0d0;'="1"> <b>Compatibility Note:</b> The behavior of ALTER TABLE when renaming a table was enhanced in versions 3.25.0 (2018-09-15) and 3.26.0 (2018-12-01) in order to carry the rename operation forward into triggers and views that reference the renamed table. This is considered an improvement. Applications that depend on the older (and arguably buggy) behavior can use the |
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269 270 271 272 273 274 275 | <a href="pragma.html#pragma_legacy_alter_table">PRAGMA legacy_alter_table=ON</a> setting is engaged. The following table summaries the difference:</p> <blockquote> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <th>PRAGMA foreign_keys | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 | <a href="pragma.html#pragma_legacy_alter_table">PRAGMA legacy_alter_table=ON</a> setting is engaged. The following table summaries the difference:</p> <blockquote> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <th>PRAGMA foreign_keys </th><th>PRAGMA legacy_alter_table </th><th><a href="foreignkeys.html#parentchild">Parent Table</a> references are updated </th><th>SQLite version </th></tr><tr><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">No</td><td align="center">< 3.26.0 </td></tr><tr><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">>= 3.26.0 </td></tr><tr><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">all </td></tr><tr><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">No</td><td align="center">all </td></tr><tr><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">all </td></tr></table> </blockquote> <a name="altertabmvcol"></a> <h1 id="alter_table_rename_column"><span>3. </span>ALTER TABLE RENAME COLUMN</h1> <p> The RENAME COLUMN TO syntax changes the <span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> of table <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span> into <span class='yyterm'>new-column-name</span>. The column name is changed both within the table definition itself and also within all indexes, triggers, and views that reference the column. If the column name change would result in a semantic ambiguity in a trigger or view, then the RENAME COLUMN fails with an error and no changes are applied. <a name="altertabaddcol"></a> </p><h1 id="alter_table_add_column"><span>4. </span>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN</h1> <p> The ADD COLUMN syntax is used to add a new column to an existing table. The new column is always appended to the end of the list of existing columns. The <a href="syntax/column-def.html">column-def</a> rule defines the characteristics of the new column. The new column may take any of the forms permissible in a <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement, with the following restrictions: </p><ul> <li>The column may not have a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint.</li> <li>The column may not have a default value of CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, or an expression in parentheses.</li> <li>If a NOT NULL constraint is specified, then the column must have a default value other than NULL. </li><li>If <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraints</a> are <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">enabled</a> and a column with a <a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">REFERENCES clause</a> is added, the column must have a default value of NULL. </li><li>The column may not be <a href="gencol.html">GENERATED ALWAYS ... STORED</a>, though VIRTUAL columns are allowed. </li></ul> <p>Note also that when adding a <a href="lang_createtable.html#ckconst">CHECK constraint</a>, the CHECK constraint is not tested against preexisting rows of the table. This can result in a table that contains data that is in violation of the CHECK constraint. Future versions of SQLite might change to validate CHECK constraints as they are added.</p> |
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336 337 338 339 340 341 342 | </p> <p>After ADD COLUMN has been run on a database, that database will not be readable by SQLite version 3.1.3 (2005-02-20) and earlier.</p> <a name="otheralter"></a> | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | < < | 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 | </p> <p>After ADD COLUMN has been run on a database, that database will not be readable by SQLite version 3.1.3 (2005-02-20) and earlier.</p> <a name="otheralter"></a> <h1 id="making_other_kinds_of_table_schema_changes"><span>5. </span>Making Other Kinds Of Table Schema Changes</h1> <p> The only schema altering commands directly supported by SQLite are the "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabrename">rename table</a>", "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabmvcol">rename column</a>", and "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabaddcol">add column</a>" commands shown above. However, applications can make other arbitrary changes to the format of a table using a simple sequence of operations. The steps to make arbitrary changes to the schema design of some table X are as follows: </p><ol> <li><p> If foreign key constraints are enabled, disable them using <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF</a>. </p></li><li><p> Start a transaction. </p></li><li><p> Remember the format of all indexes, triggers, and views associated with table X. This information will be needed in step 8 below. One way to do this is to run a query like the following: SELECT type, sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name='X'. </p></li><li><p> Use <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> to construct a new table "new_X" that is in the desired revised format of table X. Make sure that the name "new_X" does not collide with any existing table name, of course. </p></li><li><p> Transfer content from X into new_X using a statement like: INSERT INTO new_X SELECT ... FROM X. </p></li><li><p> Drop the old table X: <a href="lang_droptable.html">DROP TABLE X</a>. </p></li><li><p> Change the name of new_X to X using: ALTER TABLE new_X RENAME TO X. </p></li><li><p> Use <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a>, <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a>, and <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a> to reconstruct indexes, triggers, and views associated with table X. Perhaps use the old format of the triggers, indexes, and views saved from step 3 above as a guide, making changes as appropriate for the alteration. </p></li><li><p>If any views refer to table X in a way that is affected by the schema change, then drop those views using <a href="lang_dropview.html">DROP VIEW</a> and recreate them with whatever changes are necessary to accommodate the schema change using <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a>. </p></li><li><p> If foreign key constraints were originally enabled then run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_key_check">PRAGMA foreign_key_check</a> to verify that the schema change did not break any foreign key constraints. </p></li><li><p> Commit the transaction started in step 2. </p></li><li><p> If foreign keys constraints were originally enabled, reenable them now. </p></li></ol> <a name="caution"></a> <p> <b>Caution:</b> Take care to follow the procedure above precisely. The boxes below summarize two procedures for modifying a table definition. At first glance, they both appear to accomplish the same thing. However, the procedure on the right does not always work, especially with the enhanced <a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabrename">rename table</a> capabilities added by versions 3.25.0 and 3.26.0. In the procedure on the right, the initial rename of the table to a temporary name might corrupt references to that table in triggers, views, and foreign key constraints. The safe procedure on the left constructs the revised table definition using a new temporary name, then renames the table into its final name, which does not break links. </p><center> <table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <ol> <li>Create new table </li><li>Copy data </li><li>Drop old table </li><li>Rename new into old </li></ol> </td><td valign="top"> <ol> <li>Rename old table </li><li>Create new table </li><li>Copy data </li><li>Drop old table </li></ol> </td></tr><tr> <th>↑<br>Correct </th><th>↑<br>Incorrect </th></tr></table> </center> <p>The 12-step <a href="lang_altertable.html#otheralter">generalized ALTER TABLE procedure</a> above will work even if the schema change causes the information stored in the table to change. So the full 12-step procedure above is appropriate for dropping a column, changing the order of columns, adding or removing a UNIQUE constraint or PRIMARY KEY, adding CHECK or FOREIGN KEY or NOT NULL constraints, or changing the datatype for a column, for example. However, a simpler and faster procedure can optionally be used for some changes that do no affect the on-disk content in any way. The following simpler procedure is appropriate for removing CHECK or FOREIGN KEY or NOT NULL constraints, or adding, removing, or changing default values on a column. </p><ol> <li><p> Start a transaction. </p></li><li><p> Run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_schema_version">PRAGMA schema_version</a> to determine the current schema version number. This number will be needed for step 6 below. </p></li><li><p> Activate schema editing using <a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">PRAGMA writable_schema=ON</a>. </p></li><li><p> Run an <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statement to change the definition of table X in the <a href="fileformat2.html#sqlite_master">sqlite_master table</a>: UPDATE sqlite_master SET sql=... WHERE type='table' AND name='X'; </p><p><em>Caution:</em> Making a change to the sqlite_master table like this will render the database corrupt and unreadable if the change contains a syntax error. It is suggested that careful testing of the UPDATE statement be done on a separate blank database prior to using it on a database containing important data. </p></li><li><p> If the change to table X also affects other tables or indexes or triggers are views within schema, then run <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statements to modify those other tables indexes and views too. For example, if the name of a column changes, all FOREIGN KEY constraints, triggers, indexes, and views that refer to that column must be modified. </p><p><em>Caution:</em> Once again, making changes to the sqlite_master table like this will render the database corrupt and unreadable if the change contains an error. Carefully test this entire procedure on a separate test database prior to using it on a database containing important data and/or make backup copies of important databases prior to running this procedure. </p></li><li><p> Increment the schema version number using <a href="pragma.html#pragma_schema_version">PRAGMA schema_version=X</a> where X is one more than the old schema version number found in step 2 above. </p></li><li><p> Disable schema editing using <a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">PRAGMA writable_schema=OFF</a>. </p></li><li><p> (Optional) Run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_integrity_check">PRAGMA integrity_check</a> to verify that the schema changes did not damage the database. </p></li><li><p> Commit the transaction started on step 1 above. </p></li></ol> <p>If some future version of SQLite adds new ALTER TABLE capabilities, those capabilities will very likely use one of the two procedures outlined above. <a name="altertableishard"></a> </p><h1 id="why_alter_table_is_such_a_problem_for_sqlite"><span>6. </span>Why ALTER TABLE is such a problem for SQLite</h1> <p>Most SQL database engines store the schema already parsed into various system tables. On those database engines, ALTER TABLE merely has to make modifications to the corresponding system tables. </p><p>SQLite is different in that it stores the schema in the <a href="fileformat2.html#sqlite_master">sqlite_master</a> table as the original text of the CREATE statements that define the schema. Hence ALTER TABLE needs to revise the text of the CREATE statement. Doing so can be tricky for certain "creative" schema designs. </p><p>The SQLite approach of storing the schema as text has advantages for an embedded relational database. For one, it means that the schema takes up less space in the database file. This is important since a common SQLite usage pattern is to have many small, separate database files instead of putting everything in one big global database file, which is the usual approach for client/server database engines. Since the schema is duplicated in each separate database file, it is important to keep the schema representation compact. </p><p>Storing the schema as text rather than as parsed tables also give flexibility to the implementation. Since the internal parse of the schema is regenerated each time the database is opened, the internal representation of the schema can change from one release to the next. This is important, as sometimes new features require enhancements to the internal schema representation. Changing the internal schema representation would be much more difficult if the schema representation was exposed in the database file. So, in other words, storing the schema as text helps maintain backwards compatibility, and helps ensure that older database files can be read and written by newer versions of SQLite. </p><p>Storing the schema a text also makes the <a href="fileformat2.html">SQLite database file format</a> easier to define, document, and understand. This helps make SQLite database files a <a href="locrsf.html">recommended storage format</a> for long-term archiving of data. </p><p>The downside of storing schema a text is that it can make the schema tricky to modify. And for that reason, the ALTER TABLE support in SQLite has traditionally lagged behind other SQL database engines that store their schemas as parsed system tables that are easier to modify. </p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_analyze.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>ANALYZE</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > > > | | | > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > | < < < > | > | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> ANALYZE </div> </div> <h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1> <p><b><a href="syntax/analyze-stmt.html">analyze-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1285' onclick='hideorshow("x1285","x1286")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1286' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram analyze-stmt" src="images/syntax/analyze-stmt.gif" /> </div> <p> The ANALYZE command gathers statistics about tables and indices and stores the collected information in <a href="fileformat2.html#intschema">internal tables</a> of the database where the query optimizer can access the information and use it to help make better query planning choices. If no arguments are given, all attached databases are analyzed. If a schema name is given as the argument, then all tables and indices in that one database are analyzed. If the argument is a table name, then only that table and the indices associated with that table are analyzed. If the argument is an index name, then only that one index is analyzed.</p> <a name="req"></a> <h2 id="recommended_usage_pattern"><span>1.1. </span>Recommended usage pattern</h2> <p>Applications with long-lived databases that use complex queries should consider running the following commands just prior to closing each database connection: </p><div class="codeblock"><pre>PRAGMA analysis_limit=400; PRAGMA optimize; </pre></div> <p>The <a href="pragma.html#pragma_optimize">optimize pragma</a> is usually a no-op but it will occasionally run ANALYZE if it seems like doing so will be useful to the query planner. The <a href="pragma.html#pragma_analysis_limit">analysis_limit pragma</a> limits the scope of any ANALYZE command that the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_optimize">optimize pragma</a> runs so that it does not consume too many CPU cycles. The constant "400" can be adjusted as needed. Values between 100 and 1000 work well for most applications. </p><h1 id="details"><span>2. </span>Details</h1> <p> The default implementation stores all statistics in a single table named "<a href="fileformat2.html#stat1tab">sqlite_stat1</a>". If SQLite is compiled with the <a href="compile.html#enable_stat4">SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4</a> option, then additional histogram data is collected and stored in <a href="fileformat2.html#stat4tab">sqlite_stat4</a>. Older versions of SQLite would make use of the <a href="fileformat2.html#stat2tab">sqlite_stat2</a> table or <a href="fileformat2.html#stat3tab">sqlite_stat3</a> table when compiled with <a href="compile.html#enable_stat2">SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2</a> or <a href="compile.html#enable_stat3">SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3</a>, but all recent versions of SQLite ignore the sqlite_stat2 and sqlite_stat3 tables. Future enhancements may create additional <a href="fileformat2.html#intschema">internal tables</a> with the same name pattern except with final digit larger than "4". All of these tables are collectively referred to as "statistics tables". </p> <p> The content of the statistics tables can be queried using <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> |
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149 150 151 152 153 154 155 | changes the statistics tables directly, SQLite will not immediately notice the changes. An application can force the query planner to reread the statistics tables by running <b>ANALYZE sqlite_master</b>. </p> <a name="autoanalyze"></a> | | | 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 | changes the statistics tables directly, SQLite will not immediately notice the changes. An application can force the query planner to reread the statistics tables by running <b>ANALYZE sqlite_master</b>. </p> <a name="autoanalyze"></a> <h1 id="automatically_running_analyze"><span>3. </span>Automatically Running ANALYZE</h1> <p>The <a href="pragma.html#pragma_optimize">PRAGMA optimize</a> command will automatically run ANALYZE on individual tables on an as-needed basis. The recommended practice is for applications to invoke the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_optimize">PRAGMA optimize</a> statement just before closing each database connection.</p> <p>Each SQLite <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a> records cases when the query planner would |
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184 185 186 187 188 189 190 | to run the suggested ANALYZE commands, perhaps after prompting the user for guidance.</p> <p>The <a href="pragma.html#pragma_optimize">PRAGMA optimize</a> command was first introduced with SQLite 3.18.0 (2017-03-28) and is a no-op for all prior releases of SQLite.</p> | > | > > > > > > > | > > | > > | > > > > > > > > > | > > > > | > > > > | > > > > > > > > > | > > > > > > > > > > > | 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 | to run the suggested ANALYZE commands, perhaps after prompting the user for guidance.</p> <p>The <a href="pragma.html#pragma_optimize">PRAGMA optimize</a> command was first introduced with SQLite 3.18.0 (2017-03-28) and is a no-op for all prior releases of SQLite.</p> <a name="approx"></a> <h1 id="approximate_analyze_for_large_databases"><span>4. </span>Approximate ANALYZE For Large Databases</h1> <p>By default, ANALYZE does a full scan of every index. This can be slow for large databases. So beginning with SQLite version 3.32.0 (2020-05-22), the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_analysis_limit">PRAGMA analysis_limit</a> command can be used to limit the amount of scanning performed by ANALYZE, and thus help ANALYZE to run faster, even on very large database files. We call this running an "approximate ANALYZE". </p><p>The recommended usage pattern for the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_analysis_limit">analysis_limit</a> pragma is like this: </p><div class="codeblock"><pre>PRAGMA analysis_limit=1000; </pre></div> <p>This pragma tells the ANALYZE command to start a full scan of the index as it normally would. But when the number of rows visited reaches 1000 (or whatever other limit is specified by the pragma), the ANALYZE command will begin taking actions to stop the scan. If the left-most column of the index has changed at least once during the previous 1000 steps, then the analysis stops immediately. But if the left-most column has always been the same, then ANALYZE skips ahead to the first entry with a different left-most column and reads an additional 1000 rows before terminating. </p><p>The details of the effects of the analysis limit described in the previous paragraph are subject to change in future versions of SQLite. But the core idea will remain the same. An analysis limit of N will strive to limit the number of rows visited in each index to approximately N. </p><p>Values of N between 100 and 1000 are recommended. Or, to disable the analysis limit, causing ANALYZE to do a complete scan of each index, set the analysis limit to 0. The default value for the analysis limit is 0 for backwards compatibility. </p><p>The values placed in the sqlite_stat1 table by an approximate ANALYZE are not exactly the same as what would be computed by an unrestricted analysis. But they are usually close enough. The index statistics in the sqlite_stat1 table are approximations in any case, so the fact that the results of an approximate ANALYZE are slightly different from a traditional full scan ANALYZE has little practical impact. It is possible to construct a pathological case where an approximate ANALYZE is noticeably inferior to a full-scan ANALYZE, but such cases rare in real-world problems. </p><p>A good rule of thumb seems to be to always set "PRAGMA analysis_limit=N" for N between 100 and 1000 prior to running either "ANALYZE" or "<a href="pragma.html#pragma_optimize">PRAGMA optimize</a>". The results are not quite as precise, but they are precise enough, and the fact that the results are computed so much faster means that developers are more likely to compute them. An approximate ANALYZE is better than not running ANALYZE at all. </p><h2 id="limitations_of_approximate_analyze"><span>4.1. </span>Limitations of approximate ANALYZE</h2> <p>The content in the sqlite_stat4 table cannot be computed with anything less than a full scan. Hence, if a non-zero analysis limit is specified, the sqlite_stat4 table is not computed. </p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_attach.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>ATTACH DATABASE</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | > > | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> ATTACH DATABASE </div> </div> <h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1> <p><b><a href="syntax/attach-stmt.html">attach-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1287' onclick='hideorshow("x1287","x1288")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1288' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram attach-stmt" src="images/syntax/attach-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b> <button id='x1289' onclick='hideorshow("x1289","x1290")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1290' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1291' onclick='hideorshow("x1291","x1292")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1292' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b> <button id='x1293' onclick='hideorshow("x1293","x1294")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1294' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1295' onclick='hideorshow("x1295","x1296")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1296' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1297' onclick='hideorshow("x1297","x1298")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1298' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1299' onclick='hideorshow("x1299","x1300")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1300' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> <button id='x1301' onclick='hideorshow("x1301","x1302")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1302' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1303' onclick='hideorshow("x1303","x1304")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1304' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b> <button id='x1305' onclick='hideorshow("x1305","x1306")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1306' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1307' onclick='hideorshow("x1307","x1308")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1308' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1309' onclick='hideorshow("x1309","x1310")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1310' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1311' onclick='hideorshow("x1311","x1312")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1312' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1313' onclick='hideorshow("x1313","x1314")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1314' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1315' onclick='hideorshow("x1315","x1316")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1316' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x1317' onclick='hideorshow("x1317","x1318")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1318' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x1319' onclick='hideorshow("x1319","x1320")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1320' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x1321' onclick='hideorshow("x1321","x1322")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1322' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1323' onclick='hideorshow("x1323","x1324")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1324' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b> <button id='x1325' onclick='hideorshow("x1325","x1326")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1326' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x1327' onclick='hideorshow("x1327","x1328")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1328' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p> The ATTACH DATABASE statement adds another database file to the current <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a>. Database files that were previously attached can be removed using the <a href="lang_detach.html">DETACH DATABASE</a> command. </p><h1 id="details"><span>2. </span>Details</h1> <p>The filename for the database to be attached is the value of the expression that occurs before the AS keyword. The filename of the database follows the same semantics as the filename argument to <a href="c3ref/open.html">sqlite3_open()</a> and <a href="c3ref/open.html">sqlite3_open_v2()</a>; the special name "<a href="inmemorydb.html">:memory:</a>" results in an <a href="inmemorydb.html">in-memory database</a> and an empty string results in a new temporary database. The filename argument can be a <a href="uri.html">URI filename</a> if URI filename processing is enable on the database connection. The default behavior is for URI filenames to be disabled, however that might change in a future release of SQLite, so application developers are advised to plan accordingly. </p><p>The name that occurs after the AS keyword is the name of the database used internally by SQLite. The schema-names 'main' and 'temp' refer to the main database and the database used for temporary tables. The main and temp databases cannot be attached or detached.</p> <p> Tables in an attached database can be referred to using the syntax |
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240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 | some of those files might get the changes where others might not. </p> <p> There is a limit, set using <a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit()</a> and <a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimitattached">SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED</a>, to the number of databases that can be simultaneously attached to a single database connection.</p> | < | 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 | some of those files might get the changes where others might not. </p> <p> There is a limit, set using <a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit()</a> and <a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimitattached">SQLITE_LIMIT_ATTACHED</a>, to the number of databases that can be simultaneously attached to a single database connection.</p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_comment.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>SQL Comment Syntax</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> SQL Comment Syntax </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/comment-syntax.html">comment-syntax:</a></b> <button id='x1329' onclick='hideorshow("x1329","x1330")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1330' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram comment-syntax" src="images/syntax/comment-syntax.gif" /> </div> <p>Comments are not SQL commands, but can occur within the text of SQL queries passed to <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a> and related interfaces. Comments are treated as whitespace by the parser. |
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114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 | or until the end of input, whichever comes first. C-style comments can span multiple lines. </p> <p>Comments can appear anywhere whitespace can occur, including inside expressions and in the middle of other SQL statements. Comments do not nest. </p> | < < | 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 | or until the end of input, whichever comes first. C-style comments can span multiple lines. </p> <p>Comments can appear anywhere whitespace can occur, including inside expressions and in the middle of other SQL statements. Comments do not nest. </p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_conflict.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>The ON CONFLICT Clause</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> The ON CONFLICT Clause </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1331' onclick='hideorshow("x1331","x1332")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1332' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram conflict-clause" src="images/syntax/conflict-clause.gif" /> </div> <p>The ON CONFLICT clause is a non-standard extension specific to SQLite that can appear in many other SQL commands. It is given its own section in this document because it is not part of standard SQL and therefore might not be familiar.</p> <p>The ON CONFLICT clause described here has been a part of SQLite since before version 3.0.0 (2004-06-18). The phrase "ON CONFLICT" is also part of <a href="lang_upsert.html">UPSERT</a>, which is an extension to <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> added in version 3.24.0 (2018-06-04). Do not confuse these two separate uses of the "ON CONFLICT" phrase. </p><p>The syntax for the ON CONFLICT clause is as shown above for the CREATE TABLE command. For the INSERT and UPDATE commands, the keywords "ON CONFLICT" are replaced by "OR" so that the syntax reads more naturally. For example, instead of "INSERT ON CONFLICT IGNORE" we have "INSERT OR IGNORE". The keywords change but the meaning of the clause is the same either way.</p> |
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194 195 196 197 198 199 200 | <a href="pragma.html#pragma_recursive_triggers">recursive triggers</a> are enabled.</p> <p>The <a href="c3ref/update_hook.html">update hook</a> is not invoked for rows that are deleted by the REPLACE conflict resolution strategy. Nor does REPLACE increment the <a href="c3ref/changes.html">change counter</a>. The exceptional behaviors defined in this paragraph might change in a future release.</p> | | < | 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 | <a href="pragma.html#pragma_recursive_triggers">recursive triggers</a> are enabled.</p> <p>The <a href="c3ref/update_hook.html">update hook</a> is not invoked for rows that are deleted by the REPLACE conflict resolution strategy. Nor does REPLACE increment the <a href="c3ref/changes.html">change counter</a>. The exceptional behaviors defined in this paragraph might change in a future release.</p> </dd></dl> <p>The algorithm specified in the OR clause of an INSERT or UPDATE overrides any algorithm specified in a CREATE TABLE. If no algorithm is specified anywhere, the ABORT algorithm is used.</p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_corefunc.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>Built-In Scalar SQL Functions</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > | > > > > > > > > > > | | | < < | | | | | | | > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | < < < < < < < < < < < < < > > > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | | | | < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < | < < < | | < < < < < < < < | < < < > > | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> Built-In Scalar SQL Functions </div> </div> <h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1> <p>The core functions shown below are available by default. <a href="lang_datefunc.html">Date & Time functions</a>, <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate functions</a>, <a href="windowfunctions.html#biwinfunc">window functions</a>, and <a href="json1.html">JSON functions</a> are documented separately. An application may define additional functions written in C and added to the database engine using the <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> API.</p> <p> <div class='columns' style='columns: 15em auto;'> <ul style='padding-top:0;'> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#abs'>abs(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#changes'>changes()</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#char'>char(X1,X2,...,XN)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#coalesce'>coalesce(X,Y,...)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#glob'>glob(X,Y)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#hex'>hex(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#ifnull'>ifnull(X,Y)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#iif'>iif(X,Y,Z)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#instr'>instr(X,Y)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#last_insert_rowid'>last_insert_rowid()</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#length'>length(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#like'>like(X,Y)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#like'>like(X,Y,Z)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#likelihood'>likelihood(X,Y)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#likely'>likely(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#load_extension'>load_extension(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#load_extension'>load_extension(X,Y)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#lower'>lower(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#ltrim'>ltrim(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#ltrim'>ltrim(X,Y)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#maxoreunc'>max(X,Y,...)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#minoreunc'>min(X,Y,...)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#nullif'>nullif(X,Y)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#printf'>printf(FORMAT,...)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#quote'>quote(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#random'>random()</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#randomblob'>randomblob(N)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#replace'>replace(X,Y,Z)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#round'>round(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#round'>round(X,Y)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#rtrim'>rtrim(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#rtrim'>rtrim(X,Y)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#soundex'>soundex(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#sqlite_compileoption_get'>sqlite_compileoption_get(N)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#sqlite_compileoption_used'>sqlite_compileoption_used(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#sqlite_offset'>sqlite_offset(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#sqlite_source_id'>sqlite_source_id()</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#sqlite_version'>sqlite_version()</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#substr'>substr(X,Y)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#substr'>substr(X,Y,Z)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#total_changes'>total_changes()</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#trim'>trim(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#trim'>trim(X,Y)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#typeof'>typeof(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#unicode'>unicode(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#unlikely'>unlikely(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#upper'>upper(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_corefunc.html#zeroblob'>zeroblob(N)</a></li> </ul> </div> <h1 id="descriptions_of_built_in_scalar_sql_functions"><span>2. </span>Descriptions of built-in scalar SQL functions</h1> <dl> <a name="abs"></a> <dt><p><b>abs(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p> The abs(X) function returns the absolute value of the numeric argument X. Abs(X) returns NULL if X is NULL. Abs(X) returns 0.0 if X is a string or blob that cannot be converted to a numeric value. If X is the integer -9223372036854775808 then abs(X) throws an integer overflow |
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239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 | </dd> <a name="ifnull"></a> <dt><p><b>ifnull(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p> The ifnull() function returns a copy of its first non-NULL argument, or NULL if both arguments are NULL. Ifnull() must have exactly 2 arguments. The ifnull() function is equivalent to <a href="lang_corefunc.html#coalesce">coalesce()</a> with two arguments. </dd> <a name="instr"></a> <dt><p><b>instr(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p> The instr(X,Y) function finds the first occurrence of string Y within string X and returns the number of prior characters plus 1, or 0 if Y is nowhere found within X. Or, if X and Y are both BLOBs, then instr(X,Y) returns one more than the number bytes prior to the first occurrence of Y, or 0 if | > > > > > > | 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 | </dd> <a name="ifnull"></a> <dt><p><b>ifnull(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p> The ifnull() function returns a copy of its first non-NULL argument, or NULL if both arguments are NULL. Ifnull() must have exactly 2 arguments. The ifnull() function is equivalent to <a href="lang_corefunc.html#coalesce">coalesce()</a> with two arguments. </dd> <a name="iif"></a> <dt><p><b>iif(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>,<i>Z</i>)</b></dt><dd><p> The iif(X,Y,Z) function returns the value Y if X is true, and Z otherwise. The iff(X,Y,Z) function is logically equivalent to and generates the same <a href="opcode.html">bytecode</a> as the <a href="lang_expr.html#case">CASE expression</a> "CASE WHEN X THEN Y ELSE Z END". </dd> <a name="instr"></a> <dt><p><b>instr(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p> The instr(X,Y) function finds the first occurrence of string Y within string X and returns the number of prior characters plus 1, or 0 if Y is nowhere found within X. Or, if X and Y are both BLOBs, then instr(X,Y) returns one more than the number bytes prior to the first occurrence of Y, or 0 if |
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284 285 286 287 288 289 290 | reversed in the like() function relative to the infix <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator. X is the pattern and Y is the string to match against that pattern. Hence, the following expressions are equivalent: <blockquote><pre> name LIKE '%neon%' like('%neon%',name) </pre></blockquote> | | | 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 | reversed in the like() function relative to the infix <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator. X is the pattern and Y is the string to match against that pattern. Hence, the following expressions are equivalent: <blockquote><pre> name LIKE '%neon%' like('%neon%',name) </pre></blockquote> <p>The <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> interface can be used to override the like() function and thereby change the operation of the <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator. When overriding the like() function, it may be important to override both the two and three argument versions of the like() function. Otherwise, different code may be called to implement the <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator depending on whether or not an ESCAPE clause was specified. </dd> |
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567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 | The zeroblob(N) function returns a BLOB consisting of N bytes of 0x00. SQLite manages these zeroblobs very efficiently. Zeroblobs can be used to reserve space for a BLOB that is later written using <a href="c3ref/blob_open.html">incremental BLOB I/O</a>. This SQL function is implemented using the <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_zeroblob()</a> routine from the C/C++ interface. </dd> </dl> | > | 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 | The zeroblob(N) function returns a BLOB consisting of N bytes of 0x00. SQLite manages these zeroblobs very efficiently. Zeroblobs can be used to reserve space for a BLOB that is later written using <a href="c3ref/blob_open.html">incremental BLOB I/O</a>. This SQL function is implemented using the <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_zeroblob()</a> routine from the C/C++ interface. </dd> </dl> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_createindex.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>CREATE INDEX</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 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function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> CREATE INDEX </div> </div> <h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1> <p><b><a href="syntax/create-index-stmt.html">create-index-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1333' onclick='hideorshow("x1333","x1334")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1334' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram create-index-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-index-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b> <button id='x1335' onclick='hideorshow("x1335","x1336")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1336' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1337' onclick='hideorshow("x1337","x1338")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1338' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b> <button id='x1339' onclick='hideorshow("x1339","x1340")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1340' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1341' onclick='hideorshow("x1341","x1342")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1342' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1343' onclick='hideorshow("x1343","x1344")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1344' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1345' onclick='hideorshow("x1345","x1346")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1346' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> <button id='x1347' onclick='hideorshow("x1347","x1348")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1348' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1349' onclick='hideorshow("x1349","x1350")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1350' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b> <button id='x1351' onclick='hideorshow("x1351","x1352")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1352' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1353' onclick='hideorshow("x1353","x1354")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1354' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1355' onclick='hideorshow("x1355","x1356")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1356' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1357' onclick='hideorshow("x1357","x1358")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1358' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1359' onclick='hideorshow("x1359","x1360")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1360' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1361' onclick='hideorshow("x1361","x1362")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1362' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x1363' onclick='hideorshow("x1363","x1364")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1364' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x1365' onclick='hideorshow("x1365","x1366")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1366' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x1367' onclick='hideorshow("x1367","x1368")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1368' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1369' onclick='hideorshow("x1369","x1370")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1370' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b> <button id='x1371' onclick='hideorshow("x1371","x1372")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1372' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x1373' onclick='hideorshow("x1373","x1374")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1374' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b> <button id='x1375' onclick='hideorshow("x1375","x1376")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1376' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif" /> </div> </div> <p>The CREATE INDEX command consists of the keywords "CREATE INDEX" followed by the name of the new index, the keyword "ON", the name of a previously created table that is to be indexed, and a parenthesized list of table column names and/or expressions that are used for the index key. If the optional WHERE clause is included, then the index is a "<a href="partialindex.html">partial index</a>". </p> <p>If the optional IF NOT EXISTS clause is present and another index with the same name already exists, then this command becomes a no-op.</p> <p>There are no arbitrary limits on the number of indices that can be attached to a single table. The number of columns in an index is limited to the value set by <a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit</a>(<a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimitcolumn">SQLITE_LIMIT_COLUMN</a>,...).</p> <p>Indexes are removed with the <a href="lang_dropindex.html">DROP INDEX</a> command.</p> <a name="uniqueidx"></a> <h2 id="unique_indexes"><span>1.1. </span>Unique Indexes</h2> <p>If the UNIQUE keyword appears between CREATE and INDEX then duplicate index entries are not allowed. Any attempt to insert a duplicate entry will result in an error.</p> <p>For the purposes of unique indices, all NULL values are considered different from all other NULL values and are thus unique. This is one of the two possible interpretations of the SQL-92 standard (the language in the standard is ambiguous). The interpretation used by SQLite is the same and is the interpretation followed by PostgreSQL, MySQL, Firebird, and Oracle. Informix and Microsoft SQL Server follow the other interpretation of the standard, which is that all NULL values are equal to one another.</p> <a name="indexexpr"></a> <h2 id="indexes_on_expressions"><span>1.2. </span>Indexes on Expressions</h2> <p>Expressions in an index may not reference other tables and may not use subqueries nor functions whose result might change (ex: <a href="lang_corefunc.html#random">random()</a> or <a href="lang_corefunc.html#sqlite_version">sqlite_version()</a>). Expressions in an index may only refer to columns in the table that is being indexed. Indexes on expression will not work with versions of SQLite prior to <a href="releaselog/3_9_0.html">version 3.9.0</a> (2015-10-14). See the <a href="expridx.html">Indexes On Expressions</a> document for additional information about using general expressions in CREATE INDEX statements. <a name="descidx"></a> </p><h2 id="descending_indexes"><span>1.3. </span>Descending Indexes</h2> <p>Each column name or expression can be followed by one of the "ASC" or "DESC" keywords to indicate sort order. The sort order may or may not be ignored depending on the database file format, and in particular the <a href="fileformat2.html#schemaformat">schema format number</a>. The "legacy" schema format (1) ignores index sort order. The descending index schema format (4) takes index sort order into account. Only versions of SQLite 3.3.0 (2006-01-11) and later are able to understand the descending index format. For compatibility, version of SQLite between 3.3.0 and 3.7.9 use the legacy schema format by default. The newer schema format is used by default in version 3.7.10 (2012-01-16) and later. The <a href="pragma.html#pragma_legacy_file_format">legacy_file_format pragma</a> can be used to change set the specific behavior for any version of SQLite.</p> <h2 id="nulls_first_and_nulls_last"><span>1.4. </span>NULLS FIRST and NULLS LAST</h2> <p>The NULLS FIRST and NULLS LAST predicates are not supported for indexes. For <a href="datatype3.html#sortorder">sorting purposes</a>, SQLite considers NULL values to be smaller than all other values. Hence NULL values always appear at the beginning of an ASC index and at the end of a DESC index.</p> <a name="collidx"></a> <h2 id="collations"><span>1.5. </span>Collations</h2> <p>The COLLATE clause optionally following each column name or expression defines a collating sequence used for text entries in that column. The default collating sequence is the collating sequence defined for that column in the <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement. Or if no collating sequence is otherwise defined, the built-in BINARY collating sequence is used.</p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_createtable.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>CREATE TABLE</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | > > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | < | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> CREATE TABLE </div> <div class="fancy_toc"> <a onclick="toggle_toc()"> <span class="fancy_toc_mark" id="toc_mk">►</span> Table Of Contents </a> <div id="toc_sub"><div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#syntax">1. Syntax</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_create_table_command">2. The CREATE TABLE command</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#create_table_as_select_statements">2.1. CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT Statements</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#column_definitions">3. Column Definitions</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#column_data_types">3.1. Column Data Types</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_default_clause">3.2. The DEFAULT clause</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_collate_clause">3.3. The COLLATE clause</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_generated_always_as_clause">3.4. The GENERATED ALWAYS AS clause</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_primary_key">3.5. The PRIMARY KEY</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#unique_constraints">3.6. UNIQUE constraints</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#check_constraints">3.7. CHECK constraints</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#not_null_constraints">3.8. NOT NULL constraints</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#constraint_violations">4. Constraint violations</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#rowids_and_the_integer_primary_key">5. ROWIDs and the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a></div> </div> </div> <script> function toggle_toc(){ var sub = document.getElementById("toc_sub") var mk = document.getElementById("toc_mk") if( sub.style.display!="block" ){ sub.style.display = "block"; mk.innerHTML = "▼"; } else { sub.style.display = "none"; mk.innerHTML = "►"; } } </script> </div> <h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1> <p><b><a href="syntax/create-table-stmt.html">create-table-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1377' onclick='hideorshow("x1377","x1378")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1378' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram create-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-table-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/column-def.html">column-def:</a></b> <button id='x1379' onclick='hideorshow("x1379","x1380")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1380' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram column-def" src="images/syntax/column-def.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/column-constraint.html">column-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1381' onclick='hideorshow("x1381","x1382")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1382' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram column-constraint" src="images/syntax/column-constraint.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1383' onclick='hideorshow("x1383","x1384")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1384' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram conflict-clause" src="images/syntax/conflict-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b> <button id='x1385' onclick='hideorshow("x1385","x1386")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1386' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1387' onclick='hideorshow("x1387","x1388")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1388' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1389' onclick='hideorshow("x1389","x1390")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1390' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1391' onclick='hideorshow("x1391","x1392")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1392' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1393' onclick='hideorshow("x1393","x1394")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1394' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> <button id='x1395' onclick='hideorshow("x1395","x1396")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1396' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">foreign-key-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1397' onclick='hideorshow("x1397","x1398")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1398' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram foreign-key-clause" src="images/syntax/foreign-key-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b> <button id='x1399' onclick='hideorshow("x1399","x1400")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1400' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x1401' onclick='hideorshow("x1401","x1402")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1402' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b> <button id='x1403' onclick='hideorshow("x1403","x1404")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1404' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x1405' onclick='hideorshow("x1405","x1406")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1406' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1407' onclick='hideorshow("x1407","x1408")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1408' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b> <button id='x1409' onclick='hideorshow("x1409","x1410")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1410' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1411' onclick='hideorshow("x1411","x1412")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1412' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b> <button id='x1413' onclick='hideorshow("x1413","x1414")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1414' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1415' onclick='hideorshow("x1415","x1416")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1416' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b> <button id='x1417' onclick='hideorshow("x1417","x1418")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1418' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1419' onclick='hideorshow("x1419","x1420")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1420' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1421' onclick='hideorshow("x1421","x1422")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1422' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> <button id='x1423' onclick='hideorshow("x1423","x1424")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1424' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b> <button id='x1425' onclick='hideorshow("x1425","x1426")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1426' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x1427' onclick='hideorshow("x1427","x1428")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1428' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1429' onclick='hideorshow("x1429","x1430")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1430' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1431' onclick='hideorshow("x1431","x1432")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1432' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1433' onclick='hideorshow("x1433","x1434")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1434' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1435' onclick='hideorshow("x1435","x1436")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1436' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x1437' onclick='hideorshow("x1437","x1438")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1438' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x1439' onclick='hideorshow("x1439","x1440")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1440' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x1441' onclick='hideorshow("x1441","x1442")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1442' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1443' onclick='hideorshow("x1443","x1444")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1444' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1445' onclick='hideorshow("x1445","x1446")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1446' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-constraint" src="images/syntax/table-constraint.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1447' onclick='hideorshow("x1447","x1448")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1448' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram conflict-clause" src="images/syntax/conflict-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b> <button id='x1449' onclick='hideorshow("x1449","x1450")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1450' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1451' onclick='hideorshow("x1451","x1452")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1452' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b> <button id='x1453' onclick='hideorshow("x1453","x1454")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1454' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1455' onclick='hideorshow("x1455","x1456")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1456' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1457' onclick='hideorshow("x1457","x1458")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1458' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1459' onclick='hideorshow("x1459","x1460")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1460' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> <button id='x1461' onclick='hideorshow("x1461","x1462")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1462' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b> <button id='x1463' onclick='hideorshow("x1463","x1464")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1464' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x1465' onclick='hideorshow("x1465","x1466")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1466' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">foreign-key-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1467' onclick='hideorshow("x1467","x1468")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1468' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram foreign-key-clause" src="images/syntax/foreign-key-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b> <button id='x1469' onclick='hideorshow("x1469","x1470")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1470' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <h1 id="the_create_table_command"><span>2. </span>The CREATE TABLE command</h1> <p>The "CREATE TABLE" command is used to create a new table in an SQLite database. A CREATE TABLE command specifies the following attributes of the new table: </p><ul> <li><p>The name of the new table. </p></li><li><p> The database in which the new table is created. Tables may be created in the main database, the temp database, or in any attached database. </p></li><li><p> The name of each column in the table. </p></li><li><p> The declared type of each column in the table. </p></li><li><p> A default value or expression for each column in the table. </p></li><li><p> A default collation sequence to use with each column. </p></li><li><p> Optionally, a PRIMARY KEY for the table. Both single column and composite (multiple column) primary keys are supported. </p></li><li><p> A set of SQL constraints for each table. SQLite supports UNIQUE, NOT NULL, CHECK and FOREIGN KEY constraints. </p></li><li><p> Optionally, a <a href="gencol.html">generated column</a> constraint. </p></li><li><p> Whether the table is a <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> table. </p></li></ul> <p>Every CREATE TABLE statement must specify a name for the new table. Table names that begin with "sqlite_" are reserved for internal use. It is an error to attempt to create a table with a name that starts with "sqlite_". </p><p> If a <span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> is specified, it must be either "main", "temp", or the name of an <a href="lang_attach.html">attached database</a>. In this case the new table is created in the named database. If the "TEMP" or "TEMPORARY" keyword occurs between the "CREATE" and "TABLE" then the new table is created in the temp database. It is an error to specify both a <span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> and the TEMP or TEMPORARY keyword, unless the <span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> is "temp". If no schema name is specified and the TEMP keyword is not present then the table is created in the main database. </p><p> It is usually an error to attempt to create a new table in a database that already contains a table, index or view of the same name. However, if the "IF NOT EXISTS" clause is specified as part of the CREATE TABLE statement and a table or view of the same name already exists, the CREATE TABLE command simply has no effect (and no error message is returned). An error is still returned if the table cannot be created because of an existing index, even if the "IF NOT EXISTS" clause is specified. </p><p>It is not an error to create a table that has the same name as an existing <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">trigger</a>. </p><p>Tables are removed using the <a href="lang_droptable.html">DROP TABLE</a> statement. </p> <a name="createtabas"></a> <h2 id="create_table_as_select_statements"><span>2.1. </span>CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT Statements</h2> <p>A "CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT" statement creates and populates a database table based on the results of a SELECT statement. The table has the same number of columns as the rows returned by the SELECT statement. The name of each column is the same as the name of the corresponding column in the result set of the SELECT statement. The declared type of each column is determined by the <a href="datatype3.html#expraff">expression affinity</a> of the corresponding expression in the result set of the SELECT statement, as follows: </p> <center><table border="1"> <tr><th>Expression Affinity </th><th>Column Declared Type </th></tr><tr><td>TEXT </td><td>"TEXT" </td></tr><tr><td>NUMERIC </td><td>"NUM" </td></tr><tr><td>INTEGER </td><td>"INT" </td></tr><tr><td>REAL </td><td>"REAL" </td></tr><tr><td>BLOB (a.k.a "NONE") </td><td>"" (empty string) </td></tr></table></center> <p>A table created using CREATE TABLE AS has no PRIMARY KEY and no constraints of any kind. The default value of each column is NULL. The default collation sequence for each column of the new table is BINARY. </p><p>Tables created using CREATE TABLE AS are initially populated with the rows of data returned by the SELECT statement. Rows are assigned contiguously ascending <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">rowid</a> values, starting with 1, in the <a href="lang_select.html#orderby">order</a> that they are returned by the SELECT statement. <a name="tablecoldef"></a> </p><h1 id="column_definitions"><span>3. </span>Column Definitions</h1> <p>Unless it is a CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT statement, a CREATE TABLE includes one or more <a href="syntax/column-def.html">column definitions</a>, optionally followed by a list of <a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table constraints</a>. Each column definition consists of the name of the column, optionally followed by the declared type of the column, then one or more optional <a href="syntax/column-constraint.html">column constraints</a>. Included in the definition of "column constraints" for the purposes of the previous statement are the COLLATE and DEFAULT clauses, even though these are not really constraints in the sense that they do not restrict the data that the table may contain. The other constraints - NOT NULL, CHECK, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY and FOREIGN KEY constraints - impose restrictions on the table data. </p><p>The number of columns in a table is limited by the <a href="limits.html#max_column">SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN</a> compile-time parameter. A single row of a table cannot store more than <a href="limits.html#max_length">SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH</a> bytes of data. Both of these limits can be lowered at runtime using the <a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit()</a> C/C++ interface.</p> <h2 id="column_data_types"><span>3.1. </span>Column Data Types</h2> <p>Unlike most SQL databases, SQLite does not restrict the type of data that may be inserted into a column based on the columns declared type. Instead, SQLite uses <a href="datatype3.html">dynamic typing</a>. The declared type of a column is used to determine the <a href="datatype3.html#affinity">affinity</a> of the column only. <a name="dfltval"></a> </p><h2 id="the_default_clause"><span>3.2. </span>The DEFAULT clause</h2> <p>The DEFAULT clause specifies a default value to use for the column if no value is explicitly provided by the user when doing an <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>. If there is no explicit DEFAULT clause attached to a column definition, then the default value of the column is NULL. An explicit DEFAULT clause may specify that the default value is NULL, a string constant, a blob constant, a signed-number, or any constant expression enclosed in parentheses. A default value may also be one of the special case-independent keywords CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE or CURRENT_TIMESTAMP. For the purposes of the DEFAULT clause, an expression is considered constant if it contains no sub-queries, column or table references, <a href="lang_expr.html#varparam">bound parameters</a>, or string literals enclosed in double-quotes instead of single-quotes. </p><p>Each time a row is inserted into the table by an INSERT statement that does not provide explicit values for all table columns the values stored in the new row are determined by their default values, as follows: </p><ul> <li><p>If the default value of the column is a constant NULL, text, blob or signed-number value, then that value is used directly in the new row. </p></li><li><p>If the default value of a column is an expression in parentheses, then the expression is evaluated once for each row inserted and the results used in the new row. </p></li><li><p>If the default value of a column is CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE or CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, then the value used in the new row is a text representation of the current UTC date and/or time. For CURRENT_TIME, the format of the value is "HH:MM:SS". For CURRENT_DATE, "YYYY-MM-DD". The format for CURRENT_TIMESTAMP is "YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS". </p></li></ul> <a name="collateclause"></a> <h2 id="the_collate_clause"><span>3.3. </span>The COLLATE clause</h2> <p>The COLLATE clause specifies the name of a <a href="datatype3.html#collation">collating sequence</a> to use as the default collation sequence for the column. If no COLLATE clause is specified, the default collation sequence is <a href="datatype3.html#collation">BINARY</a>. </p><h2 id="the_generated_always_as_clause"><span>3.4. </span>The GENERATED ALWAYS AS clause</h2> <p>A column that includes a GENERATED ALWAY AS clause is a <a href="gencol.html">generated column</a>. Generated columns are supported beginning with SQLite verison 3.31.0 (2020-01-22). See the <a href="gencol.html">separate documentation</a> for details on the capabilities and limitations of generated columns. <a name="primkeyconst"></a> </p><h2 id="the_primary_key"><span>3.5. </span>The PRIMARY KEY</h2> <p>Each table in SQLite may have at most one PRIMARY KEY. If the keywords PRIMARY KEY are added to a column definition, then the primary key for the table consists of that single column. Or, if a PRIMARY KEY clause is specified as a <a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table-constraint</a>, then the primary key of the table consists of the list of columns specified as part of the PRIMARY KEY clause. The PRIMARY KEY clause must contain only column names — the use of expressions in an <a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column</a> of a PRIMARY KEY is not supported. An error is raised if more than one PRIMARY KEY clause appears in a CREATE TABLE statement. The PRIMARY KEY is optional for ordinary tables but is required for <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables. </p><p>If a table has a single column primary key and the declared type of that column is "INTEGER" and the table is not a <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> table, then the column is known as an <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a>. See <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">below</a> for a description of the special properties and behaviors associated with an <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a>. </p><p>Each row in a table with a primary key must have a unique combination of values in its primary key columns. For the purposes of determining the uniqueness of primary key values, NULL values are considered distinct from all other values, including other NULLs. If an <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> or <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statement attempts to modify the table content so that two or more rows have identical primary key values, that is a constraint violation. </p><p> According to the SQL standard, PRIMARY KEY should always imply NOT NULL. Unfortunately, due to a bug in some early versions, this is not the case in SQLite. Unless the column is an <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a> or the table is a <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> table or the column is declared NOT NULL, SQLite allows NULL values in a PRIMARY KEY column. SQLite could be fixed to conform to the standard, but doing so might break legacy applications. Hence, it has been decided to merely document the fact that SQLite allowing NULLs in most PRIMARY KEY columns. <a name="uniqueconst"></a> </p><h2 id="unique_constraints"><span>3.6. </span>UNIQUE constraints</h2> <p>A UNIQUE constraint is similar to a PRIMARY KEY constraint, except that a single table may have any number of UNIQUE constraints. For each UNIQUE constraint on the table, each row must contain a unique combination of values in the columns identified by the UNIQUE constraint. For the purposes of UNIQUE constraints, NULL values are considered distinct from all other values, including other NULLs. As with PRIMARY KEYs, a UNIQUE <a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table-constraint</a> clause must contain only column names — the use of expressions in an <a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column</a> of a UNIQUE <a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table-constraint</a> is not supported. </p><p>In most cases, UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints are implemented by creating a unique index in the database. (The exceptions are <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a> and PRIMARY KEYs on <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables.) Hence, the following schemas are logically equivalent: </p><ol> <li><p>CREATE TABLE t1(a, b UNIQUE); </p></li><li><p>CREATE TABLE t1(a, b PRIMARY KEY); </p></li><li><p>CREATE TABLE t1(a, b);<br> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX t1b ON t1(b); </p></li></ol> <a name="ckconst"></a> <h2 id="check_constraints"><span>3.7. </span>CHECK constraints</h2> <p>A CHECK constraint may be attached to a column definition or specified as a table constraint. In practice it makes no difference. Each time a new row is inserted into the table or an existing row is updated, the expression associated with each CHECK constraint is evaluated and cast to a NUMERIC value in the same way as a <a href="lang_expr.html#castexpr">CAST expression</a>. If the result is zero (integer value 0 or real value 0.0), then a constraint violation has occurred. If the CHECK expression evaluates to NULL, or any other non-zero value, it is not a constraint violation. The expression of a CHECK constraint may not contain a subquery. <a name="notnullconst"></a> </p><h2 id="not_null_constraints"><span>3.8. </span>NOT NULL constraints</h2> <p>A NOT NULL constraint may only be attached to a column definition, not specified as a table constraint. Not surprisingly, a NOT NULL constraint dictates that the associated column may not contain a NULL value. Attempting to set the column value to NULL when inserting a new row or updating an existing one causes a constraint violation. </p><h1 id="constraint_violations"><span>4. </span>Constraint violations</h1> <p>Exactly how a constraint violation is dealt with is determined by the <a href="lang_conflict.html">constraint conflict resolution algorithm</a>. Each PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE, NOT NULL and CHECK constraint has a default conflict resolution algorithm. PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE and NOT NULL constraints may be explicitly assigned a default conflict resolution algorithm by including a <a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause</a> in their definitions. Or, if a constraint definition does not include a <a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause</a> or it is a CHECK constraint, the default conflict resolution algorithm is ABORT. Different constraints within the same table may have different default conflict resolution algorithms. See the section titled <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> for additional information. <a name="rowid"></a> </p><h1 id="rowids_and_the_integer_primary_key"><span>5. </span>ROWIDs and the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</h1> <p>Except for <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables, all rows within SQLite tables have a 64-bit signed integer key that uniquely identifies the row within its table. This integer is usually called the "rowid". The rowid value can be accessed using one of the special case-independent names "rowid", "oid", or "_rowid_" in place of a column name. If a table contains a user defined column named "rowid", "oid" or "_rowid_", then that name always refers the explicitly declared column and cannot be used to retrieve the integer rowid value. </p><p>The rowid (and "oid" and "_rowid_") is omitted in <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables. WITHOUT ROWID tables are only available in SQLite <a href="releaselog/3_8_2.html">version 3.8.2</a> (2013-12-06) and later. A table that lacks the WITHOUT ROWID clause is called a "rowid table". </p><p>The data for rowid tables is stored as a B-Tree structure containing one entry for each table row, using the rowid value as the key. This means that retrieving or sorting records by rowid is fast. Searching for a record with a specific rowid, or for all records with rowids within a specified range is around twice as fast as a similar search made by specifying any other PRIMARY KEY or indexed value. </p><p> With one exception noted below, if a rowid table has a primary key that consists of a single column and the declared type of that column is "INTEGER" in any mixture of upper and lower case, then the column becomes an alias for the rowid. Such a column is usually referred to as an "integer primary key". A PRIMARY KEY column only becomes an integer primary key if the declared type name is exactly "INTEGER". Other integer type names like "INT" or "BIGINT" or "SHORT INTEGER" or "UNSIGNED INTEGER" causes the primary key column to behave as an ordinary table column with integer <a href="datatype3.html#affinity">affinity</a> and a unique index, not as an alias for the rowid. </p><p> The exception mentioned above is that if the declaration of a column with declared type "INTEGER" includes an "PRIMARY KEY DESC" clause, it does not become an alias for the rowid and is not classified as an integer primary key. This quirk is not by design. It is due to a bug in early versions of SQLite. But fixing the bug could result in backwards incompatibilities. Hence, the original behavior has been retained (and documented) because odd behavior in a corner case is far better than a compatibility break. This means that the following three table declarations all cause the column "x" to be an alias for the rowid (an integer primary key): </p><ul> <li><tt>CREATE TABLE t(x INTEGER PRIMARY KEY ASC, y, z);</tt> </li><li><tt>CREATE TABLE t(x INTEGER, y, z, PRIMARY KEY(x ASC));</tt> </li><li><tt>CREATE TABLE t(x INTEGER, y, z, PRIMARY KEY(x DESC));</tt> </li></ul> <p>But the following declaration does not result in "x" being an alias for the rowid: </p><ul> <li><tt>CREATE TABLE t(x INTEGER PRIMARY KEY DESC, y, z);</tt> </li></ul> <p>Rowid values may be modified using an UPDATE statement in the same way as any other column value can, either using one of the built-in aliases ("rowid", "oid" or "_rowid_") or by using an alias created by an integer primary key. Similarly, an INSERT statement may provide a value to use as the rowid for each row inserted. Unlike normal SQLite columns, an integer primary key or rowid column must contain integer values. Integer primary key or rowid columns are not able to hold floating point values, strings, BLOBs, or NULLs. </p><p>If an UPDATE statement attempts to set an integer primary key or rowid column to a NULL or blob value, or to a string or real value that cannot be losslessly converted to an integer, a "datatype mismatch" error occurs and the statement is aborted. If an INSERT statement attempts to insert a blob value, or a string or real value that cannot be losslessly converted to an integer into an integer primary key or rowid column, a "datatype mismatch" error occurs and the statement is aborted. </p><p>If an INSERT statement attempts to insert a NULL value into a rowid or integer primary key column, the system chooses an integer value to use as the rowid automatically. A detailed description of how this is done is provided <a href="autoinc.html">separately</a>.</p> <p>The <a href="foreignkeys.html#parentchild">parent key</a> of a <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraint</a> is not allowed to use the rowid. The parent key must used named columns only.</p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_createtrigger.html.
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Syntax</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#description">2. Description</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#syntax_restrictions_on_update_delete_and_insert_statements_within_triggers">2.1. Syntax Restrictions On UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT Statements Within Triggers</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#instead_of_triggers">3. INSTEAD OF triggers</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#some_example_triggers">4. Some Example Triggers</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#cautions_on_the_use_of_before_triggers">5. Cautions On The Use Of BEFORE triggers</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_raise_function">6. The RAISE() function</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#temp_triggers_on_non_temp_tables">7. TEMP Triggers on Non-TEMP Tables</a></div> </div> </div> <script> function toggle_toc(){ var sub = document.getElementById("toc_sub") var mk = document.getElementById("toc_mk") if( sub.style.display!="block" ){ sub.style.display = "block"; mk.innerHTML = "▼"; } else { sub.style.display = "none"; mk.innerHTML = "►"; } } </script> </div> <h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1> <p><b><a href="syntax/create-trigger-stmt.html">create-trigger-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1471' onclick='hideorshow("x1471","x1472")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1472' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram create-trigger-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-trigger-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/delete-stmt.html">delete-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1473' onclick='hideorshow("x1473","x1474")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1474' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram delete-stmt" src="images/syntax/delete-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b> <button id='x1475' onclick='hideorshow("x1475","x1476")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1476' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1477' onclick='hideorshow("x1477","x1478")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1478' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b> <button id='x1479' onclick='hideorshow("x1479","x1480")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1480' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b> <button id='x1481' onclick='hideorshow("x1481","x1482")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1482' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1483' onclick='hideorshow("x1483","x1484")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1484' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b> <button id='x1485' onclick='hideorshow("x1485","x1486")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1486' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1487' onclick='hideorshow("x1487","x1488")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1488' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1489' onclick='hideorshow("x1489","x1490")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1490' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1491' onclick='hideorshow("x1491","x1492")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1492' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> <button id='x1493' onclick='hideorshow("x1493","x1494")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1494' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b> <button id='x1495' onclick='hideorshow("x1495","x1496")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1496' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x1497' onclick='hideorshow("x1497","x1498")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1498' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/insert-stmt.html">insert-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1499' onclick='hideorshow("x1499","x1500")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1500' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram insert-stmt" src="images/syntax/insert-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1501' onclick='hideorshow("x1501","x1502")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1502' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram upsert-clause" src="images/syntax/upsert-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b> <button id='x1503' onclick='hideorshow("x1503","x1504")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1504' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b> <button id='x1505' onclick='hideorshow("x1505","x1506")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1506' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1507' onclick='hideorshow("x1507","x1508")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1508' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b> <button id='x1509' onclick='hideorshow("x1509","x1510")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1510' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1511' onclick='hideorshow("x1511","x1512")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1512' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b> <button id='x1513' onclick='hideorshow("x1513","x1514")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1514' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1515' onclick='hideorshow("x1515","x1516")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1516' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1517' onclick='hideorshow("x1517","x1518")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1518' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1519' onclick='hideorshow("x1519","x1520")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1520' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1521' onclick='hideorshow("x1521","x1522")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1522' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1523' onclick='hideorshow("x1523","x1524")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1524' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x1525' onclick='hideorshow("x1525","x1526")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1526' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x1527' onclick='hideorshow("x1527","x1528")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1528' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x1529' onclick='hideorshow("x1529","x1530")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1530' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1531' onclick='hideorshow("x1531","x1532")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1532' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/update-stmt.html">update-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1533' onclick='hideorshow("x1533","x1534")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1534' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram update-stmt" src="images/syntax/update-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b> <button id='x1535' onclick='hideorshow("x1535","x1536")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1536' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b> <button id='x1537' onclick='hideorshow("x1537","x1538")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1538' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1539' onclick='hideorshow("x1539","x1540")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1540' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b> <button id='x1541' onclick='hideorshow("x1541","x1542")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1542' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 id="description"><span>2. </span>Description</h1> <p>The CREATE TRIGGER statement is used to add triggers to the database schema. Triggers are database operations that are automatically performed when a specified database event occurs. </p> <p>Each trigger must specify that it will fire for one of the following operations: <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>, <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a>. |
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304 305 306 307 308 309 310 | <p>Both the WHEN clause and the trigger actions may access elements of the row being inserted, deleted or updated using references of the form "NEW.<i>column-name</i>" and "OLD.<i>column-name</i>", where <i>column-name</i> is the name of a column from the table that the trigger is associated with. OLD and NEW references may only be used in triggers on events for which they are relevant, as follows:</p> | | | | | | | | | | 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 | <p>Both the WHEN clause and the trigger actions may access elements of the row being inserted, deleted or updated using references of the form "NEW.<i>column-name</i>" and "OLD.<i>column-name</i>", where <i>column-name</i> is the name of a column from the table that the trigger is associated with. OLD and NEW references may only be used in triggers on events for which they are relevant, as follows:</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><i>INSERT</i></td> <td valign="top">NEW references are valid</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><i>UPDATE</i></td> <td valign="top">NEW and OLD references are valid</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><i>DELETE</i></td> <td valign="top">OLD references are valid</td> </tr> </table> <p>If a WHEN clause is supplied, the SQL statements specified are only executed if the WHEN clause is true. If no WHEN clause is supplied, the SQL statements are executed every time the trigger fires.</p> <p>The BEFORE or AFTER keyword determines when the trigger actions will be executed relative to the insertion, modification or removal of the associated row. BEFORE is the default when neither keyword is present.</p> <p>An <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> clause may be specified as part of an <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> or <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> action within the body of the trigger. However if an <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> clause is specified as part of the statement causing the trigger to fire, then conflict handling policy of the outer statement is used instead.</p> <p>Triggers are automatically <a href="lang_droptrigger.html">dropped</a> when the table that they are associated with (the <i>table-name</i> table) is <a href="lang_droptable.html">dropped</a>. However if the trigger actions reference other tables, the trigger is not dropped or modified if those other tables are <a href="lang_droptable.html">dropped</a> or <a href="lang_altertable.html">modified</a>.</p> <p>Triggers are removed using the <a href="lang_droptrigger.html">DROP TRIGGER</a> statement.</p> <h2 id="syntax_restrictions_on_update_delete_and_insert_statements_within_triggers"><span>2.1. </span>Syntax Restrictions On UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT Statements Within Triggers</h2> <p>The <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a>, <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, and <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> statements within triggers do not support the full syntax for <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a>, <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, and <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> statements. The following restrictions apply:</p> <ul> |
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394 395 396 397 398 399 400 | <a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">Common table expression</a> are not supported for statements inside of triggers. </p></li> </ul> <a name="instead_of_trigger"></a> | | | | 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 | <a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">Common table expression</a> are not supported for statements inside of triggers. </p></li> </ul> <a name="instead_of_trigger"></a> <h1 id="instead_of_triggers"><span>3. </span>INSTEAD OF triggers</h1> <p>Triggers may be created on <a href="lang_createview.html">views</a>, as well as ordinary tables, by specifying INSTEAD OF in the CREATE TRIGGER statement. If one or more ON INSERT, ON DELETE or ON UPDATE triggers are defined on a view, then it is not an error to execute an INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE statement on the view, respectively. Instead, executing an INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE on the view causes the associated triggers to fire. The real tables underlying the view are not modified (except possibly explicitly, by a trigger program).</p> <p>Note that the <a href="c3ref/changes.html">sqlite3_changes()</a> and <a href="c3ref/total_changes.html">sqlite3_total_changes()</a> interfaces do not count INSTEAD OF trigger firings, but the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_count_changes">count_changes pragma</a> does count INSTEAD OF trigger firing.</p> <h1 id="some_example_triggers"><span>4. </span>Some Example Triggers</h1> <p>Assuming that customer records are stored in the "customers" table, and that order records are stored in the "orders" table, the following UPDATE trigger ensures that all associated orders are redirected when a customer changes his or her address:</p> |
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455 456 457 458 459 460 461 | INSTEAD OF UPDATE OF cust_addr ON customer_address BEGIN UPDATE customer SET cust_addr=NEW.cust_addr WHERE cust_id=NEW.cust_id; END; </pre></blockquote> | | | | | | | 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 | INSTEAD OF UPDATE OF cust_addr ON customer_address BEGIN UPDATE customer SET cust_addr=NEW.cust_addr WHERE cust_id=NEW.cust_id; END; </pre></blockquote> </p><p>With the schema above, a statement of the form:</p> <blockquote><pre> UPDATE customer_address SET cust_addr=$new_address WHERE cust_id=$cust_id; </pre></blockquote> <p>Causes the customer.cust_addr field to be updated for a specific customer entry that has customer.cust_id equal to the $cust_id parameter. Note how the values assigned to the view are made available as field in the special "NEW" table within the trigger body.</p> <a name="undef_before"></a> <h1 id="cautions_on_the_use_of_before_triggers"><span>5. </span>Cautions On The Use Of BEFORE triggers</h1> <p>If a BEFORE UPDATE or BEFORE DELETE trigger modifies or deletes a row that was to have been updated or deleted, then the result of the subsequent update or delete operation is undefined. Furthermore, if a BEFORE trigger modifies or deletes a row, then it is undefined whether or not AFTER triggers that would have otherwise run on those rows will in fact run. </p> <p>The value of NEW.rowid is undefined in a BEFORE INSERT trigger in which the rowid is not explicitly set to an integer.</p> <p>Because of the behaviors described above, programmers are encouraged to prefer AFTER triggers over BEFORE triggers.</p> <a name="raise"></a> <h1 id="the_raise_function"><span>6. </span>The RAISE() function</h1> <p>A special SQL function RAISE() may be used within a trigger-program, with the following syntax</p> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif"></img> </div> <p>When one of RAISE(ROLLBACK,...), RAISE(ABORT,...) or RAISE(FAIL,...) is called during trigger-program execution, the specified <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> processing is performed and the current query terminates. An error code of <a href="rescode.html#constraint">SQLITE_CONSTRAINT</a> is returned to the application, along with the specified error message.</p> <p>When RAISE(IGNORE) is called, the remainder of the current trigger program, the statement that caused the trigger program to execute and any subsequent trigger programs that would have been executed are abandoned. No database changes are rolled back. If the statement that caused the trigger program to execute is itself part of a trigger program, then that trigger program resumes execution at the beginning of the next step. </p> <a name="temptrig"></a> <h1 id="temp_triggers_on_non_temp_tables"><span>7. </span>TEMP Triggers on Non-TEMP Tables</h1> <p>A trigger normally exists in the same database as the table named after the "ON" keyword in the CREATE TRIGGER statement. Except, it is possible to create a TEMP TRIGGER on a table in another database. Such a trigger will only fire when changes are made to the target table by the application that defined the trigger. Other applications that modify the database will not be able to see the |
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534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 | <blockquote><pre> CREATE TEMP TRIGGER ex1 AFTER INSERT ON <b>main.</b>tab1 BEGIN ... </pre></blockquote> <p>Failure to specify the schema name on the target table could result in the TEMP trigger being reattached to a table with the same name in another database whenever any schema change occurs.</p> | < | 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 | <blockquote><pre> CREATE TEMP TRIGGER ex1 AFTER INSERT ON <b>main.</b>tab1 BEGIN ... </pre></blockquote> <p>Failure to specify the schema name on the target table could result in the TEMP trigger being reattached to a table with the same name in another database whenever any schema change occurs.</p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_createview.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>CREATE VIEW</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | > > | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> CREATE VIEW </div> </div> <h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1> <p><b><a href="syntax/create-view-stmt.html">create-view-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1543' onclick='hideorshow("x1543","x1544")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1544' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram create-view-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-view-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1545' onclick='hideorshow("x1545","x1546")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1546' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b> <button id='x1547' onclick='hideorshow("x1547","x1548")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1548' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1549' onclick='hideorshow("x1549","x1550")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1550' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b> <button id='x1551' onclick='hideorshow("x1551","x1552")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1552' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1553' onclick='hideorshow("x1553","x1554")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1554' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b> <button id='x1555' onclick='hideorshow("x1555","x1556")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1556' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1557' onclick='hideorshow("x1557","x1558")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1558' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1559' onclick='hideorshow("x1559","x1560")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1560' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> <button id='x1561' onclick='hideorshow("x1561","x1562")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1562' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b> <button id='x1563' onclick='hideorshow("x1563","x1564")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1564' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x1565' onclick='hideorshow("x1565","x1566")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1566' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1567' onclick='hideorshow("x1567","x1568")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1568' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1569' onclick='hideorshow("x1569","x1570")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1570' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1571' onclick='hideorshow("x1571","x1572")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1572' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1573' onclick='hideorshow("x1573","x1574")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1574' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x1575' onclick='hideorshow("x1575","x1576")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1576' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x1577' onclick='hideorshow("x1577","x1578")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1578' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x1579' onclick='hideorshow("x1579","x1580")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1580' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1581' onclick='hideorshow("x1581","x1582")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1582' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 id="description"><span>2. </span>Description</h1> <p>The CREATE VIEW command assigns a name to a pre-packaged <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement. Once the view is created, it can be used in the FROM clause of another <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> in place of a table name. </p> |
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229 230 231 232 233 234 235 | well-defined names using the "<a href="syntax/result-column.html">AS column-alias</a>" syntax. SQLite allows you to create views that depend on automatically generated column names, but you should avoid using them since the rules used to generate column names are not a defined part of the interface and might change in future releases of SQLite. | | | | 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 | well-defined names using the "<a href="syntax/result-column.html">AS column-alias</a>" syntax. SQLite allows you to create views that depend on automatically generated column names, but you should avoid using them since the rules used to generate column names are not a defined part of the interface and might change in future releases of SQLite. </p><p>The <span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> list syntax was added in SQLite versions 3.9.0 (2015-10-14). </p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_createvtab.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/create-virtual-table-stmt.html">create-virtual-table-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1583' onclick='hideorshow("x1583","x1584")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1584' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram create-virtual-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-virtual-table-stmt.gif" /> </div> <p>A <a href="vtab.html">virtual table</a> is an interface to an external storage or computation engine that appears to be a table but does not actually store information in the database file.</p> |
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121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 | to the <a href="vtab.html#xcreate">xCreate</a> and <a href="vtab.html#xconnect">xConnect</a> methods of the module implementation without any interpretation. It is the responsibility of the module implementation to parse and interpret its own arguments.</p> <p>A virtual table is destroyed using the ordinary <a href="lang_droptable.html">DROP TABLE</a> statement. There is no DROP VIRTUAL TABLE statement.</p> | < | 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 | to the <a href="vtab.html#xcreate">xCreate</a> and <a href="vtab.html#xconnect">xConnect</a> methods of the module implementation without any interpretation. It is the responsibility of the module implementation to parse and interpret its own arguments.</p> <p>A virtual table is destroyed using the ordinary <a href="lang_droptable.html">DROP TABLE</a> statement. There is no DROP VIRTUAL TABLE statement.</p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_datefunc.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>Date And Time Functions</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > | > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> Date And Time Functions </div> <div class="fancy_toc"> <a onclick="toggle_toc()"> <span class="fancy_toc_mark" id="toc_mk">►</span> Table Of Contents </a> <div id="toc_sub"><div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#overview">1. Overview</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#time_strings">2. Time Strings</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#modifiers">3. Modifiers</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#examples">4. Examples</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#caveats_and_bugs">5. Caveats And Bugs</a></div> </div> </div> <script> function toggle_toc(){ var sub = document.getElementById("toc_sub") var mk = document.getElementById("toc_mk") if( sub.style.display!="block" ){ sub.style.display = "block"; mk.innerHTML = "▼"; } else { sub.style.display = "none"; mk.innerHTML = "►"; } } </script> </div> <h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1> <p> SQLite supports five date and time functions as follows: </p> <p> </p><ol> <li> <b>date(</b><i>timestring, modifier, modifier, ...</i><b>)</b> </li> <li> <b>time(</b><i>timestring, modifier, modifier, ...</i><b>)</b> </li> <li> <b>datetime(</b><i>timestring, modifier, modifier, ...</i><b>)</b> </li> <li> <b>julianday(</b><i>timestring, modifier, modifier, ...</i><b>)</b> </li> <li> <b>strftime(</b><i>format, timestring, modifier, modifier, ...</i><b>)</b> </li> </ol> |
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129 130 131 132 133 134 135 | <a href="http://opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/xsh/strftime.html">strftime() function</a> from the standard C library plus two new substitutions, %f and %J. The following is a complete list of valid strftime() substitutions: </p> <blockquote> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 | <a href="http://opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/xsh/strftime.html">strftime() function</a> from the standard C library plus two new substitutions, %f and %J. The following is a complete list of valid strftime() substitutions: </p> <blockquote> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td></td><td width="10"></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td> %d </td><td></td><td> day of month: 00 </td></tr><tr><td> %f </td><td></td><td> fractional seconds: SS.SSS </td></tr><tr><td> %H </td><td></td><td> hour: 00-24 </td></tr><tr><td> %j </td><td></td><td> day of year: 001-366 </td></tr><tr><td> %J </td><td></td><td> Julian day number </td></tr><tr><td> %m </td><td></td><td> month: 01-12 </td></tr><tr><td> %M </td><td></td><td> minute: 00-59 </td></tr><tr><td> %s </td><td></td><td> seconds since 1970-01-01 </td></tr><tr><td> %S </td><td></td><td> seconds: 00-59 </td></tr><tr><td> %w </td><td></td><td> day of week 0-6 with Sunday==0 </td></tr><tr><td> %W </td><td></td><td> week of year: 00-53 </td></tr><tr><td> %Y </td><td></td><td> year: 0000-9999 </td></tr><tr><td> %% </td><td></td><td> % </td></tr></table> </blockquote> <p> Notice that all other date and time functions can be expressed in terms of strftime(): </p> <blockquote> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td><b>Function</b></td><td width="30"></td><td><b>Equivalent strftime()</b> </td></tr><tr><td> date(...) </td><td></td><td> strftime('%Y-%m-%d', ...) </td></tr><tr><td> time(...) </td><td></td><td> strftime('%H:%M:%S', ...) </td></tr><tr><td> datetime(...) </td><td></td><td> strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', ...) </td></tr><tr><td> julianday(...) </td><td></td><td> strftime('%J', ...) </td></tr></table> </blockquote> <p> The only reasons for providing functions other than strftime() is for convenience and for efficiency. </p> <h1 id="time_strings"><span>2. </span>Time Strings</h1> <p>A time string can be in any of the following formats:</p> <ol> <li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD</i> </li><li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM</i> </li><li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS</i> </li><li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.SSS</i> </li><li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD</i><b>T</b><i>HH:MM</i> </li><li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD</i><b>T</b><i>HH:MM:SS</i> </li><li> <i>YYYY-MM-DD</i><b>T</b><i>HH:MM:SS.SSS</i> </li><li> <i>HH:MM</i> </li><li> <i>HH:MM:SS</i> </li><li> <i>HH:MM:SS.SSS</i> </li><li> <b>now</b> </li><li> <i>DDDDDDDDDD</i> </li></ol> <p> In formats 5 through 7, the "T" is a literal character separating the date and the time, as required by <a href="http://www.w3c.org/TR/NOTE-datetime">ISO-8601</a>. Formats 8 through 10 that specify only a time assume a date of 2000-01-01. Format 11, the string 'now', is converted into the |
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228 229 230 231 232 233 234 | to the result, but the input string can have fewer or more than three digits and the date/time functions will still operate correctly. Similarly, format 12 is shown with 10 significant digits, but the date/time functions will really accept as many or as few digits as are necessary to represent the Julian day number. </p> | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 | to the result, but the input string can have fewer or more than three digits and the date/time functions will still operate correctly. Similarly, format 12 is shown with 10 significant digits, but the date/time functions will really accept as many or as few digits as are necessary to represent the Julian day number. </p> <h1 id="modifiers"><span>3. </span>Modifiers</h1> <p>The time string can be followed by zero or more modifiers that alter date and/or time. Each modifier is a transformation that is applied to the time value to its left. Modifiers are applied from left to right; order is important. The available modifiers are as follows.</p> <ol> <li> NNN days </li><li> NNN hours </li><li> NNN minutes </li><li> NNN.NNNN seconds </li><li> NNN months </li><li> NNN years </li><li> start of month </li><li> start of year </li><li> start of day </li><li> weekday N </li><li> unixepoch </li><li> localtime </li><li> utc </li></ol> <p>The first six modifiers (1 through 6) simply add the specified amount of time to the date and time specified by the preceding timestring and modifiers. The 's' character at the end of the modifier names is optional. Note that "±NNN months" works by rendering the original date into the YYYY-MM-DD format, adding the ±NNN to the MM month value, then |
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300 301 302 303 304 305 306 | follows a time that is not UTC, then the behavior is undefined. The "utc" modifier is the opposite of "localtime". "utc" assumes that the string to its left is in the local timezone and adjusts that string to be in UTC. If the prior string is not in localtime, then the result of "utc" is undefined.</p> | | | | | 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 | follows a time that is not UTC, then the behavior is undefined. The "utc" modifier is the opposite of "localtime". "utc" assumes that the string to its left is in the local timezone and adjusts that string to be in UTC. If the prior string is not in localtime, then the result of "utc" is undefined.</p> <h1 id="examples"><span>4. </span>Examples</h1> <p>Compute the current date.</p><p> </p><blockquote>SELECT date('now');</blockquote> <p>Compute the last day of the current month.</p> <blockquote>SELECT date('now','start of month','+1 month','-1 day'); </blockquote> <p>Compute the date and time given a unix timestamp 1092941466.</p> |
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359 360 361 362 363 364 365 | <p>Compute the time since the unix epoch in seconds (like strftime('%s','now') except includes fractional part):</p> <blockquote> SELECT (julianday('now') - 2440587.5)*86400.0; </blockquote> | | | 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 | <p>Compute the time since the unix epoch in seconds (like strftime('%s','now') except includes fractional part):</p> <blockquote> SELECT (julianday('now') - 2440587.5)*86400.0; </blockquote> <h1 id="caveats_and_bugs"><span>5. </span>Caveats And Bugs</h1> <p>The computation of local time depends heavily on the whim of politicians and is thus difficult to get correct for all locales. In this implementation, the standard C library function localtime_r() is used to assist in the calculation of local time. The localtime_r() C function normally only works for years |
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389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 | to all previous years as well. Vista does somewhat better getting results correct back to 1986, when the rules were also changed.</p> <p>All internal computations assume the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> system. It is also assumed that every day is exactly 86400 seconds in duration.</p> | < | 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 | to all previous years as well. Vista does somewhat better getting results correct back to 1986, when the rules were also changed.</p> <p>All internal computations assume the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> system. It is also assumed that every day is exactly 86400 seconds in duration.</p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_delete.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>DELETE</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> DELETE </div> <div class="fancy_toc"> <a onclick="toggle_toc()"> <span class="fancy_toc_mark" id="toc_mk">►</span> Table Of Contents </a> <div id="toc_sub"><div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#overview">1. Overview</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#restrictions_on_delete_statements_within_create_trigger">2. Restrictions on DELETE Statements Within CREATE TRIGGER</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#optional_limit_and_order_by_clauses">3. Optional LIMIT and ORDER BY clauses</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_truncate_optimization">4. The Truncate Optimization</a></div> </div> </div> <script> function toggle_toc(){ var sub = document.getElementById("toc_sub") var mk = document.getElementById("toc_mk") if( sub.style.display!="block" ){ sub.style.display = "block"; mk.innerHTML = "▼"; } else { sub.style.display = "none"; mk.innerHTML = "►"; } } </script> </div> <h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1> <p><b><a href="syntax/delete-stmt.html">delete-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1585' onclick='hideorshow("x1585","x1586")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1586' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram delete-stmt" src="images/syntax/delete-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b> <button id='x1587' onclick='hideorshow("x1587","x1588")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1588' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1589' onclick='hideorshow("x1589","x1590")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1590' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b> <button id='x1591' onclick='hideorshow("x1591","x1592")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1592' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1593' onclick='hideorshow("x1593","x1594")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1594' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1595' onclick='hideorshow("x1595","x1596")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1596' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1597' onclick='hideorshow("x1597","x1598")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1598' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> <button id='x1599' onclick='hideorshow("x1599","x1600")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1600' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1601' onclick='hideorshow("x1601","x1602")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1602' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b> <button id='x1603' onclick='hideorshow("x1603","x1604")'>show</button></p> |
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260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 | <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1621' onclick='hideorshow("x1621","x1622")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1622' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>The DELETE command removes records from the table identified by the <a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name</a>. | > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | | | | | | < | 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 | <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1621' onclick='hideorshow("x1621","x1622")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1622' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b> <button id='x1623' onclick='hideorshow("x1623","x1624")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1624' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x1625' onclick='hideorshow("x1625","x1626")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1626' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b> <button id='x1627' onclick='hideorshow("x1627","x1628")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1628' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1629' onclick='hideorshow("x1629","x1630")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1630' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b> <button id='x1631' onclick='hideorshow("x1631","x1632")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1632' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1633' onclick='hideorshow("x1633","x1634")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1634' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b> <button id='x1635' onclick='hideorshow("x1635","x1636")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1636' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1637' onclick='hideorshow("x1637","x1638")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1638' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1639' onclick='hideorshow("x1639","x1640")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1640' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1641' onclick='hideorshow("x1641","x1642")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1642' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1643' onclick='hideorshow("x1643","x1644")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1644' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1645' onclick='hideorshow("x1645","x1646")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1646' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x1647' onclick='hideorshow("x1647","x1648")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1648' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x1649' onclick='hideorshow("x1649","x1650")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1650' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x1651' onclick='hideorshow("x1651","x1652")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1652' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1653' onclick='hideorshow("x1653","x1654")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1654' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>The DELETE command removes records from the table identified by the <a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name</a>. </p><p>If the WHERE clause is not present, all records in the table are deleted. If a WHERE clause is supplied, then only those rows for which the WHERE clause <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a> is true are deleted. Rows for which the expression is false or NULL are retained. </p><h1 id="restrictions_on_delete_statements_within_create_trigger"><span>2. </span>Restrictions on DELETE Statements Within CREATE TRIGGER</h1> <p>The following restrictions apply to DELETE statements that occur within the body of a <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a> statement: </p><ul> <li><p>The <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span> specified as part of a DELETE statement within a trigger body must be unqualified. In other words, the <i>schema-name</i><b>.</b> prefix on the table name is not allowed within triggers. If the table to which the trigger is attached is not in the temp database, then DELETE statements within the trigger body must operate on tables within the same database as it. If the table to which the trigger is attached is in the TEMP database, then the unqualified name of the table being deleted is resolved in the same way as it is for a top-level statement (by searching first the TEMP database, then the main database, then any other databases in the order they were attached). </p></li><li><p>The INDEXED BY and NOT INDEXED clauses are not allowed on DELETE statements within triggers.</p> </li><li><p>The LIMIT and ORDER BY clauses (described below) are unsupported for DELETE statements within triggers.</p> </li></ul> <h1 id="optional_limit_and_order_by_clauses"><span>3. </span>Optional LIMIT and ORDER BY clauses</h1> <p>If SQLite is compiled with the <a href="compile.html#enable_update_delete_limit">SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT</a> compile-time option, then the syntax of the DELETE statement is extended by the addition of optional ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses:</p> <p><b><a href="syntax/delete-stmt-limited.html">delete-stmt-limited:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram delete-stmt-limited" src="images/syntax/delete-stmt-limited.gif"></img> </div> <p>If a DELETE statement has a LIMIT clause, the maximum number of rows that will be deleted is found by evaluating the accompanying expression and casting it to an integer value. If the result of the evaluating the LIMIT clause cannot be losslessly converted to an integer value, it is an error. A negative LIMIT value is interpreted as "no limit". If the DELETE statement also has an OFFSET clause, then it is similarly evaluated and cast to an integer value. Again, it is an error if the value cannot be losslessly converted to an integer. If there is no OFFSET clause, or the calculated integer value is negative, the effective OFFSET value is zero. </p><p>If the DELETE statement has an ORDER BY clause, then all rows that would be deleted in the absence of the LIMIT clause are sorted according to the ORDER BY. The first <i>M</i> rows, where <i>M</i> is the value found by evaluating the OFFSET clause expression, are skipped, and the following <i>N</i>, where <i>N</i> is the value of the LIMIT expression, are deleted. If there are less than <i>N</i> rows remaining after taking the OFFSET clause into account, or if the LIMIT clause evaluated to a negative value, then all remaining rows are deleted. </p><p>If the DELETE statement has no ORDER BY clause, then all rows that would be deleted in the absence of the LIMIT clause are assembled in an arbitrary order before applying the LIMIT and OFFSET clauses to determine the subset that are actually deleted. </p><p>The ORDER BY clause on a DELETE statement is used only to determine which rows fall within the LIMIT. The order in which rows are deleted is arbitrary and is not influenced by the ORDER BY clause. <a name="truncateopt"></a> </p><h1 id="the_truncate_optimization"><span>4. </span>The Truncate Optimization</h1> <p>When the WHERE is omitted from a DELETE statement and the table being deleted has no triggers, SQLite uses an optimization to erase the entire table content without having to visit each row of the table individually. This "truncate" optimization makes the delete run much faster. Prior to SQLite <a href="releaselog/3_6_5.html">version 3.6.5</a> (2008-11-12), the truncate optimization also meant that the <a href="c3ref/changes.html">sqlite3_changes()</a> and <a href="c3ref/total_changes.html">sqlite3_total_changes()</a> interfaces and the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_count_changes">count_changes pragma</a> will not actually return the number of deleted rows. That problem has been fixed as of <a href="releaselog/3_6_5.html">version 3.6.5</a> (2008-11-12). </p><p>The truncate optimization can be permanently disabled for all queries by recompiling SQLite with the <a href="compile.html#omit_truncate_optimization">SQLITE_OMIT_TRUNCATE_OPTIMIZATION</a> compile-time switch.</p> <p>The truncate optimization can also be disabled at runtime using the <a href="c3ref/set_authorizer.html">sqlite3_set_authorizer()</a> interface. If an authorizer callback returns <a href="c3ref/c_deny.html">SQLITE_IGNORE</a> for an <a href="c3ref/c_alter_table.html">SQLITE_DELETE</a> action code, then the DELETE operation will proceed but the truncate optimization will be bypassed and rows will be deleted one by one.</p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_detach.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>DETACH</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > | | | > > | < < | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> DETACH </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/detach-stmt.html">detach-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1655' onclick='hideorshow("x1655","x1656")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1656' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram detach-stmt" src="images/syntax/detach-stmt.gif" /> </div> <p>This statement detaches an additional database connection previously attached using the <a href="lang_attach.html">ATTACH</a> statement. When not in <a href="sharedcache.html">shared cache mode</a>, it is possible to have the same database file attached multiple times using different names, and detaching one connection to a file will leave the others intact.</p> <p> In <a href="sharedcache.html">shared cache mode</a>, attempting to attach the same database file more than once results in an error. </p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_dropindex.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>DROP INDEX</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > | | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> DROP INDEX </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/drop-index-stmt.html">drop-index-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1657' onclick='hideorshow("x1657","x1658")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1658' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram drop-index-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-index-stmt.gif" /> </div> <p>The DROP INDEX statement removes an index added with the <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a> statement. The index is completely removed from the disk. The only way to recover the index is to reenter the appropriate <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a> command.</p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_droptable.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>DROP TABLE</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > | | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> DROP TABLE </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/drop-table-stmt.html">drop-table-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1659' onclick='hideorshow("x1659","x1660")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1660' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram drop-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-table-stmt.gif" /> </div> <p>The DROP TABLE statement removes a table added with the <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement. The name specified is the table name. The dropped table is completely removed from the database |
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118 119 120 121 122 123 124 | If the implicit DELETE FROM executed as part of a DROP TABLE command violates any immediate foreign key constraints, an error is returned and the table is not dropped. If the implicit DELETE FROM causes any deferred foreign key constraints to be violated, and the violations still exist when the transaction is committed, an error is returned at the time of commit. | | < | 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 | If the implicit DELETE FROM executed as part of a DROP TABLE command violates any immediate foreign key constraints, an error is returned and the table is not dropped. If the implicit DELETE FROM causes any deferred foreign key constraints to be violated, and the violations still exist when the transaction is committed, an error is returned at the time of commit. </p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_droptrigger.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>DROP TRIGGER</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > | | | < | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/drop-trigger-stmt.html">drop-trigger-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1661' onclick='hideorshow("x1661","x1662")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1662' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram drop-trigger-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-trigger-stmt.gif" /> </div> <p>The DROP TRIGGER statement removes a trigger created by the <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a> statement. Once removed, the trigger definition is no longer present in the sqlite_master (or sqlite_temp_master) table and is not fired by any subsequent INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statements. <p>Note that triggers are automatically dropped when the associated table is dropped. |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_dropview.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>DROP VIEW</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> DROP VIEW </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/drop-view-stmt.html">drop-view-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1663' onclick='hideorshow("x1663","x1664")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1664' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram drop-view-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-view-stmt.gif" /> </div> <p>The DROP VIEW statement removes a view created by the <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a> statement. The view definition is removed from the database schema, but no actual data in the underlying base tables is modified. </p><p>The view to drop is identified by the view-name and optional schema-name specified as part of the DROP VIEW statement. This reference is resolved using the standard procedure for <a href="lang_naming.html">object resolution</a>. </p><p> If the specified view cannot be found and the IF EXISTS clause is not present, it is an error. If the specified view cannot be found and an IF EXISTS clause is present in the DROP VIEW statement, then the statement is a no-op. </p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_explain.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>EXPLAIN</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > > | > > | | | | | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> EXPLAIN </div> </div> <h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1> <p><b><a href="syntax/sql-stmt.html">sql-stmt:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram sql-stmt" src="images/syntax/sql-stmt.gif"></img> </div> <h1 id="description"><span>2. </span>Description</h1> <p>An SQL statement can be preceded by the keyword "EXPLAIN" or by the phrase "EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN". Either modification causes the SQL statement to behave as a query and to return information about how the SQL statement would have operated if the EXPLAIN keyword or phrase had been omitted.</p> <p>The output from EXPLAIN and EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN is intended for interactive analysis and troubleshooting only. The details of the output format are subject to change from one release of SQLite to the next. Applications should not use EXPLAIN or EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN since their exact behavior is variable and only partially documented.</p> <p>When the EXPLAIN keyword appears by itself it causes the statement to behave as a query that returns the sequence of <a href="opcode.html">virtual machine instructions</a> it would have used to execute the command had the EXPLAIN keyword not been present. When the EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN phrase appears, the statement returns high-level information regarding the query plan that would have been used. </p><p>The EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN command is described in <a href="eqp.html">more detail here</a>. </p><h2 id="explain_operates_at_run_time_not_at_prepare_time"><span>2.1. </span>EXPLAIN operates at run-time, not at prepare-time</h2> <p>The EXPLAIN and EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN prefixes affect the behavior of running a <a href="c3ref/stmt.html">prepared statement</a> using <a href="c3ref/step.html">sqlite3_step()</a>. The process of generating a new prepared statement using <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a> or similar is (mostly) unaffected by EXPLAIN. (The exception to the previous sentence is that some special opcodes used by EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN are omitted when building an EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN prepared statement, as a performance optimization.) </p><p>This means that actions that occur during sqlite3_prepare() are unaffected by EXPLAIN. </p><ul> <li><p> Some <a href="pragma.html#syntax">PRAGMA</a> statements do their work during sqlite3_prepare() rather than during sqlite3_step(). Those PRAGMA statements are unaffected by EXPLAIN. They operate the same with or without the EXPLAIN prefix. The set of PRAGMA statements that are unaffected by EXPLAIN can vary from one release to the next. Some PRAGMA statements operate during sqlite3_prepare() depending on their arguments. For consistent results, avoid using EXPLAIN on PRAGMA statements. </p></li><li><p> The <a href="c3ref/set_authorizer.html">authorizer callback</a> is invoked regardless of the presence of EXPLAIN or EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN. </p></li></ul> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_expr.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>SQL Langauge Expressions</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | < < < < < | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> SQL Langauge Expressions </div> <div class="fancy_toc"> <a onclick="toggle_toc()"> <span class="fancy_toc_mark" id="toc_mk">►</span> Table Of Contents </a> <div id="toc_sub"><div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#syntax">1. Syntax</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#operators">2. Operators</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#literal_values_constants_">3. Literal Values (Constants)</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#parameters">4. Parameters</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_like_glob_regexp_and_match_operators">5. The LIKE, GLOB, REGEXP, and MATCH operators</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_between_operator">6. The BETWEEN operator</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_case_expression">7. The CASE expression</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_in_and_not_in_operators">8. The IN and NOT IN operators</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#table_column_names">9. Table Column Names</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_exists_operator">10. The EXISTS operator</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#subquery_expressions">11. Subquery Expressions</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#correlated_subqueries">12. Correlated Subqueries</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#cast_expressions">13. CAST expressions</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#boolean_expressions">14. Boolean Expressions</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#functions">15. Functions</a></div> </div> </div> <script> function toggle_toc(){ var sub = document.getElementById("toc_sub") var mk = document.getElementById("toc_mk") if( sub.style.display!="block" ){ sub.style.display = "block"; mk.innerHTML = "▼"; } else { sub.style.display = "none"; mk.innerHTML = "►"; } } </script> </div> <h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1> <p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b> <button id='x1665' onclick='hideorshow("x1665","x1666")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1666' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1667' onclick='hideorshow("x1667","x1668")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1668' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b> <button id='x1669' onclick='hideorshow("x1669","x1670")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1670' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1671' onclick='hideorshow("x1671","x1672")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1672' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1673' onclick='hideorshow("x1673","x1674")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1674' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1675' onclick='hideorshow("x1675","x1676")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1676' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> <button id='x1677' onclick='hideorshow("x1677","x1678")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1678' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1679' onclick='hideorshow("x1679","x1680")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1680' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b> <button id='x1681' onclick='hideorshow("x1681","x1682")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1682' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1683' onclick='hideorshow("x1683","x1684")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1684' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1685' onclick='hideorshow("x1685","x1686")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1686' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1687' onclick='hideorshow("x1687","x1688")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1688' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1689' onclick='hideorshow("x1689","x1690")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1690' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1691' onclick='hideorshow("x1691","x1692")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1692' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x1693' onclick='hideorshow("x1693","x1694")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1694' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x1695' onclick='hideorshow("x1695","x1696")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1696' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x1697' onclick='hideorshow("x1697","x1698")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1698' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1699' onclick='hideorshow("x1699","x1700")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1700' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b> <button id='x1701' onclick='hideorshow("x1701","x1702")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1702' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x1703' onclick='hideorshow("x1703","x1704")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1704' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <a name="binaryops"></a> <h1 id="operators"><span>2. </span>Operators</h1> <p>SQLite understands the following binary operators, in order from highest to lowest precedence:</p> <blockquote><pre> <font color="#2c2cf0"><big>|| * / % + - |
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262 263 264 265 266 267 268 | IS operator evaluates to 1 (true) and the IS NOT operator evaluates to 0 (false). If one operand is NULL and the other is not, then the IS operator evaluates to 0 (false) and the IS NOT operator is 1 (true). It is not possible for an IS or IS NOT expression to evaluate to NULL. Operators <font color="#2c2cf0"><big>IS</big></font> and <font color="#2c2cf0"><big>IS NOT</big></font> have the same precedence as <font color="#2c2cf0"><big>=</big></font>.<a name="litvalue"></a> | | | | 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 | IS operator evaluates to 1 (true) and the IS NOT operator evaluates to 0 (false). If one operand is NULL and the other is not, then the IS operator evaluates to 0 (false) and the IS NOT operator is 1 (true). It is not possible for an IS or IS NOT expression to evaluate to NULL. Operators <font color="#2c2cf0"><big>IS</big></font> and <font color="#2c2cf0"><big>IS NOT</big></font> have the same precedence as <font color="#2c2cf0"><big>=</big></font>.<a name="litvalue"></a> </p><h1 id="literal_values_constants_"><span>3. </span>Literal Values (Constants)</h1> <p> A literal value represents a constant. Literal values may be integers, floating point numbers, strings, BLOBs, or NULLs. </p><p> The syntax for integer and floating point literals (collectively "numeric literals") is shown by the following diagram:</p> <p><b><a href="syntax/numeric-literal.html">numeric-literal:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram numeric-literal" src="images/syntax/numeric-literal.gif"></img> </div> |
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290 291 292 293 294 295 296 | The "." character is always used as the decimal point even if the locale setting specifies "," for this role - the use of "," for the decimal point would result in syntactic ambiguity. <a name="hexint"></a> | | | 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 | The "." character is always used as the decimal point even if the locale setting specifies "," for this role - the use of "," for the decimal point would result in syntactic ambiguity. <a name="hexint"></a> </p><p>Hexadecimal integer literals follow the C-language notation of "0x" or "0X" followed by hexadecimal digits. For example, 0x1234 means the same as 4660 and 0x8000000000000000 means the same as -9223372036854775808. Hexadecimal integer literals are interpreted as 64-bit two's-complement integers and are thus limited to sixteen significant digits of precision. Support for hexadecimal integers was added to SQLite |
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315 316 317 318 319 320 321 | string value in the format of a hexadecimal integer into an integer value, the conversion process stops when the 'x' character is seen so the resulting integer value is always zero. SQLite only understands the hexadecimal integer notation when it appears in the SQL statement text, not when it appears as part of the content of the database. | | | | | | 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 | string value in the format of a hexadecimal integer into an integer value, the conversion process stops when the 'x' character is seen so the resulting integer value is always zero. SQLite only understands the hexadecimal integer notation when it appears in the SQL statement text, not when it appears as part of the content of the database. </p><p> A string constant is formed by enclosing the string in single quotes ('). A single quote within the string can be encoded by putting two single quotes in a row - as in Pascal. C-style escapes using the backslash character are not supported because they are not standard SQL. </p><p> BLOB literals are string literals containing hexadecimal data and preceded by a single "x" or "X" character. Example: X'53514C697465' </p><p> A literal value can also be the token "NULL". </p> <a name="varparam"></a> <h1 id="parameters"><span>4. </span>Parameters</h1> <p> A "variable" or "parameter" token specifies a placeholder in the expression for a value that is filled in at runtime using the <a href="c3ref/bind_blob.html">sqlite3_bind()</a> family of C/C++ interfaces. Parameters can take several forms: </p> |
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400 401 402 403 404 405 406 | the <a href="limits.html#max_variable_number">SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER</a> macro. An individual <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a> D can reduce its maximum parameter number below the compile-time maximum using the <a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit</a>(D, <a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimitvariablenumber">SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER</a>,...) interface. </p> <a name="like"></a> | | | 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 | the <a href="limits.html#max_variable_number">SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER</a> macro. An individual <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a> D can reduce its maximum parameter number below the compile-time maximum using the <a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit</a>(D, <a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimitvariablenumber">SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER</a>,...) interface. </p> <a name="like"></a> <h1 id="the_like_glob_regexp_and_match_operators"><span>5. </span>The LIKE, GLOB, REGEXP, and MATCH operators</h1> <p>The LIKE operator does a pattern matching comparison. The operand to the right of the LIKE operator contains the pattern and the left hand operand contains the string to match against the pattern. A percent symbol ("%") in the LIKE pattern matches any sequence of zero or more characters in the string. An underscore ("_") in the LIKE pattern matches any single character in the |
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429 430 431 432 433 434 435 | a single character. This character may be used in the LIKE pattern to include literal percent or underscore characters. The escape character followed by a percent symbol (%), underscore (_), or a second instance of the escape character itself matches a literal percent symbol, underscore, or a single escape character, respectively. | | | | 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 | a single character. This character may be used in the LIKE pattern to include literal percent or underscore characters. The escape character followed by a percent symbol (%), underscore (_), or a second instance of the escape character itself matches a literal percent symbol, underscore, or a single escape character, respectively. </p><p>The infix LIKE operator is implemented by calling the application-defined SQL functions <a href="lang_corefunc.html#like">like(<i>Y</i>,<i>X</i>)</a> or <a href="lang_corefunc.html#like">like(<i>Y</i>,<i>X</i>,<i>Z</i>)</a>.</p> <p>The LIKE operator can be made case sensitive using the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_case_sensitive_like">case_sensitive_like pragma</a>.</p> <a name="glob"></a> <p>The GLOB operator is similar to LIKE but uses the Unix |
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465 466 467 468 469 470 471 | application-defined function. The default match() function implementation raises an exception and is not really useful for anything. But extensions can override the match() function with more helpful logic.</p> <a name="between"></a> | | | | | > | | | | | > > | | | | | > > > > > > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | < | < > | | | | | | | | | | | | 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 | application-defined function. The default match() function implementation raises an exception and is not really useful for anything. But extensions can override the match() function with more helpful logic.</p> <a name="between"></a> <h1 id="the_between_operator"><span>6. </span>The BETWEEN operator</h1> <p>The BETWEEN operator is logically equivalent to a pair of comparisons. "<i>x</i> <b>BETWEEN</b> <i>y</i> <b>AND</b> <i>z</i>" is equivalent to "<i>x</i><b>>=</b><i>y</i> <b>AND</b> <i>x</i><b><=</b><i>z</i>" except that with BETWEEN, the <i>x</i> expression is only evaluated once. The precedence of the BETWEEN operator is the same as the precedence as operators <b>==</b> and <b>!=</b> and <b>LIKE</b> and groups left to right. <a name="case"></a> </p><h1 id="the_case_expression"><span>7. </span>The CASE expression</h1> <p>A CASE expression serves a role similar to IF-THEN-ELSE in other programming languages. </p><p>The optional expression that occurs in between the CASE keyword and the first WHEN keyword is called the "base" expression. There are two fundamental forms of the CASE expression: those with a base expression and those without. </p><p>In a CASE without a base expression, each WHEN expression is evaluated and the result treated as a boolean, starting with the leftmost and continuing to the right. The result of the CASE expression is the evaluation of the THEN expression that corresponds to the first WHEN expression that evaluates to true. Or, if none of the WHEN expressions evaluate to true, the result of evaluating the ELSE expression, if any. If there is no ELSE expression and none of the WHEN expressions are true, then the overall result is NULL. </p><p>A NULL result is considered untrue when evaluating WHEN terms. </p><p>In a CASE with a base expression, the base expression is evaluated just once and the result is compared against the evaluation of each WHEN expression from left to right. The result of the CASE expression is the evaluation of the THEN expression that corresponds to the first WHEN expression for which the comparison is true. Or, if none of the WHEN expressions evaluate to a value equal to the base expression, the result of evaluating the ELSE expression, if any. If there is no ELSE expression and none of the WHEN expressions produce a result equal to the base expression, the overall result is NULL. </p><p>When comparing a base expression against a WHEN expression, the same collating sequence, affinity, and NULL-handling rules apply as if the base expression and WHEN expression are respectively the left- and right-hand operands of an <big><b>=</b></big> operator.</p> <p>If the base expression is NULL then the result of the CASE is always the result of evaluating the ELSE expression if it exists, or NULL if it does not. </p><p>Both forms of the CASE expression use lazy, or short-circuit, evaluation. </p><p>The only difference between the following two CASE expressions is that the <i>x</i> expression is evaluated exactly once in the first example but might be evaluated multiple times in the second: </p><ul><pre> <li>CASE x WHEN w1 THEN r1 WHEN w2 THEN r2 ELSE r3 END </li><li>CASE WHEN x=w1 THEN r1 WHEN x=w2 THEN r2 ELSE r3 END </li></pre></ul> <p>The built-in <a href="lang_corefunc.html#iif">iif(x,y,z) SQL function</a> is logically equivalent to "CASE WHEN x THEN y ELSE z END". The iif() function is found in SQL Server and is included in SQLite for compatibility. Some developers prefer the iif() function because it is more concise. <a name="in_op"></a> </p><h1 id="the_in_and_not_in_operators"><span>8. </span>The IN and NOT IN operators</h1> <p>The IN and NOT IN operators take an expression on the left and a list of values or a subquery on the right. When the right operand of an IN or NOT IN operator is a subquery, the subquery must have the same number of columns as there are columns in the <a href="rowvalue.html">row value</a> of the left operand. The subquery on the right of an IN or NOT IN operator must be a scalar subquery if the left expression is not a <a href="rowvalue.html">row value</a> expression. If the right operand of an IN or NOT IN operator is a list of values, each of those values must be scalars and the left expression must also be a scalar. The right-hand side of an IN or NOT IN operator can be a table <i>name</i> or <a href="vtab.html#tabfunc2">table-valued function</a> <i>name</i> in which case the right-hand side is understood to be subquery of the form "(SELECT * FROM <i>name</i>)". When the right operand is an empty set, the result of IN is false and the result of NOT IN is true, regardless of the left operand and even if the left operand is NULL. </p><p>The result of an IN or NOT IN operator is determined by the following matrix: </p><blockquote> <table border="1"> <tr> <th>Left operand <br>is NULL </th><th>Right operand <br>contains NULL </th><th>Right operand <br>is an empty set </th><th>Left operand found <br>within right operand </th><th>Result of <br>IN operator </th><th>Result of <br>NOT IN operator </th></tr><tr> <td align="center">no </td><td align="center">no </td><td align="center">no </td><td align="center">no </td><td align="center">false </td><td align="center">true </td></tr><tr> <td align="center">does not matter </td><td align="center">no </td><td align="center">yes </td><td align="center">no </td><td align="center">false </td><td align="center">true </td></tr><tr> <td align="center">no </td><td align="center">does not matter </td><td align="center">no </td><td align="center">yes </td><td align="center">true </td><td align="center">false </td></tr><tr> <td align="center">no </td><td align="center">yes </td><td align="center">no </td><td align="center">no </td><td align="center">NULL </td><td align="center">NULL </td></tr><tr> <td align="center">yes </td><td align="center">does not matter </td><td align="center">no </td><td align="center">does not matter </td><td align="center">NULL </td><td align="center">NULL </td></tr></table> </blockquote> <p>Note that SQLite allows the parenthesized list of scalar values on the right-hand side of an IN or NOT IN operator to be an empty list but most other SQL database database engines and the SQL92 standard require the list to contain at least one element.</p> <h1 id="table_column_names"><span>9. </span>Table Column Names</h1> <p>A column name can be any of the names defined in the <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement or one of the following special identifiers: "<b>ROWID</b>", "<b>OID</b>", or "<b>_ROWID_</b>". The three special identifiers describe the unique integer key (the <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">rowid</a>) associated with every row of every table and so are not available on <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables. The special identifiers only refer to the row key if the <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement does not define a real column with the same name. The rowid can be used anywhere a regular column can be used.</p> <a name="exists_op"></a> <h1 id="the_exists_operator"><span>10. </span>The EXISTS operator</h1> <p>The EXISTS operator always evaluates to one of the integer values 0 and 1. If executing the SELECT statement specified as the right-hand operand of the EXISTS operator would return one or more rows, then the EXISTS operator evaluates to 1. If executing the SELECT would return no rows at all, then the EXISTS operator evaluates to 0. </p><p>The number of columns in each row returned by the SELECT statement (if any) and the specific values returned have no effect on the results of the EXISTS operator. In particular, rows containing NULL values are not handled any differently from rows without NULL values. <a name="subq"></a> </p><h1 id="subquery_expressions"><span>11. </span>Subquery Expressions</h1> <p>A <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement enclosed in parentheses is a subquery. All types of SELECT statement, including aggregate and compound SELECT queries (queries with keywords like UNION or EXCEPT) are allowed as scalar subqueries. The value of a subquery expression is the first row of the result from the enclosed <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement. The value of a subquery expression is NULL if the enclosed <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement returns no rows. </p><p>A subquery that returns a single column is a scalar subquery and can be used most anywhere. A subquery that returns two or more columns is a <a href="rowvalue.html">row value</a> subquery and can only be used as the operand of a comparison operator. <a name="cosub"></a> </p><h1 id="correlated_subqueries"><span>12. </span>Correlated Subqueries</h1> <p>A <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement used as either a scalar subquery or as the right-hand operand of an IN, NOT IN or EXISTS expression may contain references to columns in the outer query. Such a subquery is known as a correlated subquery. A correlated subquery is reevaluated each time its result is required. An uncorrelated subquery is evaluated only once and the result reused as necessary. <a name="castexpr"></a> </p><h1 id="cast_expressions"><span>13. </span>CAST expressions</h1> <p>A CAST expression of the form "CAST(<i>expr</i> AS <i>type-name</i>)" is used to convert the value of <i>expr</i> to a different <a href="datatype3.html#storageclasses">storage class</a> specified by <span class='yyterm'>type-name</span>. A CAST conversion is similar to the conversion that takes place when a <a href="datatype3.html#affinity">column affinity</a> is applied to a value except that with the CAST operator the conversion always takes place even if the conversion lossy and irreversible, whereas column affinity only changes the data type of a value if the change is lossless and reversible. </p><p>If the value of <i>expr</i> is NULL, then the result of the CAST expression is also NULL. Otherwise, the storage class of the result is determined by applying the <a href="datatype3.html#affname">rules for determining column affinity</a> to the <span class='yyterm'>type-name</span>. </p><blockquote> <table border="1"> <tr> <th> Affinity of <span class='yyterm'><nobr>type-name</nobr></span> </th><th> Conversion Processing </th></tr><tr> <td> NONE </td><td> Casting a value to a <span class='yyterm'>type-name</span> with no affinity causes the value to be converted into a BLOB. Casting to a BLOB consists of first casting the value to TEXT in the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_encoding">encoding</a> of the database connection, then interpreting the resulting byte sequence as a BLOB instead of as TEXT. </td></tr><tr> <td> TEXT </td><td> To cast a BLOB value to TEXT, the sequence of bytes that make up the BLOB is interpreted as text encoded using the database encoding. <p> Casting an INTEGER or REAL value into TEXT renders the value as if via <a href="c3ref/mprintf.html">sqlite3_snprintf()</a> except that the resulting TEXT uses the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_encoding">encoding</a> of the database connection. </p></td></tr><tr> <td> REAL </td><td> When casting a BLOB value to a REAL, the value is first converted to TEXT. <p>When casting a TEXT value to REAL, the longest possible prefix of the value that can be interpreted as a real number is extracted from the TEXT value and the remainder ignored. Any leading spaces in the TEXT value are ignored when converging from TEXT to REAL. If there is no prefix that can be interpreted as a real number, the result of the conversion is 0.0. </p></td></tr><tr> <td> INTEGER </td><td> When casting a BLOB value to INTEGER, the value is first converted to TEXT. <p>When casting a TEXT value to INTEGER, the longest possible prefix of the value that can be interpreted as an integer number is extracted from the TEXT value and the remainder ignored. Any leading spaces in the TEXT value when converting from TEXT to INTEGER are ignored. If there is no prefix that can be interpreted as an integer number, the result of the conversion is 0. If the prefix integer is greater than +9223372036854775807 then the result of the cast is exactly +9223372036854775807. Similarly, if the prefix integer is less than -9223372036854775808 then the result of the cast is exactly -9223372036854775808. </p><p>When casting to INTEGER, if the text looks like a floating point value with an exponent, the exponent will be ignored because it is no part of the integer prefix. For example, "(CAST '123e+5' AS INTEGER)" results in 123, not in 12300000. </p><p> The CAST operator understands decimal integers only — conversion of <a href="lang_expr.html#hexint">hexadecimal integers</a> stops at the "x" in the "0x" prefix of the hexadecimal integer string and thus result of the CAST is always zero. </p><p>A cast of a REAL value into an INTEGER results in the integer between the REAL value and zero that is closest to the REAL value. If a REAL is greater than the greatest possible signed integer (+9223372036854775807) then the result is the greatest possible signed integer and if the REAL is less than the least possible signed integer (-9223372036854775808) then the result is the least possible signed integer. </p><p>Prior to SQLite version 3.8.2 (2013-12-06), casting a REAL value greater than +9223372036854775807.0 into an integer resulted in the most negative integer, -9223372036854775808. This behavior was meant to emulate the behavior of x86/x64 hardware when doing the equivalent cast. </p></td></tr><tr> <td> NUMERIC </td><td> Casting a TEXT or BLOB value into NUMERIC yields either an INTEGER or a REAL result. If the input text looks like an integer (there is no decimal point nor exponent) and the value is small enough to fit in a 64-bit signed integer, then the result will be INTEGER. Input text that looks like floating point (there is a decimal point and/or an exponent) and the text describes a value that can be losslessly converted back and forth between IEEE 754 64-bit float and a 51-bit signed integer, then the result is INTEGER. (In the previous sentence, a 51-bit integer is specified since that is one bit less than the length of the mantissa of an IEEE 754 64-bit float and thus provides a 1-bit of margin for the text-to-float conversion operation.) Any text input that describes a value outside the range of a 64-bit signed integer yields a REAL result. <p> Casting a REAL or INTEGER value to NUMERIC is a no-op, even if a real value could be losslessly converted to an integer. </p></td></tr> </table> </blockquote> <p>Note that the result from casting any non-BLOB value into a BLOB and the result from casting any BLOB value into a non-BLOB value may be different depending on whether the database <a href="pragma.html#pragma_encoding">encoding</a> is UTF-8, UTF-16be, or UTF-16le. <a name="booleanexpr"></a> </p><h1 id="boolean_expressions"><span>14. </span>Boolean Expressions</h1> <p>The SQL language features several contexts where an expression is evaluated and the result converted to a boolean (true or false) value. These contexts are: </p><ul> <li> the WHERE clause of a SELECT, UPDATE or DELETE statement, </li><li> the ON or USING clause of a join in a SELECT statement, </li><li> the HAVING clause of a SELECT statement, </li><li> the WHEN clause of an SQL trigger, and </li><li> the WHEN clause or clauses of some CASE expressions. </li></ul> <p>To convert the results of an SQL expression to a boolean value, SQLite first casts the result to a NUMERIC value in the same way as a <a href="lang_expr.html#castexpr">CAST expression</a>. A numeric zero value (integer value 0 or real value 0.0) is considered to be false. A NULL value is still NULL. All other values are considered true. </p><p>For example, the values NULL, 0.0, 0, 'english' and '0' are all considered to be false. Values 1, 1.0, 0.1, -0.1 and '1english' are considered to be true. </p><p>Beginning with SQLite 3.23.0 (2018-04-02), SQLite recognizes the identifiers "TRUE" and "FALSE" as boolean literals, if and only if those identifiers are not already used for some other meaning. If there already exists columns or tables or other objects named TRUE or FALSE, then for the sake of backwards compatibility, the TRUE and FALSE identifiers refer to those other objects, not to the boolean values. </p><p>The boolean identifiers TRUE and FALSE are usually just aliases for the integer values 1 and 0, respectively. However, if TRUE or FALSE occur on the right-hand side of an IS operator, then they form new unary postfix operators "IS TRUE" and "IS FALSE" which test the boolean value of the operand on the left. </p><h1 id="functions"><span>15. </span>Functions</h1> <p>SQLite supports many <a href="lang_corefunc.html">simple</a>, <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate</a>, and <a href="windowfunctions.html">window</a> SQL functions. For presentation purposes, simple functions are further subdivided into <a href="lang_corefunc.html">core functions</a>, <a href="lang_datefunc.html">date-time functions</a>, and <a href="json1.html">JSON functions</a>. Applications can add new functions, written in C/C++, using the <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> interface. |
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841 842 843 844 845 846 847 | <img alt="syntax diagram aggregate-function-invocation" src="images/syntax/aggregate-function-invocation.gif"></img> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-function-invocation.html">window-function-invocation:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-function-invocation" src="images/syntax/window-function-invocation.gif"></img> </div> | | | | < | 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 | <img alt="syntax diagram aggregate-function-invocation" src="images/syntax/aggregate-function-invocation.gif"></img> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-function-invocation.html">window-function-invocation:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-function-invocation" src="images/syntax/window-function-invocation.gif"></img> </div> </p><p> The OVER clause is required for <a href="windowfunctions.html">window functions</a> and is prohibited otherwise. The DISTINCT keyword is only allowed in <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate functions</a>. The FILTER clause may not appear on a <a href="lang_corefunc.html">simple function</a>. </p><p>It is possible to have an aggregate function with the same name as a simple function, as long as the number of arguments for the two forms of the function are different. For example, the <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#maxggunc">max()</a> function with a single argument is an aggregate and the <a href="lang_corefunc.html#maxoreunc">max()</a> function with two or more arguments is a simple function. Aggregate functions can usually also be used as window functions. </p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_indexedby.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>The INDEXED BY Clause</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > | > > > > > > > > > > | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> The INDEXED BY Clause </div> </div> <h1 id="how_indexed_by_works"><span>1. </span>How INDEXED BY Works</h1> <p>The INDEXED BY phrase forces the <a href="optoverview.html">SQLite query planner</a> to use a particular named index on a <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a>, or <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statement. The INDEXED BY phrase is an SQLite extension and is not portable to other SQL database engines.</p> <p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b> <button id='x1705' onclick='hideorshow("x1705","x1706")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1706' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" /> </div> <p>The "INDEXED BY <span class='yyterm'>index-name</span>" phrase specifies that the named index must be used in order to look up values on the preceding table. |
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131 132 133 134 135 136 137 | undesirable query plan changes during regression testing. Application developers are admonished to omit all use of INDEXED BY during application design, implementation, testing, and tuning. If INDEXED BY is to be used at all, it should be inserted at the very end of the development process when "locking down" a design.</p> | | | | | < | 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 | undesirable query plan changes during regression testing. Application developers are admonished to omit all use of INDEXED BY during application design, implementation, testing, and tuning. If INDEXED BY is to be used at all, it should be inserted at the very end of the development process when "locking down" a design.</p> <h1 id="see_also"><span>2. </span>See Also</h1> <ol> <li><p>The <a href="queryplanner-ng.html#howtofix">query planner checklist</a> describes steps that application developers should following to help resolve query planner problems. Notice the that the use of INDEXED BY is a last resort, to be used only when all other measures fail.</p> </li><li><p><a href="optoverview.html#uplus">The unary "+" operator</a> can be used to disqualify terms in the WHERE clause from use by indices. Careful use of unary + can sometimes help prevent the query planner from choosing a poor index without restricting it to using one specific index. Careful placement of unary + operators is a better method for controlling which indices are used by a query.</p> </li><li><p>The <a href="c3ref/stmt_status.html">sqlite3_stmt_status()</a> C/C++ interface together with the <a href="c3ref/c_stmtstatus_counter.html#sqlitestmtstatusfullscanstep">SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP</a> and <a href="c3ref/c_stmtstatus_counter.html#sqlitestmtstatussort">SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT</a> verbs can be used to detect at run-time when an SQL statement is not making effective use of indices. Many applications may prefer to use the <a href="c3ref/stmt_status.html">sqlite3_stmt_status()</a> interface to detect index misuse rather than the INDEXED BY phrase described here.</p> </li></ol> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_insert.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>INSERT</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | < < | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 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var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> INSERT </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/insert-stmt.html">insert-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1707' onclick='hideorshow("x1707","x1708")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1708' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram insert-stmt" src="images/syntax/insert-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b> <button id='x1709' onclick='hideorshow("x1709","x1710")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1710' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1711' onclick='hideorshow("x1711","x1712")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1712' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b> <button id='x1713' onclick='hideorshow("x1713","x1714")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1714' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1715' onclick='hideorshow("x1715","x1716")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1716' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1717' onclick='hideorshow("x1717","x1718")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1718' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1719' onclick='hideorshow("x1719","x1720")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1720' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> <button id='x1721' onclick='hideorshow("x1721","x1722")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1722' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b> <button id='x1723' onclick='hideorshow("x1723","x1724")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1724' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x1725' onclick='hideorshow("x1725","x1726")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1726' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1727' onclick='hideorshow("x1727","x1728")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1728' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b> <button id='x1729' onclick='hideorshow("x1729","x1730")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1730' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1731' onclick='hideorshow("x1731","x1732")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1732' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1733' onclick='hideorshow("x1733","x1734")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1734' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1735' onclick='hideorshow("x1735","x1736")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1736' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1737' onclick='hideorshow("x1737","x1738")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1738' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1739' onclick='hideorshow("x1739","x1740")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1740' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x1741' onclick='hideorshow("x1741","x1742")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1742' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x1743' onclick='hideorshow("x1743","x1744")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1744' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x1745' onclick='hideorshow("x1745","x1746")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1746' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1747' onclick='hideorshow("x1747","x1748")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1748' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1749' onclick='hideorshow("x1749","x1750")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1750' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram upsert-clause" src="images/syntax/upsert-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b> <button id='x1751' onclick='hideorshow("x1751","x1752")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1752' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b> <button id='x1753' onclick='hideorshow("x1753","x1754")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1754' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1755' onclick='hideorshow("x1755","x1756")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1756' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b> <button id='x1757' onclick='hideorshow("x1757","x1758")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1758' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p>The INSERT statement comes in three basic forms. </p><ol> <li><p><b>INSERT INTO </b><i>table</i><b> VALUES(...);</b> </p><p>The first form (with the "VALUES" keyword) creates one or more new rows in an existing table. If the <span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> list after <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span> is omitted then the number of values inserted into each row must be the same as the number of columns in the table. In this case the result of evaluating the left-most expression from each term of the VALUES list is inserted into the left-most column of each new row, and so forth for each subsequent expression. If a <span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> list is specified, then the number of values in each term of the VALUE list must match the number of specified columns. Each of the named columns of the new row is populated with the results of evaluating the corresponding VALUES expression. Table columns that do not appear in the column list are populated with the <a href="lang_createtable.html#dfltval">default column value</a> (specified as part of the <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement), or with NULL if no <a href="lang_createtable.html#dfltval">default value</a> is specified. </p></li><li><p><b>INSERT INTO </b><i>table</i><b> SELECT ...;</b> </p><p>The second form of the INSERT statement contains a <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement instead of a VALUES clause. A new entry is inserted into the table for each row of data returned by executing the SELECT statement. If a column-list is specified, the number of columns in the result of the SELECT must be the same as the number of items in the column-list. Otherwise, if no column-list is specified, the number of columns in the result of the SELECT must be the same as the number of columns in the table. Any SELECT statement, including <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECTs</a> and SELECT statements with <a href="lang_select.html#orderby">ORDER BY</a> and/or <a href="lang_select.html#limitoffset">LIMIT</a> clauses, may be used in an INSERT statement of this form. </p><p>To avoid a parsing ambiguity, the SELECT statement should always contain a WHERE clause, even if that clause is simply "WHERE true", if the <a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause</a> is present. Without the WHERE clause, the parser does not know if the token "ON" is part of a join constraint on the SELECT, or the beginning of the <a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause</a>. </p></li><li><p><b>INSERT INTO </b><i>table</i><b> DEFAULT VALUES;</b> </p><p>The third form of an INSERT statement is with DEFAULT VALUES. The INSERT ... DEFAULT VALUES statement inserts a single new row into the named table. Each column of the new row is populated with its <a href="lang_createtable.html#dfltval">default value</a>, or with a NULL if no default value is specified as part of the column definition in the <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement. The <a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause</a> is not supported after DEFAULT VALUES. </p></li></ol> <p> The initial "INSERT" keyword can be replaced by "REPLACE" or "INSERT OR <i>action</i>" to specify an alternative constraint <a href="lang_conflict.html">conflict resolution algorithm</a> to use during that one INSERT command. For compatibility with MySQL, the parser allows the use of the single keyword <a href="lang_replace.html">REPLACE</a> as an alias for "INSERT OR REPLACE". </p><p>The optional "<i>schema-name</i><b>.</b>" prefix on the <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span> is supported for top-level INSERT statements only. The table name must be unqualified for INSERT statements that occur within <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a> statements. Similarly, the "DEFAULT VALUES" form of the INSERT statement is supported for top-level INSERT statements only and not for INSERT statements within triggers. </p><p> </p><p>The optional "AS <span class='yyterm'>alias</span>" phrase provides an alternative name for the table into which content is being inserted. The alias name can be used within WHERE and SET clauses of the <a href="lang_upsert.html">UPSERT</a>. If there is no <a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause</a>, then the <span class='yyterm'>alias</span> is pointless, but also harmless. </p><p>See the separate <a href="lang_upsert.html">UPSERT</a> documentation for the additional trailing syntax that can cause an INSERT to behave as an UPDATE if the INSERT would otherwise violate a uniqueness constraint. The <a href="lang_upsert.html">upsert clause</a> is not allowed on an "INSERT ... DEFAULT VALUES". </p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_keywords.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>SQLite Keywords</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > | > > > > > > > > | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> SQLite Keywords </div> </div> <p>The SQL standard specifies a large number of keywords which may not be used as the names of tables, indices, columns, databases, user-defined functions, collations, virtual table modules, or any other named object. The list of keywords is so long that few people can remember them all. For most SQL code, your safest bet is to never use any English language word as the name of a user-defined object.</p> <p>If you want to use a keyword as a name, you need to quote it. There are four ways of quoting keywords in SQLite:</p> <p> </p><blockquote> <table> <tr> <td valign="top"><b>'keyword'</b></td><td width="20"></td> <td>A keyword in single quotes is a string literal.</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><b>"keyword"</b></td><td></td> <td>A keyword in double-quotes is an identifier.</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><b>[keyword]</b></td><td></td> <td>A keyword enclosed in square brackets is an identifier. This is not standard SQL. This quoting mechanism is used by MS Access and SQL Server and is included in SQLite for compatibility.</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><b>`keyword`</b></td><td></td> <td>A keyword enclosed in grave accents (ASCII code 96) is an identifier. This is not standard SQL. This quoting mechanism is used by MySQL and is included in SQLite for compatibility.</td></tr> </table> </blockquote> <p>For resilience when confronted with historical SQL statements, SQLite will sometimes bend the quoting rules above:</p> <ul> <li><p>If a keyword in single quotes (ex: <b>'key'</b> or <b>'glob'</b>) is used in a context where |
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168 169 170 171 172 173 174 | <a href="c3ref/keyword_check.html">sqlite3_keyword_check()</a> interfaces to determine the keywords recognized by SQLite at run-time. Regardless of the compile-time configuration, any identifier that is not on the following 145 element list is not a keyword to the SQL parser in SQLite: </p> | | > | 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 | <a href="c3ref/keyword_check.html">sqlite3_keyword_check()</a> interfaces to determine the keywords recognized by SQLite at run-time. Regardless of the compile-time configuration, any identifier that is not on the following 145 element list is not a keyword to the SQL parser in SQLite: </p> <div class="columns" style="columns:11em auto;"> <ul style="padding-top:0;"> <li>ABORT</li> <li>ACTION</li> <li>ADD</li> <li>AFTER</li> <li>ALL</li> <li>ALTER</li> <li>ALWAYS</li> |
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314 315 316 317 318 319 320 | <li>VIEW</li> <li>VIRTUAL</li> <li>WHEN</li> <li>WHERE</li> <li>WINDOW</li> <li>WITH</li> <li>WITHOUT</li> | | | | 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 | <li>VIEW</li> <li>VIRTUAL</li> <li>WHEN</li> <li>WHERE</li> <li>WINDOW</li> <li>WITH</li> <li>WITHOUT</li> </ul></div> </ul></div> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_naming.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>Database Object Name Resolution</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | > | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <p> In SQLite, a database object (a table, index, trigger or view) is identified by the name of the object and the name of the database that it resides in. Database objects may reside in the main database, the temp database, or in an <a href="lang_attach.html">attached database</a>. |
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133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 | Most object references may only resolve to a specific type of object (for example a reference that is part of a DROP TABLE statement may only resolve to a table object, not an index, trigger or view). However in some contexts (e.g. <a href="lang_reindex.html">REINDEX</a>) an object reference may be resolve to more than one type of object. When searching database schemas for a named object, objects of types that cannot be used in the context of the reference are always ignored. | < | 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 | Most object references may only resolve to a specific type of object (for example a reference that is part of a DROP TABLE statement may only resolve to a table object, not an index, trigger or view). However in some contexts (e.g. <a href="lang_reindex.html">REINDEX</a>) an object reference may be resolve to more than one type of object. When searching database schemas for a named object, objects of types that cannot be used in the context of the reference are always ignored. |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_reindex.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>REINDEX</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > | | | | > > | | | | < | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> REINDEX </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/reindex-stmt.html">reindex-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1759' onclick='hideorshow("x1759","x1760")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1760' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram reindex-stmt" src="images/syntax/reindex-stmt.gif" /> </div> <p>The REINDEX command is used to delete and recreate indices from scratch. This is useful when the definition of a collation sequence has changed, or when there are <a href="expridx.html">indexes on expressions</a> involving a function whose definition has changed. </p> <p>If the REINDEX keyword is not followed by a collation-sequence or database object identifier, then all indices in all attached databases are rebuilt. </p><p>If the REINDEX keyword is followed by a collation-sequence name, then all indices in all attached databases that use the named collation sequences are recreated. </p><p>Or, if the argument attached to the REINDEX identifies a specific database table, then all indices attached to the database table are rebuilt. If it identifies a specific database index, then just that index is recreated. </p><p>For a command of the form "REINDEX <i>name</i>", a match against <span class='yyterm'>collation-name</span> takes precedence over a match against <span class='yyterm'>index-name</span> or <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span>. This ambiguity in the syntax may be avoided by always specifying a <span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> when reindexing a specific table or index. </p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_replace.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>REPLACE</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > | > > > > > > > | < | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> REPLACE </div> </div> <p>The REPLACE command is an alias for the "<a href="lang_conflict.html">INSERT OR REPLACE</a>" variant of the <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> command. This alias is provided for compatibility other SQL database engines. See the <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> command documentation for additional information.</p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_savepoint.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>Savepoints</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | > > | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> Savepoints </div> </div> <h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1> <p><b><a href="syntax/savepoint-stmt.html">savepoint-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1761' onclick='hideorshow("x1761","x1762")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1762' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram savepoint-stmt" src="images/syntax/savepoint-stmt.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/release-stmt.html">release-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1763' onclick='hideorshow("x1763","x1764")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1764' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram release-stmt" src="images/syntax/release-stmt.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/rollback-stmt.html">rollback-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1765' onclick='hideorshow("x1765","x1766")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1766' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram rollback-stmt" src="images/syntax/rollback-stmt.gif" /> </div> <h1 id="savepoints"><span>2. </span>Savepoints</h1> <p> SAVEPOINTs are a method of creating transactions, similar to <a href="lang_transaction.html">BEGIN</a> and <a href="lang_transaction.html">COMMIT</a>, except that the SAVEPOINT and RELEASE commands are named and may be nested.</p> <p> The SAVEPOINT command starts a new transaction with a name. The transaction names need not be unique. |
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177 178 179 180 181 182 183 | erases marks from the timeline without actually making any changes to the database. </p></li> </ul> | | | 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 | erases marks from the timeline without actually making any changes to the database. </p></li> </ul> <h1 id="transaction_nesting_rules"><span>3. </span>Transaction Nesting Rules</h1> <p>The last transaction started will be the first transaction committed or rolled back.</p> <p>The <a href="lang_transaction.html">BEGIN</a> command only works if the transaction stack is empty, or in other words if there are no pending transactions. If the transaction stack is not empty when the <a href="lang_transaction.html">BEGIN</a> command is invoked, then the command |
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209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 | <p>The ROLLBACK command with a TO clause rolls back transactions going backwards in time back to the most recent SAVEPOINT with a matching name. The SAVEPOINT with the matching name remains on the transaction stack, but all database changes that occurred after that SAVEPOINT was created are rolled back. If the savepoint-name in a ROLLBACK TO command does not match any SAVEPOINT on the stack, then the ROLLBACK command fails with an error and leaves the state of the database unchanged.</p> | < | 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 | <p>The ROLLBACK command with a TO clause rolls back transactions going backwards in time back to the most recent SAVEPOINT with a matching name. The SAVEPOINT with the matching name remains on the transaction stack, but all database changes that occurred after that SAVEPOINT was created are rolled back. If the savepoint-name in a ROLLBACK TO command does not match any SAVEPOINT on the stack, then the ROLLBACK command fails with an error and leaves the state of the database unchanged.</p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_select.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>SELECT</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > | | | > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > | | > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | | > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > | > > | > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > | | | < | | | | > > > > < < | | | | | | < < < < < | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> SELECT </div> <div class="fancy_toc"> <a onclick="toggle_toc()"> <span class="fancy_toc_mark" id="toc_mk">►</span> Table Of Contents </a> <div id="toc_sub"><div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#overview">1. Overview</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#simple_select_processing">2. Simple Select Processing</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#compound_select_statements">3. Compound Select Statements</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_order_by_clause">4. The ORDER BY clause</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_limit_clause">5. The LIMIT clause</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_values_clause">6. The VALUES clause</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_with_clause">7. The WITH Clause</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#table_valued_functions_in_the_from_clause">8. Table-valued Functions In The FROM Clause</a></div> </div> </div> <script> function toggle_toc(){ var sub = document.getElementById("toc_sub") var mk = document.getElementById("toc_mk") if( sub.style.display!="block" ){ sub.style.display = "block"; mk.innerHTML = "▼"; } else { sub.style.display = "none"; mk.innerHTML = "►"; } } </script> </div> <h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1767' onclick='hideorshow("x1767","x1768")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1768' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b> <button id='x1769' onclick='hideorshow("x1769","x1770")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1770' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1771' onclick='hideorshow("x1771","x1772")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1772' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b> <button id='x1773' onclick='hideorshow("x1773","x1774")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1774' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1775' onclick='hideorshow("x1775","x1776")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1776' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b> <button id='x1777' onclick='hideorshow("x1777","x1778")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1778' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1779' onclick='hideorshow("x1779","x1780")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1780' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1781' onclick='hideorshow("x1781","x1782")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1782' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> <button id='x1783' onclick='hideorshow("x1783","x1784")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1784' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b> <button id='x1785' onclick='hideorshow("x1785","x1786")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1786' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x1787' onclick='hideorshow("x1787","x1788")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1788' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1789' onclick='hideorshow("x1789","x1790")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1790' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1791' onclick='hideorshow("x1791","x1792")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1792' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1793' onclick='hideorshow("x1793","x1794")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1794' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1795' onclick='hideorshow("x1795","x1796")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1796' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x1797' onclick='hideorshow("x1797","x1798")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1798' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x1799' onclick='hideorshow("x1799","x1800")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1800' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x1801' onclick='hideorshow("x1801","x1802")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1802' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1803' onclick='hideorshow("x1803","x1804")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1804' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p>The SELECT statement is used to query the database. The result of a SELECT is zero or more rows of data where each row has a fixed number of columns. A SELECT statement does not make any changes to the database. </p><p>The "<a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt</a>" syntax diagram above attempts to show as much of the SELECT statement syntax as possible in a single diagram, because some readers find that helpful. The following "<a href="syntax/factored-select-stmt.html">factored-select-stmt</a>" is an alternative syntax diagrams that expresses the same syntax but tries to break the syntax down into smaller chunks. <p><b><a href="syntax/factored-select-stmt.html">factored-select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1805' onclick='hideorshow("x1805","x1806")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1806' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram factored-select-stmt" src="images/syntax/factored-select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b> <button id='x1807' onclick='hideorshow("x1807","x1808")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1808' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1809' onclick='hideorshow("x1809","x1810")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1810' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1811' onclick='hideorshow("x1811","x1812")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1812' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1813' onclick='hideorshow("x1813","x1814")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1814' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1815' onclick='hideorshow("x1815","x1816")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1816' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x1817' onclick='hideorshow("x1817","x1818")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1818' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x1819' onclick='hideorshow("x1819","x1820")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1820' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x1821' onclick='hideorshow("x1821","x1822")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1822' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1823' onclick='hideorshow("x1823","x1824")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1824' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1825' onclick='hideorshow("x1825","x1826")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1826' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b> <button id='x1827' onclick='hideorshow("x1827","x1828")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1828' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1829' onclick='hideorshow("x1829","x1830")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1830' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b> <button id='x1831' onclick='hideorshow("x1831","x1832")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1832' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1833' onclick='hideorshow("x1833","x1834")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1834' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1835' onclick='hideorshow("x1835","x1836")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1836' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> <button id='x1837' onclick='hideorshow("x1837","x1838")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1838' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1839' onclick='hideorshow("x1839","x1840")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1840' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1841' onclick='hideorshow("x1841","x1842")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1842' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1843' onclick='hideorshow("x1843","x1844")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1844' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1845' onclick='hideorshow("x1845","x1846")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1846' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x1847' onclick='hideorshow("x1847","x1848")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1848' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x1849' onclick='hideorshow("x1849","x1850")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1850' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x1851' onclick='hideorshow("x1851","x1852")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1852' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1853' onclick='hideorshow("x1853","x1854")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1854' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b> <button id='x1855' onclick='hideorshow("x1855","x1856")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1856' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x1857' onclick='hideorshow("x1857","x1858")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1858' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1859' onclick='hideorshow("x1859","x1860")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1860' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core:</a></b> <button id='x1861' onclick='hideorshow("x1861","x1862")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1862' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-core" src="images/syntax/select-core.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1863' onclick='hideorshow("x1863","x1864")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1864' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1865' onclick='hideorshow("x1865","x1866")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1866' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1867' onclick='hideorshow("x1867","x1868")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1868' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x1869' onclick='hideorshow("x1869","x1870")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1870' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x1871' onclick='hideorshow("x1871","x1872")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1872' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1873' onclick='hideorshow("x1873","x1874")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1874' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x1875' onclick='hideorshow("x1875","x1876")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1876' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1877' onclick='hideorshow("x1877","x1878")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1878' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </p><p>Note that there are paths through the syntax diagrams that are not allowed in practice. Some examples: </p><ul> <li>A <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES</a> clause can be the first element in a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a> that uses a <a href="lang_with.html">WITH</a> clause, but a <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> that consists of just a <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES</a> clause cannot be preceded by a <a href="lang_with.html">WITH</a> clause. </li><li>The <a href="lang_with.html">WITH</a> clause must occur on the first SELECT of a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a>. It cannot follow a <a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator</a>. </li></ul> <p>These and other similar syntax restrictions are described in the text. </p><p>The SELECT statement is the most complicated command in the SQL language. To make the description easier to follow, some of the passages below describe the way the data returned by a SELECT statement is determined as a series of steps. It is important to keep in mind that this is purely illustrative - in practice neither SQLite nor any other SQL engine is required to follow this or any other specific process. <a name="simpleselect"></a> </p><h1 id="simple_select_processing"><span>2. </span>Simple Select Processing</h1> <p>The core of a SELECT statement is a "simple SELECT" shown by the <a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core</a> and <a href="syntax/simple-select-stmt.html">simple-select-stmt</a> syntax diagrams below. In practice, most SELECT statements are simple SELECT statements. <p><b><a href="syntax/simple-select-stmt.html">simple-select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1879' onclick='hideorshow("x1879","x1880")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1880' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram simple-select-stmt" src="images/syntax/simple-select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b> <button id='x1881' onclick='hideorshow("x1881","x1882")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1882' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1883' onclick='hideorshow("x1883","x1884")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1884' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1885' onclick='hideorshow("x1885","x1886")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1886' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1887' onclick='hideorshow("x1887","x1888")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1888' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1889' onclick='hideorshow("x1889","x1890")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1890' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1891' onclick='hideorshow("x1891","x1892")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1892' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x1893' onclick='hideorshow("x1893","x1894")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1894' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x1895' onclick='hideorshow("x1895","x1896")'>show</button></p> |
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182 183 184 185 186 187 188 | <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1899' onclick='hideorshow("x1899","x1900")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1900' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> | | < < < < < < < < < < < < < | | | | > | | > | < < < < | < | | | | | | | | < < < < < < < < < | | | | < < < < | | | | | | | | | | < < < < < | | | | < < < < | | < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | > > > > > | | | | < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | < | 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 | <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1899' onclick='hideorshow("x1899","x1900")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1900' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b> <button id='x1901' onclick='hideorshow("x1901","x1902")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1902' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1903' onclick='hideorshow("x1903","x1904")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1904' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b> <button id='x1905' onclick='hideorshow("x1905","x1906")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1906' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1907' onclick='hideorshow("x1907","x1908")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1908' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1909' onclick='hideorshow("x1909","x1910")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1910' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> <button id='x1911' onclick='hideorshow("x1911","x1912")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1912' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1913' onclick='hideorshow("x1913","x1914")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1914' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1915' onclick='hideorshow("x1915","x1916")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1916' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1917' onclick='hideorshow("x1917","x1918")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1918' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1919' onclick='hideorshow("x1919","x1920")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1920' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1921' onclick='hideorshow("x1921","x1922")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1922' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x1923' onclick='hideorshow("x1923","x1924")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1924' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x1925' onclick='hideorshow("x1925","x1926")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1926' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x1927' onclick='hideorshow("x1927","x1928")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1928' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1929' onclick='hideorshow("x1929","x1930")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1930' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b> <button id='x1931' onclick='hideorshow("x1931","x1932")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1932' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x1933' onclick='hideorshow("x1933","x1934")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1934' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x1935' onclick='hideorshow("x1935","x1936")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1936' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core:</a></b> <button id='x1937' onclick='hideorshow("x1937","x1938")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1938' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-core" src="images/syntax/select-core.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1939' onclick='hideorshow("x1939","x1940")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1940' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1941' onclick='hideorshow("x1941","x1942")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1942' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1943' onclick='hideorshow("x1943","x1944")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1944' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x1945' onclick='hideorshow("x1945","x1946")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1946' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x1947' onclick='hideorshow("x1947","x1948")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1948' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1949' onclick='hideorshow("x1949","x1950")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1950' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1951' onclick='hideorshow("x1951","x1952")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1952' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x1953' onclick='hideorshow("x1953","x1954")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1954' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1955' onclick='hideorshow("x1955","x1956")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1956' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </p><p>Generating the results of a simple SELECT statement is presented as a four step process in the description below: </p><ol> <li> <p><a href="lang_select.html#fromclause">FROM clause</a> processing: The input data for the simple SELECT is determined. The input data is either implicitly a single row with 0 columns (if there is no FROM clause) or is determined by the FROM clause. </p></li><li> <p><a href="lang_select.html#whereclause">WHERE clause</a> processing: The input data is filtered using the WHERE clause expression. </p></li><li> <p><a href="lang_select.html#resultset">GROUP BY, HAVING and result-column expression</a> processing: The set of result rows is computed by aggregating the data according to any GROUP BY clause and calculating the result-set expressions for the rows of the filtered input dataset. </p></li><li> <p><a href="lang_select.html#distinct">DISTINCT/ALL keyword</a> processing: If the query is a "SELECT DISTINCT" query, duplicate rows are removed from the set of result rows. </p></li></ol> <p>There are two types of simple SELECT statement - aggregate and non-aggregate queries. A simple SELECT statement is an aggregate query if it contains either a GROUP BY clause or one or more aggregate functions in the result-set. Otherwise, if a simple SELECT contains no aggregate functions or a GROUP BY clause, it is a non-aggregate query. </p><p><b>1. Determination of input data (FROM clause processing).</b> <a name="fromclause"></a> </p><p>The input data used by a simple SELECT query is a set of <i>N</i> rows each <i>M</i> columns wide. </p><p>If the FROM clause is omitted from a simple SELECT statement, then the input data is implicitly a single row zero columns wide (i.e. <i>N</i>=1 and <i>M</i>=0). </p><p>If a FROM clause is specified, the data on which a simple SELECT query operates comes from the one or more tables or subqueries (SELECT statements in parentheses) specified following the FROM keyword. A subquery specified in the <span class='yyterm'>table-or-subquery</span> following the FROM clause in a simple SELECT statement is handled as if it was a table containing the data returned by executing the subquery statement. Each column of the subquery has the <a href="datatype3.html#collation">collation sequence</a> and <a href="datatype3.html#affinity">affinity</a> of the corresponding expression in the subquery statement. </p><p>If there is only a single table or subquery in the FROM clause, then the input data used by the SELECT statement is the contents of the named table. If there is more than one table or subquery in FROM clause then the contents of all tables and/or subqueries are joined into a single dataset for the simple SELECT statement to operate on. Exactly how the data is combined depends on the specific <a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator</a> and <a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint</a> used to connect the tables or subqueries together. </p><p>All joins in SQLite are based on the cartesian product of the left and right-hand datasets. The columns of the cartesian product dataset are, in order, all the columns of the left-hand dataset followed by all the columns of the right-hand dataset. There is a row in the cartesian product dataset formed by combining each unique combination of a row from the left-hand and right-hand datasets. In other words, if the left-hand dataset consists of <i>N<sub><small>left</small></sub></i> rows of <i>M<sub><small>left</small></sub></i> columns, and the right-hand dataset of <i>N<sub><small>right</small></sub></i> rows of <i>M<sub><small>right</small></sub></i> columns, then the cartesian product is a dataset of <i>N<sub><small>left</small></sub>×N<sub><small>right</small></sub></i> rows, each containing <i>M<sub><small>left</small></sub>+M<sub><small>right</small></sub></i> columns. </p><p>If the join-operator is "CROSS JOIN", "INNER JOIN", "JOIN" or a comma (",") and there is no ON or USING clause, then the result of the join is simply the cartesian product of the left and right-hand datasets. If join-operator does have ON or USING clauses, those are handled according to the following bullet points: </p><ul> <li> <p>If there is an ON clause then the ON expression is evaluated for each row of the cartesian product as a <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a>. Only rows for which the expression evaluates to true are included from the dataset. </p></li><li> <p>If there is a USING clause then each of the column names specified must exist in the datasets to both the left and right of the join-operator. For each pair of named columns, the expression "lhs.X = rhs.X" is evaluated for each row of the cartesian product as a <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a>. Only rows for which all such expressions evaluates to true are included from the result set. When comparing values as a result of a USING clause, the normal rules for handling affinities, collation sequences and NULL values in comparisons apply. The column from the dataset on the left-hand side of the join-operator is considered to be on the left-hand side of the comparison operator (=) for the purposes of collation sequence and affinity precedence. </p><p>For each pair of columns identified by a USING clause, the column from the right-hand dataset is omitted from the joined dataset. This is the only difference between a USING clause and its equivalent ON constraint. </p></li><li> <p>If the NATURAL keyword is in the join-operator then an implicit USING clause is added to the join-constraints. The implicit USING clause contains each of the column names that appear in both the left and right-hand input datasets. If the left and right-hand input datasets feature no common column names, then the NATURAL keyword has no effect on the results of the join. A USING or ON clause may not be added to a join that specifies the NATURAL keyword. </p></li><li> <p>If the join-operator is a "LEFT JOIN" or "LEFT OUTER JOIN", then after the ON or USING filtering clauses have been applied, an extra row is added to the output for each row in the original left-hand input dataset that corresponds to no rows at all in the composite dataset (if any). The added rows contain NULL values in the columns that would normally contain values copied from the right-hand input dataset. </p></li></ul> <p>When more than two tables are joined together as part of a FROM clause, the join operations are processed in order from left to right. In other words, the FROM clause (A join-op-1 B join-op-2 C) is computed as ((A join-op-1 B) join-op-2 C). <a name="crossjoin"></a> </p><p><b>Side note: Special handling of CROSS JOIN.</b> There is no difference between the "INNER JOIN", "JOIN" and "," join operators. They are completely interchangeable in SQLite. The "CROSS JOIN" join operator produces the same result as the "INNER JOIN", "JOIN" and "," operators, but is <a href="optoverview.html#crossjoin">handled differently by the query optimizer</a> in that it prevents the query optimizer from reordering the tables in the join. An application programmer can use the CROSS JOIN operator to directly influence the algorithm that is chosen to implement the SELECT statement. Avoid using CROSS JOIN except in specific situations where manual control of the query optimizer is desired. Avoid using CROSS JOIN early in the development of an application as doing so is a <a href="http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?PrematureOptimization">premature optimization</a>. The special handling of CROSS JOIN is an SQLite-specific feature and is not a part of standard SQL. <a name="whereclause"></a> </p><p><b>2. WHERE clause filtering.</b> </p><p>If a WHERE clause is specified, the WHERE expression is evaluated for each row in the input data as a <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a>. Only rows for which the WHERE clause expression evaluates to true are included from the dataset before continuing. Rows are excluded from the result if the WHERE clause evaluates to either false or NULL. </p><p>For a JOIN or INNER JOIN or CROSS JOIN, there is no difference between a constraint expression in the WHERE clause and one in the ON clause. However, for a LEFT JOIN or LEFT OUTER JOIN, the difference is very important. In a LEFT JOIN, the extra NULL row for the right-hand table is added after ON clause processing but before WHERE clause processing. A constraint of the form "left.x=right.y" in an ON clause will therefore allow through the added all-NULL rows of the right table. But if that same constraint is in the WHERE clause a NULL in "right.y" will prevent the expression "left.x=right.y" from being true, and thus exclude that row from the output. </p><p><b>3. Generation of the set of result rows.</b> <a name="resultset"></a> </p><p>Once the input data from the FROM clause has been filtered by the WHERE clause expression (if any), the set of result rows for the simple SELECT are calculated. Exactly how this is done depends on whether the simple SELECT is an aggregate or non-aggregate query, and whether or not a GROUP BY clause was specified. </p><p> The list of expressions between the SELECT and FROM keywords is known as the result expression list. If a result expression is the special expression "*" then all columns in the input data are substituted for that one expression. If the expression is the alias of a table or subquery in the FROM clause followed by ".*" then all columns from the named table or subquery are substituted for the single expression. It is an error to use a "*" or "alias.*" expression in any context other than a result expression list. It is also an error to use a "*" or "alias.*" expression in a simple SELECT query that does not have a FROM clause. </p><p> The number of columns in the rows returned by a simple SELECT statement is equal to the number of expressions in the result expression list after substitution of * and alias.* expressions. Each result row is calculated by evaluating the expressions in the result expression list with respect to a single row of input data or, for aggregate queries, with respect to a group of rows. </p><ul> <li><p>If the SELECT statement is <b>a non-aggregate query</b>, then each expression in the result expression list is evaluated for each row in the dataset filtered by the WHERE clause. </p></li><li><p>If the SELECT statement is <b>an aggregate query without a GROUP BY</b> clause, then each aggregate expression in the result-set is evaluated once across the entire dataset. Each non-aggregate expression in the result-set is evaluated once for an arbitrarily selected row of the dataset. The same arbitrarily selected row is used for each non-aggregate expression. Or, if the dataset contains zero rows, then each non-aggregate expression is evaluated against a row consisting entirely of NULL values. </p><p>The single row of result-set data created by evaluating the aggregate and non-aggregate expressions in the result-set forms the result of an aggregate query without a GROUP BY clause. An aggregate query without a GROUP BY clause always returns exactly one row of data, even if there are zero rows of input data. </p></li><li><p>If the SELECT statement is <b>an aggregate query with a GROUP BY</b> clause, then each of the expressions specified as part of the GROUP BY clause is evaluated for each row of the dataset. Each row is then assigned to a "group" based on the results; rows for which the results of evaluating the GROUP BY expressions are the same get assigned to the same group. For the purposes of grouping rows, NULL values are considered equal. The usual rules for <a href="datatype3.html#collation">selecting a collation sequence</a> with which to compare text values apply when evaluating expressions in a GROUP BY clause. The expressions in the GROUP BY clause do <em>not</em> have to be expressions that appear in the result. The expressions in a GROUP BY clause may not be aggregate expressions. </p><p>If a HAVING clause is specified, it is evaluated once for each group of rows as a <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a>. If the result of evaluating the HAVING clause is false, the group is discarded. If the HAVING clause is an aggregate expression, it is evaluated across all rows in the group. If a HAVING clause is a non-aggregate expression, it is evaluated with respect to an arbitrarily selected row from the group. The HAVING expression may refer to values, even aggregate functions, that are not in the result.</p> <p>Each expression in the result-set is then evaluated once for each group of rows. If the expression is an aggregate expression, it is evaluated across all rows in the group. Otherwise, it is evaluated against a single arbitrarily chosen row from within the group. If there is more than one non-aggregate expression in the result-set, then all such expressions are evaluated for the same row. </p><p>Each group of input dataset rows contributes a single row to the set of result rows. Subject to filtering associated with the DISTINCT keyword, the number of rows returned by an aggregate query with a GROUP BY clause is the same as the number of groups of rows produced by applying the GROUP BY and HAVING clauses to the filtered input dataset. </p></li></ul> <a name="bareagg"></a> <p><b>Side note: Bare columns in an aggregate queries.</b> The usual case is that all column names in an aggregate query are either arguments to <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate functions</a> or else appear in the GROUP BY clause. A result column which contains a column name that is not within an aggregate function and that does not appear in the GROUP BY clause (if one exists) is called a "bare" column. Example: </p><blockquote><pre> SELECT a, b, sum(c) FROM tab1 GROUP BY a; </pre></blockquote> <p>In the query above, the "a" column is part of the GROUP BY clause and so each row of the output contains one of the distinct values for "a". The "c" column is contained within the <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#sumunc">sum()</a> aggregate function and so that output column is the sum of all "c" values in rows that have the same value for "a". But what is the result of the bare column "b"? The answer is that the "b" result will be the value for "b" in one of the input rows that form the aggregate. The problem is that you usually do not know which input row is used to compute "b", and so in many cases the value for "b" is undefined. </p> <p> Special processing occurs when the aggregate function is either <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#maxggunc">min()</a> or <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#minggunc">max()</a>. Example: </p><blockquote><pre> SELECT a, b, max(c) FROM tab1 GROUP BY a; </pre></blockquote> <p>When the <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#maxggunc">min()</a> or <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#minggunc">max()</a> aggregate functions are used in an aggregate query, all bare columns in the result set take values from the input row which also contains the minimum or maximum. So in the query above, the value of the "b" column in the output will be the value of the "b" column in the input row that has the largest "c" value. There is still an ambiguity if two or more of the input rows have the same minimum or maximum value or if the query contains more than one min() and/or max() aggregate function. Only the built-in <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#minggunc">min()</a> and <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#maxggunc">max()</a> functions work this way. </p> <p><b>4. Removal of duplicate rows (DISTINCT processing).</b> <a name="distinct"></a> </p><p>One of the ALL or DISTINCT keywords may follow the SELECT keyword in a simple SELECT statement. If the simple SELECT is a SELECT ALL, then the entire set of result rows are returned by the SELECT. If neither ALL or DISTINCT are present, then the behavior is as if ALL were specified. If the simple SELECT is a SELECT DISTINCT, then duplicate rows are removed from the set of result rows before it is returned. For the purposes of detecting duplicate rows, two NULL values are considered to be equal. The <a href="datatype3.html#colrules">usual rules</a> apply for selecting a collation sequence to compare text values. <a name="compound"></a> </p><h1 id="compound_select_statements"><span>3. </span>Compound Select Statements</h1> <p>Two or more <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> statements may be connected together to form a compound SELECT using the UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT or EXCEPT operator, as shown by the following diagram: <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-select-stmt.html">compound-select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1957' onclick='hideorshow("x1957","x1958")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x1958' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-select-stmt" src="images/syntax/compound-select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b> <button id='x1959' onclick='hideorshow("x1959","x1960")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1960' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1961' onclick='hideorshow("x1961","x1962")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1962' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1963' onclick='hideorshow("x1963","x1964")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1964' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1965' onclick='hideorshow("x1965","x1966")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1966' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1967' onclick='hideorshow("x1967","x1968")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1968' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1969' onclick='hideorshow("x1969","x1970")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1970' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x1971' onclick='hideorshow("x1971","x1972")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1972' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x1973' onclick='hideorshow("x1973","x1974")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1974' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x1975' onclick='hideorshow("x1975","x1976")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1976' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1977' onclick='hideorshow("x1977","x1978")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1978' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b> <button id='x1979' onclick='hideorshow("x1979","x1980")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1980' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1981' onclick='hideorshow("x1981","x1982")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1982' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b> <button id='x1983' onclick='hideorshow("x1983","x1984")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1984' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1985' onclick='hideorshow("x1985","x1986")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1986' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x1987' onclick='hideorshow("x1987","x1988")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1988' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> <button id='x1989' onclick='hideorshow("x1989","x1990")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1990' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x1991' onclick='hideorshow("x1991","x1992")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1992' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1993' onclick='hideorshow("x1993","x1994")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1994' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x1995' onclick='hideorshow("x1995","x1996")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1996' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x1997' onclick='hideorshow("x1997","x1998")'>show</button></p> <div id='x1998' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x1999' onclick='hideorshow("x1999","x2000")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2000' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x2001' onclick='hideorshow("x2001","x2002")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2002' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x2003' onclick='hideorshow("x2003","x2004")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2004' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x2005' onclick='hideorshow("x2005","x2006")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2006' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x2007' onclick='hideorshow("x2007","x2008")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2008' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b> <button id='x2009' onclick='hideorshow("x2009","x2010")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2010' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x2011' onclick='hideorshow("x2011","x2012")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2012' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x2013' onclick='hideorshow("x2013","x2014")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2014' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core:</a></b> <button id='x2015' onclick='hideorshow("x2015","x2016")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2016' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-core" src="images/syntax/select-core.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x2017' onclick='hideorshow("x2017","x2018")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2018' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x2019' onclick='hideorshow("x2019","x2020")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2020' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x2021' onclick='hideorshow("x2021","x2022")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2022' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x2023' onclick='hideorshow("x2023","x2024")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2024' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x2025' onclick='hideorshow("x2025","x2026")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2026' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x2027' onclick='hideorshow("x2027","x2028")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2028' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x2029' onclick='hideorshow("x2029","x2030")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2030' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x2031' onclick='hideorshow("x2031","x2032")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2032' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x2033' onclick='hideorshow("x2033","x2034")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2034' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </p><p>In a compound SELECT, all the constituent SELECTs must return the same number of result columns. As the components of a compound SELECT must be simple SELECT statements, they may not contain <a href="lang_select.html#orderby">ORDER BY</a> or <a href="lang_select.html#limitoffset">LIMIT</a> clauses. <a href="lang_select.html#orderby">ORDER BY</a> and <a href="lang_select.html#limitoffset">LIMIT</a> clauses may only occur at the end of the entire compound SELECT, and then only if the final element of the compound is not a <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES</a> clause. </p><p>A compound SELECT created using UNION ALL operator returns all the rows from the SELECT to the left of the UNION ALL operator, and all the rows from the SELECT to the right of it. The UNION operator works the same way as UNION ALL, except that duplicate rows are removed from the final result set. The INTERSECT operator returns the intersection of the results of the left and right SELECTs. The EXCEPT operator returns the subset of rows returned by the left SELECT that are not also returned by the right-hand SELECT. Duplicate rows are removed from the results of INTERSECT and EXCEPT operators before the result set is returned. </p><p>For the purposes of determining duplicate rows for the results of compound SELECT operators, NULL values are considered equal to other NULL values and distinct from all non-NULL values. The collation sequence used to compare two text values is determined as if the columns of the left and right-hand SELECT statements were the left and right-hand operands of the equals (=) operator, except that greater precedence is not assigned to a collation sequence specified with the postfix COLLATE operator. No affinity transformations are applied to any values when comparing rows as part of a compound SELECT. </p><p>When three or more simple SELECTs are connected into a compound SELECT, they group from left to right. In other words, if "A", "B" and "C" are all simple SELECT statements, (A op B op C) is processed as ((A op B) op C). </p> <a name="orderby"></a> <h1 id="the_order_by_clause"><span>4. </span>The ORDER BY clause</h1> <p>If a SELECT statement that returns more than one row does not have an ORDER BY clause, the order in which the rows are returned is undefined. Or, if a SELECT statement does have an ORDER BY clause, then the list of expressions attached to the ORDER BY determine the order in which rows are returned to the user. </p><p> In a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a> statement, only the last or right-most <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> may have an ORDER BY clause. That ORDER BY clause will apply across all elements of the compound. If the right-most element of a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a> is a <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES</a> clause, then no ORDER BY clause is allowed on that statement. </p><p>Rows are first sorted based on the results of evaluating the left-most expression in the ORDER BY list, then ties are broken by evaluating the second left-most expression and so on. The order in which two rows for which all ORDER BY expressions evaluate to equal values are returned is undefined. Each ORDER BY expression may be optionally followed by one of the keywords ASC (smaller values are returned first) or DESC (larger values are returned first). If neither ASC or DESC are specified, rows are sorted in ascending (smaller values first) order by default. <a name="nullslast"></a> </p><p>SQLite considers NULL values to be smaller than any other values for sorting purposes. Hence, NULLs naturally appear at the beginning of an ASC order-by and at the end of a DESC order-by. This can be changed using the "ASC NULLS LAST" or "DESC NULLS FIRST" syntax. </p><p>Each ORDER BY expression is processed as follows:</p> <ol> <li><p>If the ORDER BY expression is a constant integer K then the expression is considered an alias for the K-th column of the result set (columns are numbered from left to right starting with 1). </p></li><li><p>If the ORDER BY expression is an identifier that corresponds to the alias of one of the output columns, then the expression is considered an alias for that column. </p></li><li><p>Otherwise, if the ORDER BY expression is any other expression, it is evaluated and the returned value used to order the output rows. If the SELECT statement is a simple SELECT, then an ORDER BY may contain any arbitrary expressions. However, if the SELECT is a compound SELECT, then ORDER BY expressions that are not aliases to output columns must be exactly the same as an expression used as an output column. </p></li></ol> <p>For the purposes of sorting rows, values are compared in the same way as for <a href="datatype3.html#comparisons">comparison expressions</a>. The collation sequence used to compare two text values is determined as follows: </p><ol> <li><p>If the ORDER BY expression is assigned a collation sequence using the postfix <a href="lang_expr.html#collateop">COLLATE operator</a>, then the specified collation sequence is used. </p></li><li><p>Otherwise, if the ORDER BY expression is an alias to an expression that has been assigned a collation sequence using the postfix <a href="lang_expr.html#collateop">COLLATE operator</a>, then the collation sequence assigned to the aliased expression is used. </p></li><li><p>Otherwise, if the ORDER BY expression is a column or an alias of an expression that is a column, then the default collation sequence for the column is used. </p></li><li><p>Otherwise, the <a href="datatype3.html#collation">BINARY</a> collation sequence is used. </p></li></ol> <p>In a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a> statement, all ORDER BY expressions are handled as aliases for one of the result columns of the compound. If an ORDER BY expression is not an integer alias, then SQLite searches the left-most SELECT in the compound for a result column that matches either the second or third rules above. If a match is found, the search stops and the expression is handled as an alias for the result column that it has been matched against. Otherwise, the next SELECT to the right is tried, and so on. If no matching expression can be found in the result columns of any constituent SELECT, it is an error. Each term of the ORDER BY clause is processed separately and may be matched against result columns from different SELECT statements in the compound.</p> <a name="limitoffset"></a> <h1 id="the_limit_clause"><span>5. </span>The LIMIT clause</h1> <p>The LIMIT clause is used to place an upper bound on the number of rows returned by the entire SELECT statement. </p><p>In a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a>, only the last or right-most <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> may contain a LIMIT clause. In a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a>, the LIMIT clause applies to the entire compound, not just the final SELECT. If the right-most <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> is a <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES clause</a> then no LIMIT clause is allowed. </p><p>Any scalar expression may be used in the LIMIT clause, so long as it evaluates to an integer or a value that can be losslessly converted to an integer. If the expression evaluates to a NULL value or any other value that cannot be losslessly converted to an integer, an error is returned. If the LIMIT expression evaluates to a negative value, then there is no upper bound on the number of rows returned. Otherwise, the SELECT returns the first N rows of its result set only, where N is the value that the LIMIT expression evaluates to. Or, if the SELECT statement would return less than N rows without a LIMIT clause, then the entire result set is returned. </p><p>The expression attached to the optional OFFSET clause that may follow a LIMIT clause must also evaluate to an integer, or a value that can be losslessly converted to an integer. If an expression has an OFFSET clause, then the first M rows are omitted from the result set returned by the SELECT statement and the next N rows are returned, where M and N are the values that the OFFSET and LIMIT clauses evaluate to, respectively. Or, if the SELECT would return less than M+N rows if it did not have a LIMIT clause, then the first M rows are skipped and the remaining rows (if any) are returned. If the OFFSET clause evaluates to a negative value, the results are the same as if it had evaluated to zero. </p><p>Instead of a separate OFFSET clause, the LIMIT clause may specify two scalar expressions separated by a comma. In this case, the first expression is used as the OFFSET expression and the second as the LIMIT expression. This is counter-intuitive, as when using the OFFSET clause the second of the two expressions is the OFFSET and the first the LIMIT. This reversal of the offset and limit is intentional - it maximizes compatibility with other SQL database systems. However, to avoid confusion, programmers are strongly encouraged to use the form of the LIMIT clause that uses the "OFFSET" keyword and avoid using a LIMIT clause with a comma-separated offset. <a name="values"></a> </p><h1 id="the_values_clause"><span>6. </span>The VALUES clause</h1> <p>The phrase "VALUES(<i>expr-list</i>)" means the same thing as "SELECT <i>expr-list</i>". The phrase "VALUES(<i>expr-list-1</i>),...,(<i>expr-list-N</i>)" means the same thing as "SELECT <i>expr-list-1</i> UNION ALL ... UNION ALL SELECT <i>expr-list-N</i>". Both forms are the same, except that the number of SELECT statements in a compound is limited by <a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimitcompoundselect">SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT</a> whereas the number of rows in a VALUES clause has no arbitrary limit. </p><p>There are some restrictions on the use of a VALUES clause that are not shown on the syntax diagrams: </p><ul> <li><p> A VALUES clause cannot be followed by <a href="lang_select.html#orderby">ORDER BY</a>. </p></li><li><p> A VALUES clause cannot be followed by <a href="lang_select.html#limitoffset">LIMIT</a>. </p></li></ul> <h1 id="the_with_clause"><span>7. </span>The WITH Clause</h1> <p>SELECT statements may be optionally preceded by a single <a href="lang_with.html">WITH clause</a> that defines one or more <a href="lang_with.html">common table expressions</a> for use within the SELECT statement. <a name="tabfunc1"></a> </p><h1 id="table_valued_functions_in_the_from_clause"><span>8. </span>Table-valued Functions In The FROM Clause</h1> <p>A <a href="vtab.html">virtual table</a> that contains <a href="vtab.html#hiddencol">hidden columns</a> can be used like a <a href="vtab.html#tabfunc2">table-valued function</a> in the FROM clause. The arguments to the table-valued function become constraints on the HIDDEN columns of the virtual table. Additional information can be found in the <a href="vtab.html#tabfunc2">virtual table documentation</a>. </p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_transaction.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>Transaction</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | > > | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> Transaction </div> </div> <h1 id="transaction_control_syntax"><span>1. </span>Transaction Control Syntax</h1> <p><b><a href="syntax/begin-stmt.html">begin-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x2035' onclick='hideorshow("x2035","x2036")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x2036' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram begin-stmt" src="images/syntax/begin-stmt.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/commit-stmt.html">commit-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x2037' onclick='hideorshow("x2037","x2038")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x2038' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram commit-stmt" src="images/syntax/commit-stmt.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/rollback-stmt.html">rollback-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x2039' onclick='hideorshow("x2039","x2040")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x2040' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram rollback-stmt" src="images/syntax/rollback-stmt.gif" /> </div> <h1 id="transactions"><span>2. </span>Transactions</h1> <p> No reads or writes occur except within a transaction. Any command that accesses the database (basically, any SQL command, except a few <a href="pragma.html#syntax">PRAGMA</a> statements) will automatically start a transaction if one is not already in effect. Automatically started transactions |
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139 140 141 142 143 144 145 | transactions. An attempt to invoke the BEGIN command within a transaction will fail with an error, regardless of whether the transaction was started by <a href="lang_savepoint.html">SAVEPOINT</a> or a prior BEGIN. The COMMIT command and the ROLLBACK command without the TO clause work the same on <a href="lang_savepoint.html">SAVEPOINT</a> transactions as they do with transactions started by BEGIN.</p> | | | | | 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 | transactions. An attempt to invoke the BEGIN command within a transaction will fail with an error, regardless of whether the transaction was started by <a href="lang_savepoint.html">SAVEPOINT</a> or a prior BEGIN. The COMMIT command and the ROLLBACK command without the TO clause work the same on <a href="lang_savepoint.html">SAVEPOINT</a> transactions as they do with transactions started by BEGIN.</p> <h2 id="read_transactions_versus_write_transactions"><span>2.1. </span>Read transactions versus write transactions</h2> <p>SQLite current supports multiple simultaneous read transactions coming from separate database connections, possibly in separate threads or processes, but only one simultaneous write transaction. </p><p> </p><p>A read transaction is used for reading only. A write transaction allows both reading and writing. A read transaction is started by a SELECT statement, and a write transaction is started by statements like CREATE, DELETE, DROP, INSERT, or UPDATE (collectively "write statements"). If a write statement occurs while a read transaction is active, then the read transaction is upgraded to write transaction if possible. If some other database connection has already modified the database or is already in the process of |
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173 174 175 176 177 178 179 | transaction is active, X will continue to see an historic snapshot the database prior to the changes implemented by Y. </p> <a name="immediate"></a> | | | | 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 | transaction is active, X will continue to see an historic snapshot the database prior to the changes implemented by Y. </p> <a name="immediate"></a> <h2 id="deferred_immediate_and_exclusive_transactions"><span>2.2. </span>DEFERRED, IMMEDIATE, and EXCLUSIVE transactions</h2> <p> Transactions can be DEFERRED, IMMEDIATE, or EXCLUSIVE. The default transaction behavior is DEFERRED. </p> <p> DEFERRED means that the transaction does not actually start until the database is first accessed. Internally, the BEGIN DEFERRED statement merely sets a flag on the database connection that turns off the automatic commit that would normally occur when the last statement finishes. This causes the transaction that is automatically started to persist until an explicit COMMIT or ROLLBACK or until a rollback is provoked by an error or an ON CONFLICT ROLLBACK clause. If the first statement after BEGIN DEFERRED is a SELECT, then a read transaction is started. Subsequent write statements will upgrade the transaction to a |
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211 212 213 214 215 216 217 | EXCLUSIVE is similar to IMMEDIATE in that a write transaction is started immediately. EXCLUSIVE and IMMEDIATE are the same in <a href="wal.html">WAL mode</a>, but in other journaling modes, EXCLUSIVE prevents other database connections from reading the database while the transaction is underway. </p> | | | 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 | EXCLUSIVE is similar to IMMEDIATE in that a write transaction is started immediately. EXCLUSIVE and IMMEDIATE are the same in <a href="wal.html">WAL mode</a>, but in other journaling modes, EXCLUSIVE prevents other database connections from reading the database while the transaction is underway. </p> <h2 id="implicit_versus_explicit_transactions"><span>2.3. </span>Implicit versus explicit transactions</h2> <p> An implicit transaction (a transaction that is started automatically, not a transaction started by BEGIN) is committed automatically when the last active statement finishes. A statement finishes when its last cursor closes, which is guaranteed to happen when the prepared statement is <a href="c3ref/reset.html">reset</a> or |
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261 262 263 264 265 266 267 | </p> <p> If <a href="pragma.html#pragma_journal_mode">PRAGMA journal_mode</a> is set to OFF (thus disabling the rollback journal file) then the behavior of the ROLLBACK command is undefined. </p> | | | | | | | 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 | </p> <p> If <a href="pragma.html#pragma_journal_mode">PRAGMA journal_mode</a> is set to OFF (thus disabling the rollback journal file) then the behavior of the ROLLBACK command is undefined. </p> <h1 id="response_to_errors_within_a_transaction"><span>3. </span>Response To Errors Within A Transaction</h1> <p> If certain kinds of errors occur within a transaction, the transaction may or may not be rolled back automatically. The errors that can cause an automatic rollback include:</p> <ul> <li> <a href="rescode.html#full">SQLITE_FULL</a>: database or disk full </li><li> <a href="rescode.html#ioerr">SQLITE_IOERR</a>: disk I/O error </li><li> <a href="rescode.html#busy">SQLITE_BUSY</a>: database in use by another process </li><li> <a href="rescode.html#nomem">SQLITE_NOMEM</a>: out or memory </li></ul> <p> For all of these errors, SQLite attempts to undo just the one statement it was working on and leave changes from prior statements within the same transaction intact and continue with the transaction. However, depending on the statement being evaluated and the point at which the error occurs, it might be necessary for SQLite to rollback and |
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295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 | error, but no harm is caused by this.</p> <p>Future versions of SQLite may extend the list of errors which might cause automatic transaction rollback. Future versions of SQLite might change the error response. In particular, we may choose to simplify the interface in future versions of SQLite by causing the errors above to force an unconditional rollback.</p> | < | 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 | error, but no harm is caused by this.</p> <p>Future versions of SQLite may extend the list of errors which might cause automatic transaction rollback. Future versions of SQLite might change the error response. In particular, we may choose to simplify the interface in future versions of SQLite by causing the errors above to force an unconditional rollback.</p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_update.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>UPDATE</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | > > | | | | | | | | | | | | | < | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> UPDATE </div> <div class="fancy_toc"> <a onclick="toggle_toc()"> <span class="fancy_toc_mark" id="toc_mk">►</span> Table Of Contents </a> <div id="toc_sub"><div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#overview">1. Overview</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#details">2. Details</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#restrictions_on_update_statements_within_create_trigger">2.1. Restrictions on UPDATE Statements Within CREATE TRIGGER</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#optional_limit_and_order_by_clauses">2.2. Optional LIMIT and ORDER BY Clauses</a></div> </div> </div> <script> function toggle_toc(){ var sub = document.getElementById("toc_sub") var mk = document.getElementById("toc_mk") if( sub.style.display!="block" ){ sub.style.display = "block"; mk.innerHTML = "▼"; } else { sub.style.display = "none"; mk.innerHTML = "►"; } } </script> </div> <h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1> <p><b><a href="syntax/update-stmt.html">update-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x2041' onclick='hideorshow("x2041","x2042")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x2042' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram update-stmt" src="images/syntax/update-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b> <button id='x2043' onclick='hideorshow("x2043","x2044")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2044' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b> <button id='x2045' onclick='hideorshow("x2045","x2046")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2046' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x2047' onclick='hideorshow("x2047","x2048")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2048' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b> <button id='x2049' onclick='hideorshow("x2049","x2050")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2050' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b> <button id='x2051' onclick='hideorshow("x2051","x2052")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2052' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x2053' onclick='hideorshow("x2053","x2054")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2054' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x2055' onclick='hideorshow("x2055","x2056")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2056' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> <button id='x2057' onclick='hideorshow("x2057","x2058")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2058' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x2059' onclick='hideorshow("x2059","x2060")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2060' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b> <button id='x2061' onclick='hideorshow("x2061","x2062")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2062' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x2063' onclick='hideorshow("x2063","x2064")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2064' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x2065' onclick='hideorshow("x2065","x2066")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2066' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x2067' onclick='hideorshow("x2067","x2068")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2068' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x2069' onclick='hideorshow("x2069","x2070")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2070' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x2071' onclick='hideorshow("x2071","x2072")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2072' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x2073' onclick='hideorshow("x2073","x2074")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2074' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x2075' onclick='hideorshow("x2075","x2076")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2076' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x2077' onclick='hideorshow("x2077","x2078")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2078' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x2079' onclick='hideorshow("x2079","x2080")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2080' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b> <button id='x2081' onclick='hideorshow("x2081","x2082")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2082' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x2083' onclick='hideorshow("x2083","x2084")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2084' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b> <button id='x2085' onclick='hideorshow("x2085","x2086")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2086' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b> <button id='x2087' onclick='hideorshow("x2087","x2088")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2088' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b> <button id='x2089' onclick='hideorshow("x2089","x2090")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2090' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x2091' onclick='hideorshow("x2091","x2092")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2092' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b> <button id='x2093' onclick='hideorshow("x2093","x2094")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2094' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x2095' onclick='hideorshow("x2095","x2096")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2096' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x2097' onclick='hideorshow("x2097","x2098")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2098' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x2099' onclick='hideorshow("x2099","x2100")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2100' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x2101' onclick='hideorshow("x2101","x2102")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2102' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x2103' onclick='hideorshow("x2103","x2104")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2104' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x2105' onclick='hideorshow("x2105","x2106")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2106' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x2107' onclick='hideorshow("x2107","x2108")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2108' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x2109' onclick='hideorshow("x2109","x2110")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2110' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x2111' onclick='hideorshow("x2111","x2112")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2112' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>An UPDATE statement is used to modify a subset of the values stored in zero or more rows of the database table identified by the <a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name</a> specified as part of the UPDATE statement. </p><h1 id="details"><span>2. </span>Details</h1> <p>If the UPDATE statement does not have a WHERE clause, all rows in the table are modified by the UPDATE. Otherwise, the UPDATE affects only those rows for which the WHERE clause <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression is true</a>. It is not an error if the WHERE clause does not evaluate to true for any row in the table - this just means that the UPDATE statement affects zero rows. </p><p>The modifications made to each row affected by an UPDATE statement are determined by the list of assignments following the SET keyword. Each assignment specifies a <span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> to the left of the equals sign and a scalar expression to the right. For each affected row, the named columns are set to the values found by evaluating the corresponding scalar expressions. If a single column-name appears more than once in the list of assignment expressions, all but the rightmost occurrence is ignored. Columns that do not appear in the list of assignments are left unmodified. The scalar expressions may refer to columns of the row being updated. In this case all scalar expressions are evaluated before any assignments are made. </p><p>Beginning in SQLite <a href="releaselog/3_15_0.html">version 3.15.0</a> (2016-10-14), an assignment in the SET clause can be a <a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">parenthesized list of column names</a> on the left and a <a href="rowvalue.html">row value</a> of the same size on the right. </p><p>The optional "OR <i>action</i>" conflict clause that follows the UPDATE keyword allows the user to nominate a specific constraint conflict resolution algorithm to use during this one UPDATE command. Refer to the section entitled <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> for additional information. </p><h2 id="restrictions_on_update_statements_within_create_trigger"><span>2.1. </span>Restrictions on UPDATE Statements Within CREATE TRIGGER</h2> <p>The following additional syntax restrictions apply to UPDATE statements that occur within the body of a <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a> statement. </p><ul> <li><p>The <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span> specified as part of an UPDATE statement within a trigger body must be unqualified. In other words, the <i>schema-name</i><b>.</b> prefix on the table name of the UPDATE is not allowed within triggers. Unless the table to which the trigger is attached is in the TEMP database, the table being updated by the trigger program must reside in the same database as it. If the table to which the trigger is attached is in the TEMP database, then the unqualified name of the table being updated is resolved in the same way as it is for a top-level statement (by searching first the TEMP database, then the main database, then any other databases in the order they were attached). </p></li><li><p>The INDEXED BY and NOT INDEXED clauses are not allowed on UPDATE statements within triggers.</p> </li><li><p>The LIMIT and ORDER BY clauses for UPDATE are unsupported within triggers, regardless of the compilation options used to build SQLite. </p></li></ul> <h2 id="optional_limit_and_order_by_clauses"><span>2.2. </span>Optional LIMIT and ORDER BY Clauses</h2> <p>If SQLite is built with the <a href="compile.html#enable_update_delete_limit">SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT</a> compile-time option then the syntax of the UPDATE statement is extended with optional ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses as follows:</p> <p><b><a href="syntax/update-stmt-limited.html">update-stmt-limited:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram update-stmt-limited" src="images/syntax/update-stmt-limited.gif"></img> </div> <p>If an UPDATE statement has a LIMIT clause, the maximum number of rows that will be updated is found by evaluating the accompanying expression and casting it to an integer value. A negative value is interpreted as "no limit". </p><p>If the LIMIT expression evaluates to non-negative value <i>N</i> and the UPDATE statement has an ORDER BY clause, then all rows that would be updated in the absence of the LIMIT clause are sorted according to the ORDER BY and the first <i>N</i> updated. If the UPDATE statement also has an OFFSET clause, then it is similarly evaluated and cast to an integer value. If the OFFSET expression evaluates to a non-negative value <i>M</i>, then the first <i>M</i> rows are skipped and the following <i>N</i> rows updated instead. </p><p>If the UPDATE statement has no ORDER BY clause, then all rows that would be updated in the absence of the LIMIT clause are assembled in an arbitrary order before applying the LIMIT and OFFSET clauses to determine which are actually updated. </p><p>The ORDER BY clause on an UPDATE statement is used only to determine which rows fall within the LIMIT. The order in which rows are modified is arbitrary and is not influenced by the ORDER BY clause. </p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_vacuum.html.
1 2 3 4 5 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html><head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> <title>VACUUM</title> <!-- path= --> </head> <body> <div class=nosearch> <a href="index.html"> <img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> </a> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | > > > > > > > > > > > | | | > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | < < | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ x.style.display = 'none'; b.innerHTML='show'; }else{ x.style.display = ''; b.innerHTML='hide'; } return false; } </script> </div> <div class=fancy> <div class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> VACUUM </div> </div> <h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1> <p><b><a href="syntax/vacuum-stmt.html">vacuum-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x2159' onclick='hideorshow("x2159","x2160")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x2160' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram vacuum-stmt" src="images/syntax/vacuum-stmt.gif" /> </div> <h1 id="description"><span>2. </span>Description</h1> <p> The VACUUM command rebuilds the database file, repacking it into a minimal amount of disk space. There are several reasons an application might do this: </p><ul> <li> <p> Unless SQLite is running in "auto_vacuum=FULL" mode, when a large amount of data is deleted from the database file it leaves behind empty space, or "free" database pages. This means the database file might be larger than strictly necessary. Running VACUUM to rebuild the database reclaims this space and reduces the size of the database file. </p></li><li> <p> Frequent inserts, updates, and deletes can cause the database file to become fragmented - where data for a single table or index is scattered around the database file. Running VACUUM ensures that each table and index is largely stored contiguously within the database file. In some cases, VACUUM may also reduce the number of partially filled pages in the database, reducing the size of the database file further. </p></li><li> <p> When content is deleted from an SQLite database, the content is not usually erased but rather the space used to hold the content is marked as being available for reuse. This can allow deleted content to be recovered by a hacker or by forensic analysis. Running VACUUM will clean the database of all traces of deleted content, thus preventing an adversary from recovering deleted content. Using VACUUM in this way is an alternative to setting <a href="pragma.html#pragma_secure_delete">PRAGMA secure_delete=ON</a>. </p></li><li> <p> Normally, the database <a href="pragma.html#pragma_page_size">page_size</a> and whether or not the database supports <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a> must be configured before the database file is actually created. However, when not in <a href="wal.html">write-ahead log</a> mode, the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_page_size">page_size</a> and/or <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a> properties of an existing database may be changed by using the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_page_size">page_size</a> and/or <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">pragma auto_vacuum</a> pragmas and then immediately VACUUMing the database. When in <a href="wal.html">write-ahead log</a> mode, only the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a> support property can be changed using VACUUM. </p></li></ul> <p>By default, VACUUM only works only on the main database. <a href="lang_attach.html">Attached databases</a> can be vacuumed by appending the appropriate <span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> to the VACUUM statement. </p><p><b>Compatibility Warning:</b> The ability to vacuum attached databases was added in <a href="releaselog/3_15_0.html">version 3.15.0</a> (2016-10-14). Prior to that, a <span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> added to the VACUUM statement would be silently ignored and the "main" schema would be vacuumed.</p> <a name="vacuuminto"></a> <h2 id="vacuum_with_an_into_clause"><span>2.1. </span>VACUUM with an INTO clause</h2> <p>If the INTO clause is included, then the original database file is unchanged and a new database is created in the filename given by the argument to the INTO clause. The new database will contain the same logical content as the original database, fully vacuumed. </p><p> The VACUUM command with an INTO clause is an alternative to the <a href="backup.html">backup API</a> for generating backup copies of a live database. The advantage of using VACUUM INTO is that the resulting backup database is minimal in size and hence the amount of filesystem I/O may be reduced. Also, all deleted content is purged from the backup, leaving behind no forensic traces. On the other hand, the <a href="backup.html">backup API</a> uses fewer CPU cycles and can be executed incrementally. </p><p> The filename in the INTO clause can be an arbitrary SQL expression that evaluates to a string. The file named by the INTO clause must not previously exist, or else it must be an empty file, or the VACUUM INTO command will fail with an error. </p><p> The argument to INTO can be a <a href="uri.html">URI filename</a> if URI filenames are enabled. URL filenames are enabled if any of the following are true: </p><ul> <li> The SQLite library was compiled with <a href="compile.html#use_uri">-DSQLITE_USE_URI=1</a>. </li><li> The <a href="c3ref/config.html">sqlite3_config</a>(<a href="c3ref/c_config_covering_index_scan.html#sqliteconfiguri">SQLITE_CONFIG_URI</a>,1) interfaces was invoked at start-time. </li><li> The <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a> that is running the VACUUM INTO statement was originally opened using the <a href="c3ref/c_open_autoproxy.html">SQLITE_OPEN_URI</a> flag. </li></ul> <p> The VACUUM INTO command is transactional in the sense that the generated output database is a consistent snapshot of the original database. However, if the VACUUM INTO command is interrupted by an unplanned shutdown or power lose, then the generated output database might be incomplete and corrupt. Also, SQLite does not invoke fsync() or FlushFileBuffers() on the generated database to ensure that it has reached non-volatile storage before completing. <a name="howvacuumworks"></a> </p><h1 id="how_vacuum_works"><span>3. </span>How VACUUM works</h1> <p>The VACUUM command works by copying the contents of the database into a temporary database file and then overwriting the original with the contents of the temporary file. When overwriting the original, a rollback journal or <a href="wal.html">write-ahead log</a> WAL file is used just as it would be for any other database transaction. This means that when VACUUMing a database, as much as twice the size of the original database file is required in free disk space. </p><p>The VACUUM INTO command works the same way except that it uses the file named on the INTO clause in place of the temporary database and omits the step of copying the vacuumed database back over top of the original database. </p><p>The VACUUM command may change the <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">ROWIDs</a> of entries in any tables that do not have an explicit <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a>. </p> <p>A VACUUM will fail if there is an open transaction on the database connection that is attempting to run the VACUUM. Unfinalized SQL statements typically hold a read transaction open, so the VACUUM might fail if there are unfinalized SQL statements on the same connection. VACUUM (but not VACUUM INTO) is a write operation and so if another database connection is holding a lock that prevents writes, then the VACUUM will fail. </p><p>An alternative to using the VACUUM command to reclaim space after data has been deleted is auto-vacuum mode, enabled using the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a> pragma. When <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a> is enabled for a database free pages may be reclaimed after deleting data, causing the file to shrink, without rebuilding the entire database using VACUUM. However, using <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a> can lead to extra database file fragmentation. And <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum</a> does not compact partially filled pages of the database as VACUUM does. </p> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/lang_with.html.
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Overview</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#ordinary_common_table_expressions">2. Ordinary Common Table Expressions</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#recursive_common_table_expressions">3. Recursive Common Table Expressions</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#recursive_query_examples">3.1. Recursive Query Examples</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#hierarchical_query_examples">3.2. Hierarchical Query Examples</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#queries_against_a_graph">3.3. Queries Against A Graph</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#controlling_depth_first_versus_breadth_first_search_of_a_tree_using_order_by">3.4. Controlling Depth-First Versus Breadth-First Search Of a Tree Using ORDER BY</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#outlandish_recursive_query_examples">3.5. Outlandish Recursive Query Examples</a></div> <div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#limitations_and_caveats">4. Limitations And Caveats</a></div> </div> </div> <script> function toggle_toc(){ var sub = document.getElementById("toc_sub") var mk = document.getElementById("toc_mk") if( sub.style.display!="block" ){ sub.style.display = "block"; mk.innerHTML = "▼"; } else { sub.style.display = "none"; mk.innerHTML = "►"; } } </script> </div> <h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1> <p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b> <button id='x2161' onclick='hideorshow("x2161","x2162")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x2162' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b> <button id='x2163' onclick='hideorshow("x2163","x2164")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2164' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b> <button id='x2165' onclick='hideorshow("x2165","x2166")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2166' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b> <button id='x2167' onclick='hideorshow("x2167","x2168")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2168' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> <button id='x2169' onclick='hideorshow("x2169","x2170")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2170' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b> <button id='x2171' onclick='hideorshow("x2171","x2172")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2172' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x2173' onclick='hideorshow("x2173","x2174")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2174' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram filter-clause" src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b> <button id='x2175' onclick='hideorshow("x2175","x2176")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2176' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b> <button id='x2177' onclick='hideorshow("x2177","x2178")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2178' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram over-clause" src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x2179' onclick='hideorshow("x2179","x2180")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2180' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> <button id='x2181' onclick='hideorshow("x2181","x2182")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2182' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b> <button id='x2183' onclick='hideorshow("x2183","x2184")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2184' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x2185' onclick='hideorshow("x2185","x2186")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2186' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x2187' onclick='hideorshow("x2187","x2188")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2188' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x2189' onclick='hideorshow("x2189","x2190")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2190' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x2191' onclick='hideorshow("x2191","x2192")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2192' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" /> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b> <button id='x2193' onclick='hideorshow("x2193","x2194")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2194' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b> <button id='x2195' onclick='hideorshow("x2195","x2196")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2196' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b> <button id='x2197' onclick='hideorshow("x2197","x2198")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2198' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" /> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b> <button id='x2199' onclick='hideorshow("x2199","x2200")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2200' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> <button id='x2201' onclick='hideorshow("x2201","x2202")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2202' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>Common Table Expressions or CTEs act like temporary <a href="lang_createview.html">views</a> that exist only for the duration of a single SQL statement. There are two kinds of common table expressions: "ordinary" and "recursive". Ordinary common table expressions are helpful for making queries easier to understand by factoring subqueries out of the main SQL statement. Recursive common table expressions provide the ability to do hierarchical or recursive queries of trees and graphs, a capability that is not otherwise available in the SQL language. </p><p>All common table expressions (ordinary and recursive) are created by prepending a WITH clause in front of a <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a>, <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>, <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, or <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statement. A single WITH clause can specify one or more common table expressions, some of which are ordinary and some of which are recursive. <a name="ordinarycte"></a> </p><h1 id="ordinary_common_table_expressions"><span>2. </span>Ordinary Common Table Expressions</h1> <p>An ordinary common table expression works as if it were a <a href="lang_createview.html">view</a> that exists for the duration of a single statement. Ordinary common table expressions are useful for factoring out subqueries and making the overall SQL statement easier to read and understand. </p><p>A WITH clause can contain ordinary common table expressions even if it includes the RECURSIVE keyword. The use of RECURSIVE does not force common table expressions to be recursive. <a name="recursivecte"></a> </p><h1 id="recursive_common_table_expressions"><span>3. </span>Recursive Common Table Expressions</h1> <p>A recursive common table expression can be used to write a query that walks a tree or graph. A recursive common table expression has the same basic syntax as an ordinary common table expression, but with the following additional features: </p><ol> <li> The "<a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt</a>" must be a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound select</a> where the right-most <a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator</a> is either UNION or UNION ALL. </li><li> The table named on the left-hand side of the AS keyword must appear exactly once in the FROM clause of the right-most SELECT statement of the compound select, and nowhere else. </li><li> The right-most SELECT of the compound select must not make use of <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate</a> or <a href="windowfunctions.html">window functions</a>. </li></ol> <p>To put it another way, a recursive common table expression must look like the following: <p><b><a href="syntax/recursive-cte.html">recursive-cte:</a></b> <button id='x2203' onclick='hideorshow("x2203","x2204")'>hide</button></p> <div id='x2204' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram recursive-cte" src="images/syntax/recursive-cte.gif" /> <p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b> <button id='x2205' onclick='hideorshow("x2205","x2206")'>show</button></p> <div id='x2206' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" /> </div> </div> </p><p>Call the table named by the <a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name</a> in a recursive common table expression the "recursive table". In the <a href="syntax/recursive-cte.html">recursive-cte</a> bubble diagram above, the recursive table must appear exactly once in the FROM clause of the <span class='yyterm'>recursive-select</span> and must not appear anywhere else in either the <span class='yyterm'>initial-select</span> or the <span class='yyterm'>recursive-select</span>, including subqueries. The <span class='yyterm'>initial-select</span> may be a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound select</a>, but it may not include an ORDER BY, LIMIT, or OFFSET. The recursive-select must be a simple select, not a compound. The recursive-select is allowed to include an ORDER BY, LIMIT, and/or OFFSET. </p><p>The basic algorithm for computing the content of the recursive table is as follows: </p><ol> <li> Run the <span class='yyterm'>initial-select</span> and add the results to a queue. </li><li> While the queue is not empty: <ol type="a"> <li> Extract a single row from the queue. </li><li> Insert that single row into the recursive table </li><li> Pretend that the single row just extracted is the only row in the recursive table and run the recursive-select, adding all results to the queue. </li></ol> </li></ol> <p>The basic procedure above may modified by the following additional rules: </p><ul> <li><p> If a UNION operator connects the <span class='yyterm'>initial-select</span> with the <span class='yyterm'>recursive-select</span>, then only add rows to the queue if no identical row has been previously added to the queue. Repeated rows are discarded before being added to the queue even if the repeated rows have already been extracted from the queue by the recursion step. If the operator is UNION ALL, then all rows generated by both the <span class='yyterm'>initial-select</span> and the <span class='yyterm'>recursive-select</span> are always added to the queue even if they are repeats. When determining if a row is repeated, NULL values compare equal to one another and not equal to any other value. </p></li><li><p> The LIMIT clause, if present, determines the maximum number of rows that will ever be added to the recursive table in step 2b. Once the limit is reached, the recursion stops. A limit of zero means that no rows are ever added to the recursive table, and a negative limit means an unlimited number of rows may be added to the recursive table. </p></li><li><p> The OFFSET clause, if it is present and has a positive value N, prevents the first N rows from being added to the recursive table. The first N rows are still processed by the <span class='yyterm'>recursive-select</span> — they just are not added to the recursive table. Rows are not counted toward fulfilling the LIMIT until all OFFSET rows have been skipped. </p></li><li><p> If an ORDER BY clause is present, it determines the order in which rows are extracted from the queue in step 2a. If there is no ORDER BY clause, then the order in which rows are extracted is undefined. (In the current implementation, the queue becomes a FIFO if the ORDER BY clause is omitted, but applications should not depend on that fact since it might change.) </p></li></ul> <a name="rcex1"></a> <h2 id="recursive_query_examples"><span>3.1. </span>Recursive Query Examples</h2> <p>The following query returns all integers between 1 and 1000000: </p><blockquote><pre> WITH RECURSIVE cnt(x) AS (VALUES(1) UNION ALL SELECT x+1 FROM cnt WHERE x<1000000) SELECT="1" x="1" FROM="1" cnt;="1" </pre="1"></1000000)></pre></blockquote> <p>Consider how this query works. The initial-select runs first and returns a single row with a single column "1". This one row is added to the queue. In step 2a, that one row is extracted from the queue and added to "cnt". Then the recursive-select is run in accordance with step 2c generating a single new row with value "2" to add to the queue. The queue still has one row, so step 2 repeats. The "2" row is extracted and added to the recursive table by steps 2a and 2b. Then the row containing 2 is used as if it were the complete content of the recursive table and the recursive-select is run again, resulting in a row with value "3" being added to the queue. This repeats 999999 times until finally at step 2a the only value on the queue is a row containing 1000000. That row is extracted and added to the recursive table. But this time, the WHERE clause causes the recursive-select to return no rows, so the queue remains empty and the recursion stops. </p><p><b>Optimization note:</b> In the discussion above, statements like "insert the row into the recursive table" should be understood conceptually, not literally. It sounds as if SQLite is accumulating a huge table containing one million rows, then going back and scanning that table from top to bottom to generate the result. What really happens is that the query optimizer sees that values in the "cnt" recursive table are only used once. So as each row is added to the recursive table, that row is immediately returned as a result of the main SELECT statement and then discarded. SQLite does <em>not</em> accumulate a temporary table containing a million rows. Very little memory is needed to run the above example. However, if the example had used UNION instead of UNION ALL, then SQLite would have had to keep around all previously generated content in order to check for duplicates. For this reason, programmers should strive to use UNION ALL instead of UNION when feasible. </p><p>Here is a variation on the previous example: </p><blockquote><pre> WITH RECURSIVE cnt(x) AS ( SELECT 1 UNION ALL SELECT x+1 FROM cnt LIMIT 1000000 ) |
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398 399 400 401 402 403 404 | queue to drain and the recursion to terminate. But the LIMIT clause will always stop the recursion. So it is good practice to always include a LIMIT clause as a safety if an upper bound on the size of the recursion is known. <a name="rcex2"></a> | | | | | | | | | | | | 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 | queue to drain and the recursion to terminate. But the LIMIT clause will always stop the recursion. So it is good practice to always include a LIMIT clause as a safety if an upper bound on the size of the recursion is known. <a name="rcex2"></a> </p><h2 id="hierarchical_query_examples"><span>3.2. </span>Hierarchical Query Examples</h2> <p>Consider a table that describes the members of an organization as well as the chain-of-command within that organization: </p><blockquote><pre> CREATE TABLE org( name TEXT PRIMARY KEY, boss TEXT REFERENCES org, height INT, -- other content omitted ); </pre></blockquote> <p>Every member in the organization has a name, and most members have a single boss. (The head of the whole organization has a NULL "boss" field.) The rows of the "org" table form a tree. </p><p>Here is a query that computes the average height over everyone in Alice's organization, including Alice: </p><blockquote><pre> WITH RECURSIVE works_for_alice(n) AS ( VALUES('Alice') UNION SELECT name FROM org, works_for_alice WHERE org.boss=works_for_alice.n ) SELECT avg(height) FROM org WHERE org.name IN works_for_alice; </pre></blockquote> <p>The next example uses two common table expressions in a single WITH clause. The following table records a family tree: </p><blockquote><pre> CREATE TABLE family( name TEXT PRIMARY KEY, mom TEXT REFERENCES family, dad TEXT REFERENCES family, born DATETIME, died DATETIME, -- NULL if still alive -- other content ); </pre></blockquote> <p>The "family" table is similar to the earlier "org" table except that now there are two parents to each member. We want to know all living ancestors of Alice, from oldest to youngest. An ordinary common table expression, "parent_of", is defined first. That ordinary CTE is a view that can be used to find all parents of any individual. That ordinary CTE is then used in the "ancestor_of_alice" recursive CTE. The recursive CTE is then used in the final query: </p><blockquote><pre> WITH RECURSIVE parent_of(name, parent) AS (SELECT name, mom FROM family UNION SELECT name, dad FROM family), ancestor_of_alice(name) AS (SELECT parent FROM parent_of WHERE name='Alice' UNION ALL SELECT parent FROM parent_of JOIN ancestor_of_alice USING(name)) SELECT family.name FROM ancestor_of_alice, family WHERE ancestor_of_alice.name=family.name AND died IS NULL ORDER BY born; </pre></blockquote> <a name="rcex3"></a> <h2 id="queries_against_a_graph"><span>3.3. </span>Queries Against A Graph</h2> <p>A version control system (VCS) will typically store the evolving versions of a project as a directed acyclic graph (DAG). Call each version of the project a "checkin". A single checkin can have zero or more parents. Most checkins (except the first) have a single parent, but in the case of a merge, a checkin might have two or three or more parents. A schema to keep track of checkins and the order in which they occur might look something like this: </p><blockquote><pre> CREATE TABLE checkin( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, mtime INTEGER -- timestamp when this checkin occurred ); CREATE TABLE derivedfrom( xfrom INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES checkin, -- parent checkin xto INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES checkin, -- derived checkin PRIMARY KEY(xfrom,xto) ); CREATE INDEX derivedfrom_back ON derivedfrom(xto,xfrom); </pre></blockquote> <p>This graph is acyclic. And we assume that the mtime of every child checkin is no less than the mtime of all its parents. But unlike the earlier examples, this graph might have multiple paths of differing lengths between any two checkins. </p><p>We want to know the twenty most recent ancestors in time (out of the thousands and thousands of ancestors in the whole DAG) for checkin "@BASELINE". (A query similar to this is used by the <a href="http://www.fossil-scm.org/">Fossil</a> VCS to show the N most recent ancestors of a check. For example: <a href="http://www.sqlite.org/src/timeline?p=trunk&n=30">http://www.sqlite.org/src/timeline?p=trunk&n=30</a>.) </p><blockquote><pre> WITH RECURSIVE ancestor(id,mtime) AS ( SELECT id, mtime FROM checkin WHERE id=@BASELINE UNION SELECT derivedfrom.xfrom, checkin.mtime FROM ancestor, derivedfrom, checkin WHERE ancestor.id=derivedfrom.xto |
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536 537 538 539 540 541 542 | The ORDER BY essentially sets up a priority queue that forces the recursive query to look at the most recent ancestors first, allowing the use of a LIMIT clause to restrict the scope of the query to just the checkins of interest. <a name="withorderby"></a> | | | | | | | | | | | 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 | The ORDER BY essentially sets up a priority queue that forces the recursive query to look at the most recent ancestors first, allowing the use of a LIMIT clause to restrict the scope of the query to just the checkins of interest. <a name="withorderby"></a> </p><h2 id="controlling_depth_first_versus_breadth_first_search_of_a_tree_using_order_by"><span>3.4. </span>Controlling Depth-First Versus Breadth-First Search Of a Tree Using ORDER BY</h2> <p>An ORDER BY clause on the recursive-select can be used to control whether the search of a tree is depth-first or breadth-first. To illustrate, we will use a variation on the "org" table from an example above, without the "height" column, and with some real data inserted: </p><blockquote><pre> CREATE TABLE org( name TEXT PRIMARY KEY, boss TEXT REFERENCES org ) WITHOUT ROWID; INSERT INTO org VALUES('Alice',NULL); INSERT INTO org VALUES('Bob','Alice'); INSERT INTO org VALUES('Cindy','Alice'); INSERT INTO org VALUES('Dave','Bob'); INSERT INTO org VALUES('Emma','Bob'); INSERT INTO org VALUES('Fred','Cindy'); INSERT INTO org VALUES('Gail','Cindy'); </pre></blockquote> <p>Here is a query to show the tree structure in a breadth-first pattern: </p><blockquote><pre> WITH RECURSIVE under_alice(name,level) AS ( VALUES('Alice',0) UNION ALL SELECT org.name, under_alice.level+1 FROM org JOIN under_alice ON org.boss=under_alice.name ORDER BY 2 ) SELECT substr('..........',1,level*3) || name FROM under_alice; </pre></blockquote> <p>The "ORDER BY 2" (which means the same as "ORDER BY under_alice.level+1") causes higher levels in the organization chart (with smaller "level" values) to be processed first, resulting in a breadth-first search. The output is: </p><blockquote><pre> Alice ...Bob ...Cindy ......Dave ......Emma ......Fred ......Gail </pre></blockquote> <p>But if we change the ORDER BY clause to add the "DESC" modifier, that will cause lower levels in the organization (with larger "level" values) to be processed first by the recursive-select, resulting in a depth-first search: </p><blockquote><pre> WITH RECURSIVE under_alice(name,level) AS ( VALUES('Alice',0) UNION ALL SELECT org.name, under_alice.level+1 FROM org JOIN under_alice ON org.boss=under_alice.name ORDER BY 2 <b>DESC</b> ) SELECT substr('..........',1,level*3) || name FROM under_alice; </pre></blockquote> <p>The output of this revised query is: </p><blockquote><pre> Alice ...Bob ......Dave ......Emma ...Cindy ......Fred ......Gail </pre></blockquote> <p>When the ORDER BY clause is omitted from the recursive-select, the queue behaves as a FIFO, which results in a breadth-first search. <a name="mandelbrot"></a> </p><h2 id="outlandish_recursive_query_examples"><span>3.5. </span>Outlandish Recursive Query Examples</h2> <p>The following query computes an approximation of the Mandelbrot Set and outputs the result as ASCII-art: </p><blockquote><pre> WITH RECURSIVE xaxis(x) AS (VALUES(-2.0) UNION ALL SELECT x+0.05 FROM xaxis WHERE x<1.2), yaxis(y) AS (VALUES(-1.0) UNION ALL SELECT y+0.1 FROM yaxis WHERE y<1.0), m(iter, cx, cy, x, y) AS ( SELECT 0, x, y, 0.0, 0.0 FROM xaxis, yaxis UNION ALL SELECT iter+1, cx, cy, x*x-y*y + cx, 2.0*x*y + cy FROM m |
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658 659 660 661 662 663 664 | The "m2(iter,cx,cy)" CTE holds the maximum number of iterations reached when starting at point cx,cy. Finally, each row in the "a(t)" CTE holds a string which is a single line of the output ASCII-art. The SELECT statement at the end just queries the "a" CTE to retrieve all lines of ASCII-art, one by one. | | | | 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 | The "m2(iter,cx,cy)" CTE holds the maximum number of iterations reached when starting at point cx,cy. Finally, each row in the "a(t)" CTE holds a string which is a single line of the output ASCII-art. The SELECT statement at the end just queries the "a" CTE to retrieve all lines of ASCII-art, one by one. </p><p>Running the query above in an SQLite <a href="cli.html">command-line shell</a> results in the following output: </p><blockquote><pre> ....# ..#*.. ..+####+. .......+####.... + ..##+*##########+.++++ .+.##################+. .............+###################+.+ |
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694 695 696 697 698 699 700 | <p>This next query solves a Sudoku puzzle. The state of the puzzle is defined by an 81-character string formed by reading entries from the puzzle box row by row from left to right and then from top to bottom. Blank squares in the puzzle are denoted by a "." character. Thus the input string: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 | <p>This next query solves a Sudoku puzzle. The state of the puzzle is defined by an 81-character string formed by reading entries from the puzzle box row by row from left to right and then from top to bottom. Blank squares in the puzzle are denoted by a "." character. Thus the input string: </p><blockquote> 53..7....6..195....98....6.8...6...34..8.3..17...2...6.6....28....419..5....8..79 </blockquote> <p>Corresponds to a puzzle like this: </p><blockquote> <table border="1" cellpadding="5"> <tr><td>5</td><td>3</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>7</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>1</td><td>9</td><td>5</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>9</td><td>8</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>6</td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>6</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>3 </td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>8</td><td> </td><td>3</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>1 </td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>2</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>6 </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>6</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>2</td><td>8</td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>4</td><td>1</td><td>9</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>5 </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>8</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>7</td><td>9 </td></tr></table> </blockquote> <p>This is the query that solves the puzzle: </p><blockquote><pre> WITH RECURSIVE input(sud) AS ( VALUES('53..7....6..195....98....6.8...6...34..8.3..17...2...6.6....28....419..5....8..79') ), digits(z, lp) AS ( VALUES('1', 1) UNION ALL SELECT |
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755 756 757 758 759 760 761 | The "digits" CTE defines a table that holds all digits between 1 and 9. The work of solving the puzzle is undertaken by the "x" CTE. An entry in x(s,ind) means that the 81-character string "s" is a valid sudoku puzzle (it has no conflicts) and that the first unknown character is at position "ind", or ind==0 if all character positions are filled in. The goal, then, is to compute entries for "x" with an "ind" of 0. | | | | | | | | < | 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 | The "digits" CTE defines a table that holds all digits between 1 and 9. The work of solving the puzzle is undertaken by the "x" CTE. An entry in x(s,ind) means that the 81-character string "s" is a valid sudoku puzzle (it has no conflicts) and that the first unknown character is at position "ind", or ind==0 if all character positions are filled in. The goal, then, is to compute entries for "x" with an "ind" of 0. </p><p>The solver works by adding new entries to the "x" recursive table. Given prior entries, the recursive-select tries to fill in a single new position with all values between 1 and 9 that actually work in that position. The complicated "NOT EXISTS" subquery is the magic that figures out whether or not each candidate "s" string is a valid sudoku puzzle or not. </p><p>The final answer is found by looking for a string with ind==0. If the original sudoku problem did not have a unique solution, then the query will return all possible solutions. If the original problem was unsolvable, then no rows will be returned. In this case, the unique answer is: </p><blockquote> 534678912672195348198342567859761423426853791713924856961537284287419635345286179 </blockquote> <p>The solution was computed in less than 300 milliseconds on a modern workstation. </p><h1 id="limitations_and_caveats"><span>4. </span>Limitations And Caveats</h1> <ul> <li><p> The WITH clause cannot be used within a <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a>. </p></li><li><p> The WITH clause must appear at the beginning of a top-level <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement or at the beginning of a subquery. The WITH clause cannot be prepended to the second or subsequent SELECT statement of a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound select</a>. </p></li><li><p> The SQL:1999 spec requires that the RECURSIVE keyword follow WITH in any WITH clause that includes a recursive common table expression. However, for compatibility with SqlServer and Oracle, SQLite does not enforce this rule. </p></li></ul> |
Changes to Doc/Extra/Core/pragma.html.
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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246 247 248 249 250 251 252 | feature becomes officially supported. <li><p> The table-valued functions for PRAGMA feature was added in SQLite version 3.16.0 (2017-01-02). Prior versions of SQLite cannot use this feature. </ul> | < | < | < < > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | < < < < < < < < < < < < < < | < | | < | | | | | | | < | | | | | | | < | | < < < < | | | | | | | < > | | | | | | | > > > | < < < < < < < < < < < | > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > | | 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 | feature becomes officially supported. <li><p> The table-valued functions for PRAGMA feature was added in SQLite version 3.16.0 (2017-01-02). Prior versions of SQLite cannot use this feature. </ul> <hr /><a name="toc"></a> <h2>List Of PRAGMAs</h2> <div class='columns' style='columns: 12em auto;'> <ul style='padding-top:0;'> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_analysis_limit'>analysis_limit</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_application_id'>application_id</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum'>auto_vacuum</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_automatic_index'>automatic_index</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_busy_timeout'>busy_timeout</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_cache_size'>cache_size</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_cache_spill'>cache_spill</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_case_sensitive_like'>case_sensitive_like</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_cell_size_check'>cell_size_check</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_checkpoint_fullfsync'>checkpoint_fullfsync</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_collation_list'>collation_list</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_compile_options'>compile_options</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_count_changes'><s>count_changes¹</s></a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_data_store_directory'><s>data_store_directory¹</s></a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_data_version'>data_version</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_database_list'>database_list</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_default_cache_size'><s>default_cache_size¹</s></a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_defer_foreign_keys'>defer_foreign_keys</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_empty_result_callbacks'><s>empty_result_callbacks¹</s></a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_encoding'>encoding</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_foreign_key_check'>foreign_key_check</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_foreign_key_list'>foreign_key_list</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys'>foreign_keys</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_freelist_count'>freelist_count</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_full_column_names'><s>full_column_names¹</s></a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_fullfsync'>fullfsync</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_function_list'>function_list</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_hard_heap_limit'>hard_heap_limit</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_ignore_check_constraints'>ignore_check_constraints</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_incremental_vacuum'>incremental_vacuum</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_index_info'>index_info</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_index_list'>index_list</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_index_xinfo'>index_xinfo</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_integrity_check'>integrity_check</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_journal_mode'>journal_mode</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_journal_size_limit'>journal_size_limit</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_legacy_alter_table'>legacy_alter_table</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_legacy_file_format'>legacy_file_format</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_locking_mode'>locking_mode</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_max_page_count'>max_page_count</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_mmap_size'>mmap_size</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_module_list'>module_list</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_optimize'>optimize</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_page_count'>page_count</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_page_size'>page_size</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_parser_trace'>parser_trace²</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_pragma_list'>pragma_list</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_query_only'>query_only</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_quick_check'>quick_check</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_read_uncommitted'>read_uncommitted</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_recursive_triggers'>recursive_triggers</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_reverse_unordered_selects'>reverse_unordered_selects</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_schema_version'>schema_version³</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_secure_delete'>secure_delete</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_short_column_names'><s>short_column_names¹</s></a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_shrink_memory'>shrink_memory</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_soft_heap_limit'>soft_heap_limit</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_stats'>stats³</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_synchronous'>synchronous</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_table_info'>table_info</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_table_xinfo'>table_xinfo</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_temp_store'>temp_store</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_temp_store_directory'><s>temp_store_directory¹</s></a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_threads'>threads</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_trusted_schema'>trusted_schema</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_user_version'>user_version</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_vdbe_addoptrace'>vdbe_addoptrace²</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_vdbe_debug'>vdbe_debug²</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_vdbe_listing'>vdbe_listing²</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_vdbe_trace'>vdbe_trace²</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_wal_autocheckpoint'>wal_autocheckpoint</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_wal_checkpoint'>wal_checkpoint</a></li> <li><a href='pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema'>writable_schema³</a></li> </ul> </div> <p>Notes: <ol> <li>Pragmas whose names are <s>struck through</s> are deprecated. Do not use them. They exist for historical compatibility. <li>These pragmas are only available in builds using non-standard compile-time options. <li>These pragmas are used for testing SQLite and are not recommended for use in application programs.</ol></p> <a name="pragma_analysis_limit"></a> <h _id=pragma_analysis_limit style="display:none"> PRAGMA analysis_limit</h><hr> <p><b>PRAGMA analysis_limit; <br>PRAGMA analysis_limit = </b><i>N</i><b>;</b></p> <p>Query or change a limit on the <a href="lang_analyze.html#approx">approximate ANALYZE</a> setting. This is approximate number of rows examined in each index by the <a href="lang_analyze.html">ANALYZE</a> command. If the argument <i>N</i> is omitted, then the analysis limit is unchanged. If the limit is zero, then the analysis limit is disabled and the ANALYZE command will examine all rows of each index. If N is greater than zero, then the analysis limit is set to N and subsequent ANALYZE commands will breaks off processing each index after it has examined approximately N rows. If N is a negative number or something other than an integer value, then the pragma behaves as if the N argument was omitted. In all cases, the value returned is the new analysis limit used for subsequent ANALYZE commands. <p>This pragma can be used to help the ANALYZE command run faster on large databases. The results of analysis are not as good when only part of each index is examined, but the results are usually good enough. Setting N to 100 or 1000 allows the ANALYZE command to run very quickly, even on multi-gigabyte database files. This pragma is particularly useful in combination with <a href="pragma.html#pragma_optimize">PRAGMA optimize</a>. <p>This pragma was added in SQLite version 3.32.0 (2020-05-22). The current implementation only uses the lower 31 bits of the N value - higher order bits are silently ignored. Future versions of SQLite might begin using higher order bits. <a name="pragma_application_id"></a> <h _id=pragma_application_id style="display:none"> PRAGMA application_id</h><hr> <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>application_id; <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>application_id = </b><i>integer </i><b>;</b> <p>The application_id PRAGMA is used to query or set the 32-bit signed big-endian "Application ID" integer located at offset 68 into the <a href="fileformat2.html#database_header">database header</a>. Applications that use SQLite as their <a href="appfileformat.html">application file-format</a> should set the Application ID integer to a unique integer so that utilities such as <a href="http://www.darwinsys.com/file/">file(1)</a> can determine the specific file type rather than just reporting "SQLite3 Database". A list of assigned application IDs can be seen by consulting the |
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601 602 603 604 605 606 607 | <p>Query or change the count-changes flag. Normally, when the count-changes flag is not set, <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>, <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> and <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a> statements return no data. When count-changes is set, each of these commands returns a single row of data consisting of one integer value - the number of rows inserted, modified or deleted by the command. The returned change count does not include any insertions, modifications or deletions performed by triggers, any changes made automatically | | | 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 | <p>Query or change the count-changes flag. Normally, when the count-changes flag is not set, <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>, <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> and <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a> statements return no data. When count-changes is set, each of these commands returns a single row of data consisting of one integer value - the number of rows inserted, modified or deleted by the command. The returned change count does not include any insertions, modifications or deletions performed by triggers, any changes made automatically by <a href="foreignkeys.html#fk_actions">foreign key actions</a>, or updates caused by an <a href="lang_upsert.html">upsert</a>.</p> <p>Another way to get the row change counts is to use the <a href="c3ref/changes.html">sqlite3_changes()</a> or <a href="c3ref/total_changes.html">sqlite3_total_changes()</a> interfaces. There is a subtle different, though. When an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE is run against a view using an <a href="lang_createtrigger.html#instead_of_trigger">INSTEAD OF trigger</a>, the count_changes pragma reports the number of rows in the view that fired the trigger, whereas <a href="c3ref/changes.html">sqlite3_changes()</a> and |
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1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 | <p>For compatibility with older <a href="vtab.html">virtual table</a> implementations, this flag is turned on temporarily while the <a href="vtab.html#xrename">sqlite3_module.xRename</a> method is being run. The value of this flag is restore after the <a href="vtab.html#xrename">sqlite3_module.xRename</a> method finishes. <p>The legacy alter table behavior can also be toggled on and off using the <a href="c3ref/c_dbconfig_defensive.html#sqlitedbconfiglegacyaltertable">SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_ALTER_TABLE</a> option to the <a href="c3ref/db_config.html">sqlite3_db_config()</a> interface. <a name="pragma_legacy_file_format"></a> <h _id=pragma_legacy_file_format style="display:none"> PRAGMA legacy_file_format</h><hr> <p><b>PRAGMA legacy_file_format;</b> <p>This pragma no longer functions. It has become a no-op. The capabilities formerly provided by PRAGMA legacy_file_format are now available using the <a href="c3ref/c_dbconfig_defensive.html#sqlitedbconfiglegacyfileformat">SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_FILE_FORMAT</a> option to the <a href="c3ref/db_config.html">sqlite3_db_config()</a> C-language interface. | > > > > > | 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 | <p>For compatibility with older <a href="vtab.html">virtual table</a> implementations, this flag is turned on temporarily while the <a href="vtab.html#xrename">sqlite3_module.xRename</a> method is being run. The value of this flag is restore after the <a href="vtab.html#xrename">sqlite3_module.xRename</a> method finishes. <p>The legacy alter table behavior can also be toggled on and off using the <a href="c3ref/c_dbconfig_defensive.html#sqlitedbconfiglegacyaltertable">SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_ALTER_TABLE</a> option to the <a href="c3ref/db_config.html">sqlite3_db_config()</a> interface. <p>The legacy alter table behavior is a per-connection setting. Turning this features on or off affects all attached database files within the <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a>. The setting does not persist. Changing this setting in one connection does not affect any other connections. <a name="pragma_legacy_file_format"></a> <h _id=pragma_legacy_file_format style="display:none"> PRAGMA legacy_file_format</h><hr> <p><b>PRAGMA legacy_file_format;</b> <p>This pragma no longer functions. It has become a no-op. The capabilities formerly provided by PRAGMA legacy_file_format are now available using the <a href="c3ref/c_dbconfig_defensive.html#sqlitedbconfiglegacyfileformat">SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_FILE_FORMAT</a> option to the <a href="c3ref/db_config.html">sqlite3_db_config()</a> C-language interface. |
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1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 | <p>This pragma is usually a no-op or nearly so and is very fast. However if SQLite feels that performing database optimizations (such as running <a href="lang_analyze.html">ANALYZE</a> or creating new indexes) will improve the performance of future queries, then some database I/O may be done. Applications that want to limit the amount of work performed can set a timer that will invoke <a href="c3ref/interrupt.html">sqlite3_interrupt()</a> if the pragma goes on for too long. </p> <p>The details of optimizations performed by this pragma are expected to change and improve over time. Applications should anticipate that this pragma will perform new optimizations in future releases.</p> <p>The optional MASK argument is a bitmask of optimizations to perform: <ol> | > > > > | 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 | <p>This pragma is usually a no-op or nearly so and is very fast. However if SQLite feels that performing database optimizations (such as running <a href="lang_analyze.html">ANALYZE</a> or creating new indexes) will improve the performance of future queries, then some database I/O may be done. Applications that want to limit the amount of work performed can set a timer that will invoke <a href="c3ref/interrupt.html">sqlite3_interrupt()</a> if the pragma goes on for too long. Or, since SQLite 3.32.0, the application can use <a href="pragma.html#pragma_analysis_limit">PRAGMA analysis_limit=<i>N</i></a> for some small value of <i>N</i> (a few hundred or a few thousand) to limit the depth of analyze. </p> <p>The details of optimizations performed by this pragma are expected to change and improve over time. Applications should anticipate that this pragma will perform new optimizations in future releases.</p> <p>The optional MASK argument is a bitmask of optimizations to perform: <ol> |
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282 283 284 285 286 287 288 | } th.sort.asc:after { content: '\2193'; } th.sort.desc:after { content: '\2191' } | > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > | 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 | } th.sort.asc:after { content: '\2193'; } th.sort.desc:after { content: '\2191' } div.columns { padding: 0 2em 0 2em; max-width: 2000px; } div.columns > ul { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 0 1em; list-style-type: none; padding: 10px; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap; } div.columns > ul li:first-child { margin-top:0px; } .columns li { break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid; } |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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91 92 93 94 95 96 97 | } </script> </div> <h1 align="center">List of SQLite Syntax Diagrams</h1> | | < | < < | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | < < < < < < < < < < < < < < | | | | | | | < | | | | | | | | | | | < < < < < < < | | | | | | < > | | | < | > | | > > > | < < < < < < < < < < < | | 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 | } </script> </div> <h1 align="center">List of SQLite Syntax Diagrams</h1> <div class='columns' style='columns: 15em auto;'> <ul style='padding-top:0;'> <li><a href='syntax/aggregate-function-invocation.html'>aggregate-function-invocation</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/alter-table-stmt.html'>alter-table-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/analyze-stmt.html'>analyze-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/attach-stmt.html'>attach-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/begin-stmt.html'>begin-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/column-def.html'>column-def</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/column-name-list.html'>column-name-list</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/comment-syntax.html'>comment-syntax</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/commit-stmt.html'>commit-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/common-table-expression.html'>common-table-expression</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/compound-operator.html'>compound-operator</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/conflict-clause.html'>conflict-clause</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/create-index-stmt.html'>create-index-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/create-table-stmt.html'>create-table-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/create-view-stmt.html'>create-view-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/create-virtual-table-stmt.html'>create-virtual-table-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/cte-table-name.html'>cte-table-name</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/delete-stmt.html'>delete-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/delete-stmt-limited.html'>delete-stmt-limited</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/detach-stmt.html'>detach-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/drop-index-stmt.html'>drop-index-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/drop-table-stmt.html'>drop-table-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/drop-trigger-stmt.html'>drop-trigger-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/drop-view-stmt.html'>drop-view-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/expr.html'>expr</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/filter-clause.html'>filter-clause</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/foreign-key-clause.html'>foreign-key-clause</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/frame-spec.html'>frame-spec</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/indexed-column.html'>indexed-column</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/insert-stmt.html'>insert-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/join-clause.html'>join-clause</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/join-constraint.html'>join-constraint</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/join-operator.html'>join-operator</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/literal-value.html'>literal-value</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/numeric-literal.html'>numeric-literal</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/over-clause.html'>over-clause</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/pragma-stmt.html'>pragma-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/pragma-value.html'>pragma-value</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/qualified-table-name.html'>qualified-table-name</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/raise-function.html'>raise-function</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/recursive-cte.html'>recursive-cte</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/reindex-stmt.html'>reindex-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/release-stmt.html'>release-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/result-column.html'>result-column</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/rollback-stmt.html'>rollback-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/savepoint-stmt.html'>savepoint-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/select-core.html'>select-core</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/signed-number.html'>signed-number</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/simple-function-invocation.html'>simple-function-invocation</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/sql-stmt-list.html'>sql-stmt-list</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/table-constraint.html'>table-constraint</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/type-name.html'>type-name</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/update-stmt.html'>update-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/upsert-clause.html'>upsert-clause</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/vacuum-stmt.html'>vacuum-stmt</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/window-defn.html'>window-defn</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/window-function-invocation.html'>window-function-invocation</a></li> <li><a href='syntax/with-clause.html'>with-clause</a></li> </ul> </div> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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92 93 94 95 96 97 98 | </script> </div> <h1 align='center'>column-name-list</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="../images/syntax/column-name-list.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./update-stmt.html'>update-stmt</a> <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a> <a href='./upsert-clause.html'>upsert-clause</a><br></br> | | | 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 | </script> </div> <h1 align='center'>column-name-list</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="../images/syntax/column-name-list.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./update-stmt.html'>update-stmt</a> <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a> <a href='./upsert-clause.html'>upsert-clause</a><br></br> See also: <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a> <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a> <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a> </div> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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93 94 95 96 97 98 99 | </div> <h1 align='center'>common-table-expression</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="../images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a> <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a> <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a> <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br> | | | 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 | </div> <h1 align='center'>common-table-expression</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="../images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a> <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a> <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a> <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br> See also: <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a> <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a> <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a> <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a> <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a> <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a> <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a> <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a> <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a> <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a> <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a> </div> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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92 93 94 95 96 97 98 | </script> </div> <h1 align='center'>compound-operator</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="../images/syntax/compound-operator.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a> <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br> | | | 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 | </script> </div> <h1 align='center'>compound-operator</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="../images/syntax/compound-operator.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a> <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br> See also: <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a> <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a> <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a> <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a> <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a> <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a> <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a> <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a> <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a> <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a> <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a> </div> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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93 94 95 96 97 98 99 | </div> <h1 align='center'>expr</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="../images/syntax/expr.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./aggregate-function-invocation.html'>aggregate-function-invocation</a> <a href='./attach-stmt.html'>attach-stmt</a> <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a> <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a> <a href='./create-index-stmt.html'>create-index-stmt</a> <a href='./create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a> <a href='./delete-stmt.html'>delete-stmt</a> <a href='./delete-stmt-limited.html'>delete-stmt-limited</a> <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a> <a href='./filter-clause.html'>filter-clause</a> <a href='./frame-spec.html'>frame-spec</a> <a href='./indexed-column.html'>indexed-column</a> <a href='./insert-stmt.html'>insert-stmt</a> <a href='./join-constraint.html'>join-constraint</a> <a href='./ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a> <a href='./over-clause.html'>over-clause</a> <a href='./result-column.html'>result-column</a> <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a> <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a> <a href='./simple-function-invocation.html'>simple-function-invocation</a> <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a> <a href='./table-constraint.html'>table-constraint</a> <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a> <a href='./update-stmt.html'>update-stmt</a> <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a> <a href='./upsert-clause.html'>upsert-clause</a> <a href='./window-defn.html'>window-defn</a> <a href='./window-function-invocation.html'>window-function-invocation</a><br></br> References: <a href='./filter-clause.html'>filter-clause</a> <a href='./literal-value.html'>literal-value</a> <a href='./over-clause.html'>over-clause</a> <a href='./raise-function.html'>raise-function</a> <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a> <a href='./type-name.html'>type-name</a><br></br> | | | 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 | </div> <h1 align='center'>expr</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="../images/syntax/expr.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./aggregate-function-invocation.html'>aggregate-function-invocation</a> <a href='./attach-stmt.html'>attach-stmt</a> <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a> <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a> <a href='./create-index-stmt.html'>create-index-stmt</a> <a href='./create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a> <a href='./delete-stmt.html'>delete-stmt</a> <a href='./delete-stmt-limited.html'>delete-stmt-limited</a> <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a> <a href='./filter-clause.html'>filter-clause</a> <a href='./frame-spec.html'>frame-spec</a> <a href='./indexed-column.html'>indexed-column</a> <a href='./insert-stmt.html'>insert-stmt</a> <a href='./join-constraint.html'>join-constraint</a> <a href='./ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a> <a href='./over-clause.html'>over-clause</a> <a href='./result-column.html'>result-column</a> <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a> <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a> <a href='./simple-function-invocation.html'>simple-function-invocation</a> <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a> <a href='./table-constraint.html'>table-constraint</a> <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a> <a href='./update-stmt.html'>update-stmt</a> <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a> <a href='./upsert-clause.html'>upsert-clause</a> <a href='./window-defn.html'>window-defn</a> <a href='./window-function-invocation.html'>window-function-invocation</a><br></br> References: <a href='./filter-clause.html'>filter-clause</a> <a href='./literal-value.html'>literal-value</a> <a href='./over-clause.html'>over-clause</a> <a href='./raise-function.html'>raise-function</a> <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a> <a href='./type-name.html'>type-name</a><br></br> See also: <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a> <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a> <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a> <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a> <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a> <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a> <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a> <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a> <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a> <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a> <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a> </div> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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93 94 95 96 97 98 99 | </div> <h1 align='center'>indexed-column</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="../images/syntax/indexed-column.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./create-index-stmt.html'>create-index-stmt</a> <a href='./table-constraint.html'>table-constraint</a> <a href='./upsert-clause.html'>upsert-clause</a><br></br> References: <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br> | | | 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 | </div> <h1 align='center'>indexed-column</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="../images/syntax/indexed-column.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./create-index-stmt.html'>create-index-stmt</a> <a href='./table-constraint.html'>table-constraint</a> <a href='./upsert-clause.html'>upsert-clause</a><br></br> References: <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br> See also: <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a> <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a> <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a> </div> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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93 94 95 96 97 98 99 | </div> <h1 align='center'>join-clause</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="../images/syntax/join-clause.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a> <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a> <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a><br></br> References: <a href='./join-constraint.html'>join-constraint</a> <a href='./join-operator.html'>join-operator</a> <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a><br></br> | | | 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 | </div> <h1 align='center'>join-clause</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="../images/syntax/join-clause.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a> <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a> <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a><br></br> References: <a href='./join-constraint.html'>join-constraint</a> <a href='./join-operator.html'>join-operator</a> <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a><br></br> See also: <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a> <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a> <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a> <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a> <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a> <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a> <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a> <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a> <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a> <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a> <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a> </div> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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93 94 95 96 97 98 99 | </div> <h1 align='center'>join-constraint</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="../images/syntax/join-constraint.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a><br></br> References: <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br> | | | 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 | </div> <h1 align='center'>join-constraint</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="../images/syntax/join-constraint.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a><br></br> References: <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br> See also: <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a> <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a> <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a> <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a> <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a> <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a> <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a> <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a> <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a> <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a> <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a> </div> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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92 93 94 95 96 97 98 | </script> </div> <h1 align='center'>join-operator</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="../images/syntax/join-operator.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a><br></br> | | | 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 | </script> </div> <h1 align='center'>join-operator</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="../images/syntax/join-operator.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a><br></br> See also: <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a> <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a> <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a> <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a> <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a> <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a> <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a> <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a> <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a> <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a> <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a> </div> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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92 93 94 95 96 97 98 | </script> </div> <h1 align='center'>literal-value</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="../images/syntax/literal-value.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a> <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br> | | | 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 | </script> </div> <h1 align='center'>literal-value</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="../images/syntax/literal-value.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a> <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br> See also: <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a> <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a> <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a> <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a> <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a> <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a> <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a> <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a> <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a> <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a> <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a> </div> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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93 94 95 96 97 98 99 | </div> <h1 align='center'>ordering-term</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="../images/syntax/ordering-term.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a> <a href='./delete-stmt-limited.html'>delete-stmt-limited</a> <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a> <a href='./over-clause.html'>over-clause</a> <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a> <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a> <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a> <a href='./window-defn.html'>window-defn</a><br></br> References: <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br> | | | 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 | </div> <h1 align='center'>ordering-term</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="../images/syntax/ordering-term.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a> <a href='./delete-stmt-limited.html'>delete-stmt-limited</a> <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a> <a href='./over-clause.html'>over-clause</a> <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a> <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a> <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a> <a href='./window-defn.html'>window-defn</a><br></br> References: <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br> See also: <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a> <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a> <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a> <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a> <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a> <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a> <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a> <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a> <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a> <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a> <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a> </div> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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92 93 94 95 96 97 98 | </script> </div> <h1 align='center'>raise-function</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="../images/syntax/raise-function.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br> | | | 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 | </script> </div> <h1 align='center'>raise-function</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="../images/syntax/raise-function.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br> See also: <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a> <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a> <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a> <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a> <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a> <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a> <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a> <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a> <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a> <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a> <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a> </div> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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93 94 95 96 97 98 99 | </div> <h1 align='center'>result-column</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="../images/syntax/result-column.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a> <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br> | | | 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 | </div> <h1 align='center'>result-column</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="../images/syntax/result-column.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a> <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br> See also: <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a> <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a> <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a> <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a> <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a> <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a> <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a> <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a> <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a> <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a> <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a> </div> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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93 94 95 96 97 98 99 | </div> <h1 align='center'>select-stmt</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="../images/syntax/select-stmt.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./common-table-expression.html'>common-table-expression</a> <a href='./create-table-stmt.html'>create-table-stmt</a> <a href='./create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a> <a href='./create-view-stmt.html'>create-view-stmt</a> <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a> <a href='./insert-stmt.html'>insert-stmt</a> <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a> <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a> <a href='./with-clause.html'>with-clause</a><br></br> References: <a href='./common-table-expression.html'>common-table-expression</a> <a href='./compound-operator.html'>compound-operator</a> <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a> <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a> <a href='./ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a> <a href='./result-column.html'>result-column</a> <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a> <a href='./window-defn.html'>window-defn</a><br></br> | | | 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 | </div> <h1 align='center'>select-stmt</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="../images/syntax/select-stmt.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./common-table-expression.html'>common-table-expression</a> <a href='./create-table-stmt.html'>create-table-stmt</a> <a href='./create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a> <a href='./create-view-stmt.html'>create-view-stmt</a> <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a> <a href='./insert-stmt.html'>insert-stmt</a> <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a> <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a> <a href='./with-clause.html'>with-clause</a><br></br> References: <a href='./common-table-expression.html'>common-table-expression</a> <a href='./compound-operator.html'>compound-operator</a> <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a> <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a> <a href='./ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a> <a href='./result-column.html'>result-column</a> <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a> <a href='./window-defn.html'>window-defn</a><br></br> See also: <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a> <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a> <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a> <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a> <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a> <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a> <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a> <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a> <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a> <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a> <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a> </div> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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92 93 94 95 96 97 98 | </script> </div> <h1 align='center'>signed-number</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="../images/syntax/signed-number.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a> <a href='./pragma-value.html'>pragma-value</a> <a href='./type-name.html'>type-name</a><br></br> | | | 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 | </script> </div> <h1 align='center'>signed-number</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="../images/syntax/signed-number.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a> <a href='./pragma-value.html'>pragma-value</a> <a href='./type-name.html'>type-name</a><br></br> See also: <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a> <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a> <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a> <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a> <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a> <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a> <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a> <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a> <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a> <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a> <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a> <a href='../pragma.html'>pragma.html</a> </div> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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93 94 95 96 97 98 99 | </div> <h1 align='center'>table-or-subquery</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="../images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a> <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a> <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a> <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a> <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br> | | | 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 | </div> <h1 align='center'>table-or-subquery</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="../images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a> <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a> <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a> <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a> <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a><br></br> See also: <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a> <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a> <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a> <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a> <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a> <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a> <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a> <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a> <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a> <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a> <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a> </div> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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93 94 95 96 97 98 99 | </div> <h1 align='center'>type-name</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="../images/syntax/type-name.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./column-def.html'>column-def</a> <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br> References: <a href='./signed-number.html'>signed-number</a><br></br> | | | 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 | </div> <h1 align='center'>type-name</h1> <div class='imgcontainer'> <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="../images/syntax/type-name.gif"></img><br> Used by: <a href='./column-def.html'>column-def</a> <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br> References: <a href='./signed-number.html'>signed-number</a><br></br> See also: <a href='../lang_aggfunc.html'>lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a> <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a> <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a> <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a> <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a> <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a> <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a> <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a> <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a> <a href='../lang_upsert.html'>lang_upsert.html</a> <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a> <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a> </div> |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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166 167 168 169 170 171 172 | See also: <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="indexed-column"></a><h4>indexed-column:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#create-index-stmt">create-index-stmt</a> <a href="#table-constraint">table-constraint</a> <a href="#upsert-clause">upsert-clause</a><br></br> References: <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br> | | | | | 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 | See also: <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="indexed-column"></a><h4>indexed-column:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#create-index-stmt">create-index-stmt</a> <a href="#table-constraint">table-constraint</a> <a href="#upsert-clause">upsert-clause</a><br></br> References: <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst">lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst">lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="create-table-stmt"></a><h4>create-table-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/create-table-stmt.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href="#column-def">column-def</a> <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a> <a href="#table-constraint">table-constraint</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> </div> <a name="column-def"></a><h4>column-def:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/column-def.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#alter-table-stmt">alter-table-stmt</a> <a href="#create-table-stmt">create-table-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a> <a href="#type-name">type-name</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabaddcol">lang_altertable.html#altertabaddcol</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef">lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef</a> </div> <a name="type-name"></a><h4>type-name:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/type-name.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#column-def">column-def</a> <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br> References: <a href="#signed-number">signed-number</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a> <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="column-constraint"></a><h4>column-constraint:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/column-constraint.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#column-def">column-def</a><br></br> References: <a href="#conflict-clause">conflict-clause</a> <a href="#expr">expr</a> <a href="#foreign-key-clause">foreign-key-clause</a> <a href="#literal-value">literal-value</a> <a href="#signed-number">signed-number</a><br></br> See also: <a href="gencol.html">gencol.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef">lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef</a> </div> <a name="signed-number"></a><h4>signed-number:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a> <a href="#pragma-value">pragma-value</a> <a href="#type-name">type-name</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a> <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> <a href="pragma.html#syntax">pragma.html#syntax</a> </div> <a name="table-constraint"></a><h4>table-constraint:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/table-constraint.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#create-table-stmt">create-table-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href="#conflict-clause">conflict-clause</a> <a href="#expr">expr</a> <a href="#foreign-key-clause">foreign-key-clause</a> <a href="#indexed-column">indexed-column</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst">lang_createtable.html#primkeyconst</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef">lang_createtable.html#tablecoldef</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst">lang_createtable.html#uniqueconst</a> |
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265 266 267 268 269 270 271 | See also: <a href="lang_with.html#recursivecte">lang_with.html#recursivecte</a> </div> <a name="common-table-expression"></a><h4>common-table-expression:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a> <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a> <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a> <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br> | | | 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 | See also: <a href="lang_with.html#recursivecte">lang_with.html#recursivecte</a> </div> <a name="common-table-expression"></a><h4>common-table-expression:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a> <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a> <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a> <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a> <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="delete-stmt"></a><h4>delete-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/delete-stmt.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a> <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href="#expr">expr</a> <a href="#qualified-table-name">qualified-table-name</a> <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> |
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316 317 318 319 320 321 322 | See also: <a href="lang_dropview.html">lang_dropview.html</a> </div> <a name="expr"></a><h4>expr:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/expr.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#aggregate-function-invocation">aggregate-function-invocation</a> <a href="#attach-stmt">attach-stmt</a> <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a> <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a> <a href="#create-index-stmt">create-index-stmt</a> <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a> <a href="#delete-stmt">delete-stmt</a> <a href="#delete-stmt-limited">delete-stmt-limited</a> <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a> <a href="#filter-clause">filter-clause</a> <a href="#frame-spec">frame-spec</a> <a href="#indexed-column">indexed-column</a> <a href="#insert-stmt">insert-stmt</a> <a href="#join-constraint">join-constraint</a> <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a> <a href="#over-clause">over-clause</a> <a href="#result-column">result-column</a> <a href="#select-core">select-core</a> <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a> <a href="#simple-function-invocation">simple-function-invocation</a> <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a> <a href="#table-constraint">table-constraint</a> <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a> <a href="#update-stmt">update-stmt</a> <a href="#update-stmt-limited">update-stmt-limited</a> <a href="#upsert-clause">upsert-clause</a> <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a> <a href="#window-function-invocation">window-function-invocation</a><br></br> References: <a href="#filter-clause">filter-clause</a> <a href="#literal-value">literal-value</a> <a href="#over-clause">over-clause</a> <a href="#raise-function">raise-function</a> <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a> <a href="#type-name">type-name</a><br></br> | | | | | | 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 | See also: <a href="lang_dropview.html">lang_dropview.html</a> </div> <a name="expr"></a><h4>expr:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/expr.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#aggregate-function-invocation">aggregate-function-invocation</a> <a href="#attach-stmt">attach-stmt</a> <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a> <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a> <a href="#create-index-stmt">create-index-stmt</a> <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a> <a href="#delete-stmt">delete-stmt</a> <a href="#delete-stmt-limited">delete-stmt-limited</a> <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a> <a href="#filter-clause">filter-clause</a> <a href="#frame-spec">frame-spec</a> <a href="#indexed-column">indexed-column</a> <a href="#insert-stmt">insert-stmt</a> <a href="#join-constraint">join-constraint</a> <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a> <a href="#over-clause">over-clause</a> <a href="#result-column">result-column</a> <a href="#select-core">select-core</a> <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a> <a href="#simple-function-invocation">simple-function-invocation</a> <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a> <a href="#table-constraint">table-constraint</a> <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a> <a href="#update-stmt">update-stmt</a> <a href="#update-stmt-limited">update-stmt-limited</a> <a href="#upsert-clause">upsert-clause</a> <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a> <a href="#window-function-invocation">window-function-invocation</a><br></br> References: <a href="#filter-clause">filter-clause</a> <a href="#literal-value">literal-value</a> <a href="#over-clause">over-clause</a> <a href="#raise-function">raise-function</a> <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a> <a href="#type-name">type-name</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a> <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="raise-function"></a><h4>raise-function:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a> <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html#raise">lang_createtrigger.html#raise</a> <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="literal-value"></a><h4>literal-value:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a> <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a> <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="numeric-literal"></a><h4>numeric-literal:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/numeric-literal.gif"></img><br></br><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_expr.html#litvalue">lang_expr.html#litvalue</a> </div> <a name="insert-stmt"></a><h4>insert-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/insert-stmt.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a> <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href="#expr">expr</a> <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a> <a href="#upsert-clause">upsert-clause</a> <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> </div> <a name="upsert-clause"></a><h4>upsert-clause:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/upsert-clause.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#insert-stmt">insert-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href="#column-name-list">column-name-list</a> <a href="#expr">expr</a> <a href="#indexed-column">indexed-column</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> </div> <a name="pragma-stmt"></a><h4>pragma-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/pragma-stmt.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href="#pragma-value">pragma-value</a><br></br> See also: <a href="pragma.html#syntax">pragma.html#syntax</a> |
︙ | ︙ | |||
374 375 376 377 378 379 380 | See also: <a href="lang_reindex.html">lang_reindex.html</a> </div> <a name="select-stmt"></a><h4>select-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#common-table-expression">common-table-expression</a> <a href="#create-table-stmt">create-table-stmt</a> <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a> <a href="#create-view-stmt">create-view-stmt</a> <a href="#expr">expr</a> <a href="#insert-stmt">insert-stmt</a> <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a> <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a> <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br> References: <a href="#common-table-expression">common-table-expression</a> <a href="#compound-operator">compound-operator</a> <a href="#expr">expr</a> <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a> <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a> <a href="#result-column">result-column</a> <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a> <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a><br></br> | | | | 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 | See also: <a href="lang_reindex.html">lang_reindex.html</a> </div> <a name="select-stmt"></a><h4>select-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#common-table-expression">common-table-expression</a> <a href="#create-table-stmt">create-table-stmt</a> <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a> <a href="#create-view-stmt">create-view-stmt</a> <a href="#expr">expr</a> <a href="#insert-stmt">insert-stmt</a> <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a> <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a> <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br> References: <a href="#common-table-expression">common-table-expression</a> <a href="#compound-operator">compound-operator</a> <a href="#expr">expr</a> <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a> <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a> <a href="#result-column">result-column</a> <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a> <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a> <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html#recursivecte">lang_with.html#recursivecte</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="join-clause"></a><h4>join-clause:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#select-core">select-core</a> <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a> <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a><br></br> References: <a href="#join-constraint">join-constraint</a> <a href="#join-operator">join-operator</a> <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a> <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="select-core"></a><h4>select-core:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/select-core.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a> <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a> <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href="#expr">expr</a> <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a> <a href="#result-column">result-column</a> <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a> <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> |
︙ | ︙ | |||
413 414 415 416 417 418 419 | See also: <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> </div> <a name="table-or-subquery"></a><h4>table-or-subquery:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a> <a href="#select-core">select-core</a> <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href="#expr">expr</a> <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a> <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br> | | | | | | | | | 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 | See also: <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> </div> <a name="table-or-subquery"></a><h4>table-or-subquery:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a> <a href="#select-core">select-core</a> <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href="#expr">expr</a> <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a> <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a> <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="result-column"></a><h4>result-column:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/result-column.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#select-core">select-core</a> <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a> <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="join-operator"></a><h4>join-operator:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a> <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#fromclause">lang_select.html#fromclause</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="join-constraint"></a><h4>join-constraint:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a><br></br> References: <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a> <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#fromclause">lang_select.html#fromclause</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="ordering-term"></a><h4>ordering-term:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a> <a href="#delete-stmt-limited">delete-stmt-limited</a> <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a> <a href="#over-clause">over-clause</a> <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a> <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a> <a href="#update-stmt-limited">update-stmt-limited</a> <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a><br></br> References: <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a> <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="compound-operator"></a><h4>compound-operator:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a> <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a> <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html#recursivecte">lang_with.html#recursivecte</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="update-stmt"></a><h4>update-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/update-stmt.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a> <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href="#column-name-list">column-name-list</a> <a href="#expr">expr</a> <a href="#qualified-table-name">qualified-table-name</a> <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> </div> <a name="column-name-list"></a><h4>column-name-list:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#update-stmt">update-stmt</a> <a href="#update-stmt-limited">update-stmt-limited</a> <a href="#upsert-clause">upsert-clause</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> </div> <a name="update-stmt-limited"></a><h4>update-stmt-limited:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/update-stmt-limited.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br> References: <a href="#column-name-list">column-name-list</a> <a href="#expr">expr</a> <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a> <a href="#qualified-table-name">qualified-table-name</a> <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> |
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490 491 492 493 494 495 496 | See also: <a href="lang_comment.html">lang_comment.html</a> </div> <a name="filter-clause"></a><h4>filter-clause:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#aggregate-function-invocation">aggregate-function-invocation</a> <a href="#expr">expr</a> <a href="#window-function-invocation">window-function-invocation</a><br></br> References: <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br> | | | | | | 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 | See also: <a href="lang_comment.html">lang_comment.html</a> </div> <a name="filter-clause"></a><h4>filter-clause:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/filter-clause.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#aggregate-function-invocation">aggregate-function-invocation</a> <a href="#expr">expr</a> <a href="#window-function-invocation">window-function-invocation</a><br></br> References: <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a> <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="window-defn"></a><h4>window-defn:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#select-core">select-core</a> <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a> <a href="#window-function-invocation">window-function-invocation</a><br></br> References: <a href="#expr">expr</a> <a href="#frame-spec">frame-spec</a> <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a> <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="over-clause"></a><h4>over-clause:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/over-clause.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br> References: <a href="#expr">expr</a> <a href="#frame-spec">frame-spec</a> <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a> <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="frame-spec"></a><h4>frame-spec:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif"></img><br></br> Used by: <a href="#over-clause">over-clause</a> <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a><br></br> References: <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">lang_aggfunc.html</a> <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a> <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a> <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a> <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a> <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a> <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a> <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a> <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a> <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a> <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a> <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a> <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a> <a href="lang_upsert.html">lang_upsert.html</a> <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a> <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a> </div> <a name="simple-function-invocation"></a><h4>simple-function-invocation:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'> <img src="images/syntax/simple-function-invocation.gif"></img><br></br><br></br> References: <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br> See also: <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">lang_expr.html#booleanexpr</a> </div> |
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Changes to Doc/Special/Core/vtab.html.
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69 70 71 72 73 74 75 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ | | | 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 | }, 30); } } function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";} window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");} /* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */ /* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */ if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; } /* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ function hideorshow(btn,obj){ var x = document.getElementById(obj); var b = document.getElementById(btn); if( x.style.display!='none' ){ |
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1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 | the implementation must set *pRowid to the rowid of the newly inserted row; this will become the value returned by the <a href="c3ref/last_insert_rowid.html">sqlite3_last_insert_rowid()</a> function. Setting this value in all the other cases is a harmless no-op; the SQLite engine ignores the *pRowid return value if argc==1 or argv[1] is not an SQL NULL. </p><p>Each call to xUpdate will fall into one of cases shown below. | | | 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 | the implementation must set *pRowid to the rowid of the newly inserted row; this will become the value returned by the <a href="c3ref/last_insert_rowid.html">sqlite3_last_insert_rowid()</a> function. Setting this value in all the other cases is a harmless no-op; the SQLite engine ignores the *pRowid return value if argc==1 or argv[1] is not an SQL NULL. </p><p>Each call to xUpdate will fall into one of cases shown below. Not that references to <b>argv[i]</b> mean the SQL value held within the argv[i] object, not the argv[i] object itself. </p><blockquote> <dl> <dt><b>argc = 1 <br> argv[0] ≠ NULL</b> </dt><dd><p> |
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