System.Data.SQLite

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>upsert</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1583' onclick='hideorshow("x1583","x1584")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1584' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram upsert-clause" src="images/syntax/upsert-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b>
<button id='x1585' onclick='hideorshow("x1585","x1586")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1586' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1587' onclick='hideorshow("x1587","x1588")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1588' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter.html">filter:</a></b>
<button id='x1589' onclick='hideorshow("x1589","x1590")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1590' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter" src="images/syntax/filter.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1591' onclick='hideorshow("x1591","x1592")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1592' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1593' onclick='hideorshow("x1593","x1594")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1594' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1595' onclick='hideorshow("x1595","x1596")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1596' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1597' onclick='hideorshow("x1597","x1598")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1598' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1599' onclick='hideorshow("x1599","x1600")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1600' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1601' onclick='hideorshow("x1601","x1602")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1602' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1603' onclick='hideorshow("x1603","x1604")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1604' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1605' onclick='hideorshow("x1605","x1606")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1606' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1607' onclick='hideorshow("x1607","x1608")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1608' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1609' onclick='hideorshow("x1609","x1610")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1610' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1611' onclick='hideorshow("x1611","x1612")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1612' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1613' onclick='hideorshow("x1613","x1614")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1614' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1615' onclick='hideorshow("x1615","x1616")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1616' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1617' onclick='hideorshow("x1617","x1618")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1618' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1619' onclick='hideorshow("x1619","x1620")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1620' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1621' onclick='hideorshow("x1621","x1622")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1622' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1623' onclick='hideorshow("x1623","x1624")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1624' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif" />
</div>
</div>


<p>UPSERT is a special syntax addition to <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> that causes the
INSERT to behave as an <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> or a no-op if the INSERT would violate

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>ALTER TABLE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/alter-table-stmt.html">alter-table-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1077' onclick='hideorshow("x1077","x1078")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1078' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram alter-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/alter-table-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-def.html">column-def:</a></b>
<button id='x1079' onclick='hideorshow("x1079","x1080")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1080' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-def" src="images/syntax/column-def.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-constraint.html">column-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1081' onclick='hideorshow("x1081","x1082")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1082' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-constraint" src="images/syntax/column-constraint.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1083' onclick='hideorshow("x1083","x1084")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1084' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram conflict-clause" src="images/syntax/conflict-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1085' onclick='hideorshow("x1085","x1086")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1086' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter.html">filter:</a></b>
<button id='x1087' onclick='hideorshow("x1087","x1088")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1088' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter" src="images/syntax/filter.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1089' onclick='hideorshow("x1089","x1090")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1090' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1091' onclick='hideorshow("x1091","x1092")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1092' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1093' onclick='hideorshow("x1093","x1094")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1094' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1095' onclick='hideorshow("x1095","x1096")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1096' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1097' onclick='hideorshow("x1097","x1098")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1098' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1099' onclick='hideorshow("x1099","x1100")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1100' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1101' onclick='hideorshow("x1101","x1102")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1102' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1103' onclick='hideorshow("x1103","x1104")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1104' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1105' onclick='hideorshow("x1105","x1106")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1106' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1107' onclick='hideorshow("x1107","x1108")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1108' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1109' onclick='hideorshow("x1109","x1110")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1110' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1111' onclick='hideorshow("x1111","x1112")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1112' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1113' onclick='hideorshow("x1113","x1114")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1114' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">foreign-key-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1115' onclick='hideorshow("x1115","x1116")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1116' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram foreign-key-clause" src="images/syntax/foreign-key-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1117' onclick='hideorshow("x1117","x1118")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1118' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1119' onclick='hideorshow("x1119","x1120")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1120' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1121' onclick='hideorshow("x1121","x1122")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1122' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1123' onclick='hideorshow("x1123","x1124")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1124' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>SQLite supports a limited subset of ALTER TABLE.
The ALTER TABLE command in SQLite allows the user to rename a table,
to rename a column within a table, or to add a new column to an existing table.


<p> The RENAME TO syntax changes the name of <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span>
to <span class='yyterm'>new-table-name</span>.
This command 
cannot be used to move a table between attached databases, only to rename 
a table within the same database.

If the table being renamed has triggers or indices, then these remain
attached to the table after it has been renamed.  


Beginning with release 3.25.0 (2018-09-15), references to the table
within trigger bodies and view definitions are also renamed.

</p>




<p> The RENAME COLUMN TO syntax changes the
<span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> of table <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span>
into <span class='yyterm'>new-column-name</span>.  The column name is changed both
within the table definition itself and also within all indexes, triggers,
and views that reference the column.  If the column name change would
result in a semantic ambiguity in a trigger or view, then the RENAME



COLUMN fails with an error and no changes are applied.







<p> The ADD COLUMN syntax
is used to add a new column to an existing table.
The new column is always appended to the end of the list of existing columns.
The <a href="syntax/column-def.html">column-def</a> rule defines the characteristics of the new column.
The new column may take any of the forms permissible in a <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a>
statement, with the following restrictions:

<p>Note also that when adding a <a href="lang_createtable.html#ckconst">CHECK constraint</a>, the CHECK constraint
is not tested against preexisting rows of the table.
This can result in a table that contains data that
is in violation of the CHECK constraint.  Future versions of SQLite might
change to validate CHECK constraints as they are added.</p>

<p>The ALTER TABLE command works by modifing the SQL text of the schema
stored in the <a href="fileformat2.html#sqlite_master">sqlite_master table</a>.
No changes are made to table content.
Because of this,
the execution time of the ALTER TABLE command is independent of
the amount of data in the table.  The ALTER TABLE command runs as quickly
on a table with 10 million rows as it does on a table with 1 row.
</p>

<p>After ADD COLUMN has been run on a database, that database will not
be readable by SQLite version 3.1.3 (2005-02-20) and earlier.</p>

<a name="otheralter"></a>

<h3>Making Other Kinds Of Table Schema Changes</h3>

<p> The only schema altering commands directly supported by SQLite are the
"rename table", "rename column", and "add column" commands shown above.  
However, applications
can make other arbitrary changes to the format of a table using a simple
sequence of operations.
The steps to make arbitrary changes to the schema design of some table X
are as follows:

<ol>
<li><p>

changing the order of columns, adding or removing a UNIQUE constraint
or PRIMARY KEY, adding CHECK or FOREIGN KEY or NOT NULL constraints,
or changing the datatype for a column, for example.  However, a simpler
and faster procedure can optionally be used for
some changes that do no affect the on-disk content in any way.
The following simpler procedure is appropriate for removing
CHECK or FOREIGN KEY or NOT NULL constraints,
or adding, removing, or changing default values on
a column.

<ol>
<lI><p> Start a transaction.

<li><p> Run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_schema_version">PRAGMA schema_version</a> to determine the current schema
version number.  This number will be needed for step 6 below.

<li><p> If the change to table X also affects other tables or indexes or
triggers are views within schema, then run <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statements to modify
those other tables indexes and views too.  For example, if the name of
a column changes, all FOREIGN KEY constraints, triggers, indexes, and
views that refer to that column must be modified.
<p><em>Caution:</em>  Once again, making changes to the sqlite_master 
table like this will render the database corrupt and unreadable if the 
change contains an error.  Carefully test this entire procedure
on a separate test database prior to using it on
a database containing important data and/or make backup copies of
important databases prior to running this procedure.

<li><p> Increment the schema version number using
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_schema_version">PRAGMA schema_version=X</a> where X is one
more than the old schema version number found in step 2 above.

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>ANALYZE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/analyze-stmt.html">analyze-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1125' onclick='hideorshow("x1125","x1126")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1126' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram analyze-stmt" src="images/syntax/analyze-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p> The ANALYZE command gathers statistics about tables and
indices and stores the collected information
in <a href="fileformat2.html#intschema">internal tables</a> of the database where the query optimizer can

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>ATTACH DATABASE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/attach-stmt.html">attach-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1127' onclick='hideorshow("x1127","x1128")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1128' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram attach-stmt" src="images/syntax/attach-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1129' onclick='hideorshow("x1129","x1130")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1130' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter.html">filter:</a></b>
<button id='x1131' onclick='hideorshow("x1131","x1132")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1132' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter" src="images/syntax/filter.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1133' onclick='hideorshow("x1133","x1134")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1134' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1135' onclick='hideorshow("x1135","x1136")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1136' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1137' onclick='hideorshow("x1137","x1138")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1138' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1139' onclick='hideorshow("x1139","x1140")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1140' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1141' onclick='hideorshow("x1141","x1142")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1142' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1143' onclick='hideorshow("x1143","x1144")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1144' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1145' onclick='hideorshow("x1145","x1146")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1146' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1147' onclick='hideorshow("x1147","x1148")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1148' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1149' onclick='hideorshow("x1149","x1150")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1150' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1151' onclick='hideorshow("x1151","x1152")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1152' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1153' onclick='hideorshow("x1153","x1154")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1154' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1155' onclick='hideorshow("x1155","x1156")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1156' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1157' onclick='hideorshow("x1157","x1158")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1158' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1159' onclick='hideorshow("x1159","x1160")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1160' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1161' onclick='hideorshow("x1161","x1162")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1162' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1163' onclick='hideorshow("x1163","x1164")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1164' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p> The ATTACH DATABASE statement adds another database 
file to the current <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a>. 

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>comment</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/comment-syntax.html">comment-syntax:</a></b>
<button id='x1177' onclick='hideorshow("x1177","x1178")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1178' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram comment-syntax" src="images/syntax/comment-syntax.gif" />
</div>


<p>Comments are not SQL commands, but can occur within the text of
SQL queries passed to <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a> and related interfaces.
Comments are treated as whitespace by the parser.

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>ON CONFLICT clause</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1625' onclick='hideorshow("x1625","x1626")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1626' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram conflict-clause" src="images/syntax/conflict-clause.gif" />
</div>


<p>The ON CONFLICT clause is a
non-standard extension specific to SQLite 
that can appear in many other SQL commands.

}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>Core Functions</h2></div>

<p>The core functions shown below are available by default. 
<a href="lang_datefunc.html">Date &amp; Time functions</a>,
<a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate functions</a>,
<a href="windowfunctions.html#biwinfunc">window functions</a>, and
<a href="json1.html">JSON functions</a> are documented separately.  An
application may define additional
functions written in C and added to the database engine using
the <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> API.</p>

<style>
#listtab32 tr td {vertical-align:top;}

  2 arguments.
</dd>
<a name="glob"></a>
<dt><p><b>glob(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The glob(X,Y) function is equivalent to the
  expression "<b>Y GLOB X</b>".
  Note that the X and Y arguments are reversed in the glob() function
  relative to the infix <a href="lang_expr.html#glob">GLOB</a> operator.  Y is the string and X is the
  pattern.  So, for example, the following expressions are equivalent:
  <blockquote><pre>
     name LIKE '*helium*'
     glob('*helium*',name)
  </pre></blockquote>
  <p>If the <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> interface is used to
  override the glob(X,Y) function with an alternative implementation then
  the <a href="lang_expr.html#glob">GLOB</a> operator will invoke the alternative implementation.
</dd>
<a name="hex"></a>
<dt><p><b>hex(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The hex() function interprets its argument as a BLOB and returns
  a string which is the upper-case hexadecimal rendering of the content of

<dt><p><b>like(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)<br />like(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>,<i>Z</i>)</b></dt><dd><p>
  The like() function is used to implement the
  "<b>Y LIKE X &#91;ESCAPE Z&#93;</b>" expression. 
  If the optional ESCAPE clause is present, then the
  like() function is invoked with three arguments.  Otherwise, it is
  invoked with two arguments only. Note that the X and Y parameters are
  reversed in the like() function relative to the infix <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator.
  X is the pattern and Y is the string to match against that pattern.
  Hence, the following expressions are equivalent:
  <blockquote><pre>
     name LIKE '%neon%'
     like('%neon%',name)
  </pre></blockquote>
  The <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> interface can be used to override the
  like() function and thereby change the operation of the
  <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator.  When overriding the like() function, it may be important
  to override both the two and three argument versions of the like() 
  function. Otherwise, different code may be called to implement the
  <a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a> operator depending on whether or not an ESCAPE clause was 
  specified.

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE INDEX</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/create-index-stmt.html">create-index-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1179' onclick='hideorshow("x1179","x1180")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1180' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-index-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-index-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1181' onclick='hideorshow("x1181","x1182")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1182' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter.html">filter:</a></b>
<button id='x1183' onclick='hideorshow("x1183","x1184")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1184' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter" src="images/syntax/filter.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1185' onclick='hideorshow("x1185","x1186")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1186' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1187' onclick='hideorshow("x1187","x1188")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1188' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1189' onclick='hideorshow("x1189","x1190")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1190' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1191' onclick='hideorshow("x1191","x1192")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1192' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1193' onclick='hideorshow("x1193","x1194")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1194' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1195' onclick='hideorshow("x1195","x1196")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1196' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1197' onclick='hideorshow("x1197","x1198")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1198' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1199' onclick='hideorshow("x1199","x1200")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1200' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1201' onclick='hideorshow("x1201","x1202")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1202' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1203' onclick='hideorshow("x1203","x1204")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1204' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1205' onclick='hideorshow("x1205","x1206")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1206' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1207' onclick='hideorshow("x1207","x1208")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1208' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1209' onclick='hideorshow("x1209","x1210")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1210' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1211' onclick='hideorshow("x1211","x1212")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1212' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1213' onclick='hideorshow("x1213","x1214")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1214' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1215' onclick='hideorshow("x1215","x1216")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1216' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1217' onclick='hideorshow("x1217","x1218")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1218' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif" />
</div>
</div>


<p>The CREATE INDEX command consists of the keywords "CREATE INDEX" followed
by the name of the new index, the keyword "ON", the name of a previously

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE TABLE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/create-table-stmt.html">create-table-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1219' onclick='hideorshow("x1219","x1220")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1220' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-table-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-def.html">column-def:</a></b>
<button id='x1221' onclick='hideorshow("x1221","x1222")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1222' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-def" src="images/syntax/column-def.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-constraint.html">column-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1223' onclick='hideorshow("x1223","x1224")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1224' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-constraint" src="images/syntax/column-constraint.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1225' onclick='hideorshow("x1225","x1226")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1226' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram conflict-clause" src="images/syntax/conflict-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1227' onclick='hideorshow("x1227","x1228")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1228' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter.html">filter:</a></b>
<button id='x1229' onclick='hideorshow("x1229","x1230")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1230' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter" src="images/syntax/filter.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1231' onclick='hideorshow("x1231","x1232")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1232' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1233' onclick='hideorshow("x1233","x1234")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1234' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1235' onclick='hideorshow("x1235","x1236")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1236' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1237' onclick='hideorshow("x1237","x1238")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1238' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">foreign-key-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1239' onclick='hideorshow("x1239","x1240")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1240' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram foreign-key-clause" src="images/syntax/foreign-key-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1241' onclick='hideorshow("x1241","x1242")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1242' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1243' onclick='hideorshow("x1243","x1244")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1244' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1245' onclick='hideorshow("x1245","x1246")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1246' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1247' onclick='hideorshow("x1247","x1248")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1248' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1249' onclick='hideorshow("x1249","x1250")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1250' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1251' onclick='hideorshow("x1251","x1252")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1252' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1253' onclick='hideorshow("x1253","x1254")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1254' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1255' onclick='hideorshow("x1255","x1256")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1256' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter.html">filter:</a></b>
<button id='x1257' onclick='hideorshow("x1257","x1258")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1258' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter" src="images/syntax/filter.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1259' onclick='hideorshow("x1259","x1260")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1260' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1261' onclick='hideorshow("x1261","x1262")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1262' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1263' onclick='hideorshow("x1263","x1264")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1264' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1265' onclick='hideorshow("x1265","x1266")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1266' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1267' onclick='hideorshow("x1267","x1268")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1268' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1269' onclick='hideorshow("x1269","x1270")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1270' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1271' onclick='hideorshow("x1271","x1272")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1272' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1273' onclick='hideorshow("x1273","x1274")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1274' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1275' onclick='hideorshow("x1275","x1276")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1276' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1277' onclick='hideorshow("x1277","x1278")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1278' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1279' onclick='hideorshow("x1279","x1280")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1280' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1281' onclick='hideorshow("x1281","x1282")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1282' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1283' onclick='hideorshow("x1283","x1284")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1284' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-constraint" src="images/syntax/table-constraint.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1285' onclick='hideorshow("x1285","x1286")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1286' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram conflict-clause" src="images/syntax/conflict-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1287' onclick='hideorshow("x1287","x1288")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1288' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter.html">filter:</a></b>
<button id='x1289' onclick='hideorshow("x1289","x1290")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1290' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter" src="images/syntax/filter.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1291' onclick='hideorshow("x1291","x1292")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1292' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1293' onclick='hideorshow("x1293","x1294")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1294' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1295' onclick='hideorshow("x1295","x1296")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1296' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1297' onclick='hideorshow("x1297","x1298")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1298' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1299' onclick='hideorshow("x1299","x1300")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1300' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1301' onclick='hideorshow("x1301","x1302")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1302' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1303' onclick='hideorshow("x1303","x1304")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1304' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">foreign-key-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1305' onclick='hideorshow("x1305","x1306")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1306' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram foreign-key-clause" src="images/syntax/foreign-key-clause.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1307' onclick='hideorshow("x1307","x1308")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1308' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>The "CREATE TABLE" command is used to create a new table in an SQLite 

value is explicitly provided by the user when doing an <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>. If there
is no explicit DEFAULT clause attached to a column definition, then the 
default value of the column is NULL. An explicit DEFAULT clause may specify
that the default value is NULL, a string constant, a blob constant, a
signed-number, or any constant expression enclosed in parentheses. A
default value may also be one of the special case-independent keywords
CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE or CURRENT_TIMESTAMP. For the purposes of the
DEFAULT clause, an expression is considered constant if it
contains no sub-queries, column or table references, <a href="lang_expr.html#varparam">bound parameters</a>,
or string literals enclosed in double-quotes instead of single-quotes.

<p>Each time a row is inserted into the table by an INSERT statement that 
does not provide explicit values for all table columns the values stored in
the new row are determined by their default values, as follows:

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE TRIGGER</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/create-trigger-stmt.html">create-trigger-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1309' onclick='hideorshow("x1309","x1310")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1310' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-trigger-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-trigger-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/delete-stmt.html">delete-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1311' onclick='hideorshow("x1311","x1312")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1312' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram delete-stmt" src="images/syntax/delete-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1313' onclick='hideorshow("x1313","x1314")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1314' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1315' onclick='hideorshow("x1315","x1316")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1316' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1317' onclick='hideorshow("x1317","x1318")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1318' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1319' onclick='hideorshow("x1319","x1320")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1320' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter.html">filter:</a></b>
<button id='x1321' onclick='hideorshow("x1321","x1322")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1322' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter" src="images/syntax/filter.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1323' onclick='hideorshow("x1323","x1324")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1324' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1325' onclick='hideorshow("x1325","x1326")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1326' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1327' onclick='hideorshow("x1327","x1328")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1328' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1329' onclick='hideorshow("x1329","x1330")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1330' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1331' onclick='hideorshow("x1331","x1332")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1332' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1333' onclick='hideorshow("x1333","x1334")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1334' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1335' onclick='hideorshow("x1335","x1336")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1336' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/insert-stmt.html">insert-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1337' onclick='hideorshow("x1337","x1338")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1338' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram insert-stmt" src="images/syntax/insert-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1339' onclick='hideorshow("x1339","x1340")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1340' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram upsert-clause" src="images/syntax/upsert-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b>
<button id='x1341' onclick='hideorshow("x1341","x1342")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1342' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1343' onclick='hideorshow("x1343","x1344")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1344' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1345' onclick='hideorshow("x1345","x1346")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1346' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1347' onclick='hideorshow("x1347","x1348")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1348' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1349' onclick='hideorshow("x1349","x1350")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1350' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1351' onclick='hideorshow("x1351","x1352")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1352' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1353' onclick='hideorshow("x1353","x1354")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1354' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1355' onclick='hideorshow("x1355","x1356")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1356' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1357' onclick='hideorshow("x1357","x1358")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1358' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1359' onclick='hideorshow("x1359","x1360")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1360' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1361' onclick='hideorshow("x1361","x1362")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1362' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1363' onclick='hideorshow("x1363","x1364")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1364' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1365' onclick='hideorshow("x1365","x1366")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1366' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1367' onclick='hideorshow("x1367","x1368")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1368' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1369' onclick='hideorshow("x1369","x1370")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1370' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/update-stmt.html">update-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1371' onclick='hideorshow("x1371","x1372")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1372' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram update-stmt" src="images/syntax/update-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b>
<button id='x1373' onclick='hideorshow("x1373","x1374")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1374' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1375' onclick='hideorshow("x1375","x1376")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1376' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1377' onclick='hideorshow("x1377","x1378")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1378' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1379' onclick='hideorshow("x1379","x1380")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1380' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE VIEW</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/create-view-stmt.html">create-view-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1381' onclick='hideorshow("x1381","x1382")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1382' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-view-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-view-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1383' onclick='hideorshow("x1383","x1384")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1384' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1385' onclick='hideorshow("x1385","x1386")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1386' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1387' onclick='hideorshow("x1387","x1388")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1388' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1389' onclick='hideorshow("x1389","x1390")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1390' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter.html">filter:</a></b>
<button id='x1391' onclick='hideorshow("x1391","x1392")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1392' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter" src="images/syntax/filter.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1393' onclick='hideorshow("x1393","x1394")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1394' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1395' onclick='hideorshow("x1395","x1396")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1396' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1397' onclick='hideorshow("x1397","x1398")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1398' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1399' onclick='hideorshow("x1399","x1400")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1400' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1401' onclick='hideorshow("x1401","x1402")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1402' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1403' onclick='hideorshow("x1403","x1404")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1404' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1405' onclick='hideorshow("x1405","x1406")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1406' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1407' onclick='hideorshow("x1407","x1408")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1408' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1409' onclick='hideorshow("x1409","x1410")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1410' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1411' onclick='hideorshow("x1411","x1412")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1412' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1413' onclick='hideorshow("x1413","x1414")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1414' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1415' onclick='hideorshow("x1415","x1416")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1416' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>The CREATE VIEW command assigns a name to a pre-packaged 
<a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement. 

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/create-virtual-table-stmt.html">create-virtual-table-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1417' onclick='hideorshow("x1417","x1418")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1418' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-virtual-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-virtual-table-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>A <a href="vtab.html">virtual table</a> is an interface to an external storage or computation
engine that appears to be a table but does not actually store information
in the database file.</p>

so the date is normalized to 2001-05-01.  A similar effect occurs when
the original date is February 29 of a leapyear and the modifier is
&plusmn;N years where N is not a multiple of four.</p>

<p>The "start of" modifiers (7 through 9) shift the date backwards 
to the beginning of the current month, year or day.</p>

<p>The "weekday" modifier advances the date forward, if necessary,
to the next date where the weekday number is N. Sunday is 0, Monday is 1,
and so forth.
If the date is already on the desired weekday, the "weekday" modifier
leaves the date unchanged.  </p>

<p>The "unixepoch" modifier (11) only works if it immediately follows 
a timestring in the DDDDDDDDDD format. 
This modifier causes the DDDDDDDDDD to be interpreted not 
as a Julian day number as it normally would be, but as
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time">Unix Time</a> - the 
number of seconds since 1970.  If the "unixepoch" modifier does not

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DELETE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/delete-stmt.html">delete-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1419' onclick='hideorshow("x1419","x1420")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1420' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram delete-stmt" src="images/syntax/delete-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1421' onclick='hideorshow("x1421","x1422")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1422' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter.html">filter:</a></b>
<button id='x1423' onclick='hideorshow("x1423","x1424")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1424' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter" src="images/syntax/filter.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1425' onclick='hideorshow("x1425","x1426")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1426' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1427' onclick='hideorshow("x1427","x1428")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1428' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1429' onclick='hideorshow("x1429","x1430")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1430' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1431' onclick='hideorshow("x1431","x1432")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1432' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1433' onclick='hideorshow("x1433","x1434")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1434' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1435' onclick='hideorshow("x1435","x1436")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1436' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1437' onclick='hideorshow("x1437","x1438")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1438' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1439' onclick='hideorshow("x1439","x1440")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1440' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1441' onclick='hideorshow("x1441","x1442")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1442' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1443' onclick='hideorshow("x1443","x1444")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1444' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1445' onclick='hideorshow("x1445","x1446")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1446' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1447' onclick='hideorshow("x1447","x1448")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1448' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1449' onclick='hideorshow("x1449","x1450")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1450' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1451' onclick='hideorshow("x1451","x1452")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1452' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1453' onclick='hideorshow("x1453","x1454")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1454' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1455' onclick='hideorshow("x1455","x1456")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1456' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1457' onclick='hideorshow("x1457","x1458")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1458' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1459' onclick='hideorshow("x1459","x1460")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1460' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1461' onclick='hideorshow("x1461","x1462")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1462' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1463' onclick='hideorshow("x1463","x1464")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1464' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1465' onclick='hideorshow("x1465","x1466")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1466' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1467' onclick='hideorshow("x1467","x1468")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1468' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1469' onclick='hideorshow("x1469","x1470")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1470' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1471' onclick='hideorshow("x1471","x1472")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1472' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1473' onclick='hideorshow("x1473","x1474")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1474' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1475' onclick='hideorshow("x1475","x1476")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1476' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1477' onclick='hideorshow("x1477","x1478")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1478' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1479' onclick='hideorshow("x1479","x1480")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1480' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1481' onclick='hideorshow("x1481","x1482")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1482' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1483' onclick='hideorshow("x1483","x1484")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1484' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>The DELETE command removes records from the table identified by the

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DETACH DATABASE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/detach-stmt.html">detach-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1485' onclick='hideorshow("x1485","x1486")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1486' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram detach-stmt" src="images/syntax/detach-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>This statement detaches an additional database connection previously 
attached using the <a href="lang_attach.html">ATTACH</a> statement.  
When not in <a href="sharedcache.html">shared cache mode</a>, 

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DROP INDEX</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/drop-index-stmt.html">drop-index-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1487' onclick='hideorshow("x1487","x1488")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1488' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram drop-index-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-index-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>The DROP INDEX statement removes an index added
with the <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a> statement.  The index is completely removed from
the disk.  The only way to recover the index is to reenter the

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DROP TABLE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/drop-table-stmt.html">drop-table-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1489' onclick='hideorshow("x1489","x1490")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1490' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram drop-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-table-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>The DROP TABLE statement removes a table added with the
<a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> statement.  The name specified is the
table name.  The dropped table is completely removed from the database 

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DROP TRIGGER</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/drop-trigger-stmt.html">drop-trigger-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1491' onclick='hideorshow("x1491","x1492")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1492' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram drop-trigger-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-trigger-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>The DROP TRIGGER statement removes a trigger created by the 
<a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a> statement. Once removed, the trigger definition is no
longer present in the sqlite_master (or sqlite_temp_master) table and is

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>DROP VIEW</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/drop-view-stmt.html">drop-view-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1493' onclick='hideorshow("x1493","x1494")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1494' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram drop-view-stmt" src="images/syntax/drop-view-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>The DROP VIEW statement removes a view created by the <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a> 
  statement. The view definition is removed from the database schema, but 
  no actual data in the underlying base tables is modified.

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>expression</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1495' onclick='hideorshow("x1495","x1496")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1496' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter.html">filter:</a></b>
<button id='x1497' onclick='hideorshow("x1497","x1498")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1498' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter" src="images/syntax/filter.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1499' onclick='hideorshow("x1499","x1500")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1500' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1501' onclick='hideorshow("x1501","x1502")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1502' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1503' onclick='hideorshow("x1503","x1504")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1504' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1505' onclick='hideorshow("x1505","x1506")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1506' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1507' onclick='hideorshow("x1507","x1508")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1508' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1509' onclick='hideorshow("x1509","x1510")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1510' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1511' onclick='hideorshow("x1511","x1512")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1512' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1513' onclick='hideorshow("x1513","x1514")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1514' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1515' onclick='hideorshow("x1515","x1516")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1516' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1517' onclick='hideorshow("x1517","x1518")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1518' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1519' onclick='hideorshow("x1519","x1520")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1520' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1521' onclick='hideorshow("x1521","x1522")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1522' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1523' onclick='hideorshow("x1523","x1524")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1524' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1525' onclick='hideorshow("x1525","x1526")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1526' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1527' onclick='hideorshow("x1527","x1528")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1528' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1529' onclick='hideorshow("x1529","x1530")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1530' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>This section is different from the others.  Most other sections of
this document talks about a particular SQL command.  This section does
not talk about a standalone command but about "expressions" which are 

unique integer key (the <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">rowid</a>) associated with every 
row of every table and so are not available on <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables.
The special identifiers only refer to the row key if the <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a>
statement does not define a real column with the same name.
The rowid can be used anywhere a regular
column can be used.</p>

<a name="exists_op"></a>

<h3>The EXISTS operator</h3>

<p>The EXISTS operator always evaluates to one of the integer values 0 
and 1. If executing the SELECT statement specified as the right-hand 
operand of the EXISTS operator would return one or more rows, then the
EXISTS operator evaluates to 1. If executing the SELECT would return

<p>The boolean identifiers TRUE and FALSE are usually just aliases for
the integer values 1 and 0, respectively.  However, if TRUE or FALSE
occur on the right-hand side of an IS operator, then they form new
unary postfix operators "IS TRUE" and "IS FALSE" which test the boolean
value of the operand on the left.

<h3>Functions</h3>
<p>SQLite supports many <a href="lang_corefunc.html">simple</a>, <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate</a>,
and <a href="windowfunctions.html">window</a>
SQL functions.  For presentation purposes, simple functions are further
subdivided into <a href="lang_corefunc.html">core functions</a>, <a href="lang_datefunc.html">date-time functions</a>,
and <a href="json1.html">JSON functions</a>.
Applications can add new functions, written in C/C++, using the
<a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> interface.
</p>

<p>It is possible to have an aggregate function with the same name as a
simple function, as long as the number of arguments for the two forms of the
function are different.  For example, the <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#maxggunc">max()</a> function with a
single argument is an aggregate and the <a href="lang_corefunc.html#maxoreunc">max()</a> function with two or more
arguments is a simple function.

<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>INDEXED BY</h2></div>
<p>The INDEXED BY phrase forces the <a href="optoverview.html">SQLite query planner</a> to use a
particular named index on a <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a>, or <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statement.
The INDEXED BY phrase is an SQLite extension and
is not portable to other SQL database engines.</p>

<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1993' onclick='hideorshow("x1993","x1994")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1994' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" />
</div>


<p>The "INDEXED BY <span class='yyterm'>index-name</span>" phrase specifies 
that the named index
must be used in order to look up values on the preceding table.

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>INSERT</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/insert-stmt.html">insert-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1531' onclick='hideorshow("x1531","x1532")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1532' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram insert-stmt" src="images/syntax/insert-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1533' onclick='hideorshow("x1533","x1534")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1534' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter.html">filter:</a></b>
<button id='x1535' onclick='hideorshow("x1535","x1536")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1536' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter" src="images/syntax/filter.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1537' onclick='hideorshow("x1537","x1538")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1538' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1539' onclick='hideorshow("x1539","x1540")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1540' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1541' onclick='hideorshow("x1541","x1542")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1542' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1543' onclick='hideorshow("x1543","x1544")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1544' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1545' onclick='hideorshow("x1545","x1546")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1546' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1547' onclick='hideorshow("x1547","x1548")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1548' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1549' onclick='hideorshow("x1549","x1550")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1550' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1551' onclick='hideorshow("x1551","x1552")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1552' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1553' onclick='hideorshow("x1553","x1554")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1554' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1555' onclick='hideorshow("x1555","x1556")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1556' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1557' onclick='hideorshow("x1557","x1558")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1558' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1559' onclick='hideorshow("x1559","x1560")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1560' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1561' onclick='hideorshow("x1561","x1562")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1562' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1563' onclick='hideorshow("x1563","x1564")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1564' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1565' onclick='hideorshow("x1565","x1566")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1566' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1567' onclick='hideorshow("x1567","x1568")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1568' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1569' onclick='hideorshow("x1569","x1570")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1570' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1571' onclick='hideorshow("x1571","x1572")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1572' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1573' onclick='hideorshow("x1573","x1574")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1574' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram upsert-clause" src="images/syntax/upsert-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b>
<button id='x1575' onclick='hideorshow("x1575","x1576")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1576' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1577' onclick='hideorshow("x1577","x1578")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1578' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram indexed-column" src="images/syntax/indexed-column.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1579' onclick='hideorshow("x1579","x1580")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1580' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1581' onclick='hideorshow("x1581","x1582")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1582' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>The INSERT statement comes in three basic forms.  

}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>SQLite Keywords</h2></div></DIV>

<p>The SQL standard specifies a large number of keywords which may not
be used as the names of tables, indices, columns, databases, user-defined
functions, collations, virtual table modules, or any other named object.
The list of keywords is so long that few people can remember them all.
For most SQL code, your safest bet is to never use any English language
word as the name of a user-defined object.</p>

<p>If you want to use a keyword as a name, you need to quote it.  There

<p>
The list below shows all possible keywords used by any build of
SQLite regardless of <a href="compile.html">compile-time options</a>.  
Most reasonable configurations use most or all of these keywords,
but some keywords may be omitted when SQL language features are
disabled.
Applications can use the
<a href="c3ref/keyword_check.html">sqlite3_keyword_count()</a>, <a href="c3ref/keyword_check.html">sqlite3_keyword_name()</a>, and
<a href="c3ref/keyword_check.html">sqlite3_keyword_check()</a> interfaces to determine the keywords
recognized by SQLite at run-time.
Regardless of the compile-time configuration, any identifier that is not on
the following 136 element
list is not a keyword to the SQL parser in SQLite:
</p>

<ol>
<li>ABORT</li>
<li>ACTION</li>
<li>ADD</li>

<li>COLLATE</li>
<li>COLUMN</li>
<li>COMMIT</li>
<li>CONFLICT</li>
<li>CONSTRAINT</li>
<li>CREATE</li>
<li>CROSS</li>
<li>CURRENT</li>
<li>CURRENT_DATE</li>
<li>CURRENT_TIME</li>
<li>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</li>
<li>DATABASE</li>
<li>DEFAULT</li>
<li>DEFERRABLE</li>
<li>DEFERRED</li>
<li>DELETE</li>
<li>DESC</li>
<li>DETACH</li>
<li>DISTINCT</li>
<li>DO</li>
<li>DROP</li>
<li>EACH</li>
<li>ELSE</li>
<li>END</li>
<li>ESCAPE</li>
<li>EXCEPT</li>
<li>EXCLUSIVE</li>
<li>EXISTS</li>
<li>EXPLAIN</li>
<li>FAIL</li>
<li>FILTER</li>
<li>FOLLOWING</li>
<li>FOR</li>
<li>FOREIGN</li>
<li>FROM</li>
<li>FULL</li>
<li>GLOB</li>
<li>GROUP</li>
<li>HAVING</li>

<li>LEFT</li>
<li>LIKE</li>
<li>LIMIT</li>
<li>MATCH</li>
<li>NATURAL</li>
<li>NO</li>
<li>NOT</li>
<li>NOTHING</li>
<li>NOTNULL</li>
<li>NULL</li>
<li>OF</li>
<li>OFFSET</li>
<li>ON</li>
<li>OR</li>
<li>ORDER</li>
<li>OUTER</li>
<li>OVER</li>
<li>PARTITION</li>
<li>PLAN</li>
<li>PRAGMA</li>
<li>PRECEDING</li>
<li>PRIMARY</li>
<li>QUERY</li>
<li>RAISE</li>
<li>RANGE</li>
<li>RECURSIVE</li>
<li>REFERENCES</li>
<li>REGEXP</li>
<li>REINDEX</li>
<li>RELEASE</li>
<li>RENAME</li>
<li>REPLACE</li>
<li>RESTRICT</li>
<li>RIGHT</li>
<li>ROLLBACK</li>
<li>ROW</li>
<li>ROWS</li>
<li>SAVEPOINT</li>
<li>SELECT</li>
<li>SET</li>
<li>TABLE</li>
<li>TEMP</li>
<li>TEMPORARY</li>
<li>THEN</li>
<li>TO</li>
<li>TRANSACTION</li>
<li>TRIGGER</li>
<li>UNBOUNDED</li>
<li>UNION</li>
<li>UNIQUE</li>
<li>UPDATE</li>
<li>USING</li>
<li>VACUUM</li>
<li>VALUES</li>
<li>VIEW</li>
<li>VIRTUAL</li>
<li>WHEN</li>
<li>WHERE</li>
<li>WINDOW</li>
<li>WITH</li>
<li>WITHOUT</li>
</ol>

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>REINDEX</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/reindex-stmt.html">reindex-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1627' onclick='hideorshow("x1627","x1628")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1628' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram reindex-stmt" src="images/syntax/reindex-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>The REINDEX command is used to delete and recreate indices from scratch.
This is useful when the definition of a collation sequence has changed.
</p>

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>SAVEPOINT</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/savepoint-stmt.html">savepoint-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1171' onclick='hideorshow("x1171","x1172")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1172' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram savepoint-stmt" src="images/syntax/savepoint-stmt.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/release-stmt.html">release-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1173' onclick='hideorshow("x1173","x1174")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1174' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram release-stmt" src="images/syntax/release-stmt.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/rollback-stmt.html">rollback-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1175' onclick='hideorshow("x1175","x1176")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1176' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram rollback-stmt" src="images/syntax/rollback-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p> SAVEPOINTs are a method of creating transactions, similar to
<a href="lang_transaction.html">BEGIN</a> and <a href="lang_transaction.html">COMMIT</a>, except that the SAVEPOINT and RELEASE commands
are named and may be nested.</p>

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>SELECT</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1671' onclick='hideorshow("x1671","x1672")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1672' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1673' onclick='hideorshow("x1673","x1674")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1674' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1675' onclick='hideorshow("x1675","x1676")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1676' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1677' onclick='hideorshow("x1677","x1678")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1678' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter.html">filter:</a></b>
<button id='x1679' onclick='hideorshow("x1679","x1680")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1680' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter" src="images/syntax/filter.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1681' onclick='hideorshow("x1681","x1682")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1682' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1683' onclick='hideorshow("x1683","x1684")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1684' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1685' onclick='hideorshow("x1685","x1686")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1686' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1687' onclick='hideorshow("x1687","x1688")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1688' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1689' onclick='hideorshow("x1689","x1690")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1690' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1691' onclick='hideorshow("x1691","x1692")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1692' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1693' onclick='hideorshow("x1693","x1694")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1694' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1695' onclick='hideorshow("x1695","x1696")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1696' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1697' onclick='hideorshow("x1697","x1698")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1698' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1699' onclick='hideorshow("x1699","x1700")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1700' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1701' onclick='hideorshow("x1701","x1702")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1702' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1703' onclick='hideorshow("x1703","x1704")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1704' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>



<p>The SELECT statement is used to query the database.  The
result of a SELECT is zero or more rows of data where each row
has a fixed number of columns.  A SELECT statement does not make
any changes to the database.

<p>The "<a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt</a>" syntax diagram above attempts to show as much of the
SELECT statement syntax as possible in a single diagram, because some readers
find that helpful.  The following "<a href="syntax/factored-select-stmt.html">factored-select-stmt</a>" is an alternative
syntax diagrams that expresses the same syntax but tries to break the syntax 
down into smaller chunks.

<p><b><a href="syntax/factored-select-stmt.html">factored-select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1705' onclick='hideorshow("x1705","x1706")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1706' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram factored-select-stmt" src="images/syntax/factored-select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1707' onclick='hideorshow("x1707","x1708")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1708' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1709' onclick='hideorshow("x1709","x1710")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1710' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1711' onclick='hideorshow("x1711","x1712")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1712' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1713' onclick='hideorshow("x1713","x1714")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1714' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1715' onclick='hideorshow("x1715","x1716")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1716' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1717' onclick='hideorshow("x1717","x1718")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1718' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1719' onclick='hideorshow("x1719","x1720")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1720' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1721' onclick='hideorshow("x1721","x1722")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1722' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1723' onclick='hideorshow("x1723","x1724")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1724' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1725' onclick='hideorshow("x1725","x1726")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1726' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1727' onclick='hideorshow("x1727","x1728")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1728' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter.html">filter:</a></b>
<button id='x1729' onclick='hideorshow("x1729","x1730")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1730' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter" src="images/syntax/filter.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1731' onclick='hideorshow("x1731","x1732")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1732' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1733' onclick='hideorshow("x1733","x1734")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1734' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1735' onclick='hideorshow("x1735","x1736")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1736' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1737' onclick='hideorshow("x1737","x1738")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1738' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1739' onclick='hideorshow("x1739","x1740")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1740' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1741' onclick='hideorshow("x1741","x1742")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1742' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1743' onclick='hideorshow("x1743","x1744")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1744' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1745' onclick='hideorshow("x1745","x1746")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1746' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1747' onclick='hideorshow("x1747","x1748")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1748' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1749' onclick='hideorshow("x1749","x1750")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1750' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1751' onclick='hideorshow("x1751","x1752")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1752' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1753' onclick='hideorshow("x1753","x1754")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1754' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1755' onclick='hideorshow("x1755","x1756")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1756' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core:</a></b>
<button id='x1757' onclick='hideorshow("x1757","x1758")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1758' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-core" src="images/syntax/select-core.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1759' onclick='hideorshow("x1759","x1760")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1760' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1761' onclick='hideorshow("x1761","x1762")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1762' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1763' onclick='hideorshow("x1763","x1764")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1764' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1765' onclick='hideorshow("x1765","x1766")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1766' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1767' onclick='hideorshow("x1767","x1768")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1768' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1769' onclick='hideorshow("x1769","x1770")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1770' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1771' onclick='hideorshow("x1771","x1772")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1772' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1773' onclick='hideorshow("x1773","x1774")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1774' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>Note that there are paths through the syntax diagrams that
are not allowed in practice.  Some examples:

<h3>Simple Select Processing</h3>

<p>The core of a SELECT statement is a "simple SELECT" shown by the
<a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core</a> and <a href="syntax/simple-select-stmt.html">simple-select-stmt</a> syntax diagrams below.  
In practice, most SELECT statements are simple SELECT statements.

<p><b><a href="syntax/simple-select-stmt.html">simple-select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1775' onclick='hideorshow("x1775","x1776")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1776' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram simple-select-stmt" src="images/syntax/simple-select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1777' onclick='hideorshow("x1777","x1778")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1778' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1779' onclick='hideorshow("x1779","x1780")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1780' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1781' onclick='hideorshow("x1781","x1782")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1782' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1783' onclick='hideorshow("x1783","x1784")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1784' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1785' onclick='hideorshow("x1785","x1786")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1786' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1787' onclick='hideorshow("x1787","x1788")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1788' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1789' onclick='hideorshow("x1789","x1790")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1790' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1791' onclick='hideorshow("x1791","x1792")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1792' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1793' onclick='hideorshow("x1793","x1794")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1794' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1795' onclick='hideorshow("x1795","x1796")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1796' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1797' onclick='hideorshow("x1797","x1798")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1798' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter.html">filter:</a></b>
<button id='x1799' onclick='hideorshow("x1799","x1800")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1800' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter" src="images/syntax/filter.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1801' onclick='hideorshow("x1801","x1802")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1802' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1803' onclick='hideorshow("x1803","x1804")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1804' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1805' onclick='hideorshow("x1805","x1806")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1806' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1807' onclick='hideorshow("x1807","x1808")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1808' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1809' onclick='hideorshow("x1809","x1810")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1810' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1811' onclick='hideorshow("x1811","x1812")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1812' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1813' onclick='hideorshow("x1813","x1814")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1814' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1815' onclick='hideorshow("x1815","x1816")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1816' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1817' onclick='hideorshow("x1817","x1818")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1818' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1819' onclick='hideorshow("x1819","x1820")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1820' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1821' onclick='hideorshow("x1821","x1822")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1822' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1823' onclick='hideorshow("x1823","x1824")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1824' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1825' onclick='hideorshow("x1825","x1826")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1826' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1827' onclick='hideorshow("x1827","x1828")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1828' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core:</a></b>
<button id='x1829' onclick='hideorshow("x1829","x1830")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1830' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-core" src="images/syntax/select-core.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1831' onclick='hideorshow("x1831","x1832")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1832' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1833' onclick='hideorshow("x1833","x1834")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1834' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1835' onclick='hideorshow("x1835","x1836")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1836' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1837' onclick='hideorshow("x1837","x1838")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1838' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1839' onclick='hideorshow("x1839","x1840")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1840' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1841' onclick='hideorshow("x1841","x1842")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1842' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1843' onclick='hideorshow("x1843","x1844")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1844' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1845' onclick='hideorshow("x1845","x1846")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1846' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1847' onclick='hideorshow("x1847","x1848")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1848' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>Generating the results of a simple SELECT
statement is presented as a four step process in the description below:

<h3>Compound Select Statements</h3>

<p>Two or more <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> statements may be connected together to form
a compound SELECT using the UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT or EXCEPT operator,
as shown by the following diagram:

<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-select-stmt.html">compound-select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1849' onclick='hideorshow("x1849","x1850")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1850' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-select-stmt" src="images/syntax/compound-select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1851' onclick='hideorshow("x1851","x1852")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1852' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1853' onclick='hideorshow("x1853","x1854")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1854' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1855' onclick='hideorshow("x1855","x1856")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1856' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1857' onclick='hideorshow("x1857","x1858")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1858' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1859' onclick='hideorshow("x1859","x1860")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1860' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1861' onclick='hideorshow("x1861","x1862")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1862' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1863' onclick='hideorshow("x1863","x1864")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1864' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1865' onclick='hideorshow("x1865","x1866")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1866' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1867' onclick='hideorshow("x1867","x1868")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1868' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1869' onclick='hideorshow("x1869","x1870")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1870' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1871' onclick='hideorshow("x1871","x1872")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1872' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter.html">filter:</a></b>
<button id='x1873' onclick='hideorshow("x1873","x1874")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1874' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter" src="images/syntax/filter.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1875' onclick='hideorshow("x1875","x1876")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1876' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1877' onclick='hideorshow("x1877","x1878")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1878' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1879' onclick='hideorshow("x1879","x1880")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1880' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1881' onclick='hideorshow("x1881","x1882")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1882' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1883' onclick='hideorshow("x1883","x1884")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1884' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1885' onclick='hideorshow("x1885","x1886")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1886' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1887' onclick='hideorshow("x1887","x1888")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1888' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1889' onclick='hideorshow("x1889","x1890")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1890' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1891' onclick='hideorshow("x1891","x1892")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1892' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1893' onclick='hideorshow("x1893","x1894")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1894' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1895' onclick='hideorshow("x1895","x1896")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1896' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1897' onclick='hideorshow("x1897","x1898")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1898' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1899' onclick='hideorshow("x1899","x1900")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1900' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1901' onclick='hideorshow("x1901","x1902")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1902' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core:</a></b>
<button id='x1903' onclick='hideorshow("x1903","x1904")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1904' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-core" src="images/syntax/select-core.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1905' onclick='hideorshow("x1905","x1906")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1906' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1907' onclick='hideorshow("x1907","x1908")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1908' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1909' onclick='hideorshow("x1909","x1910")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1910' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1911' onclick='hideorshow("x1911","x1912")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1912' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1913' onclick='hideorshow("x1913","x1914")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1914' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1915' onclick='hideorshow("x1915","x1916")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1916' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1917' onclick='hideorshow("x1917","x1918")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1918' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1919' onclick='hideorshow("x1919","x1920")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1920' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1921' onclick='hideorshow("x1921","x1922")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1922' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>In a compound SELECT, all the constituent SELECTs must return the same 
number of result columns. As the components of a compound SELECT must

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>BEGIN TRANSACTION</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/begin-stmt.html">begin-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1165' onclick='hideorshow("x1165","x1166")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1166' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram begin-stmt" src="images/syntax/begin-stmt.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/commit-stmt.html">commit-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1167' onclick='hideorshow("x1167","x1168")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1168' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram commit-stmt" src="images/syntax/commit-stmt.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/rollback-stmt.html">rollback-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1169' onclick='hideorshow("x1169","x1170")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1170' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram rollback-stmt" src="images/syntax/rollback-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>
No changes can be made to the database except within a transaction.
Any command that changes the database (basically, any SQL command

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>UPDATE</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/update-stmt.html">update-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1923' onclick='hideorshow("x1923","x1924")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1924' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram update-stmt" src="images/syntax/update-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b>
<button id='x1925' onclick='hideorshow("x1925","x1926")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1926' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram column-name-list" src="images/syntax/column-name-list.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1927' onclick='hideorshow("x1927","x1928")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1928' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter.html">filter:</a></b>
<button id='x1929' onclick='hideorshow("x1929","x1930")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1930' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter" src="images/syntax/filter.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1931' onclick='hideorshow("x1931","x1932")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1932' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1933' onclick='hideorshow("x1933","x1934")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1934' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1935' onclick='hideorshow("x1935","x1936")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1936' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1937' onclick='hideorshow("x1937","x1938")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1938' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1939' onclick='hideorshow("x1939","x1940")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1940' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1941' onclick='hideorshow("x1941","x1942")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1942' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1943' onclick='hideorshow("x1943","x1944")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1944' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1945' onclick='hideorshow("x1945","x1946")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1946' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1947' onclick='hideorshow("x1947","x1948")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1948' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1949' onclick='hideorshow("x1949","x1950")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1950' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1951' onclick='hideorshow("x1951","x1952")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1952' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1953' onclick='hideorshow("x1953","x1954")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1954' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1955' onclick='hideorshow("x1955","x1956")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1956' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1957' onclick='hideorshow("x1957","x1958")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1958' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1959' onclick='hideorshow("x1959","x1960")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1960' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1961' onclick='hideorshow("x1961","x1962")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1962' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1963' onclick='hideorshow("x1963","x1964")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1964' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram qualified-table-name" src="images/syntax/qualified-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1965' onclick='hideorshow("x1965","x1966")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1966' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1967' onclick='hideorshow("x1967","x1968")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1968' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1969' onclick='hideorshow("x1969","x1970")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1970' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1971' onclick='hideorshow("x1971","x1972")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1972' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1973' onclick='hideorshow("x1973","x1974")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1974' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1975' onclick='hideorshow("x1975","x1976")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1976' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1977' onclick='hideorshow("x1977","x1978")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1978' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1979' onclick='hideorshow("x1979","x1980")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1980' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1981' onclick='hideorshow("x1981","x1982")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1982' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1983' onclick='hideorshow("x1983","x1984")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1984' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1985' onclick='hideorshow("x1985","x1986")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1986' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1987' onclick='hideorshow("x1987","x1988")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1988' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1989' onclick='hideorshow("x1989","x1990")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1990' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>An UPDATE statement is used to modify a subset of the values stored in 

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>VACUUM</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/vacuum-stmt.html">vacuum-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1991' onclick='hideorshow("x1991","x1992")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1992' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram vacuum-stmt" src="images/syntax/vacuum-stmt.gif" />
</div>


<p>
  The VACUUM command rebuilds the database file, repacking it into a minimal
  amount of disk space. There are several 

b.innerHTML='hide';
}
return false;
}
</script>
</div>
<div class=nosearch><h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>WITH clause</h2></div><p><b><a href="syntax/with-clause.html">with-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1629' onclick='hideorshow("x1629","x1630")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1630' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram with-clause" src="images/syntax/with-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1631' onclick='hideorshow("x1631","x1632")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1632' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1633' onclick='hideorshow("x1633","x1634")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1634' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1635' onclick='hideorshow("x1635","x1636")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1636' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram common-table-expression" src="images/syntax/common-table-expression.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1637' onclick='hideorshow("x1637","x1638")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1638' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram compound-operator" src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1639' onclick='hideorshow("x1639","x1640")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1640' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="images/syntax/expr.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter.html">filter:</a></b>
<button id='x1641' onclick='hideorshow("x1641","x1642")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1642' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram filter" src="images/syntax/filter.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x1643' onclick='hideorshow("x1643","x1644")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1644' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram literal-value" src="images/syntax/literal-value.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1645' onclick='hideorshow("x1645","x1646")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1646' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram raise-function" src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1647' onclick='hideorshow("x1647","x1648")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1648' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram type-name" src="images/syntax/type-name.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1649' onclick='hideorshow("x1649","x1650")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1650' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1651' onclick='hideorshow("x1651","x1652")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1652' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-clause" src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1653' onclick='hideorshow("x1653","x1654")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1654' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-constraint" src="images/syntax/join-constraint.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1655' onclick='hideorshow("x1655","x1656")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1656' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram join-operator" src="images/syntax/join-operator.gif" />
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1657' onclick='hideorshow("x1657","x1658")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1658' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1659' onclick='hideorshow("x1659","x1660")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1660' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram result-column" src="images/syntax/result-column.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1661' onclick='hideorshow("x1661","x1662")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1662' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram table-or-subquery" src="images/syntax/table-or-subquery.gif" />
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1663' onclick='hideorshow("x1663","x1664")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1664' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram window-defn" src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1665' onclick='hideorshow("x1665","x1666")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1666' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram frame-spec" src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>Common Table Expressions or CTEs act like temporary <a href="lang_createview.html">views</a> that exist
only for the duration of a single SQL statement.  There are two kinds of

<ol>
<li> The "<a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt</a>"
     must be a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound select</a> where the right-most <a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator</a> is
     either UNION or UNION ALL.
<li> The table named on the left-hand side of the AS keyword must appear
     exactly once in the FROM clause of the right-most SELECT statement
     of the compound select, and nowhere else.
<li> The right-most SELECT of the compound select must not make use of
     <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate</a> or <a href="windowfunctions.html">window functions</a>.
</ol>

<p>To put it another way, a recursive common table expression must
look like the following:

<p><b><a href="syntax/recursive-cte.html">recursive-cte:</a></b>
<button id='x1667' onclick='hideorshow("x1667","x1668")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x1668' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram recursive-cte" src="images/syntax/recursive-cte.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1669' onclick='hideorshow("x1669","x1670")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x1670' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram cte-table-name" src="images/syntax/cte-table-name.gif" />
</div>
</div>


<p>Call the table named by the <a href="syntax/cte-table-name.html">cte-table-name</a> in a recursive
common table expression the "recursive table".

     SELECT parent FROM parent_of JOIN ancestor_of_alice USING(name))
SELECT family.name FROM ancestor_of_alice, family
 WHERE ancestor_of_alice.name=family.name
   AND died IS NULL
 ORDER BY born;
</pre></blockquote>

<a name="rcex3"></a>

<h4>Queries Against A Graph</h4>

<p>A version control system (VCS) will typically store the evolving
versions of a project as a directed acyclic graph (DAG).  Call each
version of the project a "checkin".  A single
checkin can have zero or more parents.  Most checkins (except the

opportunity to add new PRAGMA statements or to override the meaning of
built-in PRAGMA statements.</p>


<hr /><a name="syntax"></a>
<h2>PRAGMA command syntax</h2>
<p><b><a href="syntax/pragma-stmt.html">pragma-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2035' onclick='hideorshow("x2035","x2036")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x2036' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram pragma-stmt" src="images/syntax/pragma-stmt.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/pragma-value.html">pragma-value:</a></b>
<button id='x2037' onclick='hideorshow("x2037","x2038")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x2038' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram pragma-value" src="images/syntax/pragma-value.gif" />
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x2039' onclick='hideorshow("x2039","x2040")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2040' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram signed-number" src="images/syntax/signed-number.gif" />
</div>
</div>
</div>


<p>

{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_incremental_vacuum","x":"incremental_vacuum","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_index_info","x":"index_info","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_index_list","x":"index_list","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_index_xinfo","x":"index_xinfo","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_integrity_check","x":"integrity_check","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_journal_mode","x":"journal_mode","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_journal_size_limit","x":"journal_size_limit","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_legacy_alter_table","x":"legacy_alter_table","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_legacy_file_format","x":"legacy_file_format","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_locking_mode","x":"locking_mode","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_max_page_count","x":"max_page_count","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_mmap_size","x":"mmap_size","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_module_list","x":"module_list","s":4},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_optimize","x":"optimize","s":0},
{"u":"pragma.html#pragma_page_count","x":"page_count","s":0},

for use in application programs.</ol></p>
<a name="pragma_application_id"></a>
<h _id=pragma_application_id style="display:none"> PRAGMA application_id</h><hr>
    <p><b>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>application_id;
     <br>PRAGMA </b><i>schema.</i><b>application_id = </b><i>integer </i><b>;</b>
  
<p>    The application_id PRAGMA is used to query or set the 32-bit
       signed big-endian "Application ID" integer located at offset
       68 into the <a href="fileformat2.html#database_header">database header</a>.  Applications that use SQLite as their
       <a href="appfileformat.html">application file-format</a> should set the Application ID integer to
       a unique integer so that utilities such as 
       <a href="http://www.darwinsys.com/file/">file(1)</a> can determine the specific
       file type rather than just reporting "SQLite3 Database".  A list of
       assigned application IDs can be seen by consulting the
       <a href="http://www.sqlite.org/src/artifact?ci=trunk&filename=magic.txt">magic.txt</a> file in the SQLite source repository.

  the default journal size limit at compile-time.</p>

  <p>This pragma only operates on the single database specified prior
  to the pragma name (or on the "main" database if no database is specified.)
  There is no way to change the journal size limit on all attached databases
  using a single PRAGMA statement.  The size limit must be set separately for
  each attached database.
<a name="pragma_legacy_alter_table"></a>
<h _id=pragma_legacy_alter_table style="display:none"> PRAGMA legacy_alter_table</h><hr>
   <p><b>PRAGMA legacy_alter_table;
       <br>PRAGMA legacy_alter_table = <i>boolean</i></b></p>
    <p>This pragma sets or queries the value of the legacy_alter_table
    flag.  When this flag is on, the ALTER TABLE RENAME
    command (for changing the name of a table) works as it did
    in SQLite 3.24.0 (2018-06-04) and earlier.  More specifically,
    when this flag is on
    the ALTER TABLE RENAME command only rewrites the initial occurrence
    of the table name in its CREATE TABLE statement and in any associated
    CREATE INDEX and CREATE TRIGGER statements.  Other references to the
    table are unmodifed, including:
    <ul>
    <li> References to the table within the bodies of triggers and views.
    <li> References to the table within CHECK constraints in the original
         CREATE TABLE statement.
    <li> References to the table within the WHERE clauses of <a href="partialindex.html">partial indexes</a>.
    </ul>
    The default setting for this pragma is OFF, which means that all
    references to the table anywhere in the schema are converted to the new name.
    <p>This pragma is provided as a work-around for older programs that
    contain code that expect the incomplete behavior
    of ALTER TABLE RENAME found in older versions of SQLite.
    New applications should leave this flag turned off.
    <p>For compability with older <a href="vtab.html">virtual table</a> implementations,
    this flag is turned on temporarily while the <a href="vtab.html#xrename">sqlite3_module.xRename</a>
    method is being run.  The value of this flag is restore after the 
    <a href="vtab.html#xrename">sqlite3_module.xRename</a> method finishes.
<a name="pragma_legacy_file_format"></a>
<h _id=pragma_legacy_file_format style="display:none"> PRAGMA legacy_file_format</h><hr>
   <p><b>PRAGMA legacy_file_format;
       <br>PRAGMA legacy_file_format = <i>boolean</i></b></p>
    <p>This pragma sets or queries the value of the legacy_file_format
    flag.  When this flag is on, new SQLite databases are created in
    a file format that is readable and writable by all versions of

  background: #fff;
  border: 1px solid #000;
  border-radius: 11px;
  padding-left: 4px;
  padding-right: 4px;
  line-height: 125%;
}
.yynonterm {
  background: #fff;
  border: 1px solid #000;
  padding-left: 2px;
  padding-right: 2px;
  line-height: 125%;
}

/* Container for an image */
.imgcontainer img {
  max-height: 100%;
  max-width: 100%;
}

{"u":"syntax/detach-stmt.html","x":"detach-stmt","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/drop-index-stmt.html","x":"drop-index-stmt","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/drop-table-stmt.html","x":"drop-table-stmt","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/drop-trigger-stmt.html","x":"drop-trigger-stmt","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/drop-view-stmt.html","x":"drop-view-stmt","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/expr.html","x":"expr","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/factored-select-stmt.html","x":"factored-select-stmt","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/filter.html","x":"filter","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/foreign-key-clause.html","x":"foreign-key-clause","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/frame-spec.html","x":"frame-spec","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/function-invocation.html","x":"function-invocation","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/indexed-column.html","x":"indexed-column","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/insert-stmt.html","x":"insert-stmt","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/join-clause.html","x":"join-clause","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/join-constraint.html","x":"join-constraint","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/join-operator.html","x":"join-operator","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/literal-value.html","x":"literal-value","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/numeric-literal.html","x":"numeric-literal","s":0},

{"u":"syntax/table-constraint.html","x":"table-constraint","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/table-or-subquery.html","x":"table-or-subquery","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/type-name.html","x":"type-name","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/update-stmt.html","x":"update-stmt","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/update-stmt-limited.html","x":"update-stmt-limited","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/upsert-clause.html","x":"upsert-clause","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/vacuum-stmt.html","x":"vacuum-stmt","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/window-defn.html","x":"window-defn","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/window-function-invocation.html","x":"window-function-invocation","s":0},
{"u":"syntax/with-clause.html","x":"with-clause","s":0}];
var j = 0;
var w = Math.max(document.documentElement.clientWidth,  window.innerWidth || 0);
var nCol = Math.floor(w/300);
if(nCol<=0) nCol=1;
var nRow = Math.ceil((listitems42.length+1)/nCol);
var h="<tr><td><ul class='multicol_list'>"

}
</script>
</div>
<h1 align='center'>expr</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram expr" src="../images/syntax/expr.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./attach-stmt.html'>attach-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./column-constraint.html'>column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-index-stmt.html'>create-index-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt.html'>delete-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt-limited.html'>delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./filter.html'>filter</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./frame-spec.html'>frame-spec</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./function-invocation.html'>function-invocation</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./indexed-column.html'>indexed-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./insert-stmt.html'>insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-constraint.html'>join-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./result-column.html'>result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-core.html'>select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-constraint.html'>table-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt.html'>update-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./upsert-clause.html'>upsert-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./window-defn.html'>window-defn</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./window-function-invocation.html'>window-function-invocation</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./filter.html'>filter</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./literal-value.html'>literal-value</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./raise-function.html'>raise-function</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./type-name.html'>type-name</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./window-defn.html'>window-defn</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</div>

}
</script>
</div>
<h1 align='center'>ordering-term</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram ordering-term" src="../images/syntax/ordering-term.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./delete-stmt-limited.html'>delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./select-stmt.html'>select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./update-stmt-limited.html'>update-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./window-defn.html'>window-defn</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</div>

</script>
</div>
<h1 align='center'>select-core</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram select-core" src="../images/syntax/select-core.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./compound-select-stmt.html'>compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./factored-select-stmt.html'>factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./simple-select-stmt.html'>simple-select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./result-column.html'>result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./window-defn.html'>window-defn</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>
</div>

</script>
</div>
<h1 align='center'>select-stmt</h1>
<div class='imgcontainer'>
<img alt="syntax diagram select-stmt" src="../images/syntax/select-stmt.gif"></img><br>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./common-table-expression.html'>common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-table-stmt.html'>create-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-trigger-stmt.html'>create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./create-view-stmt.html'>create-view-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./insert-stmt.html'>insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./sql-stmt.html'>sql-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./with-clause.html'>with-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./common-table-expression.html'>common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./compound-operator.html'>compound-operator</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./expr.html'>expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./join-clause.html'>join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./ordering-term.html'>ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./result-column.html'>result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./table-or-subquery.html'>table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='./window-defn.html'>window-defn</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_UPSERT.html'>lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_altertable.html'>lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_attach.html'>lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createindex.html'>lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtable.html'>lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createtrigger.html'>lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_createview.html'>lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_delete.html'>lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_expr.html'>lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_insert.html'>lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_select.html'>lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_update.html'>lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../lang_with.html'>lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='../partialindex.html'>partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<img src="images/syntax/drop-view-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_dropview.html">lang_dropview.html</a>
</div>

<a name="expr"></a><h4>expr:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/expr.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#attach-stmt">attach-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#column-constraint">column-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-index-stmt">create-index-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt">delete-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt-limited">delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#filter">filter</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#frame-spec">frame-spec</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#function-invocation">function-invocation</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#indexed-column">indexed-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#insert-stmt">insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-constraint">join-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#result-column">result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-constraint">table-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt">update-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt-limited">update-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#upsert-clause">upsert-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-function-invocation">window-function-invocation</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#filter">filter</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#literal-value">literal-value</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#raise-function">raise-function</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#type-name">type-name</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="raise-function"></a><h4>raise-function:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/raise-function.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html#raise">lang_createtrigger.html#raise</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_reindex.html">lang_reindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="select-stmt"></a><h4>select-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/select-stmt.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#common-table-expression">common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-table-stmt">create-table-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-trigger-stmt">create-trigger-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#create-view-stmt">create-view-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#insert-stmt">insert-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#sql-stmt">sql-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#with-clause">with-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#common-table-expression">common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-operator">compound-operator</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#result-column">result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html#recursivecte">lang_with.html#recursivecte</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="join-clause"></a><h4>join-clause:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/join-clause.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-constraint">join-constraint</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-operator">join-operator</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="select-core"></a><h4>select-core:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/select-core.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#result-column">result-column</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#table-or-subquery">table-or-subquery</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>
</div>

<a name="factored-select-stmt"></a><h4>factored-select-stmt:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/factored-select-stmt.gif"></img><br></br><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#common-table-expression">common-table-expression</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-operator">compound-operator</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>

Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#join-clause">join-clause</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#fromclause">lang_select.html#fromclause</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="ordering-term"></a><h4>ordering-term:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/ordering-term.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#compound-select-stmt">compound-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#delete-stmt-limited">delete-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#simple-select-stmt">simple-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#update-stmt-limited">update-stmt-limited</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="compound-operator"></a><h4>compound-operator:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/compound-operator.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#factored-select-stmt">factored-select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a><br></br>

See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_vacuum.html">lang_vacuum.html</a>
</div>

<a name="comment-syntax"></a><h4>comment-syntax:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/comment-syntax.gif"></img><br></br><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_comment.html">lang_comment.html</a>
</div>

<a name="filter"></a><h4>filter:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/filter.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-function-invocation">window-function-invocation</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="window-defn"></a><h4>window-defn:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/window-defn.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-core">select-core</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#select-stmt">select-stmt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-function-invocation">window-function-invocation</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#frame-spec">frame-spec</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#ordering-term">ordering-term</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="frame-spec"></a><h4>frame-spec:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/frame-spec.gif"></img><br></br>
Used by:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a><br></br>
See also:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_UPSERT.html">lang_UPSERT.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_altertable.html">lang_altertable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_attach.html">lang_attach.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createindex.html">lang_createindex.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtable.html">lang_createtable.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">lang_createtrigger.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_createview.html">lang_createview.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_delete.html">lang_delete.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_expr.html">lang_expr.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_insert.html">lang_insert.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html">lang_select.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#compound">lang_select.html#compound</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">lang_select.html#simpleselect</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_update.html">lang_update.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="lang_with.html">lang_with.html</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="partialindex.html">partialindex.html</a>
</div>

<a name="function-invocation"></a><h4>function-invocation:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/function-invocation.gif"></img><br></br><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>
</div>

<a name="window-function-invocation"></a><h4>window-function-invocation:</h4><div class='imgcontainer'>
<img src="images/syntax/window-function-invocation.gif"></img><br></br><br></br>
References:&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#expr">expr</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#filter">filter</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href="#window-defn">window-defn</a>
</div>

</p><h2 id="usage"><span>1.1. </span>Usage</h2>

<p>A virtual table is created using a <a href="lang_createvtab.html">CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE</a> statement.

<p><b><a href="syntax/create-virtual-table-stmt.html">create-virtual-table-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x2041' onclick='hideorshow("x2041","x2042")'>hide</button></p>
 <div id='x2042' class='imgcontainer'>
 <img alt="syntax diagram create-virtual-table-stmt" src="images/syntax/create-virtual-table-stmt.gif" />
</div>


</p><p>The CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE statement creates a new table
called <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span> derived from the class
class <span class='yyterm'>module-name</span>.  The <span class='yyterm'>module-name</span>

#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GLOB      66  /* 3.10.0 and later */
#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_REGEXP    67  /* 3.10.0 and later */
#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_NE        68  /* 3.21.0 and later */
#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_ISNOT     69  /* 3.21.0 and later */
#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_ISNOTNULL 70  /* 3.21.0 and later */
#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_ISNULL    71  /* 3.21.0 and later */
#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_IS        72  /* 3.21.0 and later */
#define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION 150  /* 3.25.0 and later */
#define SQLITE_INDEX_SCAN_UNIQUE           1  /* Scan visits at most 1 row */
</pre></div>

<p>The SQLite core calls the xBestIndex method when it is compiling a query
that involves a virtual table. In other words, SQLite calls this method 
when it is running <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a> or the equivalent. 
By calling this method, the 

<p>The main thing that the SQLite core is trying to communicate to 
the virtual table is the constraints that are available to limit 
the number of rows that need to be searched. The aConstraint[] array 
contains one entry for each constraint. There will be exactly 
nConstraint entries in that array.

</p><p>Each constraint will usually correspond to a term in the WHERE clause
or in a USING or ON clause that is of the form

</p><blockquote>
     column  OP  EXPR
</blockquote>

<p>Where "column" is a column in the virtual table, OP is an operator 

<p>The query optimizer might translate this into three separate constraints:

</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>x &gt;= 10
x &lt;= 100
y &lt; 999
</pre></div>

<p>For such each constraint, the aConstraint[].iColumn field indicates which 
column appears on the left-hand side of the constraint.
The first column of the virtual table is column 0. 
The rowid of the virtual table is column -1. 
The aConstraint[].op field indicates which operator is used. 
The SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_* constants map integer constants 
into operator values.
Columns occur in the order they were defined by the call to
<a href="c3ref/declare_vtab.html">sqlite3_declare_vtab()</a> in the <a href="vtab.html#xcreate">xCreate</a> or <a href="vtab.html#xconnect">xConnect</a> method.
Hidden columns are counted when determining the column index.

</p><p>If the <a href="vtab.html#xfindfunction">xFindFunction()</a> method for the virtual table is defined, and 
if xFindFunction() sometimes returns <a href="c3ref/c_index_constraint_eq.html">SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION</a> or
larger, then the constraints might also be of the form:

</p><blockquote>
     FUNCTION( column, EXPR)
</blockquote>

<p>In this case the aConstraint[].op value is the same as the value
returned by <a href="vtab.html#xfindfunction">xFindFunction()</a> for FUNCTION.

</p><p>The aConstraint[] array contains information about all constraints 
that apply to the virtual table. But some of the constraints might
not be usable because of the way tables are ordered in a join. 
The xBestIndex method must therefore only consider constraints 
that have an aConstraint[].usable flag which is true.

</p><p>When a function uses a column from a virtual table as its first 
argument, this method is called to see if the virtual table would 
like to overload the function. The first three parameters are inputs: 
the virtual table, the number of arguments to the function, and the 
name of the function. If no overloading is desired, this method
returns 0. To overload the function, this method writes the new 
function implementation into *pxFunc and writes user data into *ppArg 
and returns either 1 or a number between
<a href="c3ref/c_index_constraint_eq.html">SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION</a> and 255.

</p><p>Historically, the return value from xFindFunction() was either zero
or one.  Zero means that the function is not overloaded and one means that
it is overload.  The ability to return values of 
<a href="c3ref/c_index_constraint_eq.html">SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION</a> or greater was added in
version 3.25.0 (2018-09-15).  If xFindFunction returns
<a href="c3ref/c_index_constraint_eq.html">SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION</a> or greater, than means that the function
takes two arguments and the function
can be used as a boolean in the WHERE clause of a query and that
the virtual table is able to exploit that function to speed up the query
result.  When xFindFunction returns <a href="c3ref/c_index_constraint_eq.html">SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION</a> or 
larger, the value returned becomes the sqlite3_index_info.aConstraint.op
value for one of the constraints passed into <a href="vtab.html#xbestindex">xBestIndex()</a> and the second
argument becomes the value corresponding to that constraint that is passed
to <a href="vtab.html#xfilter">xFilter()</a>.  This enables the
xBestIndex()/xFilter implementations to use the function to speed
its search.

</p><p>The technique of having xFindFunction() return values of
<a href="c3ref/c_index_constraint_eq.html">SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION</a> was initially used in the implementation
of the <a href="geopoly.html">Geopoly module</a>.  The xFindFunction() method of that module returns
SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION for the <a href="geopoly.html#goverlap">geopoly_overlap()</a> SQL function
and it returns
SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION+1 for the <a href="geopoly.html#gwithin">geopoly_within()</a> SQL function.
This permits search optimizations for queries such as:

</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>SELECT * FROM geopolytab WHERE geopoly_overlap(_shape, $query_polygon);
</pre></div>

<p>Note that infix functions (<a href="lang_expr.html#like">LIKE</a>, <a href="lang_expr.html#glob">GLOB</a>, <a href="lang_expr.html#regexp">REGEXP</a>, and <a href="lang_expr.html#match">MATCH</a>) reverse 
the order of their arguments. So "like(A,B)" is equivalent to "B like A". 
For the form "B like A" the B term is considered the first argument 
to the function. But for "like(A,B)" the A term is considered the 
first argument.

</p><p>The function pointer returned by this routine must be valid for
the lifetime of the <a href="c3ref/vtab.html">sqlite3_vtab</a> object given in the first parameter.

</pre></div>

<p>This method provides notification that the virtual table implementation
that the virtual table will be given a new name. 
If this method returns <a href="rescode.html#ok">SQLITE_OK</a> then SQLite renames the table.
If this method returns an <a href="rescode.html">error code</a> then the renaming is prevented.

</p><p>The xRename method is optional.  If omitted, then the virtual
table may not be renamed using the ALTER TABLE RENAME command.

</p><p>The <a href="pragma.html#pragma_legacy_alter_table">PRAGMA legacy_alter_table</a> setting is enabled prior to invoking this
method, and the value for legacy_alter_table is restored after this
method finishes.  This is necessary for the correct operation of virtual
tables that make use of <a href="fts3.html#*shadowtab">shadow tables</a> where the shadow tables must be
renamed to match the new virtual table name.  If the legacy_alter_format is
off, then the xConnect method will be invoked for the virtual table every
time the xRename method tries to change the name of the shadow table.

<a name="xsavepoint"></a>

</p><h2 id="the_xsavepoint_xrelease_and_xrollbackto_methods"><span>2.20. </span>The xSavepoint, xRelease, and xRollbackTo Methods</h2>

<div class="codeblock"><pre>int (*xSavepoint)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);
int (*xRelease)(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int);

        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GLOB      66  /* 3.10.0 and later */
        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_REGEXP    67  /* 3.10.0 and later */
        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_NE        68  /* 3.21.0 and later */
        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_ISNOT     69  /* 3.21.0 and later */
        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_ISNOTNULL 70  /* 3.21.0 and later */
        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_ISNULL    71  /* 3.21.0 and later */
        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_IS        72  /* 3.21.0 and later */
        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION 150  /* 3.25.0 and later */
        /// #define SQLITE_INDEX_SCAN_UNIQUE           1  /* Scan visits at most 1 row */
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// The SQLite core calls the xBestIndex method when it is compiling a query
        /// that involves a virtual table. In other words, SQLite calls this method 
        /// when it is running sqlite3_prepare() or the equivalent. 
        /// By calling this method, the 

        /// The main thing that the SQLite core is trying to communicate to 
        /// the virtual table is the constraints that are available to limit 
        /// the number of rows that need to be searched. The aConstraint[] array 
        /// contains one entry for each constraint. There will be exactly 
        /// nConstraint entries in that array.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// Each constraint will usually correspond to a term in the WHERE clause
        /// or in a USING or ON clause that is of the form
        /// </para>
        /// <para><code>
        ///      column  OP  EXPR
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// Where "column" is a column in the virtual table, OP is an operator 

        /// </para>
        /// <para><code>
        /// x &gt;= 10
        /// x &lt;= 100
        /// y &lt; 999
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// For such each constraint, the aConstraint[].iColumn field indicates which 
        /// column appears on the left-hand side of the constraint.
        /// The first column of the virtual table is column 0. 
        /// The rowid of the virtual table is column -1. 
        /// The aConstraint[].op field indicates which operator is used. 
        /// The SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_* constants map integer constants 
        /// into operator values.
        /// Columns occur in the order they were defined by the call to
        /// sqlite3_declare_vtab() in the xCreate or xConnect method.
        /// Hidden columns are counted when determining the column index.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// If the xFindFunction() method for the virtual table is defined, and 
        /// if xFindFunction() sometimes returns SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION or
        /// larger, then the constraints might also be of the form:
        /// </para>
        /// <para><code>
        ///      FUNCTION( column, EXPR)
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// In this case the aConstraint[].op value is the same as the value
        /// returned by xFindFunction() for FUNCTION.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// The aConstraint[] array contains information about all constraints 
        /// that apply to the virtual table. But some of the constraints might
        /// not be usable because of the way tables are ordered in a join. 
        /// The xBestIndex method must therefore only consider constraints 
        /// that have an aConstraint[].usable flag which is true.
        /// </para>

        /// When a function uses a column from a virtual table as its first 
        /// argument, this method is called to see if the virtual table would 
        /// like to overload the function. The first three parameters are inputs: 
        /// the virtual table, the number of arguments to the function, and the 
        /// name of the function. If no overloading is desired, this method
        /// returns 0. To overload the function, this method writes the new 
        /// function implementation into *pxFunc and writes user data into *ppArg 
        /// and returns either 1 or a number between
        /// SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION and 255.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// Historically, the return value from xFindFunction() was either zero
        /// or one.  Zero means that the function is not overloaded and one means that
        /// it is overload.  The ability to return values of 
        /// SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION or greater was added in
        /// version 3.25.0 (2018-09-15).  If xFindFunction returns
        /// SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION or greater, than means that the function
        /// takes two arguments and the function
        /// can be used as a boolean in the WHERE clause of a query and that
        /// the virtual table is able to exploit that function to speed up the query
        /// result.  When xFindFunction returns SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION or 
        /// larger, the value returned becomes the sqlite3_index_info.aConstraint.op
        /// value for one of the constraints passed into xBestIndex() and the second
        /// argument becomes the value corresponding to that constraint that is passed
        /// to xFilter().  This enables the
        /// xBestIndex()/xFilter implementations to use the function to speed
        /// its search.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// The technique of having xFindFunction() return values of
        /// SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION was initially used in the implementation
        /// of the Geopoly module.  The xFindFunction() method of that module returns
        /// SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION for the geopoly_overlap() SQL function
        /// and it returns
        /// SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION+1 for the geopoly_within() SQL function.
        /// This permits search optimizations for queries such as:
        /// </para>
        /// <para><code>
        /// SELECT * FROM geopolytab WHERE geopoly_overlap(_shape, $query_polygon);
        /// </code></para>
        /// <para>
        /// Note that infix functions (LIKE, GLOB, REGEXP, and MATCH) reverse 
        /// the order of their arguments. So "like(A,B)" is equivalent to "B like A". 
        /// For the form "B like A" the B term is considered the first argument 
        /// to the function. But for "like(A,B)" the A term is considered the 
        /// first argument.
        /// </para>

        /// <para>
        /// This method provides notification that the virtual table implementation
        /// that the virtual table will be given a new name. 
        /// If this method returns SQLITE_OK then SQLite renames the table.
        /// If this method returns an error code then the renaming is prevented.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// The xRename method is optional.  If omitted, then the virtual
        /// table may not be renamed using the ALTER TABLE RENAME command.
        /// </para>
        /// <para>
        /// The PRAGMA legacy_alter_table setting is enabled prior to invoking this
        /// method, and the value for legacy_alter_table is restored after this
        /// method finishes.  This is necessary for the correct operation of virtual
        /// tables that make use of shadow tables where the shadow tables must be
        /// renamed to match the new virtual table name.  If the legacy_alter_format is
        /// off, then the xConnect method will be invoked for the virtual table every
        /// time the xRename method tries to change the name of the shadow table.
        /// </para>
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="pVtab">
        /// The native pointer to the sqlite3_vtab derived structure.
        /// </param>
        /// <param name="zNew">
        /// The native pointer to the UTF-8 encoded string containing the new